The author has identified the following significant results. On the central Baltic Shield, the concept of drainage patterns can be extended to smaller scales in which case many cultural features become involved to the spatial patterns influenced by bedrock structure. Features resulting from agriculture activity and timbering often exaggerate the influence of the bedrock on the image texture

Kuosmanen, V.

Tuominen, H. V.

English

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,JUN 161976•
LANDSAT Follow—on Investigation 28 600 X	 -	 d
E7.6- 10.3 7 .
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:-	 f4 5
Investigation of LANDSAT Imagery on Correlations
between Ore Deposits and Major Shield Structures
in Finland.
Quarterly Progress Report II
by Viljo Kuosmanen
Reporting Period Oct.—Dec. 1975
n^
^	
X
Principal Inves-;;igator:
:Ieikki V. Tuominen
Department of Geology
University of Helsinki
Snellmaninkatu 5
s _
SF 00170 Helsinki 17
`'	 Finland
LANDSAT Follow-on Investigation 28 600 x
Investigation of LANDSAT Imagery on Correlations
_	
between Ore Deposits and Major Shield Structures
in Finland.
Quarterly Progress Report II
by Viljo Kuosmanen
Reporting Period Oct.-Dec. 1975
x
Principal Investigator:
Heikki V. Tuominen
Department of Geology
University of Helsinki
Snellmaninkatu 5
SF 00170 Helsinki 17
Finland
- 1 -
ABSTRACT
A visual investigation of LANDSAT images has been
y
	
	
carried out to study the image-textural features
characteristic of different bedrock types and
assemblages in Finland. A tentative classification
of the textures is presented.
CONTENTS
page
Introduction	 2
Techniques
	 3
Accomplishments	 3
Significant results	 6
Reports etc.	 6
Problems	 6
References	 7
Images received
(Table 1)	 9
Illustrations	 10
- 2 -
INTRODUCTION
In the Baltic Shield several types of important ore
deposits, and indications of ore, are distributed along
or near major fracture zones. Owing to glacial drift
cover, shallow topography and great the width of the zones
(up to 50 km) these zones are not easily detected in the
field by ground or airborne methods. The purpose of
the investigation is to examine the expected advantages
of LANDSAT imagery in exploring these structures. The
test area (Pig. 1) for the study is representative of
central part of the Shield.
The deep fractures of the Shield are generally faults
separating blocks of different character. Owing to
repeated rejuvenation they also form lineaments visible
in the topography, vegetation, etc. On the other hand,
there may be other prominent lineaments which result
ma my from glacial flow.
Thus, for finding the deep fractures, it was considered
necessary to look for boundaries between basement blocks
of different constitution. During the reporting period
attempts have therefore concentrated on finding out whether
different bedrock units are distinguishable by textural
differences in LANDSAT imagery.
The additional LANDSAT imagery received by the P.I.
during the reporting period is listed in Table 1,
and their coverage is show- in Fig. 1. All the
LANDSAT-1 and LANDSAT-2 images of fair quality so
far received have been utilized in the present study.
WE
-3-
REpRQDUCT8IL1'^ 0^^
IGIIIAL PAGE is
TECHNIQUES
LANDSAT images have been transmitted by NASA to Finland
since 1972. By now a sufficient amount of reasonably fair
images have been received for compilation of preliminary
photomosaics covering most of Finland. MSS band 7 has
been used for the mosaics the scale of which is 1:500 000.
Separate mosaics have been made for winter and summer.
These mosaics are being used in a search for major fractures
zones.
Optical and digital enhancement procedures for comparing;
LANDSAT imagery with various geophysical, geological and
morphological maps (See Tuominen, 1975) have been continued.
A computer procedure for making rose diagram maps has
been developed.
AC COMPLI S 1 -MEN TS
Image-textures related to different bedrock types
The image texture varies from area to area. In many
cases these differences seem to correlate with differences
in the general type (or structure) of the bed rock.
These relations were studied on 68 se p arated sites in
southern Finland selected by comparing the summer imagery
with geological maps. The selection was made on the
basis of more or less uniform image texture and bedrock
type deviating from that of the surroundings.
- 4 -
The characteristic image textures found in the 68 sites
were tentatively classified into eight main types
shown in Fig. 2. These image-texture types correspond
roughly to certain drainage patterns defined by Parvis
(1950) and were named accordingly. An example of each
of the eight texture types, on band 7, is given in
Figs. 3 to 9.
The following bedrock properties seem to be characteristic
of the different image textures.
1	 Acid plutonic rocks, partly mimatitic with
gneiss portions: angulate image texture (Fig-3)
In the example the texture seems to be
restricted to a triangular fault block. (South
of Rautalampi, central Finland; Wilkman 1935)
2	 Acid plutonic rocks, mica schists and gneisses
with two or three dominant trends in the foliation:
folded angulate image texture. (Fig. 4; west of
Lake Pdi jdnne; Lai takari 1973)
3	 Narrow schist belt surrounding a ;;ranodiorite
pluton: annular image texture. (Fig. 5)
In the image the annularity is expressed by
light cultivated patches along the schist belt
while the granodiorite area, being forested, is
dark. (South of Mdntsdld, southern Finland;
Kaitaro 1956)
4	 "Mantled gneiss dome": radial image texture.
(Fig. 6) The texture appears inside a polygonal
ring of cultivated land, about 5 km in diameter.
At least part of the ring follows the schists
along the dome boundary. (Kasu rilanmdki Hill,
15 km north of Kuopio, central Finland; Wilkman
1935)
- 5
REPRODUCIBU ITY OF THh
OTWINAL PAGE IS POOR
5	 Varieties of rapakivi: rectangular image texture.
(Fig. 7; south of Lappeenranta, southeastern
Finland; Simonen 1975, Hackman 1934)
6	 Pyroxene and mica gneiss with minor granite lenses
parallel to foliation: striated image texture
(Fig. 8; near Karkkila, southwestern Finland;
11drme 1958)
7	 Veined mica gneiss: parallel texture (Fig. 6;
west of Kuopio, central Finland; Wilkman 1935)
8	 Massive plutonic rocks free of systematic
fractures are frequently characterized by
a "kettle-hole" image texture (Fig. 9) CU-Used
by numerous small lakes. The example area
consists of anorthosite, gabbro and granite.
(Vuohi jarvi , southeastern Finland; Lchi jarvi
and Tyrvainen 1969)
Ground Surveys
J. Nanyaro (1975) has examined some LANDS)AT-1 .lineaments
in Finnish Lapland. He found that zones of cataclasis
correlated with the lineaments. This suggests that the
lineaments mark boundaries of aormant or active basement
blocks.
Two small test sites in western Finland are being, studie
by J. Talvitie. Orientations of soil contours interpreted
from LANDSAT images seem to correlate with faults and
foliation of the bedrock.
Imagery data has been extended to other users and the
data products are widely utilized in prospecting
programs.
SI GNI FI CANT RESULTS
On the central Baltic Shield the concept cf drainage
patterns can be extended to smaller scales in
which case many cultural features become involved
to the spatial patterns influenced by bedrock structure.
Features resulting from agricultural activity and timbering
often exaggerate the influence of the bedrock on the
image texture. In Fig. 8 , for instance, chains of_
light-toned agricultural fields follow the strike of
foliation of the gneissose bedrock.
REPORTS ETC.
An in-house report concerning visually interpreted image-
texturas at 68 different sites in southern Finland has
been completed. (Rasanen 1975)
Vuorimiesyhdistys (The Finnish Society of Mining Engineers)
has appointed a 5-member committee the function of which
is to extend knowledge of remote sensing methods to
Finnish geologists. The subject has been defined:
"Remote Sensing and Prospecting". The P.I. (Tuominen)
and two co-investigators (Aarnisalo and Ta.lvitie) of
program 28 600 are on the committee.
PROB LEIVIS
The following problems have been encountered in optical
processing of LANDSAT images:
Problem: encountered with diffraction in filters having
sharp edges have made the use of . apodized filters
extremely desirable. These have proven difficult to
to prepare. Both manual and computer methods are under
- 7 -
investigation to reduce this problem.
The matrix format of the images hampers the extraction
of directional information.
REFERENCES
Hackman, V. ( 1934) Das Rapakivirandgebiet aer Ge:gend
von Lappeenranta (Willmanstrand). Bull. Comm. g6ol.
Finlande 17, 106.
Harme, M. (1958) General geological map of Finl =:n 3 ,
Pre-Quaternary rocks, 1:400 000, sheet-B 1-Turku.
Geological Survey of Finland.
Kaitaro, S. (1956) Geological map of Finland, Pre-
Quaternary rocks, 1:100 000, sheet-2044-Riihimdki.
Geological Survey of Finland.
Laitakari, I. (1973) Geological map of Finland,
Pre-Quaternary rocks, 1:100 000, sheet-2144-Kaipola.
Geological Survey of Finland.
Lehi jarvi, M. and Tyrvainen, A. ( 1969) seol,ogical map
of Finland, Pre-Quaternary rocks, 1:100 000, sheet-3114-
Vuohi jarvi. Geological Survey of Finland.
Nanyaro, J. (1975) On the geology and lineaments of
northern Finnish Lapland, with special reference to
the Lemmenjoki and Ivalojoki gold districts.
Unpublished master's thesis. Department of =geology,
University of Helsinki.
Parvis, M. (1950) Drainage pattern significance in
airph4-) :o dentificati-on of soils anu Bedrocks.
Photogram. Eng. 16, p. 387 (ref. Reeves, et.al . 1975).
- b -
Rasdnen, 0.(1975) Eteld -Suomen kallioperakarttojen ja
LANDSAT-kuvatekstuu rien visuaalinen vartailu. (Visual
comparison of geological bedrock maps and LANDSAT image
textures in southern Finland.) In-houLie report for
LANDSAT program 28 600. Department of Geology, University
of Helsinki.
Reeves, R.G., Kover, A.N., Lyon, R.J.P., and Smith, H.T.V.
(1975) Terrain and minerals: assessment and evaluation.
Manual of remote sensing II, p. 1106. Amer. Soc. Photogram.
Simonen, A. (1975) Geological map of Finland, Pre-
Quaternary rocks, 1:100 000, sheet-3131-Luumaki.
Geological Survey of Finland.
Tuominen, H.V. (1975) Quarterly progress report I,
LANDSAT follow-on investigation program 28 600:
Investigation of Landsat imagery on correlations
between ore deposits and major shield structures in
Finland. NASA.
Wilkmann, W.W. (1935) General geological map of Finland,
Pre-Quaternary rocks, 1:400 000, sheet C 3, Kuopio.
Geological Survey of Finland.
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Investigation of LANDSAT imagery on correlations between ore deposits and major shield structures in Finland

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