The author has identified the following significant results. Radiometric data derived from S-190A photography appears to correlate reasonably well with suspended solids without the need of rationing the radiances of different bands

Mccauley, J. R.

Yarger, H. L.

English

The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of S-190A imagery from 1 EREP pass over 3 reservoirs in Kansas establishes a strong linear correlation between the red/green radiance ratio and suspended solids. This result compares quite favorably to ERTS MSS CCT results. The linear fits RMS for Skylab is 6 ppm as compared to 12 ppm for ERTS. All of the ERTS satellite passes yielded fairly linear results with typical RMS values of 12 ppm. However, a few of the individual passes did yield RMS values of 5 or 6 ppm which is comparable to the one Skylab pass analyzed. In view of the cloudy conditions in the Skylab photos, yet good results, the indications are that S-190A may do somewhat better than the ERTS MSS in determining suspended load. More S-190A data is needed to confirm this. As was the case with the ERTS MSS, the Skylab S-190A showed no strong correlation with other water quality parameters. S-190B photos because of their high resolution can provide much first look information regarding relative degrees of turbidity within various parts of large lakes and among smaller bodies of water

NASA Technical Reports Server

"Made a'vailable Onder NASA spon orsmp
in the interest of early an! : s-
seminition of Earth Resurces Survey PROGRESS REPORT
Program information and wiithout liability FORfor any use mad thereot" THE PERIOD JUNE - AUC-1ST 1974
(E74-10735) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N74-32764
QUALITY Progress Report, Jun. - Aug.
1974 (Kansas Univ.) 10 p BC 08H Unclas
CSCL 08H Unclas
G3/13 00735
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-G1
TAS K-347
SITES-416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY 1Yd, C
J 'ES R. McCAULEY
R StARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVED BY: /
Reproduced by HAROLD L. YARGER
NATIONAL TECHNICAL PDT Krt P^ I tNVE/\ST/G-ATO RINFORMATION SERVICE -. 1. "
US Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA. 22151
~~6PRES SUJ CT 
U)>
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740024651 2020-03-23T05:25:23+00:00Z
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous ground truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor various
parameters oF water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forthcoming
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
A. OVERALL STATUS
EREP data products thus far received for the Sept. 18, 1973 SL3 pass over
southeast Kansas include S-190A positive transparencies. These photos cover three
lakes, Toronto, Fall River, and Elk City reservoirs. Concurrent with satellite over-
flight, field crews were on all three lakes collecting water samples. These samples
were analyzed for concentrations of bicarbonate, carbonate, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, sulfate and chloride. In addition, total solids, total heat-stable
solids, suspended solids, heat-stable suspended solids, and pH were determined.
The four black and white S-190A products were analyzed quantitatively with
a Macbeth EP-1000 macrodensitometer. The bands analyzed were 0.5-0.6 tgreen
(roll 48), 0.6-0.7 w-red (roll 47), 0.7-0.8 t-first infrared (roll 43), and 0.9-1.0
1-second infrared (roll 44). Measurements were made on 4 X enlarged transparencies
since the lakes appeared too small on the 70 mm format for accurate measurements.
The aperture size used was 1 mm.
Five locations were selected on Fall River and Toronto Reservoirs, and four
from Elk City. Each density measurement was centered as nearly as possible over one
or more ground truth sampling station. Attempts were then made to relate film density
to correspondhig water quality parameters. Previous experience in working with ERTS
imagery has shown that suspended solids dominate the appearance of Kansas reservoirs
in satellite imagery, in the visible and near-infrarod region.
In Figure 1 density is plotted against suspended solids for all three lakes and
for all four bonas of black and white photography. The sample stations show a range
in suspended solids from about 25 ppm to nearly 90 ppm. Based on extensive sampling
of Kansas Re-.'ooirs the last 2 years, these figur - represent relatively clear wat-
In general these lakes are well mixed, in that the suspended solids measurements of
each lake fail within a small range of values. These measurements substantiate the
visual and IDECS analyses of the photos which failed to detect major tonal variations
within any of the lakes. Some variation in tone does exist however, and this is
especially evident in the red and green bands. In general both bands show a correlation
with suspended solids that decreases with increasing concentrations. The red band to
some extent and particularly the green band density levels for Elk City Reservoir are
unexpectedly low. Atmospheric factors may be responsible for the lighter tones of
Elk City since green light is more susceptible to scattering by atmospheric particulates.
A weather front in the vicinity and pollutants from nearby oil refineries are possible
causes of variation in atmospheric turbidity in this area.
The infrared film densities decrease slightly.with higher amounts of suspended
solids. This smaller degree of sensitivity to concentrations of suspended material would
be anticipated due to the greater amount of absorption of infrared energy by water.
Vincent (1972) has suggested band ratios as a means of suppressing sun-angle
dependence and atmospheric effects. Such band ratios were used in a recently com-
pleted ERTS-1 study of water quality (Yarger and McCauley, 1974) and were quite
useful in correlating data collected at different sun angles and atmospheric conditions.
In an attempt to improve correlation between Skylab data and ground truth, red/green
band ratios were computed and plotted against suspended solids.
Before ratioing, density measurements were converted to values proportional
to radiance detected by the S-190A sensor. If the reservoir densities are in the linear
region of the density vs. log (exposure) curve for the film, then the ratio can be written
as
Ei 10 -Di
Ej 10-Dj
where Ei and Ej are band i and j radiances from ihe target and Di and Dj are corrcipond-
ing film densities.
3. 00 REPRODUCMILY or T
ORIGINAL PAG"
SEC..D IR BAND
AA *A n6"
2.50 A
FIRST IR BAND
A A moD
a A
in 0 0 00
2.00 GREEN BAND
S1.50
RED BAND 1
1.00 00. 0
AA ELK CITY SAMPLES
0.50 - os FALL RIVER "
o 0 TORONTO "
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
SUSLPENDEU OLI DS(PPM)
FIGURE 1. S-190A IMAGE DENS ITY VS. SUSPENDED SOLIDS FOR
WATER SAMPLES TAKEN FROM 3 SOUTHEAST KANSAS
RESERVCIRS , SEPT. 18 1973.
K is a constant determined by the slope of the D vs. log E curve which relates the
density of o; ' "!m copy to the original cxposur: -- Skylab. K also depends on
filter and camera face attentuation coefficients. This constant has not yet been
determined but is immaterial in establishing correlation between imagery and sample
analysis. Tie red to green band ratio is shown ;i Figure 2 and exhibits a good lIner
dependence on suspended solids with RMS residual of 6 ppm. A similar plot is shown
in Figure 3 in which comparable ERTS-1 data is plotted. MSS 5(Red) over MSS 4
(Green) is equivalent to the red to green S-190A ratios. Figure 3 represents sub-
stantially more data collected during a year of ERTS imaging under varying conditions
of illumination and sky conditions and over a wide range of suspended solids concen-
tration. The Skylab data (Figure 2) compares favorably to the ERTS data (Figure 3)
in the region 0-80 ppm. Beyond 80 ppm the ERTS MSS red/green ratio flatten out.
We would expect the Skylab S-190A red/green ratio to also flatten out, but the
relatively clear water sampled does not permit confirmation of this. The highest two
points in Figure 2 do, perhaps, indicate a similar flattening.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING DECISIONS AND/OR ACTIONS
REQUIRED TO ENSURE ATTAINMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTS SCIENTIFIC
OBJECTIVES
NONE.
C. EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD.
During the next period, attempts will be made to cross-calibrate our densito-
meter to the one at the Photographic Technology Division of Johnson Space Center
in an effort to drive radiometric data from our copies of S-190A photography. This
data will then be compared with our ground truth measurements of water quality in
a manner similar to that outlined in this report except that actual radiance values
will be used instead of values proportional to radiance. Analysis of S-192 data will
begin during the next period when such data becomes available.
D. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRACTICAL
APPL'CATIONS OR OPERATIONAL PRC''EMS.
Analysis of S-190A imagery from 1 EREP pass over 3 reservoirs in Kansas
establishes a strong linear correlation between t.:e red/green radiance ratio and
suspended solids. This result compares quite favorably to ERTS MSS CCT results.
The linear fit RMS for Skylab is 6 ppm as compared to 12 ppm for ERTS. All of
the ERTS satellite passes yielded fairly linear results with typical RMS values of
12 ppm. However, a few of the individual passes did yield RMS values of 5 or
6 ppm which is comparable to the one Skylab pass we were able to analyze. In
view of the cloudy conditions in the Skylab photo, yet good results, the indicat-
ions are that S-190A may do somewhat better than the ERTS MSS in determining
suspended load. More S-190A data is needed to confirm this. As was the case
with the ERTS MSS, the Skylab S-190A showed no strong correlation with other
water quality parameters.
S-190B photos because of their high resolution can provide much first look
information regarding relative degrees of turbidity within various parts of large
lakes and among much smaller bodies of water.
E. SUMMARY OUTLOOK FOR THE REMAINING EFFORT TO BE PERFORMED
Because of the delay in the delivery of the S-192 computer compatible
tapes a time and cost extension of 5 months has been requested for this contract.
Based on our analysis of S-190A and B photography we expect S-192 data to exhibit
excellent quantitative correlation with suspended load in Kansas reservoirs. The
five-month extension if granted would allow the complete analysis of the forthcoming
S-192 CCT's and would establish May 30, 1975 as the new completion date for this
project.
F. TRAVEL SUMMARY.AND PLANS REPRODUCIBIL O T
ORIGINAL PAG IS OTI
NONE.
12
11
FIRST ORDER FIT RMS = 6 PPM
10 0 0
9
0
8 O
07 0 STRAIGHT LINE IS RESULT OF REGRESSING
o SUSPENDED SOLIDS'AGAINST RED/GREEN
68 g o RATIO.
ObO
4
3
2
1 I I I I I I I I I
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (PPM)
FIGURE 2. RED/GREEN RADIANCE RATIOS VS. SUSPENDED SOLIDS
FOR WATER SAMPLES TAKEN FROM 3 SOUTHEAST KANSAS
RESERVOIRS , SEPT. 18 1973 (RED/GREEN RATIO IS
DEFINED IN TFYXT
1. 25-
FIRST ORDER FIT RMS RES IDUAL = 12 PPM
0 O
1. 0- o 0 0S00 0 o 0
o' 00 0 0
000
0 00 0
oco z, o o
O0
0 OO,3D O 0
C=Q0 0 0
0.75 2 c) 0S oc qoo o
CCOD
OD 0 ONE SAMPLE
o 0 MORE THAN ONE SAMPLE
0
0.50 SUSPENDED SOLIDS REGRESSED AGAINST
NSS RATIO IN REGION 0-80 PPM.
0. 25 REPRODUCoBILITY OF THE
ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR
_ _ I I I I I I
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
SSPE DEID DSO I S IDDP I
FIGURE 3. MSS 5/MSS 4 CCT RATIO VS.SUSPENDED SOLIDS i-UR
167 WATER SAMPLES TAKEN FROM 3 KANSAS RESERVOIRS
DURING 13 DIFFERENT ERTS-1 CYCLES.
FINANCIAL REPORT
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate
cover by the CRINC accounting office.
REFERENCES
Vincent, Robo-t K., (1972), "An ERTS Multispc'tral Scanner Experiment for Mappnng
Iron Compounds": Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Remote
Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Oct. 2-6, pp. 1239-1243.
Yoarger, H. L., J. R. McCauley, (1974), Kanscas Environmental and Resource Study:
A Great Plains Model; Monitoring Fresh Water Resources, Final Report. NASA
Contract No. NAS 5-21822 Task 5.


Skylab study of water quality

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

The UniPvrsitoy of Kansas E 7.3 1 0 9. 3 9.
Space Technology Center
"Mad available under RiAgA sponsorsFip
in the interest of ear!y and wide d s-
semination of Earth Resources Survey PROGRESS REPORT
Program information and without liability
for any use made thereof." FOR
THE PERIOD JUNE-AUGUST 1973
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-G1
TASK-347
SITES-416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY: . /" i
J ,ES R. McCAULEY
R ARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVED BY: M~a , L
H.AROLD L. YARGER '
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
(E73-10939) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N73-30281QUALITY Progress Report, Jun. - Auq.1973 (Kansas Univ.) 3 p HC $3.00
CSCL 088 Unclas
G3/13 00939
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730021549 2020-03-22T22:17:14+00:00Z
I. Summary of Research Objectives
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous ground truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor various
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown to
acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forthcoming
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
II. Work Performed During This Period
Sampling of Perry and Tuttle Creek reservoirs, the two lakes of primary interest
to this investigation continued during this period on an 18 day basis in conjunction
with days of ERTS overflight. No change has been made in the sampling scheme of
these two lakes nor in the chemical analyses of the collected samples as outlined
in the previous progress report and in the Ground Truth Plan. Considerable experience
has beer, gained in both areas and ground truth teams and chemists are well prepared
for a possible EREP data mission over our test sites.
Two potential series of EREP data-taking missions occurred during this period:
June 3, 18 and 13, and August 6 and 11. All of these missions were canceled.. How-
ever, ground truth teams were in readiness and ground truth was coilected at both
lakes on June 13 even though no Skylab data was collected. An aircraft support team
was also standing by on these occasions. This team has experience in collecting sup-
porting photography in this area. Film and filter combinations similar to those desired
in our investigation have been used many times in other projects and with good results.
Therefore, we feel that the aircraft support crew is well prepared for any upcoming
EREP mission over our sites.
Expertise has been gained in the analysis of images using the IDECS, and in
the use of computer-compatible-tapes acquired as part of the ERTS project. This
expertise will be applied to the analysis and processing of similar Skylab data prod-
ucts. Test tapes and a head alignment tape have been received which will aid in
the adaption of present equipment and techniques to the processing of Sky!ab CCT's.
1
III. Conclusions
Although no Skylab data has yet been received, considerable experience has
been gained in the collection and analysis of ground truth, the analysis of imagery
and the processing of computer-compatible-tapes. All personnel concerned with this
project are prepared for the collection of ground truth in conjunction with a potential
EREP mission, and for the analysis and processing of resulting photos and data.
IV. Finances.
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate
cover by the CRINC accounting office.
2


PROGRESS REPORT
FOR
THE PERIOD SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1974
"Made available under NASA sponsorship
in the interest of early and wide dis-
semination of Earth Resources Survey
Program information and without liability
for any use mbde thereoft."
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
(E75-10075) - SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N75-141.9
QUALITY Progress Report, Sep.:- Nov.
1974 (Kansas: Univ.) 7 .p HC $3.25
CSCL 08H Unclas
G3/43 00.075
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-G1
TASK-347
SITES-416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY ,a / C
ES R. McCAULEY
RESEARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVED BY: a,
HAROLD L. YARG ER
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750006122 2020-03-23T00:13:50+00:00Z
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied usina Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous around truth information in an atter,wt to detect and monitor various
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be ;collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forthcomina
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
A. OVERALL STATUS
EREP data products thus far received for the Sept. 18, 1973 over southeast
Kansas include S-190A positive transparencies. These photos cover three lakes,
Toronto, Fall River, and Elk City reservoirs. Concurrent with satellite overflght,
field crews were on all three lakes collecting water samples. These samples were
analyzed for concentrations of bicarbonate, carbonate, calcium, magnesium, pottasium,
sodium, sulfate and chloride. In addition, total solids, total heat-stable solids,
suspended solids, heat-stable suspended solids, and pH were determined.
The four black and white S-190A products were analyzed quantitatively with
a Macbeth QUANTALOG macrodensitometer. The bands analyzed were 0.5-0.6
-Igreen (roll 48), 0.6-0.7 p-red (roll 47), 0.7-0.8 ui-first infrared (roll 43), and
0.9-1.0 P-second infrared (roll 44). Measurements were made on 70mm. transparencies
using a 70mm. aperture. Receipt of step-tablets from the Photographic Technology
Division of the Johnson Space Center allowed cross-calibration of our densitometer with
theirs. Due to the small size of the reservoirs being investigated on 70mm. film, only
one density measurement was made for each lake photo. However, based on sample
analysis, the lakes were well mixed at the time of sampling and thus water quality
parameters havE a narrow range of values within a given lake. In addition, the value
ranges of the major water quality parameters such as suspended solids and dissolved
soiids within individuai lakes are mutualiy exclusive. Spot density measurements of
the lakes taken From 4X enlarged transparencies reveal little density variation within
each lake. Thus a lack of multiple density readings over the lakes is not a serious
loss of data c- -- ntrol.
Figure 1 is a plot of density versus suspended solids for all three lakes on
all four bands of black and white S-190A photography. Points for each lake represent
the average vuoue of suspended solids for the scmples collected; brackets indicate
the range of values for each lake. The plots for all four bands of photography decrease
with increasing concentrations of suspended solids. The response of photographic
density to suspended solids on the 70mm. photography is better than that determined
previously from the 4X larged transparencies. The enlargements appear to be made
with little photometric control. As a result, the infra-red bands show little response
to increasing suspended solids, and on the green and red bands one of the lakes,
Elk City, has anomalously low densities that disrupt the density-suspended solids
correlation.
The densities in Figure 1 were converted to radiometric units following the
procedures and using the data on the SL/3 Sensitometric Data Package (report number
JL12-503). These radiometric units were then plotted versus suspended solids (Figure
2). These curves are similar to those produced using ERTS digital tape values recorded
over Perry and Tuttle Creek reservoirs to the north. The red green bands show the
best response to increases in suspended solids, at least for the low concentrations being
considered. The Skylab curves are also similar in shape to the ERTS curves in that
they are convex upward and their slopes are steepest for the low concentrations and
curves tend to flatten out as concentrations increase.
Band ratios (Figure 3) do not appreciably improve correlations between 70 mm.-
derived data and suspended solids as they did in the case of data taken from the 4X
enlarged transparencies. In the latter case, ratioing appears to have overcome the
lack of photometric control in the reproduction of the-enlargements.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING DECISIONS AND/OR ACTIONS
REQUIRED TO ENSURE ATTAINMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTS SCIENTIFIC
OBJECTIVES.
NONE.
2. 00 -
2ndlR
IstlR
1.50 -
GREEN
zvI RED O
1.00
A ELK CITY
-[ FALL RIVER
0 TORONTO
0.50 , I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AVERAGE SUSPENDED SOLIDS(PPM)
FIGURE 1. S-i90A DENS iTY VS. AVERAGE SUSPENDED SOLIDS
FOR 3 SOUTHEAST KANSAS RESERVOIRS, SEPT. 18,
1913.
0. 40
0. 30
RED
GREEN
L 0.20
I l
- ELK CITY
O FALL RIVER
O TORONTO
0. 10
0-
IstIR O
2ndlR " -c--0--
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AVERAGE SUSPENDED S'ULIDS (PPM)
riGURE 2. A A D iANCE v'S. A VE RA GE SUSPENDED S OLDS
FOR 3 SOUTHEAST KANSAS RESERVOI-RS, SEPT. 18,
19 I .
1.6
1.4
1.2
RED/GRN
1.0 /
0
.I-
~ 0.8
CI.
:A -ELK CITY
o FALL RIVER
O TORONTO
0.4
0.2
. stR /GREE N  0
-
- -
2ndl R/GREEN ---D 0-
I I I I I I I ,I I I I I i
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AVERAGE SUSPENDED S JLIDS (PPM)
FIGURE 3. S-190A RADIANCE R DATIOS 1S/ SClSPENDED SO IDS FOR
3IIT a LS. I w . 1 / RESERVO j J . .IRS, SE PT. 18, L 1973.
3 SOUTHEAST KANSAS RESERVOIRS, SEPT. 18, 1973.
C. EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD.
From recent correspondence with NASA-JSC it appears that S-192 tapes
recorded simultaneously with the S-190 photograohy discussed in this report are
forthcoming. Piocessing and analysis of this data witl begin upon its arrival.
D. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS OR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS.
Radiometric data derived from S-190A photography appears to correlate
reasonably well with suspended solids without the need of ratioing the radiances of
different bonds.
E. SUMMARY OUTLOOK FOR THE REMAINING EFFORT TO BE PERFORMED
Analysis of S-192 digital data should begin immediately upon its arrival.
Our data processing team has gained expertise in processing this data from work
performed for other Skylab projects at our facility. Thus, retrieval of data necessary
for our purposes should not be a problem and comparison with ground truth and S-190
analysis can proceed from there.
F. TRAVEL SUMMARY AND PLANS
NONE.
FINANCIAL REPORT
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate
cover by the CRINC account office.


There are no author-identified signficant results in this report

E7.4 10. 16 2
The University of ansas
Space Technolgy Center
PROGRESS REPORT
FOR
"bade available under NSA Inrin the ihterest of early and iir E '' PERIOD SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER
semination of Earth Resources Survey
Program information and without liability
for any use made thereof."
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
N74-140
(E7 4-1162) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER
QUALITY Progress Report, Sep Nov
1973 (Kansas Univ ) p HC $3 nclasCSCL i8BH nclas
G3/1 3  01.62
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-GI
TASK-347
SITES-416 - 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY:
RESEARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVE DBY: /. J ,
HAKOLL L. YARE(tR
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740005917 2020-03-23T12:01:23+00:00Z
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVE S
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous ground truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor various
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forthcoming
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
A. OVERALL STATUS
One EREP data taking mission was executed in conjunction with this study
on Sept. 18, 1973 along track 58. This mission did not cover our primary study
areas, Perry and Tuttle Creek reservoirs, in northeast Kansas, but did gather data
over four reservoirs in southeast Kansas. :These four lakes, Redmond, Toronto, Fall
River and Elk City reservoirs where sampled on the day of the mission as nearly. as
possible to the time of actual overflight. Water samples were collected from ten
stations on Redmond, Toronto and Elk City and from six statiorson Fall River.
These samples have been analyzed by the Geochemistry Section of the Kansas
Geological Survey. Each sample has been analyzed for the following ion concentrations:
bicarbonate, carbonate, calcuim, magnesium, potassium, sodium,sulfate and chloride.
In addition, total solids, total heat-stable solids, suspended solids, heat-stable sus-
pended solids, and pH have been determined.
Low level aircraft support had been proposed to coincide with ground truth
gathering during EREP data missions, however mechanical failure prohibited this
during the September 18th mission. A subsequent accident incurred during landing
has placed the CRINC-owned aircraft out of commission indefinitely. It is likely
that the aerial photographic equipment can be adapted to a smaller plane which will
be rented to carry out photographic missionsfor upcoming EREP data missions.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING DECISIONS AND/OR ACTIONS
REQUIRED TO ENSUREATTAINMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTS. SCIENTIFIC.
OBJECTIVES
NONE.
C. EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD.
Data recorded during the September 18th, EREP mission shoid be-received
-during the next reporting period., Comparison of- tfhisdata- withwater sampleonalyses
will :then begin to:determine those water parameters which can be..detected.and po-
4entially monitored. The IDECS (Image Discrimination. Enhancement and Combinrition
System),of the Remote Sensing Lab,.and .aswel s tape. reading programs will be used
-in this endeavor.
D. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND THEIR RE.ATIONSHIP TO PRACTICAL
SAPPLICATIONS OR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS.
-NONE.
E. -SUMMARY OUTLOOK FOR THE REMAINING EFFORT TO BE PERFORMED.
Potential EREP missions performed-by the third manned Skylab fl ight will occur
-during the winter.- Past exoerience has shown:thatfreezing of-Kansas reservoirs begins
in late November, -and partial freezing is likelyfrom that time to:March. In addition,
several periods of total freeze-over are likely during this time, even for the largest
reservoi rs. As a result, ground truth -gathering -during the next Skylab mission will
-be constrained by the amount of open water.
Any data acquired during the forthcoming -.mission will-be -setl in determining
the utility of Skylab's sensors in detecting water quality variations during low. sun anagie
conditions. Study of ERTS- 1 imagery has shown it to be ofmarginalusefilness in study-
ing water when the sun angle is low. t is hopedthat tha e Skylab sensors will be more
efficient under such conditions.
2
F. TRAVEL SUMMARY AND PLANS. -
NONE.
FINANCIAL REPORT
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate cover
by the CRINC accounting office.
3


There are no author-identified significiant results in this report

r N7.4 1 0.7 4.8
' wide dis.
:; "ces Survey PROGRESS REPOF,.
, any use m6ade  threo" ut liability FOR
THE PERIOD MARCH 1974 - MAY 1974
'(E74-10748) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N74-32774
QUALITY Progress Report, Mar. - May
1974 (Kansas Univ.) 4 p HC $4.00
CSCL 08H Unclas
G3/13 00748
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-GI
TASK-347
SITES -416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY:
JA ES R. McCAULEY
EARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVED BY: /
UAD ,I 1 VAD ~ D
PRINCIPAL INVESTGATOR
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740024661 2020-03-23T05:22:55+00:00Z
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneo,e: -round truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor variouc
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the-spectral coverage of forthcomina
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
A. OVERALL STATUS
We have received 4X enlargements of S-190A photography taken over south-
east Kansas on September 18, 1973 along track 58. These transparencies should
assist our study of the three lakes sampled Toronto, Fall River, and Elk City. These
lakes are quite small on 70mm. photos and as a result film analysis is difficult.
Available apertures for our Macbeth EP1000 macrodensitometer are too large too
make any measurements totally within the boundaries of any of the three lakes under
study. This of course negates the measurement of smaller areas within the lake in
order to detect tonal variations across the surfaces of the lakes. Use of 70mm.
photos on the IDECS is also hampered by the small size of the three lakes since the
vidicon does not magnify sufficiently to allow meaningful image enhancement and
level slicing. The 4X enlarged transparencies however, are of sufficiently large
scale to permit both densitometer and IDECS analysis of the three southeast Kansas
lakes.
IDECS analysis has been performed on both S-190A and B photography. The
results confirm first-look conclusions that some tonal differences exist between lakes
but that the lakes themselves show very little internal tonal variation. The only
reservoir to i:play tonal variations detectable by IDECS using density-to-hue con-,
version is Elk City Reservoir. Two different tonal regions can be separated on the
lake buT only on the red band of the S-190u and on Si90B photography.
The tonal variation in this lake is most likely due to differences in the amount of
suspended _:':. Water samples bear this ou' :.. ::at samples collected from the
lighter region show concentrations of suspended solids that are higher than those
from the darker region.
S-192 screening film has been received for SL-4 EREP pass 97 on January
31, 1974. This pass covers lakes in Southeastern Kansas and Northeastern Oklahoma.
Appropriate channels have been ordered which will be useful in supplementing
S-190A and B photography.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING DECISIONS AND/OR ACTIONS
REQUIRED TO ENSURE ATTAINMENT OF THE EXPERIMENT'S SCIENTIFIC
OBJECTIVE
NONE.
C. EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD
Densitometer measurements of the three southeast Kansas reservoirs will
be compared with the various water quality parameters measured from the samples
collected during Skylab overflight. Analysis of S-192 imagery and CCT'S which
have been ordered will also begin during the next period upon their receipt.
D. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS OR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
NONE.
E. SUMMARY OUTLOOK FOR THE REMAjiviNG EFFORT TO BE PERFORMED
Analysis of S-190A and B photograph>' wi!! continue and Will receive
primary attention during the next period. No difficulties are anticipated in the
processing and analysis of additional EREP data which has been requested. Work
on these products will commence upon their arrival.
F. TRAVEl SUMMARY AND PLANS
NONE.
G. FINANCIAL REPORT
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate
cover by the CRINC accounting office.


radt available und'r NASA sposorstp E 7. 4 - 1 0. 4 6."
in the interest of early and wide dis-
semination of Earth Resources Survey
Program information and without liability PROGRESS REPORT
for any use made thereof." FOR
THE PERIOD DECEMBER 1973-FEB. 1974
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
(E74-104 6 6 ) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N74-21
9 9 1
QUALITY Progress Report, Dec. 1973 -
Feb. 1974 (Kansas Univ. Center for
Research, Inc.) 11 p HC $4.00 CSCL 08H UnclasG3/13 00466
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-G1
TASK-347
SITES-416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY: 21 (Y
Ak ES R. McCAULEY
RESEARCH SCIENTIST
REPORT APPROVED BY: ) J9.
HAROLD L. YA GER
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740013878 2020-03-23T09:43:49+00:00Z
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous ground truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor various
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forthcoming
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
A. OVERALL STATUS
Potential EREP data-taking missions occurred in January 1974 over our primary
study areas Perry and Tuttle Creek Reservoirs
, however both lakes were frozen and
snow covered as were virtually all lakes in Kansas at that time.
EREP data collected over Southeast Kansas on Sept. 18, 1973 along track 58
has been received and initial analysis has begun. Comparison will be made between
the spectral reflectance of the lakes and the water quality parameters of the samples
collected at time of overflight. Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the sampling schemes
used on the four lakes lying along the imaging path: Redmond, Toronto, Fall River
and Elk City. The results of the chemical analyses of the samples collected on these
lakes are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING DECISIONS AND/OR ACTIONS
REQUIRED TO ENSURE ATTAINMENT OF THE EXPERIMENT'S SCIENTIFIC
OBJECTIVES.
None.
C. EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD.
Data collected by the September 18th EREP mission will be compared with water
quality ground truth to determine those parameters which can be detected and mon-
itored by Skylab-type sensors. Film analysis will be performed visually as well as
with the IDECS (Image Discrimination Enhancement and Combination System) of the
Remote Sensing Lab. CCT's will be analyzed also using tape reading programs.
D. SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS OR OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS.
None.
E. SUMMARY OUTLOOK FOR THE REMAINING EFFORT TO BE PERFORMED.
Visual inspection of S-190-A and S-190-B photos of the lakes in the southeast
Kansas shows little variation in tone on any given lake in any given band. Exper-
ience from ERTS studies have shown total suspended solids to be the dominant factor
in reflectance from reservoirs in Kansas. Fairly uniform distribution of total sus-
pended solids for the lakes as demonstrated by sample analysis appears responsible
for the uniform tones. Significantly different appearances of the lakes on different
bands does exist however, and these differences will be studied to see how they re-
late to water parameters. Film analysis will be hampered by the small size of the
lakes and also by partial cloud cover of some of the lakes. It is believed however
that enough data is available to make conclusions concerning the abilities of Skylab
sensors to detect and measure components of water quality.
F. TRAVEL SUMMARY AND PLANS
None.
2
G. FINANCIAL REPORT
A statement of financial status for this project will be sent under separate cover
by the CRINC accounting office.
3
** iscerzS
OKLAHOMA
ALITY MAP ,
I
o . 2 3. 5m.
4
4-,2
T2z576
g go-
7/6 Tro(?'OArO RES- Z7
N
0 I 2 3 4 5mi.
Fi.3 f/1LL je.'Ef? ecs.
5
30 9'
0 2 3 4 5mi.
F16. 4 EL. c ry £e6s.
6
TABLE 1
REDMOND
SAMPLE SITES
CONC. (PPM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bicarbonate 163.6 160.2 163.4 162.0 160.0 160.2 154.8 162.2 157.8 167.0
Carbonate 2.0 4.0 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 6.0 2.6 4.0 4.0
Calcium 61.5 61.5 61.3 62.0 62.1 60.7 62.4 62.1 61.6 62.7
Magnesium 7.8 7.83 7.85 7.87 7.92 7.96 7.93 7.89 7.85 7.76
Potassium 3.7 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0
Sodium 17.5 18.0 18.0 18.1 18.1 17.5 17.7 17.3 17.3 17.3
Sulfate 46.9 72.5 68.6 67.6 68.3 68.6 59.7 72.4 57.5 56.6
Chloride 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.0 25.3 24.5 19.9 23.7 20.7 19.3
Total Solids 343.0 339.0 343.0 345.0 355.0 361.0 351.0 348.0 344.0 347.0
Total Heat
Stable Solids 235.0 244.0 251.0 253.0 287.0 260.0 255.0 251.0 254.0 256.0
Susp. Solids 35.0 36.0 33.0 35.0 42.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 45.0 53.0
Susp. Heat
Stable Solids 29.0 30.0 28.0 30.0 35.0 32.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 45.0
Total Alk.
(CaCO 3) 167.6 168.2 168.6 168.4 166.0 166.2 166.8 167.4 165.8 167.0
7
TABLE 2
TORONTO
SAMPLE SITES
CONC. (PPM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bicarbonate 113.0 112.0 114.0 115.0 102.0 97.0 115.0 106.0 96.0 106.0
Carbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calcium 40.1 39.7 41.3 41.3 38.0 41.3 36.7 38.7 37.4 32.6
Magnesium 8.51 8.66 4.46 4.49 4.28 4.6 4.04 4.31 4.08 3.57
Potassium 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5
Sodium 18.3 17.5 18.3 18.4 16.6 18.6 15.3 16.6 16.1 12.7
Sulfate 23.1 22.6 21.1 22.4 14.2 22.1 16.1 20.7 25.5 21.0
Chloride 32.7 34.8 35.1 33.3 30.0 36.1 29.9 33.2 20.1 20.0
Total Solids 237.0 269.0 210.0 210.0 235.0 251.0 265.0 248.0 247.0 243.0
Total Heat
Stable Solids 203.0 195.0 195.0 197.0 196.0 190.4 195.0 194.0 199.0 212.0
Susp. Solids 58.0 63.0 63.0 62.0 85.0 66.0 89.0 72.0 88.0 107.00
Susp. Heat
Stable Solids 51.0 56.0 55.0 54.0 71.0 57.0 77.0 64.0 79.0 93.0
Total Alk.
(CaCO 3 ) 113.0 112.0 114.0 115.0 102.0 97.0 115.0 106.0 96.0 106.0
8
TABLE 3
FALL RIVER
SAMPLE SITES
CONC. (PPM) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bicarbonate 140.4 139.0 139.0 139.0 138.0 140.0
Carbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calcium 47.5 47.6 47.6 46.8 46.6 46.6
Magnesium 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.0 11.7 12.2
Potassium 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0
Sodium 22.8 23.5 24.0 21.5 20.0 20.0
Sulfate 22.3 24.7 23.5 23.5 23.2 23.5
Chloride 45.4 43.2 47.7 46.0 44.2 44.1
Total Solids 287.0 296.0 291.0 301.0 333.0 291.0
Total Heat
Stable Solids 189.0 184.0 194.0 197.0 235.0 221.0
Susp. Solids 36.0 36.0 41.0 44.0 42.0 37.0
Susp. Heat
Stable Solids 24.0 30.0 34.0 36.0 34.0 36.0
Total Alk.
(CaCO 3) 140.4 139.0 139.0 139.0 138.0 140.0
9
TABLE 4
ELK CITY
SAMPLE SITES
CONC. (PPM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bicarbonate 140.0 139.0 140.0 137.0 140.0 139.0 140.0 136.0 139.0 140.0
Carbonate 0 4.0 4.0 0 0 4.0 0 2.0 1.0 4.0
Calcium 50.9 51.1 51.1 52.2 51.5 51.4 51.3 51.5 51.3 51.4
Magnesium 8.64 8.55 8.79 9.15 8.74 8.72 8.79 8.7 9.19 9.32
Potassium 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.9 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.7
Sodium 14.3 14.0 14.0 14.4 14.6 13.8 13.9 13.6 13.5 13.5
Sulfate 24.2 24.8 25.5 24.2 26.6 23.2 25.8 24.2 27.0 25.5
Chloride 22.3 25.7 24.2 25.8 27.3 25.3 23.3 24.4 24.4 23.9
Total Solids 207.0 210.0 211.0 225.0 223.0 212.0 223.0 222.0 218.0 219.0
Total Heat
Stable Solids 162.0 167.0 160.0 178.0 187.0 166.0 172.0 173.0 185.0 180.0
Susp. Solids 31.0 19.0 28.0 44.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 30.0 25.0
Susp. Heat
Stable Solids 27.0 15.0 23.7 38.0 27.0 24.0 27.0 25.0 26.0 22.0
Total Alk.
(CaCO3) 140.0 139.0 140.0 137.0 140.0 139.0 140.0 140.0 141.0 140.0
10


The University"f ' kCasas E 7.3 1 0 9 30 .
Space Technology Cen ter
?WMade available under IASA sponsadRp
in the interest of early and wide dis-
semination of Earth Resources Survey
Program information and without liability PROGRESS REPORT
for. any use made thereof.'" FOR
THE PERIOD MARCH-MAY 1973
FOR
SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER QUALITY
NASA CONTRACT NAS 9-13271
EREP PROPOSAL NO. 540-GI
TASK-347
SITES-416 + 423
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: H. L. YARGER
REPORT PREPARED BY: V 7
SJAES R. McCAULEYReproduced by RESfEARCH SCIENTIST
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
US Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA. 22151
REPORT APPROVED BY: , . , 2
HA '.OL.D- L. -ARGjF='
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
(E73-10938) SKYLAB STUDY OF WATER N73-30280
QUALITY Progress Report, gar. - May
1973 (Kansas Univ.) 8 p )0
CSCL 08H Unclas
G3/13 00938
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730021548 2020-03-22T22:16:53+00:00Z
I. Summary of Research Objectives
Two Kansas reservoirs will be studied using Skylab data in conjunction with
simultaneous ground truth information in an attempt to detect and monitor various
parameters of water quality. Water samples will be collected from the reservoir or
reservoirs under investigation and low-level aircraft support missions will be flown
to acquire photographs which will approximate the spectral coverage of forth-coming
Skylab photographs. Image analysis and data processing techniques will be developed
to aid in the correlation of Skylab data with ground truth data and supporting aerial
photography.
II. Work Performed During This Period
Perry and Tuttle Creek reservoirs located near Lawrence and Manhattan, Kansas
respectively are of primary interest in this investigation. Sampling missions have
been conducted regularly during the past 10 months on the two reservoirs. A sample
site location plan has been devised that best detects the water quality variations gen-
erally present in both lakes. Approximately 10 samples have been collected from
each lake. Chemical analysis has been regularly performed on these samples and the
procedures and techniques used have become routine. The following analyses are
performed on each sample:
a) amount of suspended solids
b) amount of dissolved solids
c) concentration of chlorophyll
d) concentration of NO 3
e) concentration of PO4
f) concentration of K
Amount of suspended solids have been determined gravimetrically, concen-
tration of chlorophyll by acetonic extraction and subsequent spectrophotometric mea-
surement, and nitrate, phosphate and potassium spectrophotometrically on a Beckman
DU Spectrophotometer. In addition, turbidity and water temperature have been mea-
sured at each station.
1
The Corps of Engineer's office at each lake provides information concerning
reservoir status (inflow-outflow etc.) and weather conditions, including previous
precipitation.
Study of ground truth information collected thus far has revealed that the
light penetration depth is primarily controlled by suspended load. The inverse secchi
depth (or 1/sunlight penetration depth) is linearly related to suspended load up to
- 100 ppm (Figure 1). Least squares straight line fits to these data yield statistically
equivalent slopes and intercepts. Although inconclusive, the few points beyond
100 ppm (not shown) indicate this linearity may hold up to 250 ppm. The greater
point scatter in the Tuttle Creek data is due to higher average turbidity relative to
Perry. This results in a smaller average light penetration depth and greater percent
error in its measurement by the secchi disc method.
Work has also been performed developing image interpretation techniques
for ERTS imagery that can be adapted to the interpretation of forthcoming Skylab
photos. Work in this area has been centered around the IDECS (Image Discrimination
Enhancement and Combination System) at the Center for Research, Inc. A program-
controlled technique is being developed which will density slice ERTS images into
levels which represent equal units of energy reflected by the water body.
Programs have also been developed for reading of compuier-compatible-tapes
and the generation of digital output. These programs will also be modified for use
with similar Skylab data products.
Among the things found from the study of output received from ERTS CCT's
concerns the ratio of the MSS 4 (green) and MSS 5 (red) density values. CCT out-
put for lake sample stations have been used in computing the ratio between bands
4 and 5. This data for the August 13, 1972 pass over Perry reservoir has been plotted
against total suspended solids and is presented in figure 2. This graph is a clear dem-
onstration that green light penetrates water more efficiently than red (or red is absorbed
more than green). The reflectance becomes similar towards higher suspended loads
:which is expected since very little light (green or red) is able to penetrate the water.
This ratio curve does not appear to improve discrimination of suspended load levels
beyond ~ 75 ppm. However, ratios of bands 4 and 5 with the infrared bands 6 and 7
appear to be more efficient in discriminating suspended load in the region beyond 75
ppm (figures 3 & 4).
2
10 PERRY RESERVOIR
8
- 6
- 4
* -
2
c
I I I I I I I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 100
SUSPENDED LOAD (PPM)
10 - TUTTLE CREEK RESERVOIR
8
0 V
I
O 4
* *
2  *
I * I . I I I I
o 20 40 60 80 100
SUSPENDED LOAD (PPM)
FIGURE 1. Inverse secchi depth vs. suspended load for Perry
and Tuttle Creek reservoirs.
3
III. Conclusions
Considerable experience has been gained during the ERTS program in the
collection of ground truth, it's analysis, the interpretation of imagery, and the
development of data processing techniques. Much valuable information has also
been acquired concerning the spectral reflectance characteristics of turbid reser-
voirs which will be useful for the analysis of forthcoming Skylab data.
IV. Finances
A statement of financial status for the project will be sent under separate
cover by the CRINC accounting office.
4
?.0
I A P
V I .... , --- -- _. . -1-! ... . -.-.. - . ... .- .
i "- . .- . ...
0i 1 I 1
rt. .... ...E S O . .. .
..... . - .
. - . . . .-- -- ... . .S. .At.) U / 0 I 707
I . . . . . ... OT - - .. .
. " I .. . .... I. ..-. -I. ..1j .. . "- .. .. ...... . ....
" .. II -... .1 i H -
' ' ' , ; i l - l- !-r - =' ' ' ' ° , i ...... lI
ihiss
14
~~~1~7 A*k'b.sV.'
U -.-....,-...-.
--
I I JJ
jiii
-t 
.-.
• 
- -
'4 
.
.
. L
/8 ?5S7 
.... - _
I I I 
-
IIi11 -1.1 j 7 H~5I/Y7j. F i
7 1
--- 
*' . . ii /6LJ . .. "15" 6, I -.
1.1
Li :z 
.- • - .1 j'T~. .... /
.. 
I • "p.K. 
.. 
.2
-M *1-- I j i"-- *-*'-
* i__ 
_. 
-
_~
1. .. i -
,_ .. I 5. .i .. 11 ' .
• . .... .. ... * -  ! ! t ! T-,1-: .... 4+ -j I.1 -I .~~J;PS


Skylab study of water quality

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Reports Server