The author has identified the following significant results. It has become that lineaments seen on Skylab and ERTS images are not equally well defined, and that the clarity of definition of a particular lineament is recorded somewhat differently by different interpreters. In an effort to determine the extent of these variations, a semi-quantitative classification scheme was devised. In the field, along the crest of Bald Eagle Mountain in central Pennsylvania, statistical techniques borrowed from sedimentary petrography (point counting) were used to determine the existence and location of intensely fractured float rock. Verification of Skylab and ERTS detected lineaments on aerial photography at different scales indicated that the brecciated zones appear to occur at one margin of the 1 km zone of brecciation defined as a lineament. In the Lock Haven area, comparison of the film types from the SL4 S190A sensor revealed the black and white Pan X photography to be superior in quality for general interpretation to the black and white IR film. Also, the color positive film is better for interpretation than the color IR film

Mcmurtry, G. J.

Petersen, G. W.

English

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

NASA Technical Reports Server

E 7. 5 - 0. 2..5 9
Quarterly Progress Report, June - August 1974
SKYLAB EREP Investigation 475, Contract Number NAS 9-13406
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF "Made available under NASA sponsorship
ln the interest of early and wide dis.
EREP DATA WITHIN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN semination of Earth Resources Survey
Program information anrd witholt l allity
for any use made thereot."
Office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER)
Space Science and Engineering Labbratory (SSEL)
Room 219 Electrical Engineering West
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pa. 16802
Principal Investigators:. Dr. George J McMurtry and
Dr. Gary W. Petersen
NASA Technical Monitor: Mr. Martin Miller
September 1974
'(E75-10259) INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATION N75-22870
AND INTERPRETATION OF EREP DATA .WITHIN THE
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN Quarterly Progress
Report, Jun. - Aug. 1974 (Pennsylvania State Unclas
uJniv.) 6 p HC $3.25 CSCL 08F G3/43 00259
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750014798 2020-03-22T21:32:23+00:00Z
Quarterly Progress Report
June - August 1974
SKYLAB EREP Investigation 475
Contract Number NAS 9-13406
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
The mapping of well locations on aircraft photography is continuing, in
the study of the significance of lineamentE to groundwater exploration and
engineering problems. These wells are -eing ranked according to their location
on or off of fracture traces '(lineament. less than one mile in length) and
fracture trace intersections, This work is a prelude to the location of wells
with respect to lineament identification on SKYLAB and ERTS images. It is
proposed that the field location of wells with respect to lineaments can be
narrowed down by going from ERTS-1 to SKYLAB levels of observation, SKYLAB
to U2, U2 to lower altitude aircraft data, and/or U2 to ground or SKYLAB to
ground data. The study regions, in central Pennsylvania, include Nittany,
Penns, and Brush valleys; Bald Eagle Valley between Hollidaysburg and Miles-
burg; and a tributary drainage to the Susquehanna River near Selensgrove.
SKYLAB 4 S190A photographs (Roll 55, Frame 317) have been used to verify
suspected associations of lineaments wiph known ground water movements.
Increased yields have been associated with water wells located on lineaments
as compared with adjacent sites0  These correlations are continuing,
The bulk of the field work along Bald Eagle ridge, west of State College,
was performed during this period. Analysis of the data gathered will serve to
characterize the surface expression of the large lineaments intersecting the
ridge.
Further investigation is being made into the thermal hot spot phenomenon
near Shermansdale0 The hot spring is readily discernible en thermal IR data,
and subtle tonal variations in high altitude images (U2) indicate that the
hot spot is on the periphery of a large (30 km diamecer) circular feature
that appears to coincide with a major (500 gamma) magnetic anomaly believed
associated with a deep pluton not previously reccgnized in Pennsylvania.
Alternative associations can be made with lineaments, seen on SKYLAB 3
photography (S190A, Roll 44, Frame.30), that pass through the hot spot
area, and possibly with diabase dikes that crop out in the vicinity.
The ORSER program SUBSET has been modified to subset from SKYLAB
tapes, when these are received0 As they now stand, SUBSET will subset data
from ERTS and SKYLAB data tapes into ORSER format, and SUBAIR will subset
C130 MSS and thermal data, and LARS data0
RELATED ACTIVITIES
Mr. Vargas, Instructor of Environmental Sciences at the Dubois Campus
of Penn State, is using SKYLAB, ERTS, and U2 scenes for a land use mapping
project of selected areas of Clearfield County. Mr. Bazakas, Assistant
ORIGINAL PAGH I1
OF POOR QUALMI
Professor of Geology at the Ogontz Campus, is using SKYLAB, ERTS, and U2 data in
a lineament analysis of southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with a view
toward the location of ore deposits. Mr. Ciciarelli, Assistant Professor of
Geology at the Beaver Campus, has begun a study of fracture traces and macro-
lineaments in central western Pennsylvania. This study will use SKYLAB, U2,
RB57, and C130 data along with field checking of features seen on the scenes,
A joint distribution analysis is planned as part of this study, These three
projects are conducted under the supervision of ORSER and are funded through
the Commonwealth Campus Scholarly Activity Fund cIf The Pennsylvania State
University. This fund is administered by the Dean of Academic Instruction for
Commonwealth Campuses.
During this period Mr. Kowalik was on temporary assignment to the EROS
program of the UoS. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia. While there, he
worked with the Diazo duplicating process, developing a method of creating
ERTS color composites using colored Diazo transp rencies of scenes from three
of the four ERTS channels. This method has been duplicated on Diazo equipment
being considered for purchase by ORSER. Diazo copies have been made of several
SKYLAB photographs already, and it is expected that the knowledge of this pro-
cess gained by Mr. Kowalik will be useful in the analysis and display of SKYLAB
data, as well as data from ERTS and aircraft,
Although Dr. Gold was mainly occupied in teaching the Geology field school
in Montana this summer, he found time to revise for publication a paper, co-
authored by Dr, Melwin H. Podwysocki, "The Surface Geometry of Inherited Joint
and Fracture Trace Patterns Resulting From Active and Passive Deformation,"
This paper has been issued as NASA Preprint X-923-74-222. (A copy of the
abstract is appended.) D . Podwysocki graduated from Penn State in 1974 and
is now on the staff at NASA-Goddad. The tit-Te of his thesis was "The Relation-
ship of Fracture Traces to Geological Parameters in Fiat-Lying Sedimentary Rocks:
a Statistical Analysis," A portion of this thesis was the paper, "An Analysis
of Fracture Trace Patterns in Areas of Flat-Lying Sedimentary Rocks for the
Detection of Buried Ge-logic Structure," by Podwysocki and Gold, published by
NASA-Goddard as X-923-74-200, (An abstract of this paper is also appended.,)
A paper, "Relationship Between Ore Deposits and Lineaments in Southeastern
Pennsylvania," was presented by Mr. Kowalik at the First International Symposium
on the New Basement Tectonics, in Salt Lake City, Utah, in June. This same
paper was presented by Mr, Kowalik to the Graduate Student Colloquium at Penn
State in May,
Dr. Gold prepared a slide show, "ERTS-I and SKYLAB," and exhibit for the
Earth and Mineral Sciences Exposition at Penn State. He also gave a lecture
on "Megalineaments and the Distribution of Alkalic Rocks, Kimberlites, and
Carbonatites," at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan0  This talk
featured scenes from both SKYLAB and ERTS.
DATA FLIGHTS AND RECEIPTS
During this period the following data were received relating to the
SKYLAB program:
SL 3, S1.90A 9 inch photography
SL 3, S190B 5 inch photography
SL 3, S192 5 inch MSS scanning film in 2 channels
S1 4, S190A 70mm photography
SL 4, S190B 5 inch photography
THE SURFACEGE.QETJRY .;TI2 NHEEIL ED JINTAND FRACTURE TRACE PATTERNS
RESULTING FROM ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DEFORMATION
Mo Ho Podwysocki and Do P. Gold
ORIGINAL, PAGE 1-8
OF POOR QUAILr ABSTRACT
The surface traces and trajectories of "joints" and "fractures" located over
simple subsurface structures, with configurations optimized to a horizontal cylinder
and vertical hemisphere and combinations thereof, are examined for two hypothetical
methods of fracture development. The models are generated for a "rubber sheet"
deformation and assume (a) that a fracture system may be inherited from the basement
rocks through any overlying consolidated sediment, (b) that these fractures would
be deformed by any subsequent movements in the basement rocks, (c) that in any
kinematic folding, these fractures would be rotated and displaced by a flexural
slip mechanism, and (d) that for supratenuous folds, any fractures developed during
compaction would be focused through the center of curvatureo It is asserted that
(a) the inherited fractures, while being rotated and displaced by the bedding
plane slip, would project vertically to-the surface, ie,, orthographically, and
(b) that fractures induced during compaction would converge upward in a down-warp
or diverge in an upwarp from a focal point in the case of a dome or basin (peri-
clinal structure) and a focal line for a supratenuous fold, and that these would
project gnomonically.to the surface. While the former mechanism is considered
to be "active" and may be generated by local basement uplifts, the latter is
"passive" and is typified by differential compaction of sediments over a reef core.
If these assumptions and assertions are accepted, then the attitude (strike
and dip) of a deformed primary joint or fracture and its trajectory (vertical pro-
jection of its line of intersection with the deformed reference surface) can be
used as indicators of subsurface structureo If a regular fracture grid is deformed,
then fracture density and pattern become important diagnostiA parameters. Various
patterns of an initially orthogonal (square) fracture grid are modeled according
to active and passive deformation mechanisms.
In the active periclinal structure with a vertical axis, fracture frequency
(numberfunit area) increases both over the dome and basin, and remains constant
with decreasing depth to the structure. Active cylindrical folds with horizontal
axes deform the initially orthogonal fracture grid, producing a grid trajectory
pattern elongate in a direction parallel to the fold axis and causing a relative
increase in fracturing for that fracture direction forming the smallest angle to
the structural axis. Where one of the fracture directions coincides with the
structural axis, a rectangular pattern develops; rhcmboid and rhombus patterns
are produced for oblique intersections.
For passive periclinal features such as a reef or sand body with a reference
grid on the unconformity, fracture frequency is determined by the arc of curvature
and show~.a reduction over the reef mound and an increase over the basin, In addi-
tion, depth to the structure also influences fracture frequency, causing a relative
increase with increasing depth of erosion over a reef and a decrease for the basin.
Passive cylindrical folds produce a grid pattern elongate in a direction perpendi-
cular to the fold axis, with the fracture direction forming the largest angle to
the structural axis being preferentially enhanced. The pattern is rectangular
where the structural axis and one of the fracture directions coincide, and forms
rhomboids and rhombuses where the two meet at oblique angles,
Decreasing the dihedral angle between the limbs of the structure further intensi-
fies the changes in fracture frequency and grid shape of the fracture pattern.
AN ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE TRACE PATTERNS
IN AREAS OF FLAT-LYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FOR THE DETECTION OF BURIED GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE
by
Melvin H. Podwysocki
ABSTRACT
Two study areas in a cratonic platform underlain by flat-lying sedimentary
rocks were analyzed to determine if a quantitative relationship exists between
fracture trace patterns and their frequency distributions and subsurface struc-
tural closures which might contain petroleum Fracture trace lengths and
frequency (number of fracture traces per unit area) were analyzed by trend
surface analysis and length frequency distributions also were compared to a
standard Gaussian distribution, Composite rose diagrams of fracture traces
were analyzed using a multivariate analysis method which grouped or "clustered"
the rose diagrams and their respective areas on the basis of the behavior of
the rays of the rose diagram.
Analysis indicates that the lengths of fracture traces are log-normally
distributed according to the. mapping technique used in this paper, Deviations
from log-normality may be associated with both reef (passive) structures whose
"closure" is caused by differential compaction of sediments ove the reefs and
with basement uplift (active) anticlinal structures. The primary control of
fracture trace frequency and log-mean lengths is associated with variations in
surficial lithology. This variation may be extracted using trend surfaces
and the residuals may be analyzed, Fracture trace frequency appeared higher
on the flanks of active, structures and lower around passive reef structureso
Fracture trace log-mean lengths were shorter over several types of structures,
perhaps due to increased fracturing and subsequent erosion,
Analysis of rose diagrams using a multivariate technique. indicated
lithology as the primary control for the lower grouping levels. Groupings
at higher levels indicated that areas overlying active structures may be
isolated from their neighbors by this technique while passive structures
showed no differences which could be isolated,


Interdisciplinary application and interpretation of EREP data within the Susquehanna River Basin

E 7. 5 10. 2. 6 0
Quarterly Progress Report, September - November 1974
SKYLAB EREP Investigation 475, Contract Number NAS 9-13406
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF uane de S S
-ade di \e S -
EREP DATA WITHIN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN t the interest ()I eide tis-
soinaton o Earth Resorces Survey
PTogram inormation a :
Office for Remote Sensing of Earth Resources (ORSER)
Space Science and Engineering Laboratory (SSEL)
Room 219 Electrical Engineering West
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pa. 16802
Principal Investigators: Dr_ George Jo McMurtry
Dr, Gary Wo Petersen
NASA Technical Monitor: Mr. Martin Miller
December 1974
(E75-10260) INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATION N75-22871
AND INTERPRETATION OF EREP DATA WITHIN THE
,SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN Quarterly Progress
Report, Sep. - Nov. 1974 (Pennsylvania State Unclas
,Univ.)_ 5 _p HC$3.25 . CSCL 08F G3/43 00260
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750014799 2020-03-22T21:32:22+00:00Z
Quarterly Progress Report
September - November 1974 W NA
SKYLAB EREP Investigation 475
Contract Number NAS 9-13406
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Mr. Krohn is nearing completion of a study on the relationship between
lineaments and mineralized zones, gossans, and fractured and brecciated
zones along Bald Eagle Mountain from north of State College to its inter-
section with the Tyrone lineament (S14,S190A, Roll 55, Frame 317). This
study will be material for a master's thesis; a shorter version is being
prepared as an ORSER-SSEL Technical Report.
Compilation of the mineral deposits map of Pennsylvania is continuing,
assisted by the release of new mineral localities in open file reports of
the Pennsylvania Geological Survey0
Two SKYLAB scenes (SL3, S190A, Roll 44, Frames 30 and 31) are being
studied for the relationship of ore deposits to lineaments in the Harrisburg
to Bethlehem area, along the Great Valley and the Triassic Basin0
Mr. Kowalik is continuing work on the ore deposits of southeastern
Pennsylvania, correlating these statistically -with the occurrence of linea-
mentso He presented a lecture on this study during an ORSER seminar in
October0
The state-wide mapping of intermediate length lineaments on an ERTS
mosaic base, supplemented by SKYLAB and U2 photography where available, is
still in progress, Mr. Schasse, a graduate student in geology, has ompleted
his geological and structural mapping of the Huntingdon area, atross the Tyrone
lineament; he is currently writing a master's thesis on this work Dr. Gold
has advised in the structural and fracture analysiso
In the study of the applications of SKYLAB and ERTS lineaments to
groundwater and engineering problems, the 100 wells previously selected for
pumping tests are being ranked according to their location on or off.of
fracture traces (lineaments less than one mile in length) and fracture trace
intersectionsd This work has been done on aircraft photography, due to the
large scale required; however, a similar location inventory, using SKYLAB
photographs and ERTS images with lineaments greater than 1 mile in length,
has been started. USDA 1:20,000 photographs from 1957 and 1949 are being
used for the plots because they are significantly easier to handle and
write on than the NASA aircraft support photography for SKYLAB. Their age
is not of importance due to the relatively non-changing aspect of the topo-
graphy - injfact, it may be an advantage in areas which have been built up
-2-
in the last 10 to 20 years. However, the aircraft suppott photography supplied
by NASA, with its significantly greateT-reaolution, is being used to verify
these plots.
The locations of wells located on and ofI major lineaments.,as. seen on
SKYLAB and ERTS images~ has begun- It- is, planned that.the. yiel_ o i these
wells will be compared statistically fortheir-re-ationshp.to position. with
respect to the lineaments, Despite the wider ange in fieldconditions encoun-
tered at each well site in the study-area, it is hoped that data points will
be sufficiently numerous to permit'"-relationship to be established. Ideally,
data points will be so located as to allow some:variables- to.be.held. constant
(ioeo, rock type, topographic setting, dip of beds, etc.) because-these vari-
ables tend to interact and each enhances we---yields to an unknown extent.
An assessment of SKYLAB photography is being initiatedbyDro.Weeden,
with the assistance of two graduate students (Scott Daelhausen.and-Charles
Kleeman) and an undergraduate student (Gary Hessler)o .The ..~a.ative. of this
study is to establish the level of refinement at whichone can..determine the
physical nature of the terrain from SKYLAB photography (the study may later
be expanded to include computer processing of MSS data).
A study guide will be prepared for three geographic areaa in.. Pennsylvania
centering around Reading, Harrisburg, and Lockhaveno.. Each:study.guide will
include a summary statement of the geologic, pedologic., and hydrologic data
extracted from the published literature, Following this, a first analysis
will be made of scenes from selected orbits-, The surce.-data willbe from
both the S190A and the S190B camera-systems, in both.original and enlarged
forms. Portions of orbit 73 covering an area including Lock Haven and
State College, and orbit 44, covering Reading and Harrisburg, will be
analyzed. The photo analyst will be using the Bausch and Lomb zoom stereo-
scope to look at normal color, infrared color, and blackand.white.images.
Data.will be recorded for each frame studled. -The detailed study will be of
a selected 26 by 34 mile strip of the area which cuts across the maximum
number of terrain types to be encounteredo
Following the first study of SKYLAB photography, detailed analysis will
be made of aircraft underflight photographs, on file in the ORSER.film library,
in order to fully exploit the photo-analytic technique for terrain evaluation,
Again data will be recorded for each frame studied, Then the analyst will
return to the best SKYLAB photographs to ascertain whether.additionai data
could have been recorded. This is a test of whether or not the. data was-
there to be observed if the analyst had been-keen enough to perceive it. This
second look at SKYLAB photographs should provide the final assessment of their
true utility for photo analysis. A final summary statement with supporting
documentation will be prepared.
RELATED ACTIVITIES
The ORSER digital data user's manual has been updated.to. include program
modifications designed for the processing of SKYLABdata. 
-This updated manual
has been issued as ORSER-SSEL Technical Report 16-74. Another manual, "Storage
-3-
and Handling of Satellite and Aircraft Imagery in ORSER;,"has also ,been up-
dated and issued as ORSER-SSEL Technical Report l18 74. A copy of this report
is appended.
SKYLAB and aircraft photography have.become:increasingly,.useful to
students, both on- the- graduate..and-othe-undergrauPute.level .-.For example,
an agronomy professor has reprodurced sixLC-O0 fr oametfor use-i.in his under-
graduate class, and several undergraduates 'nLandscape Arahitecture have
been using C130>photography for ' class project in vegetation. analysis.
Two graduate students- in Landscape- Arhitecttre "are considering using SKYLAB
photography in their thesis projects,
A group of exceptionai}y talented high aechoo- students from throughout
Pennsylvania attended the Pfnntylvania JunirS.lcen-ce and-Humanities- Symposium
at Penn Stateo During the$ -two day visit' in November..they saw.a side show
and laboratory demonstration, conducted by ORSER personnelw,.which included
SKYLAB photography and methods used for analystsof suchphotography. The
computer terminal was also demonstrated, although digital data from SKYLAB
were not available for the demonstration.
Papers were presented Dy. Dr. Gold..and by D Parizek, at:the Geological
Society of America Annual Meeting ,in M~ami Beach-, rEoda, i Novembero Dr 0
Gold presented the paper, "The Surface Geometry' _.Inherited.. Fracture Patterns
Resulting from Active and Passive Deformation," co-authored by..Dr.:Melvin E,
Podwysocki. An abstract of this paper, issued by NASA. as document X-923-74-
222, was appended to our-Quarterly Progress Report for.June.-.August 1974o
An abstract of this paper has also been- published in Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, VW. 6, No-.- 7 po 758.
Dro Parizek presented the paper "Coal and Water Resources;.Eastern United
States." This paper included a discussion of acid mine drainage-pollution
abatement techniques which might be used- for- active and: abandoned. deep and
strip coal mines east uf the Mississippi River, Also discussed-was the nature
of lineaments of various sizes as mapped on'black and white.photosobtained
from SKYLAB and aireraft, and on images obtained from ERTS-1,-and. the.evidence
that these features are underlain by zones- of increased permeability, weathering
and solution. It was indicated that mappable features could.be-used-to locate
1) zones of potential mine roof instability, 2) potential blow out.zone that
can result when mines are flooded above stream grade in an attempt to abate
acid mine drainage, and 3) drill sites at which efficient mine dewatering wells
can be located to reduce groundwater leakage- to underlying mines. The signifi-
cance of gravity wells and their location at lineament intersectionswas stressed
because these sites should both increase the efficiency of dewatering.wells while
at the same time increase the efficiency of recharge wells used in the gravity or-
connector well abatement procedure0
ORIarL AG
oQ PoR QUm G
-4-
A similar application of connector wells ,employing-lineament. mapping
was presented before a water pollution control seminar. held at University
Park earlier in the summer. This was attended by water-.warks engineers;
consulting hydrologists, geologists, and engineers; regulatory agency person-
nel and mine operators, As
In October, Dr. McMurtry gave a talk, "Applications for.Remote Sensing
in Pennsylvania," at a. banquet of the Pennsylvania Earth. Science. Teachers
Society, in Camp Hillo -In the same month, Dr. Petersendescribed "Remote '
Sensing Activities and Penn State" at the EnvironmentaLMnitoring Seminar
at the University of Wisconsin, In November, Dr. Petersen..gave..a.seminar
to the Soil Science Department at the University- of Wisconsin, titled, "The
Role of Remote Sensing in Resource Management," and Dro.McMurtry addressed
the Pittsburgh Geological SocietyMeeting' on-"Satellite and Aircraft Remote
Sensing of Earth Resources."
In September Dr. Weeden attended the sessions on remote.sensing at the
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping,-jointly ao nsnredlby ASPrand
ACSM, in Washington, D. C. He aI-o- attended- sessions.on-rem te sensing
applications to mapping at the-meetings of the International Society of
Surveyors.
Also in September, Dr. Pehnyp-acrker attended- the- First...International Con-
gress of Ecology, The' Hague, where he participated in the..n symposium. on. Ecolog-
ical Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data- Dunrintg this_time._he.Vi ted with
Dr. Herman. Frinking, of the Laboratory* of - Phytopatbhlcgyand .Dr. J .e-. Zadcks,
Dean of.the Agricultural University of-Wageningen, The Netherlands....Dro Penny-
packer also met with Dr. R. Do Curno,- USDI, Pish and:_Wildlife. Service, Virginia.
Dr. Curnow is interested in the applications"of remote-.sensing.techniques to we
land game management, iand was exploring the possibility of cooperation with
ORSER on a project.
Dr. Charles Schnetzler, Head of- the Earth-Resources..Branch. of the Earth
Survey Applications Division, NASA, Goddard, visited ORSERo-.Dro Schnetzler
was here to familiarize himself.with our- office and capabilities,. and to
explore the possibility of.using our- dataprocessing system by long distance
telephone Fonnection.
DATA FLIGHTS AND RECEETS
The following SKILAB rlated data were received-by- ORSER during this
reporting period:
23 Sept SL3 S190B 5 inch photography
S192 5 inch imagery
S~- .S9OA 70 mm photography
S190B 5 inch photography
4 Oct SL3 S190A 70 mm photography


Interdisciplinary application and interpretation of EREP data within the Susquehanna River Basin

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