The author has identified the following significant results. Detailed information on the outflow through the Fram Strait of ice from the Polar Ocean over shorter periods was obtained. It is found that the speed of the outflow may vary about 100% over periods of a few days. The core of the East Greenland Current is found between 2 deg E and 4 deg W. The speed of the surface water at 81 deg N is for a calm period estimated to be about 10 cm/s. A new surging glacier was discovered and new fronts of several glaciers were determined. The variation of the snow line with respect to distance from the coast was for the first time determined for the southern part of Spitsbergen. Great variations were observed, from 200 m in east to 550 m in the central area of the island

Vinje, T. E.

English

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

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inic -si ct ra, l , ,end vide dis-
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(E76-1)367)	 SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE	 N76-25614
:),PITSBEP^GEN— GREENLAND
 AREA QUAPTF'<LY
PRGG°.ESS KEPURT t^,jRSK PQLARINSTITUTTi
	 2 P
HC $3.50	 CSCL 081	 UNCL AS
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JUN 04'19-16
SIS j 902.6
A
3 - •d QLIPrtrrIy Progress Report
Sinnp I. P.qt QP,? I FP b-uArY 1976; we have P.(.-cnrdJ-ns7 to
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that a new T.Pndsat-bn.sed wan,vihore tl-,p di.-r -r v- • ert lonliti-s F..re
:riven names,is under construction for th e	 p;.k?•t of Vie
Rrchilpelaao. There is not cloud free r,, ov(, r,,a lrre of PIT of the
co p st,and final comnilation of the man will await the receipt
of ira
.
-eries from 1976.
The nnTnP q ri- snn of Lanlsat i marre , -J. ,z F wit'l- t,'^7os q of tlie
weather sa+P1.IitP9 continue,arl so rn q addittonal weath er satp-1-1-Ite
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V iioav-


Sea ice studies in the Spitsbergen-Greenland area

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;..- Repor c
from
Torgny E. VinJe
Norwegian Polar Institute
Postboks 158
1330 , 0sl o Luf thavn ---
NORWAY 'r
Spon:•oring organization: The Royal Norwegian Counsil
for Scientific and Industrial Research.(NTNF).
1st quarterly report.
November 11,1975.
I
I
t
(E76. 10083) SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE
SPITSBERGEN-GREENLAND AREA Quarterly Report(Norsk Polarinstitutt) 3 p HC S3.50-
CSCL 08L
^q
x,
9PNAL PAN 18
or POW VAUMap rsUri
N76-14566
Unclas
G3/43 00083
INTRODUCTION
The overall objective of this investigation is to
utilize LANDSAT data to study sea ice in general and in the
Spitsbergen - Fram Strait area in particular and o compare
the usefullness of LANDR4T and weather satellite data(NO_AA-2,
ESSA-8,etc.)for studying sea ice.The specific objectives
are as _ follows:
1. To develop a technique for forecasting changes in
the position and consentration of sea ice in the
Spitsbergen-Fram Strait area ' ,ie to the influence
of weather (primarily wind) and ocean currents.
2. To determine the physical charcteristics of sea
ice and ice boundaries,including statistical data
on the dimensions and form of ice floes.
3. To determine ice drift velocities in the East Green-
land Current,and thereby obtain an estimate of the
outflow of ice from the Arctic Basin. 	 -
FROBLEM4S
The two first scenes from the test site arrived here
in the beginning of September,and after that no more data has
been received.The Landsat Result Manager,Dr.Robert D.Price,
has been told about the sparcety of data,and I have been infor-
med that provided a good health of the satellite,there will be
t
put a higher priority on the investigation which has been
extended to include also 1976.However,i hope that data for the
1975 period will arrive here soon so that the investigation_
which is agreed upon can start.
DATA QUALITY AND DELIVERY
The data duality is excellent but it would be- of great
value for the planning of the investigation as well as for the
operations in the test area if the imageries could arrive here
in a relatively short time after they have been ac quired. The
first two scenes which arrived here in the beginning of Sep-
tember were obtained over the test area on May 29.
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALI'T'Y
3ECOMMANDATTONS
Due to the high latitudes at the te::t area
there will be an overlapping from day to da y betwe-, _'- and 9')
This is a special advantage which it was the inter Ticri to
utilize.Ever_ after three days there will be,as far as T can
see,an overlapping of about 60% of the first image in a three
days series.Thus a great number of ice floes could be traced
j
if there is made dail y maximum acquisitions of imageries for
periods of_2-3 days,and all the three main objectives of the
investigation could be accomplished.It is hoped that attention
is paid to this very important point when scheduling the acqui-
sition of imageries over the test area in 1976.
The Norwegian contribution to the international
project Man and Biosphere will mainly concentrate on investi-
gations in Svalbard.It is therefore recommanded that the imageries
received here also may be used for biological and land use investi-
gations.If there is no objections the findings will be annexed to the`,
future reports.
CONCLUSIONS
The information on the sea ice in the maritime areas
as well as the information on snow cover,geomorfological phenome-
non and glaciers which can be obtained from the LATDSAT imageries,
are unique.It will be of great help for the Norwegian Polar Insti-
tute in its work in the Svalbard archipelago.New area have already
been far better mapped(LQNDSAT-1) and still more unma pped islands
in the east are expected to be covered during the present project.
_.	
Qg1 
Yflpg ^dt3^
OF
=l	 3


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much information as possible. 
 
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furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy 
available. 
 
 This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, 
which have been reproduced in black and white. 
 
 This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. 
 
 Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some 
of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original 
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ally
SEA ICE STUDIES Ill f.W, SKTSMMGE-1` - GRI; 'MAID AREA
Investi.Estion "o 28 540
4th Ouarterly Progress "eport
	 RECEIVED BY
NASA STI FAC^ITY
from 
DATE:
Torte	 '' z ' e ,:—^ DCAF N0.	 QY
I1or<iegian Foler Institute
	
PjjpCESS`0
Postbox 158
	
ta WASH► 5T1 FA IA
1330 Oslo Tuf^,navn	 [[D3 ESA  SOS 
r1
C u
.. omay
August 1976
v)pgrsorirr orCanizetior : rile 1-ie„ - a- 1' oiTiegi wan Council
for c=.e:.ia_iic ar_d Industrisl "esearch 	 T T"
^hrsres Et 98 9 CS?',O 19
I
(E76-10464)	 SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE
SPITSBERGEN, GREENLAND AREA Quarterly
p rogress Report (Norsk Polarinstitutt) 2 p
HC $3.50	 CSCL 08L
N76-31612
Unclas
G3/43 00464
Wn
r4th Quarterly I'ro[ress report
:since last QPR, I,_ay 1976, 29 scenes have been received from the
test area. Eire of these scenes are from 23, ten from 25, two from
26 and eight from 29 l.pril. The negatives were received one week
e£o and the analyzing has not started for full yet. The Bence
coverage over the short period seems, however, very pron.ising for
progress within present objectives.
Ground-truth data were collected during April by myself, and later
on during July and August my Landsat fissistant will be in the
nothernmost part of the test area.
Of special interest is correspondence between a flight on 25 April
to the easternmost J.slard Kvito; ra and the obtained Lar_dsat scene
2454-11514 of the same day. This scene was registered one hour
previous to our landing with a sma11 aircraft on the ice, and we
have therefore very interesting ground truth data for interpretation
of an imagery which nearly is free for clouds.
The ground-truth data vrhich will be used for Landsat-interpretation
are:
.'ignatures of
a) i ultiyear ice
b) one year old ice
c) salt viater soaked fast ice
d) long stripes of drift snow formed in areas with open water
e) sea ice concentrations
f) shadow of transparent cirrus clouds
g) partly snow covered landscape
Five Nimbus+RA?.]S automatic stations were during April-?-'ay placed on
ice floes and drift speed values obtained in t', o different wa.--s
con therefore be compared.
The scene 2459-11514 has given additive information as to the con-
tour of Kvitoya which according to previous .i-andsat imageries has
etc -re
an average which is 26Q. greater than what was previous believed.
,^,c YELLc;r
t


Sea ice studies in the Spitsbergen, Greenland area

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which have been reproduced in black and white. 
 
 This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. 
 
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0 5
SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE SPITSBERGEN-GREENLAND AREA
i
Investigation No 28 540
.,ai,	 abia under RIASA sPor^sars^Val i 	! s
i;iterest of earsv ar:d Wide dis	 RECEIVED BY
sem'tna`,,Ja of Earth Resources Survey 	 NASA STl FA 1Ll
	
1
1163m, a^iori and vritl^ani liabak^	 DATE.	 1	 a ^,/ ^^program
for any use made thereat "	 DCAF N0.	 `	 1
pROUSSED, BY s:4
?.	
t	
35th quarterly report
	
NASA STi FACILITY'
from
	
ESA - SDS q AIAA
r;
Torgny E. Vinje
	 =f
Norwegian Polar Institute
3
Postbox 158
1330 Oslo Lufthavn
Norway
	 a
November 1976
(977 -10053) SEA ICE STUDIES IN THE 	 N77- 14552
SPILT S pERGEN-GREENLAND AREA Quarterly Report	 r
-	 (Norsk Polarinstitutt) 16 p HC A02/CIF A01
CSCL 08L	 Unclas
G3/43 00053
	
Sponsoring organization: The Royal Norwegian Council
	 a
for Scientific-and Industrial Research ( NTNF').	 J,
Wdm. Thranesgt 98, OSLO 1, Norway
Uriglnar Photogra p hy	 a
  
Y may be purChMd from:
	
l
1=805 Data Center
IOtit and Dakota Avenue
Sioux Fails, SD SII'98
A
DEC 0 8 19'/6
S1S 1902.6
,^t.L'iI. tYL	 V VxYJT.ilLA S,	 tli'	 ^111J
ORIOMAL PACE M P001?	 1INTRODUCTION
^t
The overall objective of this investigation is to utiJ-
ize LANDSAT data to study sea ice in general and in the
-_^ Svalbard--Greenland area in particular and to compare the use-
fullness of LANDSAT and weather satellite data (NOAA-2 1	ESSA-	 a'
8,etc.)
	 for studying sea ice.	 The specific objectives are
as follows:
{
1.	 To develop a technique for forecasting changes in
the position and concentration of sea ice in the
Svalbard area due to th6 influence of weather (prim-
arily wind)	 and ocean currents.	 i
2.	 To determine the physical Characteristics of sea .Ice
l and ice boundaries,	 including statistical data on the
dimensions and form of ice floes.
i 3.	 To determine ice drift velocities in the East Green-
land Current, and thereby obtain an estimate of the
outflow of ice from the Arctic Basin.
i
- TECHNIQUES
MSS 7 of all the negatives received have been copied in
014 at 1:1
	 mill scale.	 An extra copy has been sent to the co-
j: ^rinvestigator.
	 MSS 4 has been used for several scenes for a
!4
' closer study of special features on bare land and open sea.
t
i` rom BW WSS 7 a great number of ice floes have been traced
from day to day.	 Where land can be seen on the imageries,
correct position can be determined,
	 otherwise the drift esti-
g
mations are influenced by position errors 1-2 km, 	 which are
found in the Landsat positioning system
	 (NYE	 9974).	 For velo-
cities greater than 10cm S-1
	
the maximum error will decrease
' to Less than 4% after a period of 5 days.
The	 frequency distribution of the size of the floes have
been determined from BW (1:	 500 000 scale) by a semiautomatic
planimeter.
A parameter which has been used for the form of the floe is the
quotient of the greatest width and length. This is read direct-
ly from the (1: 1 mill.) scenes, together with the orientation
of the longer axis."
The contrast, sea--glacier ice is high making excellent
condition for the survey of glacier fronts terminating . in sea.
/is/ Even when the sea Rice-covered, the shadow from the vertical ice
cliff makes it possible to find and map the front. The glaciers
terminating on land often have more diffOse.barders as the front
is partly moraine covered. 	 The transfer to maps are made by
directly projecting the images on to the maps by enlargement
to the same scale.
The edge enhancement method (Matsuno, et al.1975) has-been
used for extraction of various geological lineaments from satel-
lite images. Positive and negative images are placed one above
another and the upper one is slightly removed from the exact-fit
position in any suitable direction; thus the edges of all dark
and bright patterns will be exaggerated.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Drift velocities, direction and divergence_
From the very comprehensive material received, it has been
possible to obtain unique information on the ice draft condit:=
ion in a remote area of difficult access. The results are
shown in Fig. 1. It has been possible to follow some of the
floes over periods as long as 15 days, i.e. only one day less
than the total coverage period of Fig. 1.
During the first part of the perio d there was a prevailing
northerly wind in the area. The last part, however, was calm
with fair weather caused by a high pressure area extending east-
ward from Greenland. The drift speed therefore generally de-
creases towards the end of the period. In the north-west of the
Svalbard archipelago, the effect of the Vest-Spitsbergen current
is evident.
The numerous ice drift estimations in the East Greenland Sea
make it possible for the First time to determine the drift speed
simultaneously at various location across the Fram Strait.
From Fig. 2. it is seen that a maximum speed of about 25cm S-1
is observed between 2 0E and 4 0W in the area between 80 and 810N.
The average speed across the strait is
period. As the width of the drift ice
average thickness of the ice is around
of ice from the Polar Ocean during the
equals 0.2 Sv (1 Sverdrup
	 10 6 m 3 S`1)
20.5 cm S-1 during the
stream is 330 km, and the
3 m thick, the outflow
period 21. - 27. 1pril
During the following a .^JS
rperiod, 27.April-2. May, the observations, though fewer in
number, indicate that the outflow had decreased considerably
to about OalSv, with an average speed of the outflow of about
10cm S - ^. The wind stress is relatively low in the area as
T.	 well as over the polar Ocean during the latter period, and the
observed drift speeds may therefore indicate the velocity of
the surface current.
A Nimbus - 6 located automatic station was placed on an
ice flow at 81°N and 0 00 the 19. April. During-the period '21.-
27. April this station drifted approximately along the meridian
at an average speed of 23,5 cm 5-1 . This is very close to the
Landsat drift observations as ,represented in Fig. 2. Thus
these two independent methods mutually confirm each other.
The present material indicates that there may be great vari-
ations in the drift speed from floe to floe within a given area.
On one occasion a certain floe became relatively isolated from
other floes with compareable dimensions. This floe, indicated
by IF in Fig. 1, is seen to move very different.from the others
in that area. The average speed For this particular floe during
the period 21.-27.April, is 31 cm S_1 while the speed of the
other floes is 22cm 5-1 . The reason For this may in part be
that the ice Floe had an exceptional shape both above and below
the water surface.
When the drift ice in the Trans p olar Current passes into
the East Greenland Sea considerable acceleration takes place.
For the period 27.April to 2.flay the observation in the central
area (80-81°N, 0--4 00) noted in Fig. 2, shows that the average
speed increased From 11,1 cm s-1 at 80.8°N to 21.4 cm s -1 at
°N. The divergence in this area was 2,7x'10 -7 s-180. 	 for the
five-day period. This corresponds to an opening up of as much
as 10-120 of a given area over the period mentioned. At this
time of the year open water at these latitudes may refreeze.
Because of this effect it becomes important to carefully select
the best measuring line when the outflow is to be estimated.
Fig. 3-gives a unique overview and detailed information on the
drift speeds which may be encountered in the eastern part of
the archipelago. The highest speed, 54 cm s `1 , is for a floe
moving along the local ice edge (cf. Fig.4). A considerable
acceleration is seen to take place when the .ice flow passes
between Kvitoya and Storoya.
I	 y A
I	 A few hours after the image 	 (Fig.
	
was registered,
	 a
. flight was made along. the northern side of Nordaustlandet'and
_.	 across to Kviteya for deployment of 'a Nimbus station on the
latter.	 This scene will therefore be studied closer for coin-
i parison with surface observations of various phenomena.
Form and dimensions of ice floes
The Landsat imagery represented in Fig. 4 shows an area
in the eastern part of the archipelago when a transport at {
drift ice occurred between the islands caused by a north-north-
westerlywind.	 The figryu're`teveals a lead pattern which is pre-
dominant in the area.	 Leads are seen to run from the maximum
i`
pressure zone along the islands towards the core of the ice flow.
ThOirection of these leads is assumed to be perpendicular to
nthe resultant force of the fiction along the bounderies of the
f	 flow,	 and the wind stress. 	 Should the patterns formed on each
side of the core now and then overlap each other due to changes;
in direction of wind and sea currents,	 floes may form with the
i	 parallelogram	 like shape such as seen in great number in Fig.4. `m
The mentioned floe shape is also ,illustrated by Fig.5 where the
direction of the ice flow is south-southwestwards along the I 
^
continental slope north of Spitsbergen.
For the area represented by Fig.
	
4 the length and the width
of a number of floes have been estimated.
	 The relationship bet-
j
y
L
weep
 these two lengths is shown in Fig.
	
6.	 The	 average quot-
ient is seen to be close to O.S.
In Fig. 7 are given some examples of the frequency distri-
bution of the acreage at the floes.
	
Three images from the
central area of the East-Greenland Current and anotier three
images which includes the ice border,
	 have been considered.
F
As can be seen there-is no special difference in the distribut-
ion between the two locations in
	
the ice flow.
	 A possible diff--
r:	
erence caused by swells for instance,
	 may in case be	 found bet-
ween floes with average less than
	
10 km2.
` Landwmap wimprovements
`	 The shape of Kvitoya has been further corrected from the
image copied in Fig.4.
	 A new map is now under preparation.
E
GlaciolaQv
The tracing of the socalled surging glaciers is of spe-
cial interest in Spitsbergen as this is a frequent phenomenon
here. By a surge the glacier may advance many km within a	 I
year and is thus easily detected on a LANDSAT image. During
a surge the glacier surface is also heavily crevassed and would
appear with a different brightness. Fig. B.
With the frequent passages over Spitsbergen it is possible
to get a rough idea of the mass balance in different areas.
The large change in albedo between snow and glacier ice is
used to fallow the snowline as it shifts upwards during the
ablation season. There is a good correlation>between the net
mass balance figures and the height of the equilibrium line.
On the subarctic glaciers the snowline and the equilibrium line
are, however, not identical. The thick layer of superimposed
ice on the surface separates the two lines by more than 100 m
vertical height. Efforts is now being made to find means to
separate the superimposed ice from the normal glacier ice on
t
the images. Fig. 9.
Fig.10 shows the variation in the height of the snow line
in Southern Spitsbergen July 18th. The pattern of the iso--lines'
for the snow line heights fits well in to the known picture of
the glaciation limit.
a}
Geology
The Edge Enhancement method (Matsuno, et al.,1975) has
been applied to analyse the fracture systems of NW Spitsbergen,
	 1
y
using the MSS-7 band monochromatic image (E-2467--12374, date:
k	 7
3,May,1976), enlarged into 1:420,000 in scale. Fig. 11.
Although most nunataks are covered by snow in this tine of the
year, many important geologic structures are distinguished an
i
the image. Major lithologic borders between the Caledonian
metamorphics and the middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are
represented by the areas of different ridge-patterns. The dis-»
gonal faults and main joint systems are well seen as small
scale paterns on the image. The predominant gneissosity is
also shown very well in the whole area. There is a good possi-
bility to distinguish the borders of different lithologic units
in the Caledonian metamorphics by careful examinations of the
edge enhanced pattern from the snow-free time of the year. This
study will be extended to cover whole Svalbard.
b --
DATA QUALITY AND DELIVERY
The quality of data received is generally excellent..
Since October Ist, about 340 scenes have arrived. These are
now being investigated with respect to phenomena within a
x/great/ series of disciplines. The x`amount of data received and the
repetitive coverage has led-to progress on all objectives of
this investigation.
SIGNIFICANT RESULTS
Detailed information on the outflow through the Fram
Strait of ice from the p olar Ocean over shorter periods have:
been obtained. It is found that the speed of the outflow may
vary about 100% over periods of a few days. The core of the
East Greenland Current is found between 2 0E and 4aW., The
speed of the surface water at 81 0N is for a calm period estim-
ated to be about 10cm s-1.
A new surging glacier has been discovered and new fronts
of several glaciers have been determined. The variation of the
snow line with respect to distance from the coast has for the
first time been determined 'for the southern part of Spitsbergen.
Great variations was observed, from 200 m in east to 550 m in
the central area of the island.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report has been prepared in co-operation with Mr.
0. Liestol (glaciology) and dr. Y. Ohta (geology) at the
Norwegian p olar Research Institute while Mr. 0. Finnek8sa has
prepared the necessary photo products and produced the necess-
ary back ground material for the investigation.
REFERENCES
Mateuno, K., Tajima, D., Noshino, K., and Yamada, S., 1975.
Nye, B.F., 1974, AIDOEX BULLETIN No. 27
f,
l
.-.
	 .».--.....	 .»...	
__n
GROAIL A ND
23 ./..
21	 21
	
21	 25	 23'.
5
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Sea ice studies in the Spitsbergen-Greenland area

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