NASA Energy NASASP-7043(16)A Continuing January 1978Bibliographywith Indexes National Aeronautics and Space Administration ^iH OYv •vt . r Energy Energy f fgy Energy Enerc lergy Energy Eri< r Energy Energy" fgy Energy Enerc Tergy Energy Energy Energy https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780018597 2020-03-22T03:09:15+00:00Z ACCESSION NUMBER RANGES Accession numbers cited in this Supplement fall wi th in the following ranges: IAA (A-10000 Series) A77-40471 - A77-51633 STAR (N-10000 Series) N77-28060 - N77-34092 Previous publications announced in this series/subject category include: DOCUMENT DATE COVERAGE NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA NASA SP-7042 SP-7043(01) SP-7043(02) SP-7043(03) SP-7043(04) SP-7043(05) SP-7043(06) SP-7043(07) SP-7043(08) SP-7043(09) SP-7043(10) SP-7043(11) SP-7043(12) SP-7043(13) SP-7043(14) SP-7043(15) April 1974 May 1974 November 1974 February 1975 May 1975 August 1975 October 1975 December 1975 February 1976 April 1976 July 1976 October 1976 January 1977 April 1977 July 1977 October 1977 January 1968 - December 1973 January 1, 1974 - March 31, 1974 April 1, 1974 - June 30, 1974 July 1, 1974 - September 30, 1974 October 1, 1974 - December 31, 1974 January 1, 1975 - March 31, 1975 April 1, 1975 - June 30, 1975 July 1, 1975 - September 30, 1975 October 1, 1975 - December 31, 1975 January 1, 1976 - March 31, 1976 April 1, 1976 - June 30, 1976 July 1, 1976 - September 30, 1976 October 1, 1976 - December 31, 1976 January 1, 1977 - March 31, 1977 April 1, 1977 - June 30, 1977 July 1, 1977 - September 30, 1977 This bibliography was prepared by the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by Informatics Information Systems Company. NASA SP-7043 (16) ENERGY A Continuing Bibliography With Indexes Issue 16 A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced from October 1 through December 31.1977 in • Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) • International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA) I\JAS Scientific and Technical Information Office 1978National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC This Supplement is available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Springfield. Virginia 22161. at the price code E05 ($900 domestic. $18 00 foreign) INTRODUCTION This issue of Energy A Continuing Bibliography with Indexes (NASA SP-7043(16)) lists 1287 reports, journal articles, and other documents announced between October 1, 1977 and December 31, 1977 in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) or in International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA) The first issue of this continuing bibliography was published in May 1974 and succeeding issues are published quarterly. The coverage includes regional, national and international energy systems; research and development on fuels and other sources of energy; energy conversion, transport, transmission, distribution and storage, with special emphasis on use of hydrogen and of solar energy. Also included are methods of locating or using new energy resources. Of special interest is energy for heating, lighting, for powering aircraft, surface vehicles, or other machinery. Each entry in the bibliography consists of a standard bibliographic citation accompanied in most cases by an abstract. The listing of the entries is arranged in two major sections, IAA Entries and STAR Entries in that order. The citation, and abstracts when available, are reproduced exactly as they appeared originally in IAA or STAR including the original accession numbers from the respective announcement journals. This procedure, which saves time and money accounts for the slight variation in citation appearances. Five indexes ~ subject, personal author, corporate source, contract number, and report number ~ are included The indexes are of the cumulating type throughout the year, with the fourth quarterly publication containing abstracts for the fourth quarter and index references for the four quarterly publications Ml AVAILABILITY OF CITED PUBLICATIONS IAA ENTRIES (A77-10000 Series) All publications abstracted in this Section are available from the Technical Information Service American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc (AIAA). as follows Paper copies are available at $6 00 per document up to a maximum of 20 pages The charge for each additional page is 25 cents Microfiche are available at the rate of $2 50 per microfiche for documents identified by the § symbol following the accession number A number of publications, because of their special characteristics, are available only for reference in the AIAA Technical Information Service Library Minimum airmail postage to foreign countries is $1 00 Please refer to the accession number, eg, (A77-10121) when requesting publications STAR ENTRIES (N77-10000 Series) One or more sources from which a document announced in STAR is available to the public is ordinarily given on the last line of the citation The most commonly indicated sources and their acronyms or abbreviations are listed below If the publication is available from a source other than those listed, the publisher and his address will be displayed on the availability line or in combination with the corporate source line Avail NTIS Sold by the National Technical Information Service Prices for hard copy (HC) and microfiche (MF) are indicated by a price code followed by the letters HC or MF in the STAR citation Price codes are given in the tables on page vn of the current issue of STAR Microfiche"' is available regardless of age for those accessions followed by a # symbol Initially distributed microfiche under the NTIS SRIM (Selected Research in Microfiche) is available at greatly reduced unit prices For this service and for information concerning subscription to NASA printed reports, consult the NTIS Subscription Unit NOTE ON ORDERING DOCUMENTS When ordering NASA publications (those followed by the * symbol), use the N accession number NASA patent applications (only the specifications are offered) should be ordered by the U S-Patent-Appl-SN number Non-NASA publications (no asterisk) should be ordered by the AD, PB, or other report number shown on the last line of the citation, not by the N accession number It is also advisable to cite the title and other bibliographic identification Avail SOD (or GPO) Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office, in hard copy The current price and order number are given following the availability line (NTIS will fill microfiche requests, at the standard S3 00 price, for those documents identified by a # symbol) Avail NASA Public Document Rooms Documents so indicated may be examined at or purchased from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Public Documents Room (Room 126) 600 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20546. or public document rooms located at each of the NASA research centers, the NASA Space Technology Laboratories, and the NASA Pasadena Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1) A microfiche is a transparent sheet of film 105 by 148 mm in size containing as many as 60 to 98 pages of information reduced to micro images (not to exceed 26 1 reduction) Avail. EROA Depository Libraries Organizations in U S cities and abroad that maintain collections of Energy Research and Development Administration reports, usually in microfiche form, are listed in Nuclear Science Abstracts Services available from the ERDA and its depositories are described in a booklet. Science Information Available from the Energy Research and Development Administration (TID-4550). which may be obtained without charge from the ERDA Technical Information Center Avail Univ Microfilms Documents so indicated are dissertations selected from Dissertation Abstracts and are sold by University Microfilms as xerographic copy (HC) and microfilm All requests should cite the author and the Order Number as they appear in the citation. Avail USGS Originals of many reports from the U S Geological Survey, which may contain color illustrations, or otherwise may not have the quality of illustrations preserved in the microfiche or facsimile reproduction, may be examined by the public at the libraries of the USGS field offices whose addresses are listed in this introduction The libraries may be queried concerning the availability of specific documents and the possible utilization of local copying services, such as color reproduction Avail HMSO Publications of Her Majesty's Stationery Office are sold in the U S by Pendragon House. Inc (PHI). Redwood City. California The U S price (including a service and mailing charge) is given, or a conversion table may be obtained from PHI Avail BLL (formerly NLL) British Library Lending Division. Boston Spa, Wetherby, Yorkshire, England Photocopies available from this organization at the price shown (If none is given, inquiry should be addressed to the BLL) Avail ZLDI. Sold by the Zentralstelle fur Luftfahrtdokumentation und -Information, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, at the price shown in deutschmarks (DM) Avail. Issuing Activity, or Corporate Author, or no indication of availability Inquiries as to the availability of these documents should be addressed to the organization shown in the citation as the corporate author of the document. Avail: U.S Patent Office Sold by Commissioner of Patents, U S Patent Office, at the standard price of 50 cents each, postage free Other availabilities If the publication is available from a source other than the above, the publisher and his address will be displayed entirely on the availability line or in combination with the corporate author line GENERAL AVAILABILITY All publications abstracted in this bibliography are available to the public through the sources as indicated in the STAR Entries and IAA Entries sections It is suggested that the bibliography user contact his own library or other local libraries prior to ordering any publication inasmuch as many of the documents have been widely distributed by the issuing agencies, especially NASA A listing of public collections of NASA documents is included on the inside back cover SUBSCRIPTION AVAILABILITY This publication is available on subscription from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) The annual subscription rate for the quarterly supplements is $45 00 domestic. $75 00 foreign All questions relating to the subscriptions should be referred to NTIS, Ann Subscrip- tions. 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield Virginia 22161 VI ADDRESSES OF ORGANIZATIONS American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technical Information Service 750 Third Ave New York. NY 10017 British Library Lending Division. Boston Spa. Wetherby. Yorkshire. England Commissioner of Patents U S Patent Office Washington. D C 20231 Pendragon House. Inc 899 Broadway Avenue Redwood City. California 94063 Superintendent of Documents U S Government Printing Office Washington. D C 20402 University Microfilms A Xerox Company 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Energy Research and Development Administration Technical Information Center PO Box 62 Oak Ridge. Tennessee 37830 ESA-Space Documentation Service ESRIN Via Galileo Galilei 00044 Frascati (Rome) Italy Her Majesty's Stationery Office P O Box 569. S E 1 London. England University Microfilms, Ltd Tylers Green London. England U S Geological Survey 1033 General Services Administration Building Washington. D C 20242 U S Geological Survey 601 E Cedar Avenue Flagstaff. Arizona 86002 NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility P 0 Box 8757 B W I Airport, Maryland 21240 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office (NST-6) Washington. D C 20546 National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield. Virginia 22161 U S Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park. California 94025 U S Geological Survey Bldg 25. Denver Federal Center Denver. Colorado 80225 Zentralstelle fur Luftfahrtdoku- mentation und -Information 8 Miinchen 86 Postfach 880 Federal Republic of Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS IAA Entries 399 STAR Entries 511 Subject Index A-1 Personal Author Index B-1 Corporate Source Index C-1 Contract Number Index D-1 Report/Accession Number Index E-1 TYPICAL CITATION AND ABSTRACT FROM STAR NASA SPONSORED DOCUMENT ACCESSION NUMBER TITLE - AUTHOR- CONTRACT OR GRANT- REPORT NUMBER- N77-11198*# Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech . Pasadena- REDUCTION OF GASEOUS POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM GAS TURBINE COMBUSTORS USING HYDROGEN- ENRICHED JET FUEL Progress Report Richard M Clayton 15 Oct 1978 ,^58 p refs jrnn***...* klACTinnl ^^ -AVAILABLE ON MICROFICHE Avail NTIS- Contract -»- light-concentration techniques to effect an immediate reduction in cost per unit power for photovoltaic systems in which solar-cell cost dominates the total system cost Current examples of concentrator solar-cell technologies are single-crystal silicon and gallium arsenide Implementation of cost reductions by the use of sunlight concentra- tion is not dependent on the development of low-cost mass- production cell technologies, but emphasizes high cell efficiency and low-cost concentrator systems. (Author) A77-41561 New optioni In energy technology. Proceed- ing! of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif., August 2-4, 1977. Conference sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Edison Electric Institute, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers New York, American Institute of Aero- nautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1977. 152 p. Members, $20., nonmembers, $27 50. The contributions comprise an overview of the present status and developmental outlook of nonconventional and prospective energy sources. Practical advances bringing commercial implementa- tion nearer, and cost analysis, are emphasized. Satellite solar power, ground-based solar power, hydrogen energy storage, energy storage in compressed air reservoirs, thermal energy storage, MHD systems combined with combustion of fossil fuels (particularly coal), fuel cells, electrochemical storage batteries, laser-induced fusion, Tokamak and other fusion reactors, wind power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and improved energy management m fossil fuel (coal, petroluem) systems are discussed m papers dedicated to each of those topics Nitrogen oxide emissions control and a high- temperature helium gas-cooled reactor combined with a closed-cycle gas turbine are also discussed R D V A77-41552 # Energy management for commercial buildings and cooling storage. F Dubm (Dubm-Bloom Associates-Consulting 402 A77-41560 Engineers, New York, N Y), A Rosenfeld (California, University, Berkeley, Calif), and T Simonson (Simonson and Simonson- Consultmg Engineers, San Francisco, Calif) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 1-3 8 refs (AIAA 77-1004) We estimate the feasibility and cost of installing chilled water storage in new buildings, so that electric chillers can be turned off during times of peak power demand To replace a 100-ton chiller for 5 hours, the cost of thermal storage may be as low as $250/ton, about half the cost of new gas turbines and distribution systems to supply the peak power Cost of storage is presented as a function of chiller size (Author) technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 26-32 17 refs (AIAA 77-1009) Applications of the thermal energy storage (TES) principle (storage of sensible heat or latent heat, or heat storage in reversible chemical reactions) in power systems are evaluated Load leveling behind the meter, load following at conventional thermal power plants, solar thermal power generation, and waste heat utilization are the principal TES applications considered Specific TES examples discussed include storage heaters for electric-resistance space heat- ing, air conditioning TES in the form of chilled water or eutectic salt baths, hot water TES, and trans-seasonal storage in heated water in confined aquifers R D V A77-41553 § Alternatives to oil and gas through energy management. J A Beldmg (ERDA, Div of Conservation Research and Technology, Washington, D.C) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 4-11 12 refs (AIAA 77-1006) The vital importance of improved energy production and reutihzation management in helping to meet energy needs is discussed in relation to short-term candidates for replacing petroleum and natural gas solar power, nuclear power, and coal Electric power utilities, transportation, large industry, commercial/residential uses are covered in relation to the problem addressed Energy manage- ment, energy efficiency enhancement, conservation cost/benefits, cost-time analysis, investment in conservation, waste heat utilization, and applications of advanced fuel cells in major power systems are dealt with R D V A77-41554 tf storage batteries - The case and the candi- dates. J R Birk (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif , August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 12-16 (AIAA 77-1007) The outlook for acceptance of batteries and improvements in batteries as sources of electric power for electrically actuated rail and municipal emergency power systems is assessed Expected costs of various types of batteries (lead-acid, sodium-sulfur, sodium-antimony trichloride, lithium-metal sulfide, zinc-chlorine) as secondary power sources are discussed and compared with expected fuel costs Present drawbacks of batteries are outlined (inadequate performance/ operating life, high costs, repetitive cycling behavior, materials costs per kWh delivered) Battery applications in energy storage for various systems are considered. R D V A77-41555 # Compressed air energy storage K G Vos- burgh (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N Y ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif., August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 17-25 14 refs (AIAA 77-1008) Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems are being developed for peak load leveling applications by electric utilities Energy is stored by compressing air in an underground reservoir, when power is required, the air is heated and expanded through a turbine-generator system. Several CAES plants are being designed, and construction of the first large scale plant will be completed late this year From the specifications of these systems, it is concluded that CAES systems appear to be economically favored over gas turbines and other near-term utility storage systems fora substantial range of costs of fuel and off-peak charging power (Author) A77-41557 H Utility views of MHD power generation C H Shih and M K Guha (American Electric Power Service Corp , New York, N.Y ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 33-40 14 refs (AIAA 77-1010) Economic and ecological advantages of developing an open-cycle MHD process for generating electric power from MHD combustion of coal, without the use of turbines, rotating generators, or other moving parts absorbing energy, are discussed and listed explicitly Higher efficiencies, low cost of electric power generated, far more manageable pollution problems, 50% less warm water effluents, inertialess startup and shutdown, reduced maintenance costs, and ability to handle all grades of coal without pretreatment (except for moisture removal) are cited as salient advantages Elevated tempera- tures and use of highly corrosive potassium salts are examined for possible environmental impact R D V A77-41558 # Improvement in phosphoric acid cell power- plant technology L M Handley, P E Grevstad, and D R McVay (United Technologies Corp, Power Systems Div, South Windsor, Conn ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 44) New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 41-50 (AIAA 77-1011) An ERDA sponsored program has resulted in improvement in durability and cost of the phosphoric acid fuel cell power section and the fuel processor in a large, efficient first-generation electric utility powerplant The program has served as a technology bridge between the 1 0-megawatt pilot plant tested at United's facility in early 1977 and the 4 8-megawatt demonstrator scheduled for delivery to a utility site in 1978 These powerplants are steps leading to commercial availability of the 27-megawatt FCG-1 for use in electric utility systems (Author) A77-41559 tf Economic assessment of the utilization of fuel cells in electric utility systems W Wood, M P Bhavaraju, P Yatcko (Public Service Electric and Gas Co , Newark, N.J ), and A. P Fickett (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p. 51-61 (AIAA 77-1012) The long range economic benefits of first generation and advanced fuel cells in the future generation capacity plans of a representative electric utility system are evaluated The benefits of fuel cells' unique characteristics are separately quantified and the relationships between market penetration, fuel price, and capital cost are analyzed utilizing reliability, production cost, and optimum generation mix methods commonly used for generation planning in utilities (Author) A77-41556 * # Thermal storage for electric utilities. C J Swet (ERDA, Washington, D C.) and W. J. Masica (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) In New options in energy A77-41560 # Gas turbine HTGR - A total energy utilization option A J Goodjohn (General Atomic Co., San Diego, Calif ) and S H Law (Northeast Utilities Service Co, Hartford, Conn ) In New 403 A77-41561 options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 (A77-41551 19-44) New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p. 63-67 11 refs Research supported by the General Atomic Co , Contract No EY-76-C-03-0167 (AIAA 77-1016) This paper considers the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) using high-pressure helium as the working fluid and a power conversion system that uses a closed-cycle gas turbine coupled directly to an electrical generator The primary cycle is capable of yielding thermal-to-electrical efficiencies of 40% or higher. The heat rejected from the system is at a sufficiently high temperature to be effectively utilized without incurring penalties to the basic efficiency of the primary cycle Moreover, the HTGR, by virtue of its basic core design, can yield high fertile-to-fissile conversion ratios, irrespective of the chosen fuel cycle, and thus can play a very important role in reducing the consumption rate of uranium resources (Author) A77-41561 ft Adapting the experience of DOD/lndustry to developing fusion power reactors W C Gough (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif) and W B Bnggs (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co , St Louis, Mo ) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 69-75 (AIAA 77-1019) Recent advances in controlled fusion research providing grounds for optimism are pointed out, and the program outlook for fusion power and management approaches to fusion reactor development are discussed Contributions by the aerospace industry to fusion power development are discussed, comparisons between aerospace engineering design technology and needs of the fusion development program are cited (design to cost, scheduling and program mile- stones, simultaneous attention to basic physics, engineering design, cost, and performance) R D V A77-41562 tf Integration of solar generation into electric utility systems J W Ballance (Southern California Edison Co, Rosemead, Calif) and G W Braun (ERDA, Washington, D C ) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, P 76-83 (AIAA 77-1020) The value of solar thermal power plants to an electric utility system has been determined The relationship between solar power plant values and solar thermal storage levels, mix of other resources, and the level of solar generation in the system are described The operating characteristics of solar generation are discussed, and strategies for optimizing the value of solar generation are described Current maximum cost levels (in dollars) for solar generation are presented, and target levels for component costs are discussed (Author) A77-41563 * # Silicon solar photovoltaic power stations. C R Chowamec (Westmghouse Electric Corp , East Pittsburgh, Pa ), R R Ferber (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif, Westmghouse Electric Corp, East Pittsburgh, Pa ), P F Pittman (Westmghouse Electric Corp , Pitts- burgh, Pa I, and B W Marshall (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 84-89 (AIAA 77-1021) Modular design of components and arrays, cost estimates for modules and support structures, and cost/performance analysis of a central solar photovoltaic power plant are dircussed Costs of collector/reflector arrays are judged the dominant element in the total capital investment High-concentration solar tracking arrays are recommended as the most economic means for producing solar photovoltaic energy when solar cells costs are high ($500 per kW generated) Capital costs for power conditioning subsystem compo- nents are item length uzed and system busbar energy costs are discussed at R n \i A77-41564 § Perspectives on implementing OTEC power D. G Jopling (Florida Power and Light Co, Miami, Fla) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 ,New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 90-96 (AIAA 77-1024) Major problems confronting the development and commerciali- zation of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are discussed, along with OTEC feasibility The need for large extended heat exchangers and the high cost of such exchangers is focused on as a major problem, along with problems of corrosion and marine microbiofouhng of the heat exchanger and other system equipment Open or closed cycles, anchoring or sea surface grazing, component construction and assembly on the high seas, mooring during setup, and mechanical stresses at anchorage or en route to location are discussed Advanced turbine and pump designs, bottoming cycles, new construction materials and techniques, and new heat transfer fluids and heat exchangers designs are envisaged as likely technologi- cal spmoffs from OTEC R D V A77-41565 # Implementation issues of wind energy U Coty and L Vaughn (Lockheed-California Co, Burbank, Calif) In New options in energy technology. Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 Nev, York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 97-105 (AIAA 77-1025) Initial production quantities required by users (including devel- oping nations), competitive energy cost criteria, and energy cost fractions are tabulated and compared Availability of alternative energy sources, availability of incentives (financing by government or foreign loans), and availability of suitable high-wind sites are taken into account Minimum investments and commitments to purchases of wind turbine generators to implement a wind power development program on a commercial are estimated R D.V A77-41566 i Transmission of power from space to earth. W C Brown (Raytheon Co, Lexington, Mass ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif , August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 106-116 24 refs (AIAA 77-1026) The transfer of energy from synchronous orbit to earth is accomplished by means of microwave power transmission Micro- wave power transmission is a three-step process consisting of generation of microwave power from DC power, the formation of a highly collimated beam of microwaves for transmitting the power, and the capture and rectification of power at the earth end of the system The technology fulfills the basic requirements for an efficient, reliable and safe system with power handling capability in the 5 - 10 GW region The projected DC to DC system efficiency is 60% A frequency in the 2 - 3 GHz region permits efficient power transfer through the earth's atmosphere The devices used for energy conversion are described and their integration into a full scale system is discussed (Author) A77-41567 • # Satellite solar power - Will it pay off. G A Hazelngg, Jr (ECON, Inc, Princeton, NJ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif , August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc, 1977, p 117-123 10 refs NASA-supported research (AIAA 77-1027) A cost analysis is presented for front-end investments required for the development of a satellite solar power system The methodology used makes use of risk analysis techniques to quantify the present state of knowledge relevant to the construction and operation of a satellite solar power station 20 years in the future Results are used to evaluate the 'expected value' of a three-year 404 A77-41579 research program providing additional information which will be used as a basis for a decision to either continue development of the concept at an increasing funding level or to terminate or drastically alter the program The program is costed phase by phase, and a decision tree is constructed The estimated probability of success for the research and studies phase is 540 The expected value of a program leading to the construction of 120 systems at a rate of four per year is 12 433 billion dollars CKD A77-41569 # Hydrogen by electrolysis to supplement pipe- line gas supplies - Technical and economic aspects. C R Guerra and W S Ku (Public Service Electric and Gas Co, Newark, N J.) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif, August 2-4, 1977 'New York American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1977, p 133-139 ERDA-sponsored research (AIAA 77-1032) A77-41570 # Hydrogen-via-Electricity - A candidate transi- tional transportation energy lystem concept. E E Ecklund (EROA, Washington, D C ) and W J D Escher (ERDA, Washington, D C , Escher Technology Associates, St Johns, Mich ) In New options in energy technology, Proceedings of the Conference, San Francisco, Calif , August 2-4, 1977 New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1977, p. 140-149.19 refs (AIAA 77-1034) Available approaches to creation of a non-petroleum energy base for transportation all involve long-term, costly systems, each having technical and socio-economic limitations and constraints which will govern its eventual contribution To preserve all options, yet take positive steps to obviate serious transportation energy shortfalls, transitional steps must be implemented beginning in the relatively near-term The Hydrogen-via-Electncity (HVE) concept has been proposed as one candidate transitional system This system utilizes the m-place electrical utility energy delivery systems to produce hydrogen energy via water electrolysis at selected vehicular fueling points Vehicles converted to operate on hydrogen could be operated indirectly on coal and primarily on nuclear energy The HVE concept has relatively near-term potential for supporting a certain fraction of such critical transportation modes as railroads, intercity trucking, buses and fleet vehicles of various kinds Environmental benefits will also accrue (Author) A77-41571 * # The NASA Energy Conservation Program. G P Gaffney (NASA, Office of Facilities, Washington, DC) AIAA, EEI, and IEEE, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif, Aug 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1005 3 p Large energy-intensive research and test equipment at NASA installations is identified, and methods for reducing energy consump- tion outlined However, some of the research facilities are involved in developing more efficient, fuel-conserving aircraft, and tradeoffs between immediate and long term conservation may be necessary Major programs for conservation include computer-based systems to automatically monitor and control utility consumption, a steam- producing solid waste incinerator, and a computer-based cost analysis technique to engineer more efficient heating and cooling of buildings Alternate energy sources in operation or under evaluation include solar collectors, electric vehicles, and ultrasomcally emulsi- fied fuel to attain higher combustion efficiency Management support, cooperative participation by employees, and effective reporting systems for conservation programs, are also discussed JMB A77-41576 The atypical Mathew solar house at Coos Bay, Oregon. J S Reynolds, M S Baker, R L Gray (Oregon, University, Eugene, Ore), M B Larson (Oregon State University, Corvallas, Ore ), and H. Mathew (International Solar Energy Society, Interna- tional Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug. 1, 1975) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 219-232 The effectiveness of an atypical solar energy system in meeting space heating needs in the Mathew house in Coos Bay, Oregon is analyzed in detail Unusual features of this system include its location, which is cloudy in winter, its use of near-vertical collectors together with a near-horizontal reflector, its 8000 gal storage tank, its combination of a rooftop collector (400 sq ft) with a freestanding ground collector (325 sq ft) of almost identical design The house heat loss is calculated and heat contributed by electricity, direct solar gain through windows, and metabolism is subtracted to obtain the assumed solar energy The stored solar energy utilized is obtained by adjusting the measured energy provided by the collectors for energy withdrawn or contributed to storage during each month and for losses to ground The space heating requirement for the house is calculated to be 14,802 kWh, of which 85% is provided by the solar energy system Measured solar collector/storage tank contributions are in close agreement with those assumed from heat loss calculations over the 8-month heating season Wide variations in some months can be partially accounted for by uncertainties in measurements and further indicate energy storage in the earth facing the reflector C K D A77-41577 Use of adsorbent beds for energy storage in drying of heating systems. D J Close (North Queensland, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia) and R V Dunkle (Common- wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Div" of Mechanical Engineering, Victoria, Australia) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 233-238 11 refs Energy storage is an important feature of many solar energy systems Because of the small temperature potentials available from flat plate collectors, large masses and volumes are involved when energy is stored by raising or lowering the temperature of a tank of fluid or bed of gravel This paper proposes energy storage in the form of heat of adsorption in beds of adsorbent material This is most readily achieved by nominating water as the adsorbate so that water vapour is transferred to or from the absorbent from the humid air flowing through the bed The large heat of adsorption means that the adsorption of a small mass of water liberates a large amount of energy which mostly is transferred to the air stream It is shown that adsorbing materials can occupy a much smaller volume than non-adsorbing materials for the same quantity of energy stored, and that thermal insulation can be dispensed with Provided that the container is impervious to water vapour, energy can be stored indefinitely (Author) A77-41578 A solar flux density calculation for a solar tower concentrator using a two-dimensional Hermite function expansion M D Walzel, F W Lipps, and L L Vant-Hull (Houston, University, Houston, Tex ) (International Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug 1, 1975) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 239-253 8 refs NSF Grant No GI-39456 The calculation of flux density on the central receiver due to a large number of flat polygonal reflectors having various orientations is a basic part of the system simulation problem for the tower concept of solar energy collection A two-dimensional Hermite function expansion is adapted to the simulation problem, and numerical results are contrasted with an analytic integration of the solar flux density at specific nodes on an image plane Various measures of error in the flux density calculation are monitored vs distance to the image plane and orientation of the reflector The flux densities predicted by the statistical method compare favorably with those of the analytic model and require approximately one-tenth the computer time (Author) A77-41579 Cost studies on terrestrial photovoltaic power systems with sunlight concentration D L Evans and L W Florschuetz (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) (International Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif., July 28-Aug 1, 1975 ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977. p. 255-262 6 refs NSF Grant No GI-41894, Contract No E(11-1)-2590 A systems simulation program for comparing the energy costs associated with various alternative concentrating photovoltaic solar 405 A77-41580 systems to energy costs expected with flat arrays is described The application to linear focus and point focus concentrators is presented in a parameterized way The results show that concentration offers a distinct cost advantage at high cell costs However, they also show that concentration has the potential for being a viable alternative to the flat unconcentrated arrays for cell costs as low as $50/sq m Also, for a given concentrator cost, cell cost and cell cooling effectiveness, there exists an optimum effective aperture area to cell area ratio For reasonable projected cell costs, this optimum ratio is below 30 for passively cooled devices and below 60 for actively cooled systems. (Author) A77-41580 The effect of design and operating parameters on the performance of flat plate solar collectors • Calculation method and detailed appraisal T P Woodman (Eidgenossische Techmsche Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3,1977, p 263-270 5refs This paper provides the engineer with the basic equations for calculating collector performance as a function of design and operating parameters and indicates the method of solution using a programmable desk calculator The method is used to investigate the sensitivity of collector output to ambient air temperature, absorber plate temperature and emissivity, wind speed, atmospheric IR radiation and the number of cover plates An analysis of losses from the absorber plate shows that reduction of radiation losses through reduced emissivity results in an absolute increase in convection losses, so that in the absence of measures to suppress convection, the attainment of emissivities below about 0 3 is hardly worthwhile On the other hand, the use of two cover plates instead of one is shown to be nearly always beneficial Analysis of losses from the outer cover plate shows that changes of the air temperature have a marked effect on the relative importance of radiation and convection as loss mechanisms Problems connected with the use of the temperature difference between absorber and ambient air as a parameter are also discussed (Author) A77-41581 Ellipsometry in the study of selective radiation-absorbing surfaces E M Lushiku and K. R O'Shea (Dar es Salaam, University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 271-276 14 refs Ellipsometry is an inexpensive technique whereby the optical properties of surfaces are investigated by analyzing the polarization of reflected light The experimental system consists of a source of monochromatic light of known wavelength, a suitable quarter wave plate, and two polaroids, mounted on rotatable discs with circular vernier scales for measuring the orientation of the transmission axes with respect to the plane of incidence The system provides sensitive measurements of both optical constants and coating thicknesses, which are then used to compute the reflectivity of the surface at different wavelengths The method was applied to single and double black nickel layers electro-deposited on polished copper substrates using the Silo and Mladmik (1969) electrolyte (nickel ammonia sulfate, zinc sulfate, potassium thiocyanide) Results are in good agreement with previously reported data C K D A77-41582 Simulation analysis of passive solar heated buildings - Preliminary results. J D Balcomb, J C Hedstrom, and R D McFarland (California, University, Los Alamos, N Mex) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 277-282 6 refs ERDA-sponsored research Solar gams through windows, walls, modified walls, skylights, clerestory windows, and roof sections provide an opportunity to dramatically reduce the total heating energy requirements of a building Many such passive solar heating elements are currently available to a designer presenting a large number of possible system designs A computer simulation analysis has been employed to aid in the selection of components The results indicate that a performance comparable to that of a conventional active solar heating system should be achievable in an optimized design passive solar heating system The placement and type of thermal storage is crucial to good performance Movable insulation of the window increases the performance When used in conjunction with a conventional heating system, temperature variations in the building can be reduced to those normally experienced (Author) A77-41S83 The power conversion efficiency of the gold- Rhodamine B-gold photoetectrochemical cell T I Quickenden and G K. Ylm (Wertern Australia, University, Nedlands, Australia) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3,1977, p 283-289 40 refs The power conversion efficiency of the photoelectrochemical cell Au-Rhodamme B-Au was found to be about 2 4 milhonths per cent under typical operating conditions A ten-fold improvement could be expected from constructional modifications, but further increases in efficiency would require changes in the cell chemistry The low power conversion efficiency can be related to a low ( 047 per cent) efficiency for the production of the open circuit photovoltage, a low (022 per cent) quantum efficiency for the production of the short circuit current, and to markedly non- rectangular voltage-current characteristics The deviations from a rectangular relationship and the low efficiency of current production arise from mass-transport limitations rather than from ohmic losses or activation polarisation The low voltage efficiency probably arises from inefficiencies in the photochemical and electron transfer steps which lead to photovoltage production The limitations of this type of cell as a solar energy conversion device are discussed (Author) A77-41584 * A comparison of GaAs and Si hybrid solar power systems. J H Hembockel and A S Roberts, Jr (Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 291-300 35 refs Contract No NAS1-11707-86 Five different hybrid solar power systems using silicon solar cells to produce thermal and electric power are modeled and compared with a hybrid system using a GaAs cell Among the indices determined are capital cost per unit electric power plus mechanical power, annual cost per unit electric energy, and annual cost per unit electric plus mechanical work Current costs are taken to be $35,000/sq m for GaAs cells with an efficiency of 15% and $1000/sq m for Si cells with an efficiency of 10% It is shown that hybrid systems can be competitive with existing methods of practical energy conversion Limiting values for annual costs of Si and GaAs cells are calculated to be 103 cents/kWh and 68 cents/kWh, respectively. Results for both systems indicate that for a given flow rate there is an optimal operating condition for minimum cost photovoltaic output For Si cell costs of $50/sq m optimal performance can be achieved at concentrations of about 10, for GaAs cells costing 1000/sq m, optimal performance can be obtained at concentrations of around 100 High concentration hybrid systems offer a distinct cost advantage over flat systems C K D A77-41585 A new Chrome Black selective absorbing surface. P M Driver, R W Jones, C L Riddiford, and R J Simpson (New South Wales Institute of Technology, Broadway, Australia). Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 301 306 8 refs The quest for more efficient solar absorbers has resulted in the development of numerous coating techniques for the absorption panel itself The Chrome-Black coating is an electroplated black- chrome coating on a copper substrate which combines the properties of high visible absorption, low infrared emission and excellent temperature stability in both air and vacuum environments Results obtained show that surfaces may be produced both with high visible absorption to infrared emission ratios and with high absorption Results were obtained assuming an air-mass 2 spectral distribution and a 50 deg C black body weighting for absorption and emission, respectively All samples are known to be stable to at least 300 deg C This type of coating would be expected to have good anti- corrosion properties and this has been confirmed by electro-chemical oxidation and reduction testing. A comparison is made between the topography of this coating and of sputtered metal surfaces (Author) A77-41587 Simulation study of several solar heating sys- tems with offpeak auxiliary P J Hughes, J A Duff IB, and W A Beckman (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 3, 1977, p 317-319 9 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2588 406 A77-41722 Simulation models were used to evaluate and compare the performance of two offpeak auxiliary solar air heating systems, one with combined and one with separate storage of solar and auxiliary energy Both systems were modeled with a flat plate collector and an evacuated cylindrical glass tube collector Separate storage was shown to be superior to combined storage regardless of collector type, although the difference is relatively small in the case of evacuated tube collectors The performance of systems with com- bined storage becomes less sensitive to storage size as the collector loss coefficient decreases The minimum temperature of the com- bined storage system need not be varied month to month if a 2 4% performance penalty is acceptable C K D A77-41638 Photovoltaic! - The semiconductor revolution eomei to solar. A. L Hammond Science, vol 197, July 29, 1977, p 445-447. Options in photovoltaic technology currently under Investiga- tion or development are described. Advances in both flat-plate and concentrating systems are discussed. Among the design break- throughs outlined for concentrating systems are multiple-junction cells, for which theoretical efficiencies approach 40%, and thermo- voltaic systems, in which light which passes through a photovoltaic cell is absorbed and reradiated at lower wavelengths to the cell by a refractory material Current developments in crystal growth methods and progress towards automation of assembly processes are con- sidered C K D A77-41645 Nuclear fusion - Focus on Tokamak D Sterner (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn ) IEEE Spectrum, vol 14, July 1977, p 32-38 An overview of nuclear fusion engineering is presented covering basic fusion technology, magnetic and mertial confinement schemes, fusion fuel, tritium breeding, blankets, tritium containment and disposal, fusion process waste management, power generation costs, environmental impact, and safety Attention is focused on closed magnetic confinement systems, specifically Tokamak systems The outlook for pulsed/batch or continuous Tokamak operation is assessed Power supplies for driving plasma current and for neutral- beam injectors, the radioactivity (intensity and decay times) of fusion reactor wastes, and anticipated costs of fusion-generated power and fusion reactor safety engineering are dealt with Applica- tions of fusion reactors other than electric power generation are discussed (hybrid fission-fusion systems breeding fissionable mate- rial and burning high-level wastes, synthetic fuel production, radia- tion processing). R.D V. A77-41649 Energy from bioeonvariion of waste material!. D. J. Oe Renzo Park Ridge, N.J., Noyes Data Corp. (Energy Technology Review, No. 11, Pollution Technology Review, No. 33), 1977. 236 p. 177refs $32. The production of gas by bioconverslon of solid wastes is discussed. The amount of organic matter potentially available from a variety of sources, including urban wastes, agricultural by-products, animal wastes, industrial wastes, and biomass crops grown specifical- ly for bioconversion is estimated Anaerobic decomposition processes are outlined, and controlling factors in methane fermentation are considered The results obtained in a wide range of studies involving systems for urban trash methanation, bioconverslon of solid waste and sewage sludge, methane production from energy crops, and animal waste digestion are presented C K.D A77-41683 Minor radius compression experiments. 0 C Robinson (EURATOM and U K Atomic Energy Authority Fusion Association, Culham Laboratory, Abmgdon, Oxon, England) In Symposium on Plasma Heating in Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Varenna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers Bologna, Editnce Compositon, 1976, p. 168-172. 16refs Adiabatic compression in the minor radius as used by the TUMAN and TOSCA Tokamaks is described. Adiabatic compression is used to supplement ohmic heating, which by itself is insufficient to produce ignition (other than possibly at low densities) Scaling, equilibrium, and stability of a minor and minor-major radius compression are discussed. Results are presented for both TOSCA and TUMAN Procedures are suggested for organizing experiments with TOSCA for the purpose of improving the overall efficiency of ohmic heating M L A77-41698 Neutral injection at PPPL, past and present. R R Smith (Princeton University, Princeton, N J ) In Symposium on Plasma Heating in Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Varenna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers Bologna, Editnce Compositon, 1976, p 254-258 14 refs Contract No E(11-1) 3073 Physical parameters are compared for the miection of energetic atoms into plasmas produced by the Adiabatic Toroidal Compressor (ATC) and by the Princeton Large Torus (PIT) The ion temperature increase in the ATC remained nearly linear at 1 eV per KW up to 230 KW The results are compared with the predictions of a simulation code, and this model's predictions for the PLT and the Princeton Diverto Experiment are presented M L A77-41706 Heating of the Frascati Tokamak by means of quasi perpendicular neutral injection M Haegi (EURATOM and Comitato Nazionale per I'Energia Nucleare sulla Fusione, Centra Gas lomzzati, Frascati, Italy) and E Bittoni (Comitato Nazionale per I'Energia Nucleare, Centra di Calcolo, Bologna, Italy) In Sym- posium on Plasma Heating in Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Varenna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers Bologna. Editnce Compositon. 1976, p 293-295. 6 refs. A77-41710 Additional heating and refuelling for the ASDEX divertor Tokamak. G. Haas, M Keilhacker, A Stabler (Max-Planck-lnstitut fur Plasmaphysik GmbH, Garchmg, West Ger- many), W. Henkes, and R Klmgelhofer (Max-Planck-lnstttut fur Plasmaphysik GmbH, Garchmg, Karlsruhe, Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, West Germany). In Symposium on Plasma Heating m Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Varenna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers. Bologna, Edi- tnce Compositon, 1976, p. 308-317. 28 refs. EURATOM-sponsored research. A77-41712 Plasma heating systems planned for the Argonne experimental power reactor. P Bertoncini, J. Brooks, J. Fasolo, F. Mills, A. Morettt, and J. Norem (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III.). In: Symposium on Plasma Heating in Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Va.'enna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers. Bologna, Editrice Compositor!, 1976, p 326-332. ERDA-sponsored research. A77-41718 Additional heating In JET. J. Sheffield (EURATOM and U K. Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Labora- tory, Abingdon, Oxon, England). In: Symposium on Plasma Heating in Toroidal Devices, 3rd, Varenna, Italy, September 6-17, 1976, Lectures and Contributed Papers. Bologna, Editnce Compositon, 1976, p 362-364. 16 refs. Contract No EURATOM-30-74-IFUA-C. The objectives of JET are summarized and the heating power required to achieve them is determined. It is shown that Ohmic heating, which is the mam source of energy in present Tokamaks, will not be adequate in JET unless either the energy confinement time is very favorable or there is a large resistance anomally. It is proposed to bridge the gap between the required power and Ohmic power with neutral injection, radio frequency heating and adiabatic compression The application of these techniques to JET is discussed (Author) A77-41722 Study of the feasibility of exploiting the galloping phenomenon as energy source (Etude de la possibilite de I'emploi du phenomSne du galop comme source d'energie) A 407 A77-41741 Laneville (Sherbrooke, Universite, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada) Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, Transactions, vol 4, no 1, 1976-1977, p 23-26 7 refs In French Aeroelastic galloping, or vibrations of an aerodynamically unstable prism, is explored as a potentially useful conversion mechanism for exploiting wind energy Vibrations associated with shedding of vortices are assumed present The shed vortices generate oscillations of the galloping prism only when the Strouhal frequency corresponds to the prism natural frequency (at a single wind velocity) The efficiency of the mechanism is found questionable for the application in mind The orientation of the prism in a wind field constantly changing in direction, turbulence spectra, and conversion of the constant frequency generated to 60 Hz by an appropriate set of masses and springs, are considered R D V A77-41741 High-efficiency GaAIAs/GaAs heterostructure solar cells grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. R D Dupuis, P. D. Dapkus, R. D. Ymglmg, and L. A. Moudy (Rockwell Electronics Research Center, Anaheim, Calif) Applied Physics Letters, vol 31, Aug 1, 1977, p. 201-203. 14 refs Contract No. E(04-3)-1202. High-efficiency GaAIAs/GaAs heterostructure solar cells have been grown by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition (MO-CVD) Simulated air-mass-zero (AMO) short-circuit current densities of 24 5 mA/sq cm, open-circuit voltages of 099 V, fill factors of 0 74, and efficiencies of 12.8% have been measured on devices without AR coatings (uncorrected for contact area). These cell structures employ a thin (about 520 A) GaAIAs Zn window and a GaAs Zn/GaAs.Se p-n junction grown entirely by the MO-CVD process (Author) A77-41800 The flow of heat from the earth's interior. H N Pollack (Michigan, University, Ann Arbor, Mich) and D S Chapman (Utah, University, Salt Lake City, Utah). Scientific American, vol 237, Aug 1977, p 60-68,73-76 The major findings highlighted in a survey of the relationship between plate tectonics and heat flow from the earth's interior are (1) heat flow decreases with increasing age of the geological province in question, (2) a definite relationship obtains between surface heat flow and the radioactivity of surface rocks over large continental areas Problems in mapping heat flow on a global basis, and specifically at continental and oceanic surfaces, are reviewed Two components to heat flow are noted a crustal component and a deeper component originating in the mantle A world map of geothermal heat flow measurements is displayed Sea-floor spreading, subduction zones and heat-flow patterns at such zones, and the contribution of surface radioactivity to surface heat flow (40%), are discussed at length R D V. A77-41822 The unitary heat pump industry - 25 yean of progress. J A Pietsch (General Electric Co, Air Conditioning Business Div, Tyler, Tex ) (Illinois Institute of Technology, American Power Conference, Chicago, III, Apr 18-20, 1977) ASHRAE Journal, vol 19, July 1977, p 15-18 The history of heat pump development in the U S is reviewed, and the relative attractiveness of electric furnaces, heat pumps, and solar heating systems is discussed Commercial distribution of heat pump units, which was initiated in the early 1950s, suffered declines in the 1960s due to a record of poor reliability, but registered rapid growth after 1970, when higher electricity costs made electric furnaces less competitive, and improved quality control increased the attractiveness of heat pumps Heat pumps, involving higher initial costs than electric furnaces, are attractive as long as their efficiency (200% or more) provides an eventual return on the investment Solar heating systems, with high seasonal efficiencies (400 to 600%), nevertheless may not be attractive investments if initial costs are very high In developing new heat pump designs, tradeoffs between increased efficiency and higher initial cost need to be made J M B A77-41823 The annual cycle energy system - A hybrid heat pump cycle R A Biehl (Robert G Werden Associates, Inc , Jenkmtown, Pa ) ASHRAE Journal, vol 19, July 1977, p 20-24 A year-round heating and cooling system based on a heat pump is described In cool weather down to a temperature of 4C the system functions as an air-source heat pump, while at lower temperatures it becomes a water-source heat pump employing the latent heat of fusion given up by water in its change of phase to ice Furthermore, in warm weather the system provides cooling from a bank of stored ice Various modes of operation, which may involve combinations of the system's collector/radiator capabilities, defrost- ing mechanisms, and the cooling capacity of the ice storage tank, are discussed, a microprocessor which accumulates data from ambient and interior sensors determines the most appropriate mode for given circumstances Details of construction for the ice storage tank are also given Advantages of the system include it annually consumes 40% less energy than a conventional system, the payback period, now about 11 years, could be reduced to a commercially acceptable level of 6 to 8 years by advances in the design of the ice storage tank J M B A77-41824 10 design principles for air-to-air heat pumps A Trask ASHRAE Journal, vol 19, July 1977, p 30-33 Alterations in the design of air-to-air heat pumps are suggested with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the device and reducing mechanical failure in the compressors, the chief source of unreliabil- ity in the air-to-air heat pumps Stresses encountered by the compressors during the defrost cycle may be decreased by introduc- tion of an evaporator pressure-regulating valve, or constant pressure (CP) valve, to take the place of the accumulator presently used Like the accumulator, the CP valve would prevent liquid floodback into the compressor at the beginning of heating cycles Furthermore, it would circumvent problems caused by evacuation of the crankcase and outdoor coil during the defrost cycle, assure constant lubrication of the compressor, lead to a shorter defrost cycle, and permit defrosting down to an outdoor temperature of -20 F By maximizing use of available heat and eliminating the accumulator and other mechanisms, the modified air-to-air heat pump would increase both its effectiveness and reliability at relatively low cost J M B A77-41851 Solar ponds - Low cost solar energy manage- ment systems L H Shaffer Energy, vol 2, Summer 1977, p 18-20 The large areas required to obtain significant amounts of heat or work from solar energy lead to high collector costs A five- to tenfold reduction in manufacturing costs of photovoltaic silicon devices would bring the cost of DC energy without storage to $500/peak KW, assuming an efficiency of 10%, flat collectors for solar-based heat cost $20-30/sq ft Solar ponds represent an approach which combines long term storage with low cost $4 to $10/sq ft Three types of solar ponds - the salt stabilized solar pond, the shallow solar pond developed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and the viscosity stabilized pond - are discussed The costs of each type of system are estimated Difficulties which may be encountered in the construction and operation of solar ponds are considered C K D A77-41852 Energy conservation by symbiosis. E V Sherry (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc, Allentown, Pa ) Energy, vol 2, Summer 1977, p 21-23 9 refs Methods whereby utilities and industries can cooperate to conserve energy, optimize investments, and produce goods and useful energy less expensively are discussed A prime example of such cooperation is co-generation, where the use of fuels is optimized by generating steam for industry or district heating while producing electricity for the public Other schemes involve recovery of energy and refrigeration stored in the latent heat and low temperature of liquefied natural gas, oxygen enrichment of utility combustion air, and joint use of synthetic natural gas plants to produce chemicals in addition to synthetic fuel Factors responsible for the relatively slow development of 'symbiotic' relationships between industry and utilities are considered Projects in the United States and Europe involving industry-utility cooperation are described C K D A77-41855 # The roles of aerospace organizations in energy development or can aerospace success bring success in energy H B. 408 A77-41939 Finger (GE Center for Energy Systems, Washington, D C.). AIAA, EEI, and IEEE, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1001. 5 p. To cope with energy shortages, the U S needs to reduce its reliance on imported oil, emphasize fuel conservation programs, increase its use of coal and fissionable fuel, and support research and development of alternate energy systems The aerospace industry has already undertaken research into solar electric power generation, wind-generated power systems, and microwave transmission of space solar energy. Solar heating and cooling, fuel cells, and centrifuge technology for uranium enrichment seem economically viable sys- tems, but their cost and performance competitiveness will be determined in the marketplace Suggestions for improving the rate of development of viable alternate systems include collaboration between the aerospace industry and businesses having expertise in marketing, the organization of large-scale testing facilities, and government aid when high-risk development programs are involved J.M.B A77-41856 # Solar energy - Promises and pitfalls. R B Peterson (Grumman Energy Systems) AIAA, EEI, end IEEE, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif, Aug 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1022 15 p 13 refs. Although solar energy systems cannot be justified economically as providers of 100% of a home's heating requirements, combinations of solar heating and conventional utilities for space and hot water heating are feasible Studies by Mitre-ERDA and the Office of Technology Assessment indicate that in most parts of the U.S solar heating is now competitive with electricity, in many areas, tax incentives may make it competitive with oil and gas systems as well. However, there is need for government rating of the efficiency and durability of solar energy collectors and rating of the BTU output of solar energy systems, so that consumers may better judge their efficacy A demonstration home equipped with heavy insulation and a solar energy system was found capable of obtaining 40-50% of its space heating needs from solar heating, as opposed to 20% without the insulation Thus, good insulation practices and elimination of tax penalties for solar heating installations will increase their viability as economical systems J M B. A77-41865 tf Optimum concentration ratio for a solar central-receiver electric power plant J W Baughn (California, University, Davis, Calif) and J B Bergquam (California State University, Sacramento, Calif ) ASME, Transactions, Series A - Journal of Engineering for Power, vol 99, July 1977, p 490, 491 8 refs A77-41902 Investigation of energy parameters of low- temperature ring thermopiles M A Markman. L M Simanovskn, and I R lurkevich (Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-lssledovatel'skii Institut Istochnikov Toka, Moscow, USSR) (Geliotekhmka, no 6, 1976, p 11-13) Applied Solar Energy, vol 12, no 6, 1976, p 7, 8 Translation The energy parameters of annular low-temperature thermal batteries for clamped tubular modules were investigated The average values of thermal battery parameters were measured in the whole operating temperature range A comparison was made of the efficiency of thermal batteries, in which thermoelectric materials of various types were used, as a function of the temperature range of their application P.T H A77-41905 Method for calculating the profiles of focones and foclmes V K Baranov ('Geliotekhmka, no 6, 1976, p 24-28 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 12, no 6, 1976, p 17-19 Translation Techniques are described for rapid and practically exact construction of profiles of parabolo-toroidal focusing concentrators and parabolo-cylindncal focusing wedges Values of the radius vectors needed for constructing the profile of the parabola are tabulated An example of the design of a profile of a focusing concentrator and a focusing wedge with parametric angle of 20 deg is given P T H A77-41906 Experimental setup for measuring space and energy characteristics of solar concentrators B A Bazarov and V M Kapeliushmkov (Akademna Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Fiziko Tekhnicheskn Institut Ashkhabad Turkmen SSR) (Geliotekhmka, no 6, 1976, p 29-34 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 12, no 6, 1976, p 20-23 5 refs Translation \. A77-41907 Concentrating capability of spherical facets. R. A. Zakhidov (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tsentral'noe Proektno-Konstruktorskoe i Tekhnologicheskoe Biuro Nauchnogo Priborostroeniia, Uzbek SSR) and A Sh Khodzhaev (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). (Geliotskhnika, no 6, 1976, p 35-37 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol. 12, no 6,1976, p 24, 25. Translation. Formulas are derived for calculating irradiance in the radiation field of a spherical facet It is shown that the concentrating power of spherical and parabolic facets are identical P T H A77-41909 Composite concentrators with spherical radia- tion sources. L la Paderm (Tsentral'nyi Aerogidrodmamicheskn Institut, Moscow, USSR) (Geliotekhmka, no 6, 1976, p. 43-51 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 12, no 6, 1976, p 30-36 Translation The paper describes a method for calculating the distribution of luminous fluxes from spherical sources of radiation on irradiated surfaces of composite concentrators These concentrators consist of sets of conical or spherical rings of equal width which intersect at their initial and terminal sections ellipsoids of revolution The distribution of luminous fluxes in the focal plane of the generator of the ellipsoidal surface is then calculated The results enable making a choice of optimal parameters of composite concentrators P T H A77-41910 Fundamentals of solar-energy survey develop- ment R B Salieva (Tashkentskii Elektrotekhnichesku Institut Sviazi, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) (Geliotekhmka, no 6, 1976, p 61-77 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 12, no 6, 1976, p 45-57 12 refs Translation The paper examines some of the principles of developing a solar energy inventory on the basis of a mathematical model, by the parameters of which it would be possible to determine the productivity of a solar energy facility of any design and establish its effectiveness and suitability for various types of landscapes The mathematical model is considered from unified viewpoints of stochastic process theory Modeling algorithms are given and results of Computer calculations are given in tables, from which one can deduce the productivity and utilization factor of the rated power of facilities of arbitrary design P T H A77-41933 # Have energy, will travel J E Allen (Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Ltd, Kingston-on-Thames, Surrey, England) In The place of aviation in society. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Anglo American Aeronautical Conference, London, England, May 31-June 2, 1977 London, Royal Aeronautical Society, 1977 30 p 37 refs An investigation is conducted concerning the possibilities to obtain the energy needed for aviation in the future, in the face of the progressing depletion of petroleum resources The approaches con- sidered include a diversion of oil for premium transport use, the development of low fuel-use aircraft, an employment of kerosene synthesized from coal or shale, and a worldwide introduction of liquid hydrogen for aircraft Attention is also given to the prospects of lighter-than-air vehicles, fusion power, solar energy systems, and the production of alternative liquid hydrocarbons from vegetables, wood, and municipal waste G R A77-41939 ff Competitive restraints on air travel - Ground modes and telecommunications. R S Shevell (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif ) In The place of aviation in society. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference, London, England, May 31-June 2, 1977 London, Royal Aeronautical Society. 1977 16 p 7 refs The reported investigation shows that advanced ground modes will compete successfully with air transportation at short ranges on 409 A77-41943 high density routes Improved trains are the most likely form for future short range public ground transportation The high initial guideway cost will limit track levitated vehicles to a few very high density routes, if indeed it exists at all As distances increase beyond the range from 300 to 500 kilometers, the air mode becomes increasingly preferable both in speed and cost Except for the minimum cost mode, the bus, aircraft will provide public transporta- tion at ranges beyond 800 kilometers G R A77-41943 # North American freight transportation - Near or incipient chaos. H V Braceland (Air Canada, Montreal, Canada). In The place of aviation in society. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference, London, England, May 31-June 2, 1977 London, Royal Aeronautical Society, 1977. 17 p The existing freight transport system in North America is discussed Shipping patterns for all modes of transportation are outlined Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of freight transport are considered in the light of present requirements, and their ability to adapt to future requirements imposed by environmen- tal factors, fuel shortages, and volume growth is assessed Specific goals for modernization and coordination of the freight transport system as a whole are suggested Problem areas are pinpointed C K D A77-41944 * # A view of the future - Constraint! and oppor- tunities G G Kayten (NASA, Washington, DC) In The place of aviation in society, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference, London, England, May 31 June 2, 1977 London, Royal Aeronautical Society, 1977 18 p. 12refs Social and economic trends which could affect the growth of aviation in the next thirty years are examined The possible effect of these trends together with the effects of national policies, environ- mental concerns, possible and probable technological advancements and the world energy problem on the developments in conventional subsonic passenger transports, long-range, high-speed aircraft, short haul operations, and air cargo transport are discussed Passenger volume predictions from different sources are presented and con- trasted, and the efficiency of turboprops and turbofans is compared CK.D A77-41969 # Advanced supersonic transport propulsion re- quirements R W Hines (United Technologies Corp, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group, East Hartford, Conn ) American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Society of Automotive Engi- neers, Propulsion Conference, 13th, Orlando, Fla .July 11-13, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-831 7 p 8 refs One of the most promising propulsion systems (The Variable Stream Control Engine) for supersonic commercial transport applica- tion is reviewed The benefits of advanced propulsion technology, as applied to the Variable Stream Control Engine, are presented on an overall systems basis showing the full impact on a supersonic transport airplane from an environmental, performance, and eco- nomic viewpoint The advanced propulsion program, required for the United States to maintain a competitive position in the future commercial airplane market, is also presented (Author) A77-42038 The impact of the energy crisis on the demand for fuel efficiency • The case of general aviation. R B Archibald and W S Reece (U S Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D C ) Transportation Research, vol 11, June 1977, p 161 165 17 refs One of the most important questions accompanying the debate over energy policy is whether or not consumers will react to increased fuel prices by choosing more fuel efficient transportation modes This paper addresses this question by developing a theoretical rationale for the hypothesis that the energy crisis has induced an increase in the demand for fuel efficiency as a characteristic of aircraft and empirically tests this hypothesis with data from the U S general aviation market (Author) A77-42071 Wind structure in strong winds below 150 m. H A Panofsky (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa ) Wind Engineering, vol 1,no 2, 1977, p 91-103 20 refs Wind data are separated into mean wind data and wind fluctuations data for wind engineering purposes The distribution of mean wind over homogeneous terrain in strong winds, the effect of stability on wind profiles, the effect of terrain change on wind speed, variability of wind velocity (direction and magnitude), and the spectra and cross spectra of wind speed are discussed in separate sections. Cross spectra between wind speeds at various positions are broken down into cospectrum and quadrature spectrum. Selection of an appropriate averaging interval for the study of wind fluctuations is discussed R D V A77-42072 A theory and experimental investigation of ducted wind turbines R I Lewis, J E Williams, and M A Abdelghaffar (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, University, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, England). Wind Engineering, vol 1, no. 2, 1977, p. 104-125. Practical wind turbine designs are examined and compared, with the object of selecting the one best suited to domestic use m low-level technology. Attention is focused in this paper on ducted (open) wind turbines Wind turbine (WT) ideal efficiency (ducted or unshrouded), total wind thrust on the system, design of a theoretical WT duct, diffuse design, and turbine design (blading and impeller) are described Experiments conducted on small and large ducts are described Results show that a gam in power output can be obtained from a WT of specified diameter by using a suitably shaped duct The optimum diffuser area ratio is found to be roughly 10% larger than the theoretically predicted value. Power output is maximized when some stall exists at the diffuser outlet R.D V A77-42073 Effects of wind fluctuations on windmill behaviour W J G J der Kmderen, J J. E. A. van Meel, and P T Smulders (Eindhoven, Techmsche Hogeschool, Eindhoven, Nether- lands) Wind Engineering, vol 1, no 2, 1977,p 126-140 Srefs A system-analytical approach is proposed to describe the output, i e , power and forces, of a wind machine for the stochastic input signal, the wind A simple model is presented to describe the fluctuations of wind speed and direction by means of average wind speed and wind direction, their variances and time constants These input signals are used to calculate the influence of wind fluctuations on windmill performance, including the effects of nonuniformity of the flow in the rotor plane, rotor inertia and yawing of the rotor heat. Experimental results for a small 2-bladed wmdgenerator (diameter about 4 m) are reported. (Author) A77-42074 Variable speed wind turbines for high wind energy conversions A Klmg (Luftfahrzeug System, Berg, West Germany). Wind Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, 1977, p. 141-149. 7 refs. This study compares variable speed and constant speed rotor generator systems, and shows that under certain conditions the former may extract more than twice as much useful energy as the latter. Also suggested are a rotor configuration having less vibrational problems than the propeller and a high frequency generator specially adaptable to variable speed systems. (Author) A77-42075 The 'wind-wall' • An Integrated wind/solar system. J C. McVeigh (Brighton Polytechnic, Brighton, Sussex, England) and G W. W. Pontin (Wind Energy Supply Co., Peacehaven, Sussex, England). Wind Engineering, vol 1, no 2, 1977, p 150-158 Srefs. Design of an integrated system combining a windmill system and solar panels is discussed The system is intended for power supply to residential areas A bank of fixed ducted windmills and batteries of solar collectors sharing a common overall site are considered in an arrangement providing hot water and space heating A water reservoir heat storage system, basic electrical system, and the pattern of energy supply and demand are outlined R D V A77-42151 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceed- ings Conference supported by the Aerospace Corp, Japanese National Railways, National Bureau of Standards, et al Edited by K D Timmerhaus (Colorado, University, Boulder, Colo ) and D H Weitzel (National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colo ) New York, 410 A77-42260 Plenum Press (Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Volume 21), 1976 562 p S4250 (For individual items see A77-42152 to A77-42171) Contributions to the 1975 Conference are grouped under the following mam topics (1) superconducting magnets, (2) applied superconductivity systems design, (3) superconductive energy sys terns, (4) energy systems, (5) refrigeration, (6) instrumentation, (7) heat transfer and fluid dynamics, (8) liquefied natural gas tech- nology, (9) safety, (10) cryo bioengmeenng applications, (11) cryo-technology applications, (12) fluid properties Among the specific topics discussed are magnets for levitation-aided transporta- tion and for fusion reactors, superconductive energy transfer and storage, supercritical He refrigerators, cooling of long conduits, liquid Ne heat transfer, LNG storage tanks and carriers, cryogenic laser fusion targets, and reversible cryostorage of bio-materials R D V A77-42156 Cryogenic design for large superconductive energy storage magnets J A Hilal (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) and G E Mclntosh In Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 69-77 Research supported by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Wisconsin Electric Utilities Research Foundation and NSF Close attention is accorded to selection of operating tempera- ture and cooling method A computer program optimizing the temperature of a finite number of refrigerated thermal radiation shields is worked out, and typical shield temperatures are presented in tabular form Pool boiling in normal He, forced convection with normal He, and superfluid He cooling are discussed Minimization of thermal radiation heat leak to the energy storage magnet (by using cooled shields, supennsulation, or floating shields) is considered Realizability of a completely stable magnet via pool cooling in superfluid He is indicated R D V A77-42160 Temperature excursions during loss of magnet coolant accidents with thermalization of energy of large super- conducting solenoids R C Amar, T H K Frederkmg, and W E Kastenberg (California, University, Los Angeles, Calif) In Cryo genie Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 109-114 16 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute A77-42161 Applications of superconducting magnets to energy with particular emphasis on fusion power. P Komarek (Karlsruhe, Umversitat, Karlsruhe, Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, West Germany) In Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 115-139 65 refs The feasibility of employing superconducting magnets for energy conversion and energy storage, m addition to the use of superconductivity in power transmission, is explored Prospects for commercial use of superconducting homopolar machines and MHD generators appear optimistic Problems to be solved in the use of superconducting synchronous machines include turboalternator design, heat transfer and helium flow in rotating channels, fatigue and structure at cryogenic temperatures, and long-life rotating helium seals and vacuum seals Fusion power via magnetic confine- ment remains the principal prospect for utilization of super- conductivity in energy Inductive energy storage systems are ex- amined and compared to flywheel systems Reliability of super- conducting windings and their structure remain serious problems R DV A77-42164 Element rating and coupling harmonics in a superconductive energy transfer system R S Ramshaw and E P Dick (Waterloo, University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) In Cryo- genic Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 157-165 5 refs An attempt is made to optimize system element rating, rather than system energy An increase in transfer rate based on the use of nonsmusoidal coil coupling, with the zero-torque constraint main tamed, is examined System costs are optimized for rotor energy, system energy, or element energy A modified coupling distribution arrived at enables a 30% decrease in theoretical transfer time Inductance optimization is a crucial aspect of the approach Mechanical torque measurement within the cryostat and the effect of ac superconductor losses on mechanical torque and load current are also discussed R D V A77-42165 Economic aspects of U S energy indepen- dence in the coming decade K D Timmerhaus (Colorado, Uni- versity, Boulder, Colo) and D H Weitzel (National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colo ) In Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 166-179 42 refs Currently available energy sources are surveyed (petroleum, natural gas, coal, oil shale, nuclear power, imported and domestic supplies), and a projection is advanced for the potential production capacity needed as of 1985 for the US to achieve energy independence Capital investment requirements for reaching such a goal comprise the principal constraint examined in the survey The cryogenic aspects of the problem are summarized as- liquefied natural gas, conversion of coal to fuel gas (using tonnage oxygen from air separation plants), superconductors in power plants and transmission lines, superconducting instruments for geophysical exploration, and the 'hydrogen economy' R D V A77-42166 Cryogenic fuel systems for motor vehicles J J Hibl (Beech Aircraft Corp, Boulder, Colo) In Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, July 22-25, 1975, Proceedings New York, Plenum Press, 1976, p 180-186, Discussion, p 186 9 refs The cryogenic fuels considered include liquid hydrogen, which is projected to be the fuel of the future, and liquid natural gas (LNG) for the near term A design and development program for automotive LNG tanks is discussed In LNG service, the automotive cryogenic tank prototype demonstrated a lockup time of nearly 14 days in laboratory tests In conditions of actual field use, loss of fluid due to venting rarely occurred On the basis of the program results, it is concluded that in areas where LNG is available in quantity LNG will continue to be an economical alternate fuel for fleet operators Operation of a vehicle which was fueled with liquid hydrogen proved that safe and efficient operation is achievable The preliminary system employed did not have the desired thermal or mechanical efficiency desired However, it appears that the improvements needed are achievable without any major development efforts G R A77-42254 Tropospheric oxidation H2S J L Sprung (California, University, Riverside, Calif) In Advances in environ- mental science and technology Volume 7 New York, Wiley-lnterscience, 1977, p 263-278 54 refs NSF Grant No 75-15711 In California, interest in H2S oxidation is stimulated by the possible development of geothermal resources, which could lead to the release of significant amounts of H2S into the troposphere H2S is toxic, and the rate of its oxidation to S02 will affect the sigmficane of H2S as an air pollutant The tropospheric chemistry of H2S is surveyed, with attention to kinetic data useful for modeling atmospheric chemical reactions Reactants, reactive intermediates, and homogeneous reactions are discussed in detail M L A77-422S9 # The possibility of using regression models for calculating the effect of weather conditions on electric energy demand (O vozmozhnosti pnmeneniia regresuonnykh modelei dlia ucheta vliianua pogodnykh uslovii na spros elektroenergn) V. I Shatalov and E N Kopach (Akademna Nauk SSSR, Sibirskn Nauchno-lssledovatel'sku Institut Energetiki, Irkutsk, USSR) Ener- gstika, vol 20, May 1977, p 36-40 6 refs In Russian A77-42260 ft An analytical study of the maximal heat- carrying capacity of heat pipes (Analiticheskoe issledovame maksi- mal'noi teploperedaiushchei sposobnosti teplovykh trub). M G. Semena. A N Gershuni, and B M Rassamakin (Kievskn Pohtekhm- cheskii Institut, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR) Energetika, vol 20, May 1977, p. 93-97 10 refs. In Russian 411 A77-42262 An analytical solution is obtained for determining the hydro- dynamic limit of the heat-carrying capacity of a cylindrical heat pipe with an annular isotropic wick The differential equation of fluid movement in the wick of the heat tube is solved by the separation of variables method using an orthogonalized basis Experiments were conducted using water heat pipes with metal fiber wicks The theoretical calculations were in basic agreement with the experimen- tal results M L A77-42262 # Methodological questions concerning the evaluation of the economic potential of energy resources (Metodi- cheskie voprosy otsenki ekonomicheskogo potentsiala energeti- cheskikh resursov) A A Semenov (Severo-Zapadnyi Zaochnyi Politekhmcheskn Institut, Leningrad, USSR) Energetika, vol 20, May 1977, p 112-116 5 refs In Russian It is suggested that the economic significance of different forms of fuel resources are determined by trends in their national economic use Resource supplies can be appraised in terms of their economic value The calculation of value is achieved by forming a closed statistical system Criteria are given for the economic potential of water resources M L A77-42401 # The oceans as a source of electricity D J Littler (Central Electricity Generating Board, London. England) Aware, July 1977, p 12-15 Several methods for extracting energy from the ocean are described Floating installations to harness wave power include a cam-shaped rocking float that minimizes both reflection and trans- mission of energy, coupled rafts, the variations in whose surface profiles would operate pumps, and buoys that use wave-powered flap valves to displace air and drive air turbines Large-scale devices employing any of these three designs could achieve practical efficiencies of 25 to 50% and provide an average of 10 megawatts of power A voltaic cell that takes advantage of the differing levels of salinity in the ocean and fresh water, a heat engine using temperature differences between surface and deep water, and a generator powered by ocean currents are also mentioned Tidal energy, though available for use at only a limited number of sites, may nevertheless provide the most economical and effective use of ocean energy Development of the Ranee estuary power station in France, which has a generating capacity of 240 megawatts, is described, and other possible installa- tions in England and France are also considered J M B A77-42406 Vapor-liquid equilibrium of hydrogen/tetralm system at elevated temperatures and pressures J J Simnick, C C Lawson, H M Lin, and K C Chao (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind ) AlChE Journal, vol 23, July 1977, p 469-476 22 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute A flow type of apparatus is built to give equilibrium gas and liquid samples at elevated pressures and temperatures while minimiz- ing thermal decomposition Saturated vapor and liquid compositions and K values are determined with this apparatus for the binary system hydrogen/tetralm (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) at four temperatures from 189 6 to 389 1 C, and seven pressures from 20 to 250 atm Vapor pressures of tetralm are determined with the same apparatus, and values are reported at the four temperatures of this work (Author) A77-42407 Absorption of sulfur dioxide into aqueous sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite solutions H Hikita, S Asai, and T TSUJI (Osaka Prefecture, University, Sakai, Japan) AlChE Journal, vol 23, July 1977, p 538-544 20 refs The rates of absorption of pure sulfur dioxide into aqueous sodium bisulfite, sodium hydroxide, and sodium sulfite solutions with and without a surface active agent were measured at 25 C using a liquid jet column For the sulfur dioxide-sodium hydroxide system, the rate of absorption into the solution without surface active agent was higher than that into the solution with surface active agent, indicating the existence of the interfacial turbulence The absorption rates obtained for the present system under the conditions of no interfacial turbulence were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on the penetration theory (Author) A77-42408 Charge characteristics of particles in coal derived liquids - Measurement and origin J D Henry, Jr and M T Jacques (West Virginia University, Morgantown, W Va ) AlChE Journal, vol 23, July 1977, p 607-609 11 refs Contract No E(40-11-5105 Measurements carried out on the sign of charges associated with participates present in an unfiltered Solvent Refined Coal liquid with an initial 3 1 solvent/coal ratio are reported A mechanism is advanced to account for both origin and sign of the observed charges The origin of the net positive surface charge associated with electrophoretic mobility in coal-derived liquids is accounted for in terms of the acid base structure of asphaltic species, and the presence of protons Positive charge is found conferred to paniculate matter suspended in hydrogen donor solvent The results are relevant to studies of electrically induced separations, interfacial collection or distribution to water for particulates removal, or flocculation R D V A77-42412 Photocell using covalently-bound dyes on semiconductor surfaces M Fujihira, N Ohishi, and T Osa (Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan) Nature, vol 268, July 21, 1977, p 226-228 15 refs Sensitization of tin oxide or titanium oxide photocells to wavelengths of light longer than ultraviolet may be achieved by chemically modifying the surface of photoelectrodes in aqueous media Surface modification procedures are described, and tests are made of the spectral sensitization resulting from the progresses Photocurrent spectra obtained from an amide-linked rhodamme B electrode and an ester linked rhodamme B electrode are compared, while the spectra are identical in shape, the photocurrent of the ester-linked dye electrode is found to be two orders of magnitude greater than that of the amide-linked electrode In the case of the amide-linked dye electrode, a nonconducting alkyl chain is suggested to act as an energy barrier intervening between semiconductor and dye, inhibiting adsorption of excited dye molecules by the electrode The conjugated pi electronic system of the ester-linked electrode, which is less distant from the semiconductor, apparently results in a more efficient sensitization J M B A77-42475 Large-scale applications of superconductivity. B B Schwartz and S Foner (MIT, Cambridge, Mass). Physics Today, vol 30, July 1977, p 34, 35, 37-40, 42, 43. NSF-supported research Engineering characteristics of superconducting materials are reviewed, and several applications of superconductors are given, including use in electrical motors and generators, as magnets for MHD and fusion power generators, a: power transmission cables, and in magnetic levitation of high-speed vehicles Properties of commer- cially available superconductors are discussed, and current ap- proaches to engineering failure-proof superconductivity are con- sidered, i e, cryostatic stabilization, adiabatic stabilization, and dynamic stabilization Problems in replacement of the copper conductors and iron flux circuits of generators by superconductors are mentioned, and the development of homopolar dc rotating machines is described The three principal magnet confinement schemes for fusion reactors, Tokamak, magnetic mirror, and theta pinch, are also reviewed Use of superconducting cables for power transmission, which presents some technological difficulties, could provide an extremely efficient alternative to present transmission lines Magnetic levitation and propulsion by magnetic flux are described, with emphasis on the high speeds attained by the vehicles, and the low mechanical stresses to which they are subjected. J M B. A77-42482 H A pressurized fluidized bed coal fired com- bined cycle electric power generation S Moskowitz (Curtiss-Wnght Corp , Wood-Ridge, N J ) AIAA, EEI, and IEEE, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif, Aug 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1013 9 p The combination of pressurized fluidized bed (PFB) technology and the gas-turbine - steam-turbine combined-cycle power system offers a unique opportunity for the production of clean cost- competitive electric power from the combustion of high-sulfur coal It also offers the prospect of earlier commercialization than those systems requiring gasification or liquification of coal to clean fuels The U S Energy Research and Development Administration is 412 A77-42632 sponsoring a project to design, construct, and operate a coal-fired PFB/gas turbine pilot electric power plant The pilot plant, which will produce an equivalent of 16 MW of power, will address a number of key technical issues associated with PFB development It will also provide design data to verify scale up of the PFB units to a commercial plant size suitable for the electric utility industry The principles and advantages of fluidized bed combustion are described along with the concepts for integrating the combustor into a combined-cycle power plant The divilopment program and the results to date are briefly reviewed (Author) A77-42483 H Large-scale space operations for Solar Power Satellites G R Woodcock (Boeing Aerospace Co , Seattle, Wash ). AIAA, EC I, and I EEC, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif, Aug 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1031 16 p 9refs Analogies with industrial development and with the Saturn, Shuttle, and Skylab programs demonstrate the feasibility of Solar Power Satellites (SPS) that require space launch rates countable in flights per day, systems with very large mass and size, and large-scale construction techniques in orbit SPS energy production is estimated to equal 400,000 barrels of oil per day throughout an SPS operational life of 30 years or more, low transport costs to low earth orbit and on to geosynchronous orbit are projected as a result of' reusability of vehicles, high traffic volume, relatively rapid ground turnaround, and large payload capacity Construction procedures and installation of reflector systems are discussed, and diagrams of fabrication methods and devices are presented About 10 manhours would be needed to erect one ton of material, and a workforce of 500 to 700, working 10-hour shifts 6 days a week during a 90-day orbiting period, is projected J M 8 A77-42556 Solar electricity - The hybrid system approach. M A Duguay (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc, Holmdel, N J ). American Scientist, vol. 65, July-Aug 1977, p 422-427 21 refs Procedures for combining solar electrical generation with other services, such as heating and lighting, are discussed In one hybrid system, a cylindrical mirror-type concentrator focuses light on a photovoltaic cell which transforms 10 to 20% of it to electricity The solar cell is attached to a water pipe, and the remaining energy appears as heat which is recovered via the water pipe In another hybrid system, the visible part of sunlight is used for lighting and the IR is converted to heat and electricity in solar cells This system uses a 'cold' mirror which is a dielectric filter reflecting visible light and transmitting IR The economics of these hybrid systems is con- sidered M L. A77-42S60 ti Solar satellites - Space key to our power future. G R Woodcock (Boeing Aerospace Co, Seattle, Wash ) Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol 15, July-Aug 1977, p 30-43 Technology, costs, and environmental problems associated with Solar Power Satellites (SPS) are discussed, and the system is found to be a feasible alternative to other energy sources. The microwave transmission system of the SPS, employing phased array radar technology, is analyzed, transmission efficiencies of 60 to 70% are projected Furthermore, the type of microwave used and the limits imposed on maximum beam strength would permit conformity with the most stringent public exposure standards in effect An opera- tional life of 30 years for the system, together with development of effective delivery programs and space construction techniques, would bring the cost of energy produced by SPS to competitive levels, a complete payback for the system may be expected after 1 to 3 years of operation Design of the receiving antenna is considered, and a comparison is made between silicon photovoltaic cells and Brayton heat engines, two candidates for the energy conversion system. Development time for the entire SPS program is estimated J M B A77-42561 H Creating a welcome for aerospace energy technology. J Grey (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro- nautics, Inc , New York, N.Y ) Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol 15, July-Aug 1977, p 44-47 The role of the aerospace industry in developing alternate energy sources is discussed In spite of the relatively limited funding presently allotted by the Energy Research and Development Ad- ministration (ERDA) to aerospace technologies, and the small size of the aerospace component within the total energy research effort undertaken by private industry, there are many areas in which aerospace expertise is needed, including advanced combustion technology aimed at nitrogen oxide control and lower combustion noise levels, gas turbine systems, and first wall systems for magnetically contained fusion power plants, aerodynamic design to reduce fuel consumption, metallic, ceramic, and composite materials for high temperature and pressure environments, photovoltaic cells and collector/absorber systems for energy storage and transmission, transport and design of space-based solar power systems (SSPS), and ocean thermal energy conversion systems In particular, development of SSPS, which presently receives very low funding, deserves additional attention J M B A77-42590 Management analysis of nuclear allocation for the generation of electricity. P T Antonopoulos and J C Turnage (Yankee Atomic Electric Co , Westboro, Mass) Nuclear Technology, vol 34, Aug 1977, p 347-361 15 refs In an effort to provide a basis for satisfying nuclear utility needs in generation planning, an improved computational tool has been developed that is capable of determining near-optimal operating strategy for generation systems comprised of nuclear, fossil, hydro, and pumped storage units This strategy attempts to minimize the system generation costs while maintaining an acceptable system reliability The computer program developed, MANAGE, is capable of performing scoping calculations to analyze multicycle fuel management options In applying MANAGE, the techniques of risk and decision analysis are found to be useful approaches to utility system planning under uncertainty (Author) A77-42628 Predicted and measured finite-width effects in linear induction machines. E S Pierson (Illinois, University, Chicago, III), R Hamtsch, T Huhns (Berlin, Technische Umversitat, Berlin, West Germany), and H Mosebach (Braunschweig, Technische Umver- sitat, Braunschweig, West Germany) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Annual Meeting, 10th, Atlanta, Ga, Sept 28-Oct 2, 1975) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1081-1086 12 refs A new method of calculating the variation of the magnetic flux density with the dimension perpendicular to the flux and motion directions has been developed for MHD induction machines The force and power densities and totals are also determined The new method is explained and compared with previous methods of calculating finite-width effects The agreement of the calculated field profiles with some initial measurements is excellent (Author) A77-42629 Finite length effects in linear induction machines with different iron contours H Mosebach (Braunschweig, Technische Umversitat, Braunschweig, West Germany). T Huhns (Berlin, Technische Umversitat, Berlin, West Germany), E S Pierson (Illinois, University, Chicago, III), and D Herrmann (Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia) (Institute of Electrical and Elec- tronics Cnyineers, Annual Meeting, 10th, Atlanta, Ga, Sept 28-Oct 2, 1975 ) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1087-1093 20 refs Finite iron and winding lengths are significant factors in determining the performance of linear induction machines This study provides information on the effect of the iron contour on machine performance, and also aids in the evaluation of other analytical models by pointing out the importance of the proper treatment of finite iron length The analytical model used here, developed by Mosebach, is based on Fourier series expansions of the electromagnetic quantities and the air-gap length The magnetic flux density, current density, force density, and efficiency are compared for six iron contours One case with a graded winding is also considered (Author) A77-42632 Electric energy alternatives appraisal for New York State M Becker (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N Y ) and A Kaufman (New York State, Dept of Public Service, Albany, N Y ) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American 413 A77-42633 Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Society of Civil Engineers, Joint Power Generation Conference, Buffalo, N Y, Sept 19-23, 1976 ) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1173-1178, Discussion, p 1178 Research supported by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority This paper describes a cooperative program involving staff of RPI, New York State, and the General Electric Company for appraisal of electric energy alternatives The program has involved acquisition of a data base describing both established and potential technologies for the generation of electric energy, identification of relevant factors, considerations and policies with potential for influencing strategy selections, and the development of methods for processing the available information This paper will provide a overview of the program and will discuss specific examples of results obtained to date (Author) A77-42633 Putting alternative sources of energy into prospective R A Budenholzer and 2 Lavan (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, III ) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Society of Civil Engineers, Joint Power Generation Conference, Buffalo, N Y, Sept. 19-23, 1976) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1190-1195 11 refs Proposed alternate forms of energy are compared with tradi- tional energy sources for their possible respective contributions to meeting the nation's energy needs over the next several decades Sources of energy consumption (residential/commercial, industrial, transportation, and electric power generation), estimated reserves of fossil fuels, and uranium fuel reserves are tabulated The alternative sources discussed are nuclear power, hydroelectric and tidal power, oil shale and tar sand, synthetic fuel, geothermal energy, ocean thermal gradients, solar energy, and wind energy R D V A77-42634 The interaction of batteries and fuel cells with electrical distribution systems - Line commutated converter inter- face D P Carroll, G E Gareis, C M Ong (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind ), and P Wood (Westinghouse Research and Develop- ment Center, Pittsburgh, Pa) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Winter Meeting, New York, N.Y., Jan 30-Feb 4, 1977) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1202-1210 5 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute Prominent problems confronting energy storage or energy conversion technologies on a utility distribution system, and param- eters of major concern in the specification and design of conversion equipment and ancillary equipment, are addressed The performance of the I me-commutated converter and force-commutated converter is compared Three-phase computer simulations of typical system configurations aid a study of steady-state and transient phenomena Equivalent circuits of battery and fuel cell modules are constructed, and studies are made of capacitor switching and load switching, ac voltage disturbances, power changes and load following, power reversal, system faults, and dc interruption R D V A77-42635 The interaction of batteries and fuel cells with electrical distribution systems - Force commutated converter inter- face G E Gareis, D P Carroll, C M Ong (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind ), and P Wood (Westinghouse Research and Develop- ment Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Winter Meeting, New York, NY, Jan 30-Feb 4, 1977) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug. 1977, p 1242-1250 7 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute Use of a force-commutated converter (FCC) system incorporat- ing phase angle voltage regulation (PAVR) is studied by a simulation technique A second 12-pulse bridge was added to implement PAVR, the effects of the commutation circuits were added to the converter simulation, the ac system was expanded, and harmonic filters were added Principal objectives of the study are (1) ascertain the effect of various dc sources on the operating characteristics of a FCC system, (2) identify any problems in the operation of the converter system on a utility system, and (3) evaluate the FCC performance as compared to that of a Ime-commutated converter using the same dc sources and ac system R D V A77-42636 Hybrid simulation of fuel cell power conver- sion systems L H Michaels, B T Fairchild (Electronic Associates, Inc, West Long Branch, N J ), and S T Kohn (United Technologies Corp, Power Systems Div, South Windsor, Conn) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Winter Meeting, New York, N Y, Jan 30-Feb 4. 19771 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1329-1336 5 refs Simulation techniques and results are presented for hybrid computer studies of Ime-commutated and self-commutated three phase bridge inverters The Ime-commutated bridge system included constant extinction angle control of the inverter, power regulation of the DC source, and power factor correction capacitors Simulation of this system was performed in real-time which allowed testing of prototype control hardware The self-commutated system consists of three bridges operating in a phased sequence which permits elimina- tion of harmonics by cancellation System performance is evaluated with the inverters operating into a three phase load, part of which is supplied by the utility system The paper discusses the computa- tional techniques used in simulating systems of this type, including the role of the digital and analog computers in each study This work supports the conclusion that hybrid simulation is a valuable tool for analysis and evaluation of power conversion systems which contain current switching devices (Author) A77-42637 An econometric analysis of energy over the next 75 years R W Schmitt, D J BenDamel, P J Stewart (General Electric Co, Schenectady, NY) , and A S Manne (Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Society of Civil Engineers, Joint Power Generation Conference, Buffalo, NY, Sept 19-23, 1976) IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-96, July-Aug 1977, p 1353-1361 6 refs The mix of base-load power generation systems expected from various energy sources over the next 75 years is studied The longer-run projection is recommended as a corrective for short-range forecasts ignoring some constraints which emerge only in the long run Lead times for significant contributions of new and presently untested technology to electrical energy demand are taken into account, research expenditures on highly speculative energy tech- nologies (fusion, solar electric, and MHD) are not expected to yield results in less than half the time covered The prediction model accounts for electrical and nonelectrical energy, price-induced energy conservation, and substitution of energy forms Liquid-metal-cooled fast breeders are assumed as the nuclear power workhorse in the scenario R D V A77-42740 Energy reduction in cleaning exhausts con- taining particulates and noxious gases S V Sheppard and W L Klugman (Ceilcote Co , Berea, Ohio) (American Society of Heating, Refngerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, III, Feb 13-17, 1977) ASHRAE Transactions, vol 83, pt 1, 1977, p 625-633, Discussion, p 634 This paper reviews the different types of gas cleaning equipment in terms of energy consumption and focuses upon new equipment designs which are capable of giving greater collection efficiency at lower energy uses Newer designs which will be evaluated are wet scrubbers using electrostatic augmentation, crossflow packed scrub- bers using flux forces and condensation, and scrubbers using waste thermal energy These are energy efficient scrubbers that in many applications can operate at hydraulic power of less than 3 hp per 1000 ACFM (1 3 w per 1 0 cu m/hn and give good removal efficiencies on particles having an aerodynamic cut diameter of 2 microns and smaller and extending into the submicron range An example showing a comparison of first costs and annual costs of 414 A77-42860 operating scrubbing systems required to give cleaned air meeting environmental protection requirements and hygienic threshold limits will also be included (Author) A77-42741 Thermal storage - It saves and saves and saves R T Tamblyn (Engineering Interface, Ltd , Willowdale, Ontario, Canada) (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, III, Feb 13-17, 1977) ASHRAE Transactions, vol 83, pt 1, 1977, p 677-634, Discussion, p 685, 686 It is pointed out that thermal storage can be a powerful energy conservation tool which can minimize the cost of energy in three ways related to the saving of fuel, the reduction of electric cooling demand, and the reduction of electric utility investment The cost of committing waste heat to storage may be less than one-quarter of the energy required for the generation of new heat Attention is given to the cost of thermal storage, the expansion of a central chilled water plant, financial considerations regarding the storage for a new commercial building, questions of thermal location, aspects of thermal storage interconnection, and thermal storage problems G.R A77-42784 * # The aircraft energy efficiency active controls technology program. R V Hood, Jr (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va ) In Guidance and Control Conference, Hollywood, Fla, August 8-10, 1977, Technical Papers New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc , 1977, p 279-285 9 refs (AIAA 77-1076) Broad outlines of the NASA Aircraft Energy Efficiency Program for expediting the application of active controls technology to civil transport aircraft are presented Advances in propulsion and airframe technology to cut down on fuel consumption and fuel costs, a program for an energy-efficient transport, and integrated analysis and design technology in aerodynamics, structures, and active controls are envisaged Fault-tolerant computer systems and fault-tolerant flight control system architectures are under study Contracts with leading manufacturers for research and development work on wing-tip extensions and wmglets for the B-747, a wing load alleviation system, elastic mode suppression, maneuver-load control, and gust alleviation are mentioned R D V A77-42854 Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13, 1976, Proceedings Symposium sponsored by the Peninsula Professional Societies Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977 139 p Attention is given to possible solutions to the United States energy dilemma, the effects of restricting the availability of nuclear energy, the prospects of renewable energy sources, and a methodolo- gy for the implementation of energy saving technologies Also considered are the alternative roles ot transportation in urban planning, the augmented ingest ion of carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides by occupants of vehicles while idling in drive-up facility lines, and the Modular Integrated Utility System as a potential influence on community development B J A77-42855 The United States energy dilemma - How can we solve it G R Hill (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif ) (Peninsula Professional Societies, Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13. 1976 ) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977, p 141-146 The basis for the present energy dilemma is described The current solution to the inadequate petroleum and natural gas supplies and possible long-term solutions are developed Current efforts within ERDA and by industry and the public to help solve the problem are considered An important element in solving the problem is the establishment of platforms where effective dialogue can be developed between those concerned with the environment and those trying to produce energy There the necessary tradeoffs can be discussed and an action plan developed Finally, possible mechanisms for moving toward energy independence are suggested (Author) A77-42856 Patterns of energy use and the critical choices ahead S 0 Blois (Pacific Gas and Electric Co , San Francisco, Calif) (Peninsula Professional Societies, Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13, 1976) Water, Air. and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977, p 147-164 Patterns of contemporary and projected energy use m the US are presented with attention to the industrial, commercial, resi- dential, and agricultural sectors The patterns in northern and central California are compared with national patterns Factors that could modify the projected patterns are discussed, and attention is directed to end-use applications It is suggested that, in the immediate future, coal and conventional nuclear power will be used more than at present as sources of energy M L A77-42857 Some impacts of restricting nuclear energy availability J B Kopelman and 0 M Nesbitt (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif) (Peninsula Professional Societies. Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13, 1976) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977, p 165-174 6 refs Although the present average costs of generating electricity from nuclear reactors are less than the average cost of power from fossil fuel plants, the pressures for additional regulatory controls on nuclear power plants raise the possibility that nuclear power might become unavailable as an energy alternative With the help of a model of U S mterfuel competition developed at SRI, some of the implications of various alternative assumptions about the future availability of nuclear power are examined The economic costs of a nuclear moratorium are evaluated for two different forecasts of energy demand growth Although the loss of the nuclear option is offset by a substantial increase in eastern and western coal production, the net cost of this replacement over 20 billion dollars annually by 2000 - is substantial (Author) A77-42858 The prospects for renewable energy sources J G Witwer (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif ) (Peninsula Professional Societies, Environmental Pollution Sympo- sium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13, 1976) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol 7, Feb 1977, p 175-180 6 refs As the reserves of depletable fuels are consumed, their prices will increase, thus making renewable energy sources more cost competitive SRI has evaluated the potential uses for and costs of renewable energy sources and compared them with other energy sources currently being utilized These economic estimates serve as a basis for discussing the possible contribution that solar energy sources can make to the U S energy system Some of the technical, environmental, and institutional problems associated with each of these solar energy forms are reviewed (Author) A77-42859 Evaluation of energy policy L S Windheim (Leo A Daly Co , San Francisco, Calif ) (Peninsula Professional Societies, Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alterna- tives to Present Urban Life, 5th, Menlo Park. Calif, May 12, 13, 1976) Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977, p 181-185 11 refs An energy strategy of doing more with less is urged on the grounds that it would provide more jobs, less inflation, and less pollution The importance of conserving energy used by buildings is stressed, with attention to the role of the architect in energy conservation Energy policies are considered with reference to the concept of entropy Energy from the sun is said to provide a limited store of low entropy high energy fuels, and an abundance of higher entropy but continuing current energies M L A77-42860 Future energy options, ethics and a case for conservation J E Armstrong (Peninsula Professional Societies. 415 A77-42891 Environmental Pollution Symposium on Practical Alternatives to Present Urban Life. 5th, Menlo Park, Calif, May 12, 13, 1976! Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 7, Feb 1977, p 187-194 Up to 1990 the US must rely upon four major sources for additional energy to meet the expected continued growth in energy use (1) expanded coal and the associated synthetics fuels derived from it, (2) expanded production of continental shelf and Alaskan oil and gas, (3) nuclear, and (4) imported petroleum After 1990, solar and oil shale could play increasingly important roles as additional sources These major energy options will be compared at a national level in their broad environmental, economic, social, and political implementation impacts, with special emphasis on major effects of economic soundness, employment, food supply, national defense, and the emerging social unrest which characterizes the 1970s in the USA It is concluded that a major energy conservation program would be a prudent course for the U S A to follow, with the stipulation that its gradual implementation over something like a 10 year time period is necessary (Author) A77-42891 Compact shrouds for wind turbines 0 Igra Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 149-157 5 refs Research supported by the U S -Israel Bmational Science Foundation As part of a large project aimed at finding the optimal configuration for an aerogenerator to exploit wind power, an investigation was launched to find the most compact shroud possible The dominant contributor to the shroud length is the structure downstream of the turbine (the diffuser) This component has an ever increasing cross-section as one progresses downstream, however, fast rate of area divergence will cause flow separation and the significant reduction in output power associated with it It is the purpose of the present paper to demonstrate ways to overcome this difficulty This can be achieved either by proper diversion and introduction of the shroud's external flow into the diffuser's inner boundary layer or alternatively, by the usage of a ring-flap (Author) A77-42892 Radiation effects on high efficiency silicon solar cells W, Luft (TRW Defence and Space Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif ) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no. 4, 1977, p 159-167 17 refs The performance of ten silicon solar cells currently in pro- duction was evaluated The cells represented several types enhanced cells (Ta205 coating), hybrid cells (shallow junction/high grid density), field cells (P+ back surface field, attributes of hybrid cells), black hybrid cells (hybrid cells with low reflective surfaces) and black field cells (field cells with low reflective surfaces) A previously described (Luft, 1974) solar simulator with an estimated error of less than 3% was used in the evaluations The initial efficiencies of the cells tested ranged from 103 to 13 6% after prolonged illumination The cells appeared to have a small photon degradation Although the initial efficiency of the cells tested was up to 39% higher than that of conventional cells, their performance was more severly degraded by irradiation by 1-MeV electrons to a fluence of ten to the fifteenth electrons per square centimeter The highest degradation in each resistivity group was found in field cells All cells except for a cell group using float-zone material showed annealing of electron irradiation damage of up to 5% C K 0 A77-42893 The spacing of wind turbines in large arrays. B G Newman (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) Energy Con- version,vo\ 16, no 4, 1977, p 169-171 6 refs The effect of spacing on the power output of wind turbines in large arrays has been determined theoretically Following Templm, the effect is assessed by determining the increase in roughness of the earth's boundary layer due to the drag of the turbines The thickness of the boundary layer is assumed to change in proportion to the square root of the skin friction, which is appropriate for a turbulent Ekman layer, and differs from the assumptions made by Templm The loss of power for both flat-open country and rough-wooded country is determined as a function of the area density of the turbines, and it is found that quite large spacings are required to avoid a significant loss of power (Author) A77-42894 lomzation instability in non-equilibrium MHO generators. M S Sodha, S C. Kaushik, R P Sharma, B K. Gupta, and B K Sawhney (Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 173-180 13 refs. NSF-Navy-supported research The growth rate of lomzatiQn instability has been investigated using the phenomenological and semi-kinetic approach and taking the temperature/velocity dependence of collision frequency into account For the semi-kinetic treatment, the Boltzmann Transfer Equation has been used taking into account the velocity dependence of collision frequency The electron collision frequency is assumed to be a power law function of the electron temperature or velocity. The exponent governs the behavior of the scattering mechanism. In both cases the dependence of electron collision frequency on electron temperature/velocity has a stabilizing effect on the growth rate of lomzation instability in weakly ionized plasmas of interest in MHO generators (Author) A77-42895 Solar power systems J C Denton (Energy Associates, Belton, Tex ) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 181-198 18 refs A review of the principal solar power systems is presented The nature of the solar energy source is discussed starting from the energy output of the sun and covering briefly the important atmospheric effects to characterize the available solar energy on the earth's surface The various methods for capturing solar energy are presented flat-plate, concentrating, photovoltaic, and other col- lectors Energy storage methods are presented briefly for thermal, chemical, electrical, and mechanical storage approaches An applica- tion of solar power systems in interaction with a conventional electrical utility system is presented in terms of mode of operation (base, intermediate, and peaking), reliability, capacity displacement, and energy displacement An economic evaluation of selected solar power systems compared to conventional electrical generation plants is presented Conclusions are drawn as to the conditions-under which solar power systems may become economically competitive A preliminary indication of market capture potential is discussed (Author) A77-42896 Economic analysis of solar total energy sys terns J C Denton (Energy Associates, Belton, Tex) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 199-204 An economic analysis of a solar total energy system is provided on basic investment analysis principles Assumptions and simplifica- tions of procedure are stated Assuming that the technology becomes technologically mature in 1990, the first system built (of the type analyzed) is anticipated to have a net present value just over $53 million based on a 25 yr economic lifetime and forecasted values for inflation rate, energy escalation rate, cost of capital, cost of operations, cost of maintenance, depreciation, construction time, costs of gas and electricity, and capital cost A specific case is analyzed Error and sensitivity analyses are not included (Author) A77-42897 A simplified technique for determining the boundary layer voltage loss in MHD generators R C Dolson and 0 Biblarz (U S Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 205-211. 22 refs USAF- supported research MHD generator performance predictions require an accurate determination of the voltage losses in the channel, however, most techniques for determining these losses need substantial calculations and/or computer storage space This paper proposes a simplified method for calculating the ohmic boundary Jayer contribution to the overall voltage losses Voltage drop regions are discussed and a description of the turbulent boundary layer contribution is derived Appropriate simplifying assumptions on the basic transport and MHD concepts are used to express the conductivity as a function of temperature only Weighting functions for averaging the resistivity in turbulent boundary layers are determined and the nature of these functions is presented Our results are compared with more precise descriptions and with experimental results. (Author) 416 A77-42963 A77-42898 Economic competitiveness of windmills E E Lapm (Aerospace Corp , Los Angeles, Calif) Energy Conversion, vol 16, no 4, 1977, p 213-220 9 refs The conditions under which windmills become competitive with the generation of electric power from fossil fuels are examined The influence of cost of construction, financing arrangements, and the future cost of fuels is shown Energy storage and network arrange ments for mills are considered briefly, as are alternate uses for mills, eg, the utilization of mill output directly for heating or for the production of a fuel (Author) A77-42954 Design of pointed solar concentrators (Con- ception des concentrateurs solaires pointes) R Zaharia (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris, France) Cooperation Mediter- raneenne pour I'Energie Sg/aire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotech- nique, no 1,1977, p 23-30 In French The concept of geometrical concentration, as understood in this paper, being specified, a comparison is made between two kinds of mirrors, when combined with plane absorbers mirrors with parabolic profile and mirrors with circular profile The influence of various geometrical aberrations being enlightened, the case of the circular cylinder linked to a defocussed plane absorber is discussed A review is made of the results and how they compare with the usual case of the parabolic cylinder linked to a pipe shaped absorber Some guidelines for the design of thermal collectors including linear concentrators are given (Author) A77-42955 Optical performance of fixed zenith-moving azimuth parabolo-cylmdrical concentrator I A Sakr, S H Soliman, and N H Hema (National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt) Coopera- tion Mediterraneans pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotechnique, no 1,1977, p 31-39 12 refs A study has been made on the parabolo-cylmdrical concentrator whose central line is inclined to the horizontal with an angle of 30 deg It can move in the azimuthal direction only Theoretical equations have been derived to give the angle of incidence and the effective area of the concentrator over the whole year The effect of input energy, ambient air temperature on the performance of the concentrator is shown by graphs (Author) A77-42956 Optimum design of a single slope solar still in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia A A M Sayigh and E M A El Salam (Riyadh, College of Engineering, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotechnique, no 1,1977, p 40-44 12 refs The performance of seven remforced-concrete solar stills in Saudi Arabia was compared The stills varied with respect to thickness of glass cover, cover slope, absorbant materials, and sealing agent between the glass cover and the frame Absorbant materials were red sand, black sand, straw, black dye, and charcoal A still with 20-deg slope cover gave best performance This still was tested with different absorbants, and the use of black stone yielded highest output This still yields 1 5 liters/day and its yearly average efficiency is 45 percent P T H A77-42957 Study of thermal performance of solar heating systems with storage and auxiliary heaters. L Fantini and C Pisoni (Genova, Universita, Genoa, Italy) Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotechnique, no 1, 1977, p 45 52 7 refs Research supported by the Consigho Nazionale delle Ricerche The thermal behavior of a solar heating system with storage and auxiliary heaters was analyzed with reference to variable thermal outdoor conditions The analysis was carried out through a computer simulation which enables to investigate the effect on the system performance of several design parameters In this analysis a particular storage unit of fusible solid mass was assumed and the heat capacity of the building and its effect on delaying the changes in interior temperatures was considered The use of the program is illustrated, and the results presented show the effect on the system performance of the collector area and storage capacity (Author) A77-42958 Solar heating for a sports complex in Belgium (Chauffage sola ire d'un centre sportif en Belgique) G G Descy, A Grosfils, Ch Heusqum, and M Vangysel (SociStS d'Etudes ATRAC, Brussels, Belgium) Cooperation Miditerraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotechnique, no 1, 1977, p 53-58 In French A solar thermal system to heat a large building complex has been studied More than 2500 sq m of plate collectors are planned A computer model has been created This model takes into account all the thermal loads and energy sources This simulation is based on typical years with true hourly meteorological data based on a statistical study over 18 years in Belgium The results give previsional energy balance and show that 57 percent of global thermal loads are assumed by solar collectors (Author) A77-42959 The geometry of catoptric light II - An application to solar energy (Catoptrique geometrique application a I'energie solaire II - Repartitions energetiques dans les capteurs catoptriques) L Aiache and E-F Jaguanbe (Aix-Marseille III, Umversite, Aix-en-Provence, France) Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Hehotechnique, no 2, 1976, p 4-10 18 refs In French Photometric analysis of catoptric solar collectors is reviewed, with the aim of developing a description of the energy-gathering capabilities of solar collectors The reception and reflection of optical and thermal fluxes from an extended light source are discussed for the case of a plane collector To account for energy losses due to reflectance which may occur in photochemical collectors, the Fresnel reflection formula is introduced Limitations of the monochromatic plane wave model for describing incident solar energy are also cited Several methods for determining collector efficiency which do not involve the integrations used in conventional photometric analyses are given These simplified techniques, which rely on graphical analysis of cones, are relatively general methods (i e , are applicable to cases other than that of the parabolic mirror collector) Means of including the variability of the energy source (the sun) in the analysis are also mentioned J M B A77-42961 A tubular evacuated solar collector utilizing a heat pipe as absorber U Ortabasi (Corning Glass Works Research and Development Laboratories, Corning, N Y ) Cooperation Medi- terraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Helio- techmque.no 2, 1976, p 14-17 Contract No E(11-1)-2608 A heat pipe evacuated tubular solar collector has been built and tested Based on the present design, it performs somewhat less efficiently than a flat plate in a vacuum for temperatures less than 125 F However, its performance is less dependent on the tempera- ture of operation so that it performs better at temperatures greater than 125 F Improvements may be possible given better mirror fabrication, heat pipe design, and antireflection coatings (Author) A77-42962 Studies into reduction of radiative heat losses of flat plate solar collectors P Brennecke and E Justi (Braun- schweig, Techmsche Hochschule, Braunschweig, West Germany) Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Interna- tionale d'Hehotechnique, no 2, 1976, p 18-24 10 refs Flat-plate solar collectors are discussed, with attention given to cover materials and design modifications that minimize heat loss, especially radiative losses Absorption spectra and radiative emittance are determined for several commercially-available cover materials, these data, together with information, on the physical characteristics of the materials, furnish criteria for the selection of suitable covers for flat-plate collectors Experiments are carried out to measure the efficiency of various cover materials in water-heating collector systems A flat-plate solar collector having two plates with a trapped layer of fluid in between is also described Whether or not the trapped fluid is circulated into the main collection chamber, the double-cover design is found to increase collector efficiency under specific conditions J M B A77-42963 Energy budget for the year-round solar collector/storage system of a housing cluster situated in northern 417 A77-42964 France (Bilan energStique d'un ensemble capteurs-stockage inter- saisonnier pour un ilot pavillonnaire situi dans la nord de la France) R Torrenti, R. Bomal (Commissariat a I'Energie Atomique, Centre d'Etudes NuclSaires de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Essonne, France), and G Alexandroff Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Internationale d'Heliotechnique, no 2, 1976, p 30-33 In French A77-42964 Stratified density solar collection ponds - Physical factors, results of previous investigations, and suggested experiments (Lagunes solaires a stratification de densite - Elements physiques, resultats anterieurs, projet d'expenmentation) J -L Hya- cinthe (Centre Nationale d'Exploitation des Oceans, Brest, France) Cooperation Mediterraneenne pour I'Energie Solaire, Revue Interna- tionale d'Heliotechnique, no 2, 1976, p 37,38 In French A77-43009 Desulfunzation of coal by use of chemical comminution P H Howard and R S Datta (Syracuse Research Corp, Syracuse, NY) Science, vol 197, Aug 12, 1977, p 668, 669 11refs ER DA Contract No 14-32-0001-1777 Chemical comminution consists of the treatment of coal with a chemical (usually ammonia gas or a concentrated aqueous ammonia solution) Selective breakage of the coal occurs which apparently takes place along the maceral boundaries and other deposits within the material such as pynte bands A description is given of investigations which show that selective breakage by chemical comminution can be used to desulfunze coal without excessive size reduction and without creating large amounts of fines G R A77-43011 H Wave powdr K Hulls (New Zealand Elec- tricity Department, Wellington, New Zealand) New Zealand Energy Journal, vol 50, Apr 25, 1977, p 44-48 9 refs The amount of energy potentially available to New Zealand through the use of wave power systems is examined It is estimated that the mean power level for New Zealand is 35 kW per meter of wave front, the energy flow in 63 km of wave front is equivalent to the electrical energy consumption in New Zealand at present Assuming a conversion efficiency of 35% for wave-power devices, about 250 km of coastline would receive an energy flow sufficient to meet present energy needs Seven major problem areas requiring attention before large-scale wave-power devices can go into produc- tion are identified and discussed These include conversion devices, generation, mooring, structural loading, possible adverse environ- mental effects, the lack of sufficient wave data, and undersea power transmission A chart of the average wave power in different locations around the world is provided C K D A77-43025 Calcite-aragomte deposition in geothermal wells R James (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Taupo, New Zealand) Geothermal Energy, vol 5, July 1977, p 18-24, 26-28. Operation of geothermal wells in the Kizildere (Turkey) geothermal field is discussed, with attention given to problems of calcium carbonate deposition in the boreholes and the introduction of a heat-exchanger to make efficient use of the relatively low temperature (200 C) of the reservoir fluid Rate and composition of the deposits, which are in the form of calcite or aragonie, are studied Lower rates of deposition are obtained as pressure in the bore increases, a pressure level above 10 bars is found to induce a relatively low amount of deposition, which, however, may be more difficult to remove Design and operation of the heat exchanger are described, and its heat transfer rate, as well as the rate of deposition in its components, is mbmtored Cooling of the well fluid is responsible for eliminating deposition, due to retrograde solubility of the calcium carbonate in cooler water J M B A77-43049 Theoretical investigations on the effect of the distance between channels on the efficiency of aluminum flat-plate collectors (Theoretische Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss des Kanalabstandes auf den Wirkungsgrad von Aluminium- Flachkollektoren). S Homsch and E Behm (R und G Schmole Metallwerke, Menden, West Germany) HLH • Zeitschnft fur Hei- zung, Luftung, Kltmatechnik, Haustechnik, vol 28, July 1977, p 253-256 In German A77-43070 Photon trapping and energy transfer in multiple-dye plastic matrices - An efficient solar-energy concentrator B A Swartz, T Cole, and A H Zewail (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif) Optics Letters, vol 1, Aug 1977, p 73-75 12 refs Experiments are described illustrating enhanced photon trapping and efficient energy transfer in mixed-dye planar concentrators containing, for example, Rhodamme 6G and Coumann 6 These concentrators intercept more of the solar spectrum to give an enhanced photon-flux gain that exceeds the single-dye concentrator It is also shown that the energy absorbed by the donor dye is transferred efficiently into the emitting acceptor by two competing processes (Author) A77-43093 # Mathematical method for determining reaction networks in chemical systems (Matematicheskii sposob opredelenna reaktsionnykh setei v khimicheskikh sistemakh) I Nemesh, T Vidotsi, L Botar, and D Gal (Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Kozponti Kemiai Kutato Intezet, Budapest, Hungary) Archiwum Termodynamiki i Spalania, vol 8, no 1, 1977, p 43-48 In Russian. An exact algorithm is presented for determining the reaction network in a complex chemical system The method is illustrated by an example involving the partial oxidation and the parallel pyrolysis of methane in a flame at a temperature of 1500 K and a pressure of 2-3 atm for the purpose of obtaining acetylene and a synthesis gas Thirty-two elementary reactions are considered, with CH4, HCHO, CO, C02, H20, C2H4, C2H2, and C2H6 as stable reactants, and 0, H, OH, CHO, CH3, and CH2 as unstable radicals B J A77-43119 Elimination of current concentration due to Hall effect by variable resistive electrodes M Numano (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) Plasma Physics, vol 19, Aug 1977, p 777-783 6 refs This paper deals with a theoretical investigation on elimination of current distortion caused by the Hall effect in Faraday-type MHD power generators Taking as an example an MHD generator with a pair of electrodes opposed and applying the conformal transforma- tion technique to the generator channel, it is shown that the excessive current concentration at the electrode edges due to the Hall effect can be completely eliminated by adopting suitably variable resistive electrodes and that the current distribution in the generator channel is not influenced by the Hall effect This method is based on the principle that the induced Hall field is exactly compensated by the potential gradient produced by the current flow in the resistive electrodes The internal resistance of the generator is also calculated, and it is found that when the Hall parameter is large, the internal resistance is not so different from that of the generator with perfectly conductive electrodes This method is also applicable to generators with a different configuration (Author) A77-43123 Wind energy - Bounty in the breeze. C E Wise Machine Design, vol 49, Aug 11, 1977, p 20-22,24-26 Wind-generated power is discussed, and development programs for several generator systems are reviewed Limitations on the wide-scale use of wind-generated power, including the variable availability of the energy source and the inherently low power- conversion coefficient of wind-energy systems, are considered estimates of the role of wind-energy in future U S energy consump- tion are given A number of wind-operated electrical generators having power ratings of 100 kW to 2 5 MW are described It is noted that the high capital costs of large systems may restrict their development J M B A77-43143 An engineering, geological and hydrological environmental assessment of a 250 MMSCFD dry ash Lurgi coal gasification facility M H Somerville, J L Elder, and S R Moran (North Dakota, University, Grand Forks, N Dak) Energy Com- munications, vol 3, no 4, 1977, p 317-342 18 refs 418 A77-43593 A preliminary engineering, geological, and hydrological environ- mental assessment of a proposed 250 MMSCFD dry ash Lurgi coal gasification facility is discussed The emission spectrum is examined on the basis of the proposed design and empirical data The system examined utilizes approximately 13 million tons of lignite and 17,000 acre feet of water per year and consumes 6500 tons of oxygen per day Results of the study indicate that the major gaseous effluent is C02, that the federal limits on SO2 effluent may be met, and that the atmospheric degradation criterion will be the most difficult one to meet Preliminary data indicate that the majority of the trace elements will be concentrated in and leave the system with the ash The probable hydrological and geological impacts pertinent to ash and sludge disposal and water table depression are discussed It is probable that the water table will be depressed during mine operations and that some groundwater pollution will occur due to waste disposal (Author) A77-43144 A two-stage forecasting methodology for developing a national energy policy T J Murray (Missouri-St Louis, University, St Louis, Mo ) and Y Omurtag (Missoun-Rolla, Univer- sity, Rolla, Mo) Energy Communications, vol 3, no 4, 1977, p 407-427 24 refs The problem of formulating a national energy policy is discussed A review of the more common forecasting techniques, including regression techniques, time series analysis, spectral analysis, smoothing techniques, and S curve techniques leads to the conclu- sion that none completely meets the requirements for long-term energy planning A two-stage forecasting approach is suggested The first stage uses traditional forecasting models and techniques to generate quantitative and qualitative information which is integrated in the second stage using the Delphi technique C K 0 A77-43333 ff Energy aspects of VTOL aircraft in com- parison with other air and ground vehicles. W. Z Stepmewski. Deutsche Gesel/schaft fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, European Rotorcraft and Powered Lift Aircraft Forum, 2nd, Btickeburg, West Germany, Sept 20-22, 1976, Paper 23 p 12 refs VTOL and rotorcraft are compared to alternate forms of cargo/passenger transportation in terms of total flight time and total fuel needs in the aggregate, specific impulse, weight/equivalent drag ratio, weight/seat-available ratio, energy/passenger seat and energy/ passenger-mile ratios, and load factors Ways of improving fuel use in flight and hover are surveyed, and the TH-100 tandem passenger helicopter concept is examined Indirect fuel and energy consump- tion (in manufacturing of vehicles, maintenance of ways/roads, repair) is taken into account in the comparisons Optimizations of energy consumption and direct operating cost are illustrated Advantages of rotorcraft in agriculture, police patrol, forestry, rescue, and oil-rig support are noted, but attention is drawn to the trend of oil-rig location further offshore at distances where helicop- ter effectiveness and reliability dimmish R 0 V A77-43392 * H New options for satellite power systems /SPSA G M Hartley (Rockwell International Corp, Space Div , Downey, Calif ) AIAA, EEI, and IEEE, Conference on New Options in Energy Technology, San Francisco, Calif, Aug 2-4, 1977, AIAA Paper 77-1028 7p 7 refs Contract No NAS8-32475 The operation of a satellite power system (SPS) involves the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy with the aid of facilities carried by a geosynchronous satellite, the transmission of the obtained energy to earth in the form of microwave radio frequency energy, and the conversion of the energy received on earth into dc current for distribution into the network Attention is given to questions concerning suitable microwave radiation density, details of space transportation for the construction of the SPS, and suitable approaches for the transformation of the solar energy into electric energy It appears that a Rankme cycle using cesium at the main working fluid and a steam bottoming cycle might have advantages over a Brayton cycle concept considered earlier In the area of solar photovoltaic concepts GaAIAs cells have advantages over silicon cells related to lighter weight, efficiency, and resistance to space radiation The required amount of gallium seems to become available G R. A77-43399 National Airlines Fuel Management and Allocation Model D W Darnell (National Airlines, Inc , Miami, Fla ) and C. Loflm Interfaces, vol. 7, Feb 1977, p 1-16 The Fuel Management and Allocation Model determines the optimal strategy for fueling aircraft and can be used to support both short and long-term planning It has been used operationally by the Fuels Management and Flight Control Departments of National Airlines for over two years, resulting in multi-million dollar savings The model specifies the best fueling station and vendor for each flight, based on prices, availability, fuel burn, flight data, and cost of tankerage The model also uses extensive sensitivity analysis tech- niques to alert management as to when a new policy may be required (Author) A77-43522 Control of air pollution sources, j M Marchello (Maryland, University, College Park, Md ) New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc (Chemical Processing and Engineering Volume 7), 1976 638 p 282 refs $4950 Aspects of air quality management are investigated, taking into account ambient air quality, monitoring and models, emission regulations, control methods, and environmental impact Attention is given to pollutant dynamics, pollutants in the atmosphere, panicu- late control equipment, gaseous pollutant control, control systems for energy conversion, control systems for manufacturing, and the costs of air pollutant control Problems of sampling and measure- ment are also discussed, taking into account ambient air sampling, gas flow measurement, stack sampling, paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide and sulfides, photochemical oxidants, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and odors G R A77-43556 On the theory and solar application of induc- tive grids R C. McPhedran (Sydney, University, Sydney, Australia) and D Maystre (Aix-Marseille I, Umversite, Marseille, France) Applied Physics, vol 14, Sept 1977, p 1-20 33 refs A brief description is given of the rigorous formulism of Chen (1970), which describes diffraction by perfectly-conducting induc- tive grids The formulism is used to prove several general properties of grids, including the relevant form of the reciprocity theorem The theory is used to investigate the equivalent-circuit model proposed by other authors for thin grids and also to derive a monomodal model of the type first proposed by Chen The latter model is shown to be useful even in the region where more than one spectral order propagates The accuracy of the formulism is established by comparison of calculated results with a number of far-infrared measurements on grids The use of grids as solar-selective elements is investigated They are shown to be capable of providing a/e ratios of the order of 30-40, provided that they are always pointed towards the sun and the diffuse content of the illumination is low (Author) A77-43566 Energy supply of the Federal Republic of Germany (Energieversorgung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) W -J Schmidt Kuster and H -F Wagner (Bundesmmisterium fur Forschung und Technologic, Bonn, West Germany) Erdol und Kohle Erdgas Petrochemie veremigt mit Brenmtoff Chemie, vol 30, July 1977, p 301 313 In German Attention is given to strategies for planning energy research and development programs, focusing on both primary and secondary energy demand, and considering such energy sources as coal, nuclear fission (particularly fast breeder reactor technology), solar, and new sources such as wind and geothermal energy The problems and potentials of new energy technologies such as solar heating, coal gasification, and controlled fusion are considered with a discussion of time horizons (up to 1985 and up to 2000) The potential uses of nuclear energy are discussed in detail 8 J A77-43593 ff Diagnostics for thermal cracking of coal vola- tiles in entramed-bed gasifiers S K Ubhayakar, D B Stickler, C W von Rosenberg, Jr, and R E Gannon (Avco Everett Research Laboratory. Inc, Everett, Mass) Combustion Institute, Fall Meet- ing, La Jo/la, Calif. Oct. 18-20, 1976, Paper 76-25 27 p 10 refs Contract No E(49-18)-2015 419 A77-43651 Experimental diagnostics for determining the fraction of vola- tiles from entramed-bed coal gasifiers which thermally crack to condensates and low molecular weight gases are presented These include the char diagnostic, in which the ash content in the input coal is compared with that in the solids collected in the funnel downstream of the water quench, and the gas diagnostic, in which the amount of volatile; which equilibrate with known quantities of entraining gases is determined Results for two size-grades of Pittsburgh seam bituminous coal processed in the Avco entramed-bed gasifier are presented and analyzed The fraction of volatiles which crack was found to increase with increased coal loading and the true volatile yield appeared to be greater for smaller particles In addition, the amount of volatiles equilibrating with the entraining gases was found to depend strongly on the mixing characteristics of the coal-carrier stream and only weakly on the total amount produced Volatiles not reacting with the gases crack to condensates partly within the char structure and partly in the gas phase C K D A77-43651 Electrobiochemical neutralization of acid mine water F D Sisler, F E Senftle, and J Skinner (US Geological Survey, Reston, Va ) Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal, vol 49, Mar 1977, p 369-374 16 refs A77-43675 Introduction to the ERDA electric and hybrid demonstration program Electric Vehicle News, vol 6, May 1977, p 8-21 Excerpts from the ERDA-sponsored legislation empowering promotion of research and development work on electric and hybrid vehicles (Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act, Public Law 94-413 enacted Sept 17, 1976) are presented, with background and legislative history, and tabular data on batteries and flywheel technology Sections on the industry as a whole, petroleum savings, potential markets, energy storage systems, technology transfer methodology, financial incentives, vehicle service and infrastructure, safety, and vehicle demonstration are included R D V A77-43705 On the construction of plane stationary solu- tions of equations for nonequilibnum magnetized plasma V I Artemov and 0 A Sinkevich (Prikladnaia Matematika i Mekhanika, vol 40, Sept-Oct 1976, p 813-822 ) PMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol 40, no 5, 1976, p 764-774 19 refs Translation A method is proposed for obtaining steady two-dimensional distributions of the electric current and electron temperature in a magnetized nonequilibnum plasma with allowance for heat con- ductivity and convection The sojution is obtained in the form of asymptotic expansions in a small parameter The procedure of obtaining a zeroth approximation for the external and internal expansions is examined The problem of the current distribution in a channel with infinite electrodes is solved as an example V P A77-44052 Conference on Portable Power Sources in India, 1st, Calcutta, India, May 27, 28, 1976, Proceedings Con- ference sponsored by the Society for Advancement of Electro- chemical Science and Technology, Chloride India, Union Carbide, and Free India Dry Accumulators, Ltd SAEST, Transactions, vol 11, July-Sept 1976 138 p Attention is given to the development of lead-acid batteries, lead oxides and their applications in secondary batteries, different varieties of manganese dioxide for dry cells, and the performance of magnesium-lead dioxide batteries Also considered are the per- formance characteristics of Ni-Cd cells, rechargeable hydrogen electrodes with Ni-Ti systems in KOH solutions, a probability model for nonumform gas porous electrodes, and the preparation of porous carbon electrodes for low temperature H2-02 fuel cells B J A77-44059 Preparation of porous carbon electrodes for low temperature H2-O2 fuel cells R L Seth, D M Bhat, S P Ghosh, and P N Mukherjee (Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanabad, India) (Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology, Conference on Portable Power Sources, Calcutta, India, May 27, 28, 1976) SAEST, Transactions, vol 11, July-Sept 1976, p 425-430, Discussion, p 430,431 9 refs The ideal pore structure of carbon electrodes required for low temperature H2-02 fuel cells is discussed from the view point of formation of a stable three phase boundary as well as the diffusion of gases through electrodes The principles of preparation of electrodes with graded pore size in this context are discussed The future programme of work in this field is also presented (Author) A77-44060 Electric vehicles • A major potential contribu- tion to solution of U S energy problems V A Rydbeck (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N Y ) Electric Vehicle News, vol 6, Aug 1977, p 4-7 The possible impact of electric vehicles on fuel use patterns and on the economy as a whole is examined Reasons for the relatively slow development of electric vehicles in the United States are considered The costs of owning and operating gasoline powered vehicles are compared with projected costs of electric vehicles It is estimated that operating costs of a gasoline powered vehicle, assuming the price of gasoline to be 60 cents/gal and average mileage per gallon to be of 20 4, would be 20% higher than costs for an electric vehicle, assuming a power cost of 3 cents/'kWh and battery leasing costs of $11 00/month C K D A77-44178 Atmospheric pollution due to multi-stack emissions of medium and large-capacity thermal or thermoelectric plants (Inqumamento atmosfenco al suolo prodottoda piu camini di central) termiche o termoelettriche di media o grande potenzialita) R Benvenuti (Pisa, Universita, Pisa, Italy) and F Giuntmi Inquma- mento, vol 19, Apr 1977, p 53-55,57,59 6 refs In Italian A mathematical model for minimizing the effect of airborne pollution due to stack emissions is formulated Two stack configura- tions, a linear array and a polygonal array, are treated, the calculation for the linear array is developed in detail, since it is more general and may be adapted to the polygonal case Factors taken into account in the solution include stack height, distance between the stacks, wind direction and velocity prevailing at the site, and the amount of emissions from the stacks (the pollutant considered is S02) Profiles showing the concentration of emitted pollutants as a function of distance from the stack array are given, maximum levels of concentration that fall below legal limits can be determined JM B A77-44179 Catalytic action of combustion-product de- posits in the oxidation of SO2 to SOS within the combustion chambers and exhaust channels of thermoelectric plants (Azione catalitica di depositi in camera di combustione e condotto dei fumi di central) termoelettriche ad olio combustibile nell'ossidazione di S02aS03). R Tartarelli, F Morelh, P Davim (Pisa, Universita, Pisa, Italy), and L Baldacci (Ente Nazionale per I'Energia Elettrica, Centre di Ricerca Termica e Nucleare, Pisa, Italy) Inqumamento, vol 19, Apr 1977, p 87-90 In Italian A77-44264 The influence of parameter dispersion of electrical cells on the array power output J Bany, J Appelbaum, and A Braunstem (Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel) IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol ED-24, Aug 1977, p 1032-1040 Effects of the parameters of photovoltaic and chemical cells on array power output are examined, dispersion of the parameters of the not entirely identical electrical cells is'taken into account Load voltage, load current, load power, and mismatch loss (loss of power) were studied for strings or arrays of series-connected or parallel- connected cells, or a single cell When the required number of cells in an array is determined analytically for a known cell parameter distribution, interchanges of nomdentical cells and an equivalent identical cell array becomes possible The analysis is pursued for a large number of ideal electrochemical cells R D V 420 A77-44464 A77-44274 Energy condition! of welding with lolar radia- tion A A Uglov ISvarochnoe Proizvodstvo, no 9, 1976, p 1,2) Welding Production, vol 23, Sept 1976, p 1-3 Translation A calculation was made of the power required for welding a given material of a given thickness at a specified speed by means of a solar radiation welding device in space A general thermal balance equation is derived on the assumptions of a linear and slow-moving source, full penetration of the weld, circular weld pool with diameter equal to the weld width, which is identical on both faces, and a mean pool temperature of 1 1 times the melting temperature Heat losses by radiation and convection are taken into account The equation enables determining the required power, and for a given pool shape, one can determine the mean density of energy in the focal spot PTH A77-44343 # Air New Zealand's methods of flying the DC-10 W H Dunn (Air New Zealand, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Systems and Technology Meeting, Seattle, Wash., Aug. 22-24, 1977, Paper 77-1255 8 p The described methods are concerned with an achievement of maximum payloads and minimum fuel costs An average reduction in takeoff power to a value which is about 15 percent below the maximum power available has been obtained with the aid of a derating technique which ensures good aircraft performance safety A circular slide rule is used for at) phases of flight from takeoff to landing for determining engine power setting and checking engine performance and aircraft drag Attention is given to the takeoff thrust setting, the effect of runway conditions on performance, performance margins, a method of presentation of takeoff data for individual runways, an en route climb technique, and aspects of cruise performance presentation G R A77-44396 Photosynthetic lolar energy - Rediscovering Momass fueli. A L Hammond Science vol 197, Aug 19, 1977. p 745, 746 Possibilities for using biomass as an energy source are con- sidered, noting that biomass is potentially a renewable source of a full range of liquid and gaseous fuels for which domestic sources of their fossil counterparts are increasingly in short supply Biomass fuels discussed include wood products, gas derived from walnut shells, manure, crop residues, biomass ethanol, forest wastes, and aquatic plants Some research protects are described which involve the development of biomass gasifiers, ethanol fermentation from sugarcane and sweet sorghum, cultivation of blue-green algae and kelp as methane sources, and a proposal for a biomass refinery in which hydrogen would be produced from organic wastes with steam generated by solar heat concentrated on a boiler The extent of biomass resources in the United States and the economics of biomass energy systems are assessed F G M A77-44437 # Helicopter offshore operations. W T Kuhar and G H Qumn (FAA, Navigation Div. Washington, DC) In National Aerospace Meeting, Denver, Colo. April 13, 14, 1977, Proceedings Washington, D C, Institute of Navigation, 1977, p 69-71 The sale of lease sites off the U S coast and in Alaska, for oil and gas exploration and production, has resulted in a need for helicopter operations in offshore areas in instrument weather conditions Such operations require an air traffic control system and a navigation capability that will extend to 300 miles from shore, and provide guidance down to 200 feet above sea level Accuracy and reliability must be at least equal to that available with VOR-DME The overall offshore situation is described and FAA and industry efforts to meet the helicopter offshore navigation requirements are explained (Author) A77-44448 Prefabricated houses with an indoor swimming pool heated by a heat pump (Fertighauter mit Hallenschwimmbad- wirmepumpenbeheirt). K Rennebeck Elektrowarme International, Edition A • Elektrowarme im Techmschen Ausoau, vol 35, July 1977, p A206-A211 In German A description is presented of a case in which two prefabricated houses with separate heating installations utilize jointly a well as energy source for heating and for hot-water supply The water which leaves the evaporators of the individual heat pumps is used for an air-dehumidification device in the hall containing the swimming pool In connection with the available water in the well as energy source, the heating system water-water-heat pump represents the optimal system However, a utilization of solar energy at a later time has been considered Attention is given to a diagram for determining tht energy required for heating, a performance diagram for a hermetical- ly sealed compressor, the energy balance of the heat pump during the heating cycle, the operation of the dehumidification installation, a description of the heat pump, and general application limits for heat pumps G R A77-44449 Solar energy in tropical and subtropical countries (Sonnenenergie in tropischen und subtropischen Landern) K -H Suttor (Kraftanlagen AG, Heidelberg, West Germany) Elektro- warme International, Edition A - Elektrowarme im Techmschen Ausbau,vo\ 35, July 1977, p A212-A216 22 refs In German The climatic conditions in the tropics and subtropics are examined and the characteristics of solar radiation as energy source are considered An investigation is conducted regarding the applica- tion of solar energy in tropical and subtropical regions Attention is given to a solar water pump, a multistage expansion evaporator plant, a thermodynamic solar plant with a capacity of 10 kW, and a solar absorption cooling plant Economic aspects of solai energy installa- tions are also discussed, taking into account energy costs at the location of the installation, capital costs concerning the installation, operational and maintenance costs, and questions of efficiency and time of utilization G R A77-44450 The heat pump • An approach for saving energy (Die Warmepumpe • Em Weg zur Energieemsparung) H Muller (Braunschweig, Technische Umversitat, Braunschweig, West Germany) Elektrowarme International, Edition A • Elektrowarme im Techmschen Ausoau, vol 35, July 1977, p A222-A229 47 refs In German An investigation is conducted concerning the possibilities which exist to reduce the consumption of energy, taking into account the utilization of nonfossil and nonnuclear sources of energy An economic use of the considered systems depends to a large degree on the appropriate design of the heat pump which appears as a constructional element of the systems The evolution of the heat pump concept and the development of suitable heat pump designs are discussed Attention is given to heat pumps for space heating and hot-water supply applications, the industrial use of the heat pump, and fuel-saving approaches which do not require a use of heat pumps G R A77-44464 * Construction and interpretation of a digital inertia image A R Gillespie and A B Kahle (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) Photo- grammetnc Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol 43, Aug 1977, p 983-1000 24 refs. Contract No NAS7-100 An image representing the thermal inertia in the vicinity of Pisgah Crater and Lavic Lake in Southern California has been generated from visible, near IR, and thermal images taken from aircraft Construction of the thermal inertia image required radio- metric calibration and geometric rectification of the acquired images as well as registration to a topographic map The Kahle thermal model used in the construction of the thermal inertia image requires specification of albedo, topographic slope and slope azimuth, diurnal temperature range and local meteorological conditions Albedo information was derived from the visible image, digital topographic information was computed from digitized stereo aerial photographs, and thermal ranges were calculated by subtracting the predawn from the afternoon thermal image data Our computed values of thermal inertia were in close agreement with published values for similar surface materials Thermal inertia provides complementary informa- tion to conventional images of reflected solar radiation for use in lithologic mapping. (Author) 421 A77-44476 A77-44476 Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces S A Klein (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 325-329 9 refs Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan (1962) This method is verified with experimental measure ments and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations (Author) A77-44477 Validity of the isotropic-distnbution approxi- mation in solar energy estimations J V Dave (IBM Scientific Center, Palo Alto, Calif) Solar Energy, voi 19, no 4, 1977, p 331-333 8 refs Results of numerical simulation are presented for the diffuse and direct energy passing through a sun-facing flat surface located at the bottom of plane-parallel models of nonabsorbmg, homogeneous atmospheres Computations of the diffuse component were carried out with a high degree of accuracy, and also were carried out using the well-known isotropic-distnbution approximation for the sky energy It is shown that the results obtained with the isotropic- distribution approximation are consistently smaller than those obtained with the exact procedure These two sets of results can differ by a factor 1-6 depending upon the optical characteristics of the model and the position of the sun (Author) A77-44478 A terrestrial solar thermal electric power system - Development of basic model system T Tanaka, S Sawata, T Tani, K Sakuta, andT Hongome (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Electrotechmcal Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) (Interna- tional Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug 1, 1975.) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 335-341 5 refs A model of a solar thermal electric power system consisting of a cylindrical parabolic concentrator, a heat transfer circuit, and a storage type heat exchanger is described It features a selective surface on the absorber and a selective thin barrier on the glass envelope around the absorber and an automatic tracking system The system was tested under clear-sky conditions and a range of direct insolation values, and heat losses in the collector, collector ef- ficiency, temperature distribution in the heat storage reservoir, and the time variation of temperature in the reservoir were measured PTH A77-44479 Autocorrelation and stochastic modelling of insolation sequences. B J Brinkworth (University College, Cardiff, Wales) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 343-347 6 refs The output of solar thermal systems is sensitive to variations in the solar energy input Among the important features of these variations is their sequential character, which has not hitherto been taken into account It is shown that the sequential characteristics of the daily insolation can be represented in simple numerical terms, derived from the autocorrelation functions of a straightforward stochastic model Synthetic sequences can then be generated, which match the long-term characteristics of the insolation with respect to its sequential properties, as well as to the seasonal trend and the variance of the fluctuations (Author) A77-44480 * Low-profile heliostat design for solar central receiver systems E Fourakis and A. M Severson (Honeywell Systems and Research Center, Minneapolis, Minn) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 349-356 NASA-supported research Heliostat designs intended to reduce costs and the effect of adverse wind loads on the devices were developed Included was the low-profile heliostat consisting of a stiff frame with sectional focusing reflectors coupled together to turn as a unit The entire frame is arranged to turn angularly about a center point The ability of the heliostat to rotate about both the vertical and horizontal axes permits a central computer control system to continuously aim the sun's reflection onto a selected target An engineering model of the basic device was built and is being tested Control and mirror parameters, such as roughness and need for fine aiming, are being studied The fabrication of these prototypes is in process The model was also designed to test mirror focusing techniques, heliostat geometry, mechanical functioning, and tracking control The model can be easily relocated to test mirror imaging on a tower from various directions In addition to steering and aiming studies, the tests include the effects of temperature changes, wind gusting and weathering The results of economic studies on this heliostat are also presented (Author) A77-44481 Correlation equation for hourly diffuse radia- tion on a horizontal surface J F Orgill and K G T Hollands (Waterloo, University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 357-359 Department of Supply and Services of Canada Contract No. 11SQ-31040-4-2000 This paper presents an analysis of hourly diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface and recommends an equation to determine the hourly ratio of diffuse-to-total radiation received in a horizontal surface The results of the new correlation equation are compared with earlier equations with recommendations made as to its use with solar energy computer simulation programs (Author) A 77-44483 Energy corradiation using the reversible ammonia reaction P O Carden (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 365-378 25 refs A system is described for the large scale generation of power from solar energy in which energy is transferred by means of the reversible chemical reaction 2NH3 yields N2 + 3H2 An array of pressed steel paraboloidal mirrors is employed, each having a focal absorber in which the endothermic forward reaction proceeds. The exothermic reverse reaction occurs at a common central plant and the heat energy recovered operates a thermodynamic power plant The reactants are transferred in small diameter steel piping at ambient temperature Storage of energy may be catered for by providing storage for the reactants The results so far of design studies are used to assess both the technical and economic viability of the complete scheme (Author) A77-44484 On the performance of cylindrical parabolic solar concentrators with flat absorbers. D L Evans (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 379-385 7 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2590 An integral relationship is developed for evaluating the intensity distribution on flat absorbers used with cylindrical parabolic solar concentrators Calculations are presented for perfect cross-section concentrators using various models, rim angles, off-axis angles and defocusing amounts Peak concentration ratios are shown to vary as the sine of the rim angle Off-axis and defocused operations are shown to result in considerable reduced intensities The effect of surface slope errors is also investigated Normally distributed surface slop errors with a standard deviation of 0 25 degree are shown to reduce peak intensities by more than a factor of 3 (Author) A77-44485 The effect of dropwise condensation on glass solar properties. C K Hsieh and A K Rajvanshi (Florida, University, Gainesville, Fla ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 389-393 The thermal radiative properties of glass covered with dropwise water condensation on one side of a slab are analyzed with allowance for multiple reflections in a drop and the resulting energy attenua- tion Surface and bulk transmittance and reflectance were computed as a function of water droplet size and wavelength of incident radiation These properties were then integrated over the whole solar spectrum With dropwise condensation on one surface, the bulk solar transmittance of glass for a given drop size decreases about 48% while reflectance increases by a factor of 4 2 PTH 422 A77-44522 A77-44486 Efficient, low cost, concentrating solar col- lector* N T. Pierce (MIT, Cambridge, Mass ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no. 4, 1977, p 395-400. 5 refs. The paper discusses some new schemes for concentrating solar collectors One concept uses a broad water tube absorber at the focal point so that the focusing requirements on the reflector are not too stringent and the reflector angle need not precisely match the solar elevation angle, enabling a simple drive arrangement Another version is an array of reflecting collectors arranged in the form of a 'Venetian blind' Each reflector concentrates light upward to a flat water tube mounted behind a window in a pocket underneath the reflector above Another idea features clear glass tubes filled with black liquid absorber This and the other designs reported all had better performance curves than flat plate collectors. P T H A77-44487 Solar absorption by each element in an absorber-coverglass array D K Edwards (California, University, Los Angeles, Calif) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 401, 402 8 refs ERDA-supported research A77-44488 The architecture of a passive system of diurnal radiation heating and cooling K L Haggard (California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Calif) (International Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug. 1, 1975) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 403-406 The paper describes a passive system of thermal control tested on a one-story house in Atascadero, California It uses water bags supported on a standard metal deck to form roof water ponds which act as solar collectors for heating and as heat dissipators for cooling The metal deck acts as a heat exchanger and finished ceilmgforthe interior of the house Thermal control is provided by movable insulation panels that cover or expose the ponds Actual costs of the system and predicted post-prototype costs are given, and some plans for possible extension of the system for more northerly climates are discussed P T H A77-44489 Comparison of predicted performance of con- stant outlet temperature and constant mass flow rate collectors D L Siebers and R Viskanta (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind ), Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 411-413 9 refs On the basis of a mathematical model for the thermal behavior Of a flat plate collector, the performance of a flat plate collector operating at a constant outlet temperature was compared with that of a flat plate collector operating at constant mass flow rate for short and long periods of operation for an identical mean bulk temperature for both collectors For the constant-outlet-temperature collector the efficiency is greater near noon and smaller during the early morning and late afternoon hours than for the constant-flow-rate collector. Over a period of a month the useful energy gain and efficiency curves are similar for both collectors P T H. A77-44490 Fundamental studies on heat storage of solar energy T Tanaka, T Tam, S Sawata, K Sakuta, and T Hongome (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Electrotechmcal Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 415-419 An analytical and experimental study was made of the effect of size and thermophysical properties of storage material on the rate of temperature increase and quantity of heat stored in the material of a sensible heat storage system for solar utilization The effects were treated as a problem of unsteady heat conduction in a hollow cylinder and a composite hollow cylinder at the centers of which a constant heat flux is supplied P.T H. A77-44491 Lessons learned from Atlanta /towns/ solar experiment A Wemstein, R T Duncan, Jr, and W C Sherbin (Westmghouse Electric Corp., Falls Church, Va.) Solar Energy, vol. 19, no 4, 1977, p 421-427 An experimental large-scale solar heating and cooling system installed at an Atlanta, Georgia site is discussed The program emphasized development of a low-cost installation from com- mercially-available materials, a complete instrumentation system allowed for monitoring of the facility's performance Details of the heating system's components, including the collector array, consist- ing of alummized Mylar reflectors and solar collectors, and the storage tanks, pipings and fittings, are given Problems encountered in installation of the collectors, as well as difficulties in the pumping and drain-down systems are mentioned The high cost of pipings, fittings and valves (three times that of the collector array) was found to be a major consideration in the design of an economical system Data on reflector performance and collector heat production indicate that the system, in operation since February, 1976, is performing at efficiencies better than those projected J M B A77-44492 Spectral reflectance of TiN/x/ and ZrN/x/ films as selective solar absorSers. R Blickensderfer, D K Deardorff, and R L Lincoln (U S Bureau of Mines, Albany, Ore ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 4, 1977, p 429-432 20 refs A77-44497 # Compatible building design T L Freeman (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis ) Sunworld, May 1977, p 2-6 Architectural and civil engineering considerations essential m the design and/or remodeling of a building to facilitate maximum compatibility with retrofit of an active-type solar energy heating system are discussed Building heat losses, suitable placement of solar collector arrays, allowing for future building in of a thermal storage unit, and appropriate piping and ducting ways are dealt with Such planning ahead on the part of building architects and builders is recommended and addressed by the article, and could go a long way toward reducing overall solar heating system costs in the future R D V A77-44498 ft Wind power for India S K Tewari (National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore, India) Sunworld, May 1977, p 79 The technical and economic feasibility of wind power for rural conditions in India is assessed Early and current wind power and windmill development are surveyed, and wind measurements on record are mentioned The relative economics of wind power and power taken from the grid (for areas where such power is accessible) are compared for rural electrification, with base prices for power and distance (of village) from grid connections taken into account Wind data are provided for various locations in India (design wind speed for energy maximum, power density for design wind speed, windmill hours of operation based on design speed) R D V A77-44499 if Selective absorbers for flat plate collectors R M Wmegarner (Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc , Santa Rosa, Calif ) Sunworld, May 1977, p 12-14 Data and formulas are presented to assist calculations and selection of selective absorber surfaces for flat plate collectors Formulas for absorbance, thermal (IR) emittance, amount of heat collected by a solar collector, and economic value of energy extracted as useful heat from a collector are exhibited, along with data on EM radiation regions (wavelength ranges and transmittance of atmosphere in those ranges), data for specific absorber surfaces, and U S consumer prices for residential energy Marginal analysis for decision-making on the cost effectiveness of solar energy is recom- mended R D V A77-44522 What's holding up coal gasification. F Hirsch- feld Mechanical Engineering, vol 99, Aug 1977, p 32-37 The development of coal gasification facilities in the U S is discussed The role of ERDA and the Federal Power Commission (FPC) in promoting and regulating the development of coal gasification is considered, problems relating to financing, environ- mental impact, and administrative controls are reviewed Several pilot plants, including those that involve hydrocarbomzation or the slagging Lurgi process, as well as pilot programs involving low-Btu gas production, are discussed Synthetic natural gas, which may ulti mately be a less expensive energy source than electricity generated from coal, is also held to be advantageous in that it is storable and 423 A77-44557 can be used in satisfying peak demand, and can be used in existing gas transmission and distribution systems J M B A77-44557 Effects of exhaust manifold configuration on a turbocharged engine employing charge stratification P J Kern and 0 B Koropey (U S Military Academy, West Point, N Y ) Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Con- gress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich, Feb 28-Mar. 4, 1977, Paper 770047 15 p 10 refs The reported study is concerned with the interrelationships involved when various exhaust systems are combined with the turbocharged Texaco Controlled Combustion System Two exhaust manifold configurations are studied, including a conventional cast" iron manifold whose volume equals one-half the engine displacement and a thermal reactor representing a manifold of twice the engine displacement The results of the study show that a thermal reactor can provide increased energy to the turbine if the air-fuel mixture is rich enough, and heat and pressure losses are not excessive G R A77-44558 Design considerations on a thermal energy storage Stirling engine automobile G A A Asselman, C. L Spigt. and R J Meijer (Philips' Gloeilampenfabneken, Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, Netherlands) Society of Automotive Engi- neers, International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposi- tion, Detroit, Mich, Feb 28-Mar 4, 1977, Paper 770080 14 p 7 refs The external heating system of the Stirling engine enables it to be coupled to a variety of energy sources In the field of unconventional heating systems a high temperature thermal energy storage unit has been built in which, for the heat transport, use is made of the heat pipe principle Based on experience with this, design considerations are given regarding the performance of an automobile propulsion unit, for which a new concept of a Stirling engine with a variable swash-plate drive and heating by a rechargeable thermal energy storage unit are used (Author) A77-44559 The development of a 150 kW /200 HP/ Stirling engine for medium duty automotive application - A status report N K G Rosenqvist, S G Gummesson, and S G K Lundholm (United Stirling /Sweden/ AB and Co , Sweden) Society of Automotive^ Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich , Feb 28-Mar 4, 1977, Paper 770081 11 p 5 refs A77-44560 Design of the 4-215 D A automotive Stirling engine R van Giessel and F Remmk (Philips Forschung- slaboratonum Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, West Germany) Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich , Feb 28 Mar 4, 1977, Paper 770082 15 p 5 refs The described investigation had mainly the objective to study the capability of the Stirling engine for automotive applications A four cylinder double-acting swash-plate engine was selected because it satisfied packageability, weight, and fuel economy requirements better than other Stirling engine configurations It was found that the engine shows potential for achieving low noxious emissions excellent fuel economy,'a low noise level, a performance similar to that of the untreated base-line engine, and the capability for operating on a variety of liquid and gaseous fuels G R A77-44563 Some UK progress in sodium sulphur technol- ogy G R Lomax (Chloride Silent Power, Ltd , England) Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Con- gress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich, Feb 28-Mar 4, 1977, Paper 770280 9 p 23 refs This paper describes some progress made in the UK on sodium sulphur cells designed for motive power applications This is an area where compatibility with vehicle design imposes design constraints on the cell The state of the art of the cell components are reviewed Most of the design problems associated with the sodium electrode have been solved Electrolyte 33 mm dia and over 500 mm long can now be produced and the strength and conductivity can be controlled Factors controlling the rechargeability of the sulphur electrode have been studied and 90% capacity retention has been achieved for 8000 hours without any deterioration of performance A 100 Ahr cell has completed 60 charge discharge cycles without any significant deterioration of performance (Author) A77-44564 A new design for the high-performance sodium-sulfur battery S Hatton, M Yamaura, S Kimura, and S Iwabuchi (Yuasa Battery Co, Ltd, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan) Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engi- neering Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich, Feb 28-Mar 4, 1977, Paper 770281 10 p 5 refs Research sponsored by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan This paper describes a new design for the sodium-sulfur battery employing a new cell construction including a new method to join the solid electrolyte tube with the sodium reservoir made of metal, and an improved composition of the cell case to solve the problems of premature cell destruction and capacity decrease associated with our conventional design As a result a higher and more stable performance of the new design than that of our conventional design has been shown through various evaluation tests (Author) A77-44604 Recovery of energy from fracture-stimulated geothermal reservoirs A Hunsbedt, P Kruger, and A L London (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif ) (Society of Petroleum Engi- neers and American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Annual California Regional Meeting, 46th, Long Beach, Calif, Apr 8-9, 1976) Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol 29, Aug 1977, p 940-946 16 refs NSF-supported research Hydrothermal energy production is investigated through labora- tory experiments Topics discussed include conditions for optimum energy extraction, rock heat transfer characteristics, moving flash (boiling) fronts, reservoir pressure behavior during fluid withdrawal, the effects of cool and hot fluid recharge, and cycle production/ recharge operations of fracture-stimulated hydrothermal reservoirs The experiments employ rock loadings of different porosities having characteristics that simulate those found in highly fractured regions Density stratification effects in the liquid/vapor medium are dis cussed, and energy extraction fractions are given for various conditions of pressure and recharge It is concluded that thermal energy stored in fracture-stimulated rock can be most effectively extracted by lowering the system pressure so that boiling is initiated within the rock reservoir J M B A77-44608 Comparative kinetics of high-temperature reac- tion between H2S and selected metal oxides P R Westmoreland, J B Gibson, and D P Harrison (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La) Environmental Science and Technology, vol 11, May 1977, p 488-491 11 refs US Environmental Protection Agency Grant No R-802036 Initial rates for the reactions between H2S and MnO, CaO, ZnO, and V2O3 over a temperature range of 300-800 C were determined in a thermobalance reactor All reactions were first order with respect to H2S and obeyed the Arrhenius equation The sequence MnO, CaO, ZnO, V203 represents the relative magnitude of reaction rates determined in decreasing order MnO possessed favorable properties for a high-temperature desulfurization process, and additional research in this area is recommended (Author) A77-44612 Northeastern utilities are meeting the clean air challenge. J J Cramer, F B Kaylor (Stone and Webster Engineering Corp, Boston, Mass ), E J Schmidt, and E R Zabolotny Environmental Science and Technology, vol 11, June 1977, p 556-560 The effect of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the Clean Air Act of 1970, as well as state and local regulations on the operation and expansion of utilities in the Northeastern'U.S. is assessed Cases studied include conversion of coal-powered steam electric plants to oil, and the expansion of an oil-fired steam electric plant in an environmentally-sensitive area (Cape Cod, Mass ) The use of emission control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators. 424 A77-45228 the introduction of tall and multiple-flue stack configurations, the attainment of optimal air/fuel ratios, and the use of low-sulfur fuels are considered Climatological diffusion of S02 and the problem of sootfall are also discussed J M 8 A77-44675 Quantitative studies on marine biodegradation of oil III - Comparison of different crude oil residues and effects of sea water source S J Davis, C F Gibbs, and K B Pugh (Marine Science Laboratories, Anglesey, Gwynedd, Wales) Environmental Pollution, vol 13, July 1977, p 203-215 5 refs Research supported by the Natural Environment Research Council A77-44688 ft Global problems and energy (Global'nye problemy i energna) P L Kapitsa (Akademna Nauk SSSR, Institut Fizicheskikh Problem, Moscow, USSR) Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol 122, June 1977, p 327-337 8 refs In Russian Processes characterized by geometric progression in amplitude and m rate of change, culminating in explosions or catastrophes, are considered in relation to global problems (population increase, energy consumption, living standards, exhaustion of natural resources - fuel and ores) The inadequacy of some renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal) to meet major industrial needs is pointed out, and hazards inherent in nuclear industry (core meltdown, wastes disposal, plutonium proliferation), which could meet large-scale industrial energy needs, are discussed Energy acquisition on a large scale via thermonuclear fusion or modifications of nuclear fission processes is considered, and energy from matter-antimatter interaction is mentioned speculatively. R D V A77-44690 # Analogy between thermal-convective and mag- netohydrodynamic instabilities (Analogue mezhdu teplokonvektivnoi i magnitogidrodmamicheskoi neustoichivostiami). la la Valdmams and 0 A "Kukaims Magnitnaia Gidrodmamtka, Apr -June 1977, p 42-44 17 refs In Russian An analogy is considered between thermal-convective instability and MHD instability due to the different electromagnetic forces generated in constant as well as variable thermal and electromagnetic fields The analogy involves the convective structure arising in fluids and gases in the presence of temperature gradients and structured motions produced in MHD systems by magnetic-field perturbations As an example, the proposed 'bubble' instability that may arise in a variable magnetic field is examined It is suggested that the instabilities observed during high-power operation of MHD pumps and generators might be associated with magnetic cavitation F G M A77-44694 ft Calculation of a three-dimensional model for a conduction MHD machine with frame-type electrodes (Raschet ob'emnoi modeli konduktsionnoi MGD-mashmy s elektrodami ra- mochnogo tipa). lu M Gel'fgat and L A Gorbunov Magnitnaia Gidrodmarnika, Apr -June 1977, p 113-118 In Russian A finite-difference technique is outlined for computing a three-dimensional model of a channel of an MHD pump with slanted sectional frame-type electrodes The three-dimensional nature of the electric-current distribution in the channel is taken into account, and calculations are performed for the case of a uniform velocity profile at magnetic Reynolds numbers of much less than unity. The dependence of the mam MHD characteristics of the channel on electrode and channel geometry is determined It is found that electrode impedance has a significant effect on channel efficiency. F G M A77-44821 ft Electron concentration measurements in com- bustion MHD flows by submillimeter laser mterferometry. S A Self, F 0 Reigel, R K James (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif ), and R M Clements (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif, Victoria, University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) Journal of Energy. vol. 1. July-Aug. 1977, p. 206-211 15 refs NSF Grant No ENG-73-04116A01 Methods for the determination of electron concentration are discussed as an alternative to, or a check on, measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature for characterizing plasma properties in combustion MHD flows In particular, the inter- ferometric method of determining the free electron concentration is analyzed, and its potential assessed. A submillimeter laser Michelson interferometer is described and preliminary measurements of elec- tron concentration in the free |et of the Stanford M-8 combustor are reported It appears that accurate measurements of the path integral of electron concentration can be made which give good agreement with values calculated from Saha equilibrium at temperatures measured by the line reversal technique A measure of the electron mobility also may be obtained, and hence the electrical conductivity may be derived by a single nonmtrusive measurement technique which is applicable to ash-laden flows (Author) A77-44825 # MHO combustor effluent chemistry measure- ments using Raman scattering A A Boiarski and R H Barnes (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) Journal of Energy, vol 1, July-Aug 1977, p 263,264 7 ref s A Raman scattering technique was used to study the chemistry of effluents (CO2, N2 and H20) at the exit plane of the CH4/air combustor of an MHD generator The key result was that potassium seed emission from the flow does not deletenously affect Raman spectral measurements A gas temperature determined from the N2 Raman spectrum agreed reasonably well with a computed exit flow value The experiments indicated that Raman scattering could be a powerful tool in the study of the thermochemical state of MHD combustors B J A77-44975 Symposium on Engineering Problems of Fusion Research, 6th, San Diego, Calif, November 18-21, 1975,, Proceedings Symposium sponsored by the General Atomic Co,. IEEE, ERDA, and ANS New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc , 1976 1278 p $36 The areas considered include systems engineering, super conductors, beams and sources, magnet and coil engineering, energy storage, magnetic confinement devices, plasma and energy sources, coil design, Tokamak reactors, and switches and high voltage supplies Attention is also given to vacuum engineering, plasma heating, stress and magnetic field analysis, fusion reactors, instru- mentation and data handling, reactor coil design, large power supplies, and materials, walls and blankets G R A77-45125 Acid mine drainage - The problem and the solution. J K Alderman and W M Smith (West Virginia University, Morgantown, W Va ) Coal Mining and Processing, vol 14, Aug 1977, p 66-68, 87, 88 26 refs Acid mine drainage (AMD) in the 'Appalachian region, 80% of which presently originates from abandoned mines, is discussed A history of the legislation related to AMD control in West Virginia and Pennsylvania is given, current case law suggests that mining opera- tions that provoke AMD by disrupting the hydrology of abandoned mines may be held liable Programs to reduce AMD, involving mine sealing, strip mine backfilling, sealing of subsidence areas and surface mine regradmg, are described, and the relative cost of these techniques is evaluated As an alternative to the conventional control methods, which are found to be increasingly expensive, mineral and metal recovery from AMD and the utilization of the by-product sludge from acid neutralization for sewage treatment or rock dust are proposed J M B A77-45151 On the application of radioisotope techniques for the study of phthalocyanine catalyzed electrochemical processes m fuel cells. H Meier, U Tschirwitz, E Zimmerhackl, W Albrecht, and G Zeitler (Staathches Forschungsmstitut fur Geochemie, Bam- berg, West Germany) Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol 81, Apr 21, 1977, p 712-718 48 refs Research supported by the Bundes- ministenum der Verteidigung and Fonds der Chemischen Industrie A77-45228 Being prepared for future Argo Merchants J Milgram (MIT, Cambridge, Mass) Technology Review, vol 79, July-Aug. 1977, p 14-27 5 refs 425 A77-45303 Details and circumstances of the oil spill and breakup of the Argo Merchant supertanker off Nantucket (Dec 1976) are recount- ed, problems in containing and dispersing oil spills are surveyed, and ecotherapeutic measures are discussed Emergency action to deal with stricken and grounded vessels, building of stronger hulls with double bottoms, preparations for cleaning up offshore spilled oil, the behavior of oil in spills and behavior of different oils on the sea, effects of wave action on the spills, characteristics of a total spill cleanup system, and uses of barriers and skimmers are discussed Stockpiling of barriers, skimmers, storage vessels, tow vessels and barges, and preparedness of personnel trained to deal with oil spill emergencies are recommended R D V A77-45303 Silicon solar cells on zone-melted silicon/ graphite substrates T L Chu, S S Chu, K Y Duh, and H C Mollenkopf (Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex.) Journal of Applied Physics, vol 48, Aug 1977, p 3576-3579 11 refs NSF Grant No AER-73-07843, Contract No E(04-3)-12B5 Polycrystallme-silicon solar cells deposited on graphite sub- strates by conventional chemical vapor deposition techniques have low conversion efficiencies due to the carrier recombinations at gram boundaries To reduce the concentration of grain boundaries, silicon layers deposited on graphite substrates have been zone melted to increase substantially the size of silicon crystallites Using these silicon layers as substrates, solar cells have been deposited in a one-step process by the thermal reduction of trichlorosilane contain- ing appropriate dopants, and AM1 efficiencies of higher than 5% have been obtained for cells of aboyt 6-sq cm area (Author) A77-45304 GaAs double-heterostructure photodetectors J L Merz, R A Logan, A M Sergent (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc , Murray Hill, N J ), and P L McBnde Journal of Applied Physics,vo\ 48, Aug 1977, p 3580-3587 19 refs AI(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs structures grown by LPE have been investigated for optical power conversion at 8500 A Comparison is made between single-and double-heterostructure configurations, both in theory and experiment, relative merits of each structure are discussed Good I-V characteristics have been realized for these devices, with series resistance as low as 0 16 ohm For small-area (5-6 sq mm) devices operating at a few mW power, fill factors between 0 75 and 0 81 and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 90% have been achieved for each structure investigated Power conversion efficiencies as high as 46% were obtained at 8500 A, after correcting for reflection losses, this approaches the theoretical limit for space-charge-limited devices The devices were also evaluated as solar batteries, with efficiencies of 13-14% reported, corresponding to internal efficiencies as high as 18% (Author) A77-45307 * Power deposition in He from the volumetric He-3/n,p/H-3 reaction R J De Young (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn ) and P A Winters (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va ) Journal of Applied Physics, vol 48, Aug 1977, p 3600-3602 9 refs Grant No NsG-1232 Calculations are presented in this paper which show the amount of power that can be expected to be deposited in He-3 for typical direct nuclear-pumped lasers presently in use The calculations were performed taking into consideration the cylindrical geometry of the system, the depletion of the thermal flux "across the tube cross section, and the energy loss of the protons to the cell walls If a laser efficiency of 1% is assumed, the results indicate a steady-state laser output of 12 5 kW from a volume of 152 6 cu cm or 82 W/cu cm can be achieved (Author) A77-45324 Investigating the starting modes of the GT-35 gas turbine plant G G Ol'khovskn, L V Povolotskn, M P Kaplan, A O Bumarskov, A I Belov, L I Chernomordik, and P I Korzh (Khar'kovskii Turbogeneratornyi Zavod, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR, Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-lssledovatel'skn Teplotekhnichesku Institut, Moscow, USSR) (Teploenergetika, Aug 1976, p 57-60 ) Thermal Engineering, vol 23, Aug 1977, p 43-46 Translation The paper reports on the results of tests on the startup characteristics of the GT-35 gas turbine installation forming part of a steam-gas installation, and on various factors that effect the startup characteristics The gas turbine installation is characterized by a compressor with compression ratio of 65-7 and by significant pressure losses in the cycle (about 16% in nominal regime) A steam turbine consisting of a double-rimmed velocity wheel rotating at the same frequency as the main turbine shaft is used for turning the shaft during startup The trends of the turbine and compressor efficiency under various startup regimes were plotted It was found possible to have cold turning without ignition of the fuel up to rotational frequencies of 900 rpm at startup turbine shaft power of 900-1000 kW and up to 1250 1300 rpm at 2300 kW Power balances for these and other regimes are shown P T H A77-45325 Testing the annular combustor of the NK-8 aero-engine on natural gas. A G Tumanovskn, V N Kovalev, V G Skuridm, and F M Mmgaleev (Teploenergetika, Aug 1976, p 60-64 ) Thermal Engineering, vol 23, Aug 1977, p 47-50 Transla- tion The conditions in the annular combustion chamber of a turbofan engine were studied during combustion of natural gas The front part of the chamber consists of a block of injectors arranged in two staggered rows, forming part of the annular head of the chamber Each injector has its own swirler and stabilizer, and air is introduced gradually into the chamber Although one of the characteristics of ignition of natural gas in highly forced combustion chambers is the loss of combustion stability as the fuel becomes richer, rich flameout was not attained in the present experiments even at air temperature at burner inlet of 30-50 C and air velocity at inlet of 120-130 m/sec The measurements include the burnup coefficient and temperature field characteristics as influenced by inlet conditions PTH A77-45461 The utilization of solar energy in Central Europe (Sonnenenergienutzung in Mitteleuropa) K R Schreitmuller (Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut fur techmsche Physik, Stuttgart, West Germany) DFVLR-Nachrichten,Ju\yl977.r> 856,857 In German The reported investigation shows that an economic utilization of solar energy under the climatic conditions of Central Europe in a number of application areas is presently already possible However, for such a utilization, it is necessary to select the components of the considered system with care and to employ optimal dimensions Approaches for determining optimal system dimensions are dis- cussed, taking into account the importance of model calculations for evaluating the effect of the individual parameters An implementa- tion of the discussed approaches is illustrated with the aid of an example involving the use of a solar energy/oil hybrid heating system for a one-family house G R A77-45499 Solar energy in Australia R N Morse (Com- monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia) Ambio, vol 6, no 4, 1977, p 209-215 10 refs Solar energy research and development programs in Australia, designed to generate as much as 20% of the nation's energy needs by the year 2000, are discussed Rates of consumption for national reserves of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, as well as for imported fossil fuels, are given for 1975 and forecast for 2000 High-efficiency solar heat generators, operating at temperatures up to 150 C, may eventually be capable of supplying 40% of the nation's heating requirements, solar water heaters for residential purposes may fill 60 to 80% of that requirement An industrial process using solar power in the conversion of wood cellulose to ethanol, a possible substitute for petroleum-derived fuels in transportation systems, is also described In general, energy production combining both solar power methods and conventional techniques seems likely to prevail in Australia through the year 2000 J M B A77-45543 Utilization of transparent heat-reflecting coat- ings in solar-energy converters. M M Koltun and Sh A Faiziev 426 A77-45925 (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) (Geliotekhmka. no 1, 1977, p 28-31 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 1, 1977, p 23-26 11 refs Translation. The paper describes the optical characteristics (integrated transmission coefficient and integrated coefficient of thermal emission) of ZnS-Ag-ZnS coatings on substrates of glass and polymeric film The coating finds application in the annealing of the radiation defects of silicon solar cells and as a heat-reflecting layer in high-voltage photoelectric converters B J A77-45544 Combination of focons and foclmes with radiation receivers V K. Baranov (Geliotekhmka. no 1, 1977, p 32-37 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 1, 1977, p 27-31 8 refs Translation The paper describes solar collectors which operate in conjunc- tion with focusing concentrators and focusing lenses It is shown that binary systems consisting of focusing concentrators and lenses connected by small apertures can be used to reduce the angle of exit of rays from the system The use of this binary system reduces the geometrical coefficient of concentration, but also reduces the angle of exit of rays from the system BJ A77-45545 Using lasers to inspect solar-energy reflectors. R. A Zakhidov, P A Panov, and V N Sokolov (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tsentral'noe Proektno-Konstruktorskoe i Tekhnolo- gicheskoe Biuro Nauchnogo Priborostroenna, Uzbek SSR) (Gelio- tekhmka, no 1, 1977, p 38-41 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 1, 1977, p 32-34 7 refs. Translation. The paper describes the application of laser beam diagnostics to the inspection of the accuracy of a solar reflecting surface The system uses the LG-75 helium-neon laser at 6328 A, with an output power of 25 mW, the collimator has amplifications of 30 and 60 times The configuration of focal spots of separate facets of a paraboloidal collector inspected by the laser system is presented B J A77-45546 Paraboloid-hyperboloid concentrating systems and their accuracy. R A Zakhidov and A A Vainer (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhmcheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). (Geliotekhmka, no 1, 1977, p 42-49) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 1, 1977, p 35-40 10 refs. Translation A general method is presented for calculating the distribution of the radiant vector in paraboloid-hyperboloid solar concentrating systems An investigation of the accuracy characteristics of systems with concave hyperboloid surfaces establishes that the accuracy of such systems is almost totally determined by the accuracy of the primary mirror B J A77-45547 Conjugate cycles of single-loop solar power and refrigeration plants. V A Gnhkhes, V S Evseev, and V V Chikovam (Geliotekhmka, no 1, 1977. p. 50-58) Applied Solar The possibility of realizing more than one thermodynamic cycle in single circuit thermal energy systems is discussed from the standpoints of topology and thermodynamics Attention is given to the general characteristics of using combined cycles in solar refrigerating systems with radiant energy concentrators and radiative heat transfer into the ambient medium B J. A77-45548 Statistical investigation into the effectiveness of solar- and evaporative-cooler operation under the conditions of Turkmema A Rakhmanov, A Khandurdyev, A Kakabaev, M Goshdzhanov, and M. Annanazarov (Akademna Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhmcheskn Institut, Ashkhabad, Turkmen SSR) (Geliotekhmka, no 1, 1977, p 59-64 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no. 1, 1977, p 48-51 5 refs Translation A77-45610 H Utilization of wind energy for electrical power supplies to ESSOR stationary platforms (Utilisation da l'6nergie eolienne pour I'all men tat ion electnque des plates-formes station- naires ESSOR). J Goas (Meteorologie Nationale, Pans, France), La Miteorologie, Mar 1977, p 85-88 In French Model tests and full-scale tests of the performance of a horizontal-axis wind-powered generator are described Technical data, weight optimization, and output optimization are discussed Overall efficiency of 30-35 percent, corresponding to 37-44 percent energy conversion efficiency, is envisaged R D V A77-45628 Review of toroidal theta-pinch theory R C Davidson (California, University, Los Alamos, N Mex , Maryland, University, College Park, Md ) and J P Freidberg (California, University, Los Alamos, N Mex ) In Pulsed high beta plasmas, Proceedings of the Third Topical Conference, Abmgdon, Oxon, England, September 9-12, 1975 Oxford, Perga- mon Press, 1976, p 13-38 99 refs ERDA-sponsored research The development of the Scyllac configuration into a pulsed high-beta thermonuclear reactor, based on the theta pinch concept, is considered Disadvantages of linear theta pinch devices led to the toroidal concept A description of alternate configurations is presented and the reasons are discussed for the ultimate rejection of these configurations The Scyllac concept was selected as a result of the initial studies regarding a suitable toroidal concept A report of the current status of Scyllac theory is presented, giving attention to several new results on toroidal equilibrium, MHD stability, and heating and anomalous transport G R A77-45712 Geography of energy production in France. V The markets of consumption' The Paris region and the Lyon, Strasbourg and Rennes areas (Geographie de la production d'energie en France V - Les marches de consommation La region paruienne et les agglomerations lyonnaise, strasbourgeoise et rennaise) R Oizon Revue de I'Energie, vol 28, June-July 1977, p 381-385. In French A77-45873 'Co-disposal' for solid wastes and sewage sludge D Sussman (US Environmental Protection Agency, Wash- ington, D C ) Waste Age, vol 8, July 1977, p 44, 46, 49. The possibility of integrating waste water treatment and solid-waste incineration to provide an energy-conserving disposal process is discussed The 'co-disposal' technique uses energy pro- duced from the combustion of solid wastes to dewater sludges found in wastewaters Two designs for a 'co-disposal' system are considered, one involving sewage sludge incinerators that burn the organic portion of solid wastes to reduce the volume of solids, the second involving a solid-waste incinerator, solid waste-fired steam generator, or waterwall combustion unit to burn dewatered sludge Operating treatment plants of both types are described, problems in their development, including those connected with dewatermg, efficient combustion, and treatment of vapor byproducts are also mentioned J M B A77-45918 Aerospace and HVAC&R Spinoff 77 • Reaping the dividends N P Ruzic (National Space Institute, Washington, D C ) ASHftAE Journal, vol 19, Aug 1977. p 30-35 Industrial applications of U S space technology are discussed Topics include aerial reconnaissance thermograms to determine heat losses from buildings, capillary heat pipes used to insulate oil pipelines or recover heat from chimney flue losses, analyses of materials subject to high-temperature stress, analyses of creep fatigues, computerized design aids for fans, heat exchangers and piping systems, alummized mylar insulation, solar cells and collec- tors, and fuel cells NASA Industrial Applications Centers, where technical information is made available to the public, are listed, the availability of patents for licensing is also discussed JMB A77-45925 Fuel conservation through airplane main- tenance Exxon Air World, vol 29, no 3, 1977, p 64-69 Maintenance (or restoration) of an aerodynamically clean aircraft surface and its payoff in minimizing drag, and concomitantly contributing to holding fuel cost increases down, are discussed Out-of-flush rivet heads and seals, skin joints protruding into the airflow, leaks, door misalignment, rough skin patches, and dents can add to drag and result in fuel burn penalties While contributions from any of these factors may be minimal, they can add up and 427 A77-45954 interact Fuel burn penalties are figured against maintenance/repair costs for many such items, and accounting experience shows sizable savings through maintenance of aerodynamic cleanness The 'top ten' drag-enhancing and fuel-penalty problems are listed, and some representative irregularities are illustrated R D V A77-45954 Underground coal gasification. G H Lamb Park Ridge, N J , Noyes Data Corp (Energy Technology Review, No 14),1977 269 p 203 refs $36 The theoretical aspects of coal gasification are examined, taking into account fossil fuel thermal efficiency, chemical reactions, convective instabilities, factors influencing coal plasticity, plasticity considerations, the reactivity of chars, the kinetics of coal pyrolysis, isothermal vs nomsothermal kinetic methods, liquids from coal pyrolysis, and solid products General methods of underground gasification are considered and a description is presented of operational techniques, designs, and studies, giving attention to shaft methods, the shaftless method, combination methods, aspects of site selection, site characterization, coal processing experiments, materials research, and explosive fracturing studies U S programs are discussed along with proposed alternative methods and improve- ments, technical problems and limitations, measurement and instru- mentation systems for in situ processing, international developments, environmental implications, and economics G R A77-45956 Power plants and future fuels. Proceedings of the Conference, London, England, January 21, 22.1975 Conference sponsored by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd , 1976 234 p $38 The contributed papers lay emphasis on vehicular power plants The outlook for the stratified-charge engine, automotive gas turbine engine, Stirling engines, Wankel rotary engine, the Honda CVCC carbureted three-valve stratified-charge engine, fuel cell power plants, spark-ignition engines, diesel engines for small vehicles, sodium/sulfur battery (for railroad traction), and aviation engines are discussed Alcohol-gasoline mixtures, coal (for diesels), methanol/gasoline blends, fuel vaporization schemes, and use of heat pipes in fuel vaporization are dealt with R D V A77-46088 Effect of two-dimensional mhomogeneittes on the properties of framed MHD channels. S A Medm and I M Rutkevich (Akademna Nauk SSSR, Nauchno-lssledovatel'skn Institut Vysokikh Temperatur, Moscow, USSR) (Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, vol 14, Nov-Dec 1976, p 1305-1312 ) High Tempera- ture, vol. 14, no 6, May 1977, p 1166-1173 7 refs Translation An analytical study is presented of two-dimensional electro- dynamic effects in an ideally sectioned frame-like MHD generator channel The effect of mhomogeneities on the mean-integral power and the electrical efficiency of the generator is examined A potential-distribution model shows that at large values of the Hall effect, power in a frame-like channel of rectangular cross section is greater than in an analogous Faraday channel B J A77-46091 Increasing the electrical strength of the inter- electrode gap in an MHD generator. I I Mazur, 0 la Kazakevich, A. A Miroshmchenko, and B I Terekhovskn (Akademna Nauk Ukramskoi SSR, Institut Elektrodmamiki, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR) (Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, vol 14, Nov-Dec 1976, p 1329-1331 ) High Temperature, vol 14, no 6, May 1977, p 1193-1195 Translation Blowing the electrodes with a gas mixture can lead to an inadmissible impurity content of more than 1% and to impairment of stoichiometry in the main flow of MHD-generators The aim of the experiments descnaed in the present paper was to study the effects of blowing standard metal electrodes with an air-gas mixture and with natural gas, with a view toward developing methods of improving electrode efficiency Since such methods of protecting electrode surfaces can impair the electric insulation provided by the gas, the electric strength of gas-insulated electrodes and of electrodes employing a fireproof insulating ceramic in the gap was investigated It was found that blowing with gas mixtures is a much more effective means of improving the electric strength than the use of monolithic ceramic insulation and that blowing with natural gas is distinctly inferior to blowing with air-gas mixtures V P A77-46093 Energy supply to the year 2000 Global and national studies Edited by W F Martin Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1977 418 p $2995 The book reports the results of energy supply studies, con ducted as an international project and involving over seventy-five people from fifteen countries Methods were developed for estimat- ing energy supply and demand through the year 2000 and for integrating them A description is provided of the methodology and major conclusions of the supply studies Individual global overviews are included for oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear energy, other fossil fuels, and renewables such as hydroelectricity and geothermal and solar energy Individual national supply studies are discussed, giving attention to Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, the German Federal Republic, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the U S G R A77-46094 Energy demand studies. Major consuming countries. Analyses of 1972 demand and projections of 1985 demand Edited by P S Basile Cambridge, Mass , MIT Press, 1976 564 p $20 The nations considered in the studies consumed in 1972 approximately 80 percent of the total energy consumed in the world outside the COMECON countries and China A methodology section describes the adaptation of the general approach to individual national circumstances and the specific procedures used in projection energy demand An analysis section includes a discussion of the economic activity level and energy efficiency assumptions used in estimating energy use in major market sectors Another section contains summary tables and detailed worksheets presenting econom- ic, efficiency, and energy-use data The countries considered include Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the U S , and Venezuela G R A77-46250 Biomass energy for Hawaii Volume 1 - Sum- mary and background Volume 2 - Sugar operations Volume 3 - Mixed municipal refuse. Volume 4 - Terrestrial and marine planta- tions Edited by A Gill, C Beck, K Salvesen, L Chun, C. Yang, D Murata, and M Keller Stanford, Calif, Stanford University, 1977 Vol 1, 175 p , vol 2, 159 p , vol 3, 212 p , vol 4, 243 p Price of four volumes, $20 The conversion of biomass resources into energy, fuels and by-products is discussed, with attention given to programs in Hawaii involving terrestrial and marine biomass plantations, energy recovery from municipal refuse treatment plants and uses for sugar cane harvesting wastes Biomass conversion processes to increase the available energy supply in Hawaii, such as direct combustion, pyrolysis anaerobic digestion or fermentation, are described In particular, the generation of electrical power from bagasse (sugar cane waste) and the production of ethanol fuel as a by-product of sugar refining are considered Schemes for exploiting municipal refuse resources, including use of pyrolytic gases in power plants, are also treated The reports emphasize an interdisciplinary approach to the energy problem, relying on legal and economic analyses as well as technical studies J M B A77-46401 Gas turbines - Status and prospects; Proceed- ings of the Symposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976. Symposium sponsored by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd (I Mech E Conference Publications, No 1976-1), 1976. 164 p $27. Aspects of gas turbine evolution are considered along with the status and the prospects of the aircraft gas turbine, the design of gas turbines for the industrial and the marine field, the airline viewpoint, gas turbines in the RAF from a maintenance engineering viewpoint, the Royal Navy's experience with main propulsion gas turbines, the 428 A77-46469 status and prospects of the industrial gas turbine, and the designer's dilemma with unmanned controls and the gas turbine user. Attention is also given to a new maintenance concept applied in the design of a new industrial gas turbine in the 100 MW class, experience with gas turbines in the field by a British petroleum company, gas turbines in a powered distribution system, monitoring for preventive main- tenance in the small fleet, gas turbine power for large hovercraft, and the gas turbine in the gas transmission environment G R A77-46402 Gas turbine evolution F W Armstrong (Na- tional Gas Turbine Establishment, Farnborough, Hants., England) In Gas turbines • Status and prospects. Proceedings of the Svmposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976 London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd , 1976, p 1-15 17 refs The paper discusses the continuing evolution of the gas turbine, and makes a broad assessment of future prospects The scope for further development of the various facets of gas turbine technology is considered first The second part of the paper suggests how gas turbine powerplants for aeronautical, marine and land-based applica- tions might evolve as a result of technical, economic and environ- mental influences (Author) A77-46404 Designing gas turbines for the industrial and marine field N L Shorthose (Rolls-Royce /1971/, Ltd , Industrial and Marine Div , Ansty, Warwick, England) In Gas turbines - Status and prospects, Proceedings of the Symposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976 i London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd , 1976, p 27-34 Some of the design changes involved in preparing aero engines for industrial and marine use are examined The aero engine in its new environment is considered, taking into account approaches for protecting compressor component materials against corrosion, the occurrence of dangerous resonance effects in connection with differences concerning the operating regime, turbine-related problems, combustion difficulties, and design changes with respect to accessories and accessory gearboxes It is found that in the case of certain gas turbines the basic aero form can also be used for an employment as gas producer in industrial applications For other engines basic configuration changes are required G R. A77-46408 The industrial gas turbine - Its status and prospects J R Tyler (Ruston Gas Turbines, Ltd , Lincoln, Lines, England). In Gas turbines - Status and prospects, Proceedings of the Symposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976. London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd , 1976, p 65-74 The paper reviews briefly the history of the gas turbine and the post war emergence of the industrial machine following a separate path from that of the aircraft engine Because of its characteristics, application has been restricted to three general fields, standby or peaking duty, total energy and the oil and gas industry, of which the last named was the first major user The environmental factors peculiar to the oil industry combined with the extreme importance of reliability has greatly influenced the design of machinery and systems This ii illustrated by a description of a typical industrial gas turbine and by some examples from operating experience in a wide variety of applications The accelerated search for gas and oil particularly offshore, is likely to sustain the demand for gas turbines while pressure to conserve existing resources may lead to a greater mte;est in local power generation using the 'total energy' principle. (Author) A77-46410 A new maintenance concept applied in the design of a new industrial gas turbine in the 100 MW class T E Thoren (Stal-Laval Turbm AB, Fmspong, Sweden) In Gas turbines - Status and prospects, Proceedings of the Symposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976 {London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd., 1976, p 81-90 Second generation industrial gas turbines will have advanced performance data to fit future high fuel costs Equally important is that availability is high A durable well analyzed design with provisions for quick repairs should yield the best availability The paper describes a new concept in maintainability applied in the design of a new industrial gas turbine in the 100 MW class, developed in cooperation between Stal-Laval and United Technologies A three-shaft machinery lay-out lends itself to a large degree of modularization Possibility for quick changeout of modules is a good guarantee for high availability (Author) A77-46413 Some observations on the selection of gas turbine generating plant L J. Spmks (Preece, Cardew and Rider, Consulting Engineers, Brighton, England) In Gas turbines - Status and prospects. Proceedings of the Symposium, London, England, February 4, 5, 1976 London and New York, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Ltd , 1976, p 147-156. Observations are made concerning miscellaneous problems as- sociated with the application of gas turbine plant for power generation in medium to large unit sizes Attention is directed to problems relating to the continued rapid development to higher ratings and to operation and maintenance in developing countries and hostile environments The paper concludes with a note on future trends (Author) A77-46426 ft Circumferential variations of bore heat flux and outside surface temperature for a solar collector tube E M Sparrow and R J Krowech (Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, Minn ) ASME, Transactions, Series C - Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. ,99, Aug 1977, p 360-366 7 refs A77-46449 Liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks from coal by supercritical gas extraction N Gangoli and G Thodos (Northwestern University, Evanston, III ) I & EC - Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Product Research and Development, vol 16, Sept. 1977, p 208-216 50 refs As an alternative source of energy, theoretical arguments and basic experimental evidence of a new separation technique for the extraction of liquid fuel constituents from coal are presented The technique is based on the solvent capability of compressed gases under supercritical state conditions Several research investigations regarding the chemical constitution of coal are described and a study of the critical state behavior of various simple and complex mixtures is presented in detail, including the possibility of a liquid phase occurrence The Itve basic steps of the new process are outlined Detailed lists of the advantages of this new technique, and particularly its advantages over the older method of liauid extraction are included Other applications of the method are briefly surveyed S C S A77-46467 ff Morphological analysis as a design aid1 An application to solar energy conversion processes (Contribution a I'aide & la conception par ('analyse morphologique- Application a del filiires de conversion de l'6nergie solaire) P La bat Toulouse III, Universitfi, Docteur (3e cycle) Thesis, 1977. 215 p 43 refs In French The optical and thermal properties of solar radiation relevant to the design of solar energy flat-plate collectors, as well as the luminance and emissivity characteristics of absorptive agents, are reviewed Disadvantages of systems using flat-plate collectors without heliostats, including their unsuitabihty for coupling with efficient thermodynamic cycles, and the energy losses encountered during increases in the temperature of heat-carrying fluids circulating in the systems, are discussed. Properties and possible configurations of systems employing solar concentrators, such as cylindrical parabolic mirrors, are also given A computer program based on morphological analysis is then developed which takes into account these design parameters to formulate a least costly flat-plate collector system. The sample problem tested has the advantages of involving very brief computing times J M B A77-46469 ff An electrooptical model for the design of semiconductor solar cells (Modele optoelectromque pour la concep- tion de piles solatres a semiconducteur). J-C. Suau Toulouse III, Umversit6, Docteur (3e cycle) Thesis. 1977 180 p. 42 refs. In French 429 A77-46550 Photovoltaic cells for use in solar energy systems are studied, with the emphasis on increasing cell efficiency in energy conversion. The electrical properties of pn junctions and Schottky barrier diodes are reviewed, and a numerical technique for simulating the per- formance of solar energy systems using these components is formulated. The quality, stability and cost of -:hm silicon layers for solar cell applications are discussed, experiments involving silicon deposition onto substrates of various resistivity are conducted, with the aim of studying photocurrent as a function of doping. The absorption and deposition characteristics of other films, such as CdTe layers, are also assessed. It is suggested that a combination of optical concentrators and photovoltaic cells may yield viable energy conversion systems J.M.6 A77-46550 A large solar heating system for a Saudi campus complex J R Schneider and S F Glover (Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc , St Louis, Mo.) Building Systems Design, vol 74, Aug.-Sept. 1977, p 28-43. 5 refs. The design program for the world's largest central heating system, designed to provide domestic hot water and building space heating in a campus complex of fourteen buildings, is described. The design heat loads are 36,000 gallons per day of domestic hot water, and a winter time building space heat load which is about the same size as the domestic hot water load on an annual basis For hot water, 70 f well water is heated to 140 F delivery temperature, for building space heating water, the delivery temperature requirement is 120 F with a return temperature between 90 and 100 F Data on the standard collector performance are provided, and the heating, storage, and distribution systems are characterized A unique feature of the system is the stratified storage in a series of three series-connected 45-foot tall upright tanks Seventy percent of the total heat load is supplied by solar energy - 100% of the hot water load and 40% of the heat load M L A77-46573 Hydrogen and oxygen from water E A Fletcher (Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, Minn) and R L Moen Science, vol 197, Sept 9, 1977, p 1050-1056 25 refs A preliminary proposal for an idealized model of a one-step, high temperature thermochemical effusional process for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water using solar energy is described A schematic diagram of the apparatus and its system efficiency are defined along with a simple situation to show the effect of high temperature operation on the system efficiency Membrane mater- ials, and the design and production are discussed A series of user-interactive computer experiments is developed to determine the optimum operation variables It is concluded that the effustonal separation of hydrogen and oxygen from water at high temperatures using solar power is possible S C S A77-46608 Domestic hot water and solar energy in Ireland. F. Hand, B. Asare, and J Haslett (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland). International Journal of Energy Research, vol 1, July-Sept <• 1977, p 249-257 11 refs Research supported by the EEC Energy Research and Development Programme. The ability of two solar energy systems to supply domestic hot-water requirements in Ireland is studied by means of a computer simulation model of a system which uses a commercially available solar panel The water-heating systems and the analysis of system performance are described The model indicates that, for the cost of the systems to be economically justifiable in comparison with the costs of electricity, the water supply must be directly heated by solar panels and the installed cost of the panels must be low. It is thought that the system performance is relatively insensitive to panel orientation so that retrofit installations on existing houses could be feasible. M.L A77-46609 Hydrogen and electricity from water and light. K. Ohashi, J. McCann, and J. 0. Bockns (South Australia, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia). International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 1, July-Sept. 1977, p. 259-277. 12 refs Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers, n-Ti02/p-CdTe, n-Ti02/p-GaP, n-SrTi03/p-CdTe, and n-SrTi03/p- GaP, were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. The current- potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured Cell current-density measure- ments versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12h. The n-SrTi03/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0.7 percent The n-Ti02/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0.1 per cent. The stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1.5eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers (Author) A77-46627 New themes for space. Mankind's future needs and aspirations. Proceedings of the Bicentennial Space Symposium, Washington, D C., October 6-8, 1976. Symposium sponsored by the American Astronautical Society and American Institute of Aero- nautics and Astronautics Edited by W. C. Schneider (NASA, Washington, DC). San Diego, Calif., American Astronautical Society (Advances in the Astronautical Sciences. Volume 35), 1977. 229 p. $25. Satellite communications, space manufacturing, remote sensing, and environmental observation are discussed. In the field of satellite .communications, the special requirements of a military satellite communication system are explained, the use of satellites for mobile communications service is considered, and public service programs using NASA's ATS-6 and CTS satellites are discussed Space stations and space manufacturing are examined with attention to equipment design, prospective products, and economic feasibility Other topics include satellite power stations and the monitoring of crops and forests from space. M L A77-46633 The space station and space industrialization. R L. Kline (Grumman Aerospace Corp., Bethpage, NY.) In New themes for space Mankind's future needs and aspirations, Proceed- ings of the Bicentennial Space Symposium, Washington, D.C., October 6-8, 1976 San Diego, Calif , American Astronautical Society, 1977, p. 121-138. 6 refs (AAS 76-050) Space station concepts and modules are described, and the goals of the space station program are explained. A sequence of space stations is considered which begins with solar power stations and proceeds to public service stations and then space manufacturing stations Four concepts for solar power stations are presented, and services that could be provided by a public service station are summarized. A space manufacturing station concept that could be used for the production of high coercive strength magnetic material is examined Present and future development of the space station program is discussed. M.L. A77-46639 Prospects for satellite power stations R A Summers (ERDA, Washington, D.C). In New themes for space Mankind's future needs and aspirations, Proceedings of the Bicenten- nial Space Symposium, Washington, D C., October 6-8, 1976. \San Diego, Calif, American Astronautical Society, 1977, p. 209-229 (AAS 76-058) The solar satellite power station concept is discussed, and current and projected energy use patterns are considered. Advantages and disadvantages of a satellite power project are examined with attention to the technology status and targets, the environmental impacts, the economics and planning implications, and the likely institutional/international problems Some research goals for the immediate future are suggested. ML A77-46652 A study of the effects of new transportation systems on urban transportation and environment by computer simulation H Tsuchiya, M Abe (Jizai Engineering, Ltd , Tokyo, Japan), F Harashima (Tokyo, University, Tokyo, Japan), A Uehara, M Ishikawa (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan), and T Itoh (Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc, Ibaraki, Japan) In Control in transportation systems, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Columbus, Ohio, August 9-13, 430 A77-46786 1976 Helsinki, International Federation of Automatic Control, Pittsburgh, Pa., Instrument Society of America. 1976, p 245-251 5 refs Research supported by the Japan Society for Promotion of Machine Industry and Japan Society of Auto- motive Engineers A computer simulation is employed to study the long-range effects of introducing into a city having a population of about one-half million any one or a combination of three transportation systems, including Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), Electric Vehicle and Electronic Route Guidance systems The city is assumed to have rapid transit and a bus system at the outset The simulation takes into account the distribution of stations, and uses a mathematical model to determine the modes of travel selected by the projected passengers. Quality of the modified transportation systems is assessed by indices such as average trip time, crowding rate at rush hours, energy consumption and air pollution levels Results of the simula- tion indicate that introduction of PRT lessens demands on auto- mobile, bus and rapid transit modes and yields eventual reductions in average trip time and energy consumption J M B A77-46722 Porous electrodes for Zn/air alkaline battery I Amato, S Corso, and E Sgambetterra (Fiat S p A , Turin, Italy) In Modern developments in powder metallurgy Volume 11 Proceedings of the Fifth International Powder Metallurgy Con- ference, Chicago, III, June 27-July 2, 1976 Princeton, N J, Metal Powder Industries Federation, American Powder Metallurgy Institute, 1977, p 331-339 6 refs An investigation has been conducted concerning the develop- ment of suitable techniques for the fabrication of dual porosity electrodes for fuel cell applications involving the use of nickel catalysts in an alkaline environment The double layer electrode employed contains micropores, which are in contact with the electrolyte, and macropores, which are in contact with the gas A powder metallurgy process for the manufacture of the electrodes has been studied Attention is given to die pressing and sintering, roll compaction of carbonyl nickel powder, experiments concerning the spray deposition of a slurry suspension, and the reinforcement of the electrodes with the aid of an incorporated wire mesh G R A77-46768 Computing residuals in geothermal research by I.R. scanning. A. M. Tonelli (ARCO, Milan, Italy) British Inter- planetary Society, Journal (Remote Sensing), vol 30, May 1977, p. 187-192 The thermal phenomena related to the presence of geothermal sources is examined stressing the increase in the local smoothing of temperature variations in time and space due to an increase of thermal inertia, a minimum in the distribution of the normalized gradients, the minimum variation of entropy, and the minimum shift of the thermal bancenters The smoothing technique involves applications of infra-red scanning to both rectified and non-rectified images The effect of geothermal heat on thermal inertia is discussed, and a method for its analysis is suggested S C S A77-46770 On the realisation of projects - With special reference to O'Neill space colonies and the like A V Cleaver British Interplanetary Society, Journal (Space Colonization), vol 30, Aug 1977, p 283-288 A general critique of the O'Neill proposals (1974) for giant space colonies is considered from the standpoints of the feasibility and the probability of the project It is suggested that such colonies are theoretically feasible as they do not violate any fundamental laws, and require only the refinement of existing technology The realization of such a proposal is reviewed both m terms of the motivation and costs, evaluating specifically political reasons, personal motivation, practical considerations, inflation, specification, program changes, and the inhibition of an honest estimation It is concluded that although at present such a project is too expensive, continued study of its long term possibilities is advised as the practical need for the development of solar power stations and/or orbiting space factories may arise S C S A77-46771 A preliminary cost benefit analysis of space colonization. M M Hopkins (Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass ) British Interplanetary Society, Journal (Space Colonization), vol 30, Aug 1977, p 289-300 16 refs The economic results of the NASA/Ames-Stanford ASEE 1975 Summer Study of Space Colonization are presented The system of space colonization is considered in general terms as to its set-up, economic viability, the steps in its construction, and the consumer benefits posited The proposed production schedule for the space colonies and the space shuttle is reviewed An estimation of the cash flow based on a yearly review is discussed along with suggestions for alternate pricing schemes, such as the possibility of appealing to a foreign market, other ways of obtaining electrical power, and the possibilities for space industrialization Benefits relating to environ- mental concerns, satellite functioning, and space manufacturing are discussed The article is concluded with four detailed appendices which treat the production schedule and related costs, price considerations, variables dependent on subsequent colonies, and the environmental impact of microwave power transmission S C S A77-46775 Powersats - An economic assessment H 0 Ruppe (Munchen, Techmsche Unwersitat, Munich, West Germany) British Interplanetary Society, Journal (Space Colonization), vol 30, Aug 1977, p 317-320 6 refs The economic feasibility of Powersats (satellite solar power stations) is discussed Problems such as a conversion system of solar to electric power at the scale needed, microwave power transmission, and high voltage space traffic show that technological feasibility has not yet been demonstrated However, the advantages, such as the availability of primary energy, and the freedom from chemical and nuclear pollutants call for an economic analysis A development schedule consisting of three phases is outl med 1) bringing the carrier system into initial operating capability, 2) developing the first Powersat, 3) beginning its operation Details of the costing are reviewed and it is concluded that both technical feasibility and economic vitality are doubtful, and that the long realization period and the requirement for tremendous capital outlay make the project impractical S C S A77-46783 ff Rechargeable batteries in Japan Edited by Y Miyake (Government Industrial Research Institute, Osaka, Japan) and A Kozawa (Union Carbide Parma Technical Center, Cleveland, Ohio) Cleveland, JEC Press, Inc , 1977 521 p. S43 The history and the present status of technology of the Japanese lead-acid battery industry is examined and various developments related to lead-acid batteries are considered, taking into account high performance automobile lead acid batteries, dry charged lead-acid batteries for automobile applications, glass fiber tubular type industrial batteries, sealed lead acid stationary batteries with catalyst plug, auxiliary electrode gas recombination sealed stationary lead- acid batteries, and small sealed lead acid batteries with gelled electrolyte Attention is also given to nickel-cadmium batteries, silver zinc rechargeable batteries, catalyst plug devices for storage batteries, and lead acid batteries for a use in electric vehicles G R A77-46786 The consumer's electric car. E H Wakefield Ann Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1977 145 p 26 refs $995 Problems in the design and maintenance of electric vehicles for use in personal transportation are discussed A study of driving habits in the U S , which indicates that 50% of gasoline-powered cars travel less than 28 miles per day, and that 54% of the trips are under 5 miles, is used to illustrate the viability of low- and medium-range high-efficiency electric cars Government regulation, power require- ments, energy consumption and the economics of electric vehicles are also considered Electrical specifications and means of measuring the efficiencies of electric cars are given, in particular, series-wound dc motors, shunt wound motors, and cumulative compound-wound dc motors are described Maintenance of the motors and suggestions for improving road performance of electric vehicles are listed for reference Novel electric vehicle power sources, such as those involving solar energy, are also mentioned J M B 431 A77-46787 A77-46787 Space and energy. Proceedings of the Twenty- sixth International Aeronautical Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, Septem- ber 21-27, 1975. Congress sponsored by the International Astro- nautical Federation Edited by L G Napolitano (Napoli, Umversita, Naples, Italy) Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, 1977 495 p $50 The papers deal with recent developments in space technology, astronautics, astrodynamics, and bioastronautics The mam subject areas are the utilization of solar energy and of energy generated in space, engineering and life sciences, space systems and technology, and applications satellites Specific topics include solar energy systems, the Spacelab electric power system, gaseous-core reactors and nuclear-pumped lasers for space power generation and trans- mission, the construction of satellite solar power stations in space, qualitative techniques in celestial mechanics, the possible use of interplanetary orbits as a gravitational-wave detector, the attitude stabilization system and solar array of the Communications Technol- ogy Satellite, the contribution of biological satellites to space medicine, and atmosphere revitalization aboard Spacelab Other contributions discuss propulsion system concepts for single-stage space shuttles, reliability design criteria for the Mariner Jupiter/ Saturn spacecraft, the development of an experimental hybrid rocket, the Large Space Telescope, a mission design for a 1980 Pioneer Jupiter orbiter, progress and trends in commercial satellite communications, the Mansat system, side-looking radar systems for Spacelab, and basic concepts of a complete multiband photographic system for remote-sensing applications F G M A77-46788 Earth, an open system - The use of solar energy A L Jaumotte (Bruxelles, Universite Libre, Brussels, Belgium) In Space and energy, Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth International Astronautical Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, September 21-27, 1975 Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, 1977, p 3-27 45 refs The article provides a survey ot the possible utilizations of solar energy, both in terms of immediate targets and long range goals Two applications of low-temperature thermal energy are described the heating and cooling of solar dwellings, and the solar irrigation pump Possible improvements for agricultural science applying solar energy to photosynthesis are suggested Recommedations for combining solar energy with optical concentrations are presented, such as the development of heliostats, and long range prospects for Satellite Solar Power Stations (SSPS) The article concludes with a few notes on pollution caused by solar energy, and the contribution of such research to space technology S C S A77-46789 The electrical power system for Spacelab B. Gohrbandt and E F Schmidt (Telefunken AG, Hamburg, West Germany) In Space and energy. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth International Astronautical Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, September 21-27, 1975 Oxford and New York, Pergamon Press, 1977, p 29-43 Following an overview of the Spacelab's mission requirements, such as its general weight, power consumption, and heat dissipation, the Electrical Power and Distribution Subsystem (EPDS) is described in full with subsystem design requirements and primary design criteria listed A block diagram of the EPDS is shown and separate presentations are made for the following features (1) the power conditioning and distribution concepts, (2) power sources, (3) power conditioning equipment, (4) power distribution, monitoring and protection, (5) the emergency power system, (6) the lighting system, and (7) signal conditioning It is concluded that the EPDS provides the flexibility necessary for various payloads and configurations of the Spacelab mission. S C S A77-46878 § A space station for the 1980/s - A look at the next generation of operational syttemi and their functional require- ments R J Gunkel and H. L. Wolbers (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co, Huntmgton Beach, Calif). ASME, SAE, AIAA, ASMA, and AlChE, Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, 7th, San Francisco, Calif., July 11-14, 1977, ASME Paper 77-ENAs-37 9 p 5 refs Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $3 00. Potential applications and requirements proposed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of future continuously manned space stations are described Three examples are discussed space process- ing, earth services, and satellite power systems The implementation procedures for the development of such space systems are outlined along with a proposed construction schedule and the critical factors to be considered in future planning activities are reviewed. The key technology needs for future environmental systems are described including technology for space processing, extravehicular activity, fabrication and assembly techniques, interaction with the space environment, electrical power systems, and long-duration environ- mental control and life support systems S C S A77-46885 * ft Space construction base support requirements for environmental control and life support systems R. J. Thiele, T C Secord, and G L Murphy (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co , Huntmgton Beach, Calif ) ASME, SAE, AIAA, ASMA, and AlChE, Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, 7th, San Fran- cisco, Calif, July 11-14, 1977, ASME Paper 77-ENAS-44 10 p 11 refs Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $300 Contract No NAS9- 14958. A Space Station analysis study is being performed for NASA which identifies cost-effective Space Station options that can provide a space facility capable of performing space construction, space manufacturing, cosmological research, earth services, and other functions A space construction base concept for the construction of large structures, such as those needed to implement satellite solar power for earth usage, will be used as a basis for discussing requirements that impact the design selection, level of integration, and operation of environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS) The space construction base configuration also provides a basic Space Station facility that can accommodate biological manufacturing modules, ultrapure glasses manufacturing modules, and modules for other services in a building-block fashion Examples of special problems that could dictate hardware required to augment the basic ECLSS for autonomous modules will be highlighted Additionally, overall mtravehicular (IVA) and extravehicular (EVA) activities and requirements that could impact the basic station ECLSS degree of closure are discussed (Author) A77-46890 ff Waste resources - Problems and promise. D K Walter (ERDA, Urban Waste Technology Branch, Washington, D C ) ASME, SAE, AIAA, ASMA, and AlChE, Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, 7th, San Francisco, Calif., July 11-14, 1977, ASME Paper 77-ENAS-49 8 p. Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $3 00 Communication problems concerning the meaning of the term 'efficiency' are examined and efficiency calculations conducted according to seven different computational concepts are considered Attention is given to the costs of a typical landfill operation, an energy and material system, the energy from waste technology, options concerning waste utilization, waste sources, and the ERDA research and development program for energy-from-wastes systems Major factors in favor of commercializing urban waste to energy processes are discussed. G.R. A77-46909 # Design of a low cost space heating system using warm geothermal or industrial effluents. A J. Pate and J C Batty (Utah State University, Logan, Utah) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Design Engineering Conference and Show, Chicago, III, May 9-12, 1977, Paper 77-DE-26. 8 p 37 refs Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $3 00 The design of an effective heating system employing moderate temperature (100 to 150 F) geothermal waters to heat greenhouses without any backup conventional system is discussed. The use of nonspeciahzed materials is emphasized with the result that main- tenance is simple, fast, and requires no skilled labor The heat exchanger system development starts with conventional methods and evolves, through heat transfer analysis and a series of simplifications, to a versatile system which tends to maintain a more stable temperature in the greenhouse than conventional greenhouse heating systems Problems encountered in using geothermal brines are 432 A77-47214 reported, and inexpensive solutions to these problems are suggested The complete design is also outlined, with consideration given to heat transfer calculations as well as economic factors A model of the system was constructed and tested for use as a retrieval system for energy in industrial thermal effluents as well as in geothermal waters (Author) A77-469S9 // Quasi-analog models of large systems of alge- braic equations (Kvazianalogovye model) bol'shikh sistem algebrai- cheskikh uravnenn) M N Kulik, V D Bakumenko, A Ammov, and V N Chumakov (Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut Elektro- dmamiki, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR) Matematicheskoe Model/rovanle i Teorna Elektricheskikh Tsepei, no 15, 1977, p. 34-41 5 refs In Russian The paper presents a matrix two-component dc modeling circuit for solving systems of linear algebraic equations which is highly stable for an arbitrary nonsmgular matrix of the coefficients of the system to be solved Results of tests of the dynamic characteristics of the circuit show that it is fit for use as an electric network model in computers for calculating energy system operations P T H A77-47080 Use of a carbon dioxide laser in remote detection of petroleum oil pollution at sea. M A Kropotkin and T lu Sheveleva (Leningradskii Elektrotekhmcheskn Institut, Lenin- grad, USSR) IKvantovaia Elektronika /Moscow/, vol 4, Apr 1977, p 911-913) Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol 7, Apr 1977, p 513-515 6 refs Translation. A77-47173 The ecology of a marine littoral receiving effluents from a petroleum refinery (Quelques donnees sur I'ecologie d'une zone marine httorale recevant les rejets d'une raffmene de petrole) J Le Petit, M -H N'Guyen, and S Tagger (Aix-Marseille III, Universite, Marseille, France) Environmental Pollution, vol 13, May 1977, p 41-56 22 refs In French A77-47174 Power with heliostats A F Hildebrandt and L L Vant-Hull (Houston, University, Houston, Tex ) Science, vol 197, Sept 1977, p 1139-1146 18 refs Research supported by the University of Houston, NSF Grants No GI-39456, No AER-73- 07950-A03, Grant No EG-76-05-5178, Contract No E(04-3)-1108 A proposal for the use of heliostats as a means to produce solar energy in quantities great enough to power the electric and gas utilities, i e, with high-quality heat of at least 300 C and where individual units produce approximately 100 MW of electricity, is outlined The plan of the solar thermal power system is discussed in detail including variations in its construction for specific needs Specifically, the design of the heliostat field, the receiver, tower, and storage facilities are considered The environmental concerns of such plants are reviewed, as are questions regarding cost planning and reduction It is concluded that although the cost of producing solar power plants is similar to that of other means of energy production, solar energy production will become increasingly more important in terms of long range economic and political plans S C S A77-47201 # Microwave radiometry of land and water areas on the earth surface from onboard aircraft laboratories (SVCh- radiometricheskie issledovanua zemnykh pokrovov i akvatorii t borta samoletov-laboratoru) L F Borodin, A A Kurskaia, and A M Shutko In Space studies of earth resources Methods and means of measurement and data processing Moscow,, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1976, p 290-296 In Russian The following geophysical uses of aerial microwave radiometry are considered determination of sea states and temperatures, studies of soil moisture, detection of regions of geothermal activity, forest fire mapping, sea and land ice reporting, and determination of soil density gradients Attention is given to specific recordings of radio thermal emission signals and radio brightness data in the spectral range 0 8-30 cm B.J A77-47210 Energy from solid waste utilization; Proceed- ings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Matenali, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I., July 8, 9, 1975. Edited by S M Barnett, D Sussman, and C J Wilson. Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co , Inc , 1976 422 p. $35 Papers are presented on the shredding of municipal solid wastes and the potential markets for recovered products, including the recycling of ferrous metals, the economics of separate refuse collection, and industrial development based on resources recovery. A solid waste management planning model is discussed along with risk management and an approach to material equilibrium. Several processes for energy and resources recovery are outlined, such as fuel derivatives from municipal solid wastes, the Ames, Iowa, project for power generation; fluidized-bed incineration of waste materials, and the Selectomatic Commest solid waste system Alternative processes for solid waste utilization are suggested, including methane produc- tion, a refuse-derived fuel, incineration, recycling, and steam re- covery. S C.S A77-47211 Economics of solid waste conversion. H A Gorges (Tractor Jitco, Inc, Rockville, Md ) In Energy from solid waste utilization. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R I , July 8, 9, 1975 Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co, Inc, 1976, p 81-94 A method is developed to evaluate the economic viability of a solid waste recovery and conversion system. Variables are considered such as predicting industrial and demographic conditions, calculating environmental impact, and institutional constraints The parameters used to determine the plant's performance are identified, and a procedure is suggested for regulating the cash flow cycle through the system, including (1) cost assessment, (2) a break-even method to establish a measure for the sales value of the energy produced (the ratio of the price of the heat value sold to the equivalent cost of crude oil in dollars/barrels), (3) evaluation of the price structure in a competitive market, (4) establishing economic guidelines, and (5) determining the constraints and bounds of the system S C.S A77-47213 Potential alternative fuel derivatives from municipal solid wastes. J F Schnelle, Jr (Combustion Engineering, Inc, Providence, R I ) and J H Yamamoto In Energy from solid waste utilization, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R I , July 8, 9, 1975 Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1976, p 167-208. Various methods of using shredded solid waste as a supplemen- tary fuel source are discussed, specifically (1) heat recovery based on a waterwall incinerator, (2) solid refuse fuel recovery by either dry-shedding or wet-pulping techniques, and (3) chemical and biochemical conversion by several pyrolysis processes for the production of gas and oil The methods are compared with respect to capital and operating costs as well as output streams. It is concluded that fuel recovery is the most economically promising resource recovery process, with material recovery, pyrolysis, and composting being more expensive alternatives. The advantages and disadvantages of energy recovery are summarized. S C S A77-47214 A supplementary fuel for power generation /Ames, Iowa/ H Funk (Henmngson, Durham and Richardson, Omaha, Neb) and R Sheahan (Henmngson, Durham and Richardson, Washington, DC) In Energy from solid waste utiliza- tion. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R.I., July 8, 9, 1975. Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co , Inc., 1976, p 209-220 A summary is presented of the technical and economic aspects of a solid waste recovery system in Ames, Iowa, which studied the 433 A77-47215 feasibility of burning the combustible part of the solid waste as supplemental fuel. The quantities and characteristics of the solid waste are discussed along with the major mechanical components of the processing facility (receiving area, primary shredding, air density classifier, combustibles separation, etc ), and the estimated costs and revenues (capital costs, operating costs, etc.). It was concluded that the basic principle of supplementary refuse fuel firing could be applied successfully to the Ames power plant S C S A77-47215 Energy and resource recovery from solid wastes. G. M. Mallan and E. I Titlow (Garrett Research and Development Co., Inc., La Verne, Calif). In. Energy from solid waste utilization. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R.I , July 8, 9, 1975. Westport, Conn., Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 1976,p 221-250. A method is described for the conversion of the organic portion of municipal solid waste into useable fuel and for the recovery of valuable metals and glass The steps of the process include (1) primary shredding, (2) magnetic separation of ferrous metals, (3) air classification, (4) drying of shredded refuse, (5) screening of dry material, (6) aluminum'recovery, (7) secondary shredding, (8) flash pyrolysis, and (9) collection of pyrolytic products The major processes are described in full, including feed preparation, glass recovery, aluminum recovery, and pyrolysis. The recovered products I are discussed along with a review of the project economics as well as a projected installation procedure for Bridgeport, Connecticut S C S A77-47216 Fluidized-bed incineration of waste materials. J E Hanway, Jr (Beamer/Wilkmson and Associates, Oakland, Calif ) In Energy from solid waste utilization. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R I , July 8, 9, 1975 \Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co , Inc , 1976, p 261-279 \ Fluidized-bed incineration of municipal solid wastes is described in terms of technical considerations, possible applications, and economics Specific attention is given to the hardware, temperature parameters, methods of heat recovery, and treatment of exhaust gases Among the possible applications are the incineration of municipal sludge, solid refuse, and coal combustion The method's economics are computed for capital, operational, and net costs, and it is concluded that fluidized-bed incineration is a simple, reliable, and economical method which permits adaptability to the treatment of almost any type of waste that can be thermally oxidized or incinerated, and also provides the capability to tolerate a wide range of operating conditions S C.S. A77-47218 Methane production from solid waste. R G Kispert, S E Sadek, and D L. Wise (Dynatech R/D Co , Cambridge, Mass) In Energy from solid waste utilization. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R I , July 8, 9, 1975 Westport, Conn , Technomic Publishing Co, Inc, 1976, p. 315-332. 21 refs. NSF Grant No C-827 The process description for the anaerobic production of methane from solid waste consists of (1) feed preparation, (2) digestion, (3) gas treatment and handling, and (4) effluent disposal. An economic analysis of the procedure develops a computer model, reviews the system advantages and disadvantages, and calculates the cost of gas and of methane at baseline conditions A sensitivity study and a forecast of the potential impact of the system are reviewed along with an evaluation of the process design, economics, and future plans It is concluded that waste-produced methane may have a significant impact as a supplemental source of pipeline-quality gas and that anaerobic digestion of the organic portion of municipal refuse is currently the only known process for energy recovery in this form S C S A77-47220 Modern incineration - A proven way for recovery of energy and metals. C A. Rogus. In Energy from solid waste utilization, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R I , July 8, 9, 1975. Westport, Conn., Technomic Publishing Co, Inc., 1976, p. 351-357. A77-47222 Steam recovery - An alternative for inter- mediate size regions R H Stephens (Arthur D Little, Inc, Cambridge, Mass.) In Energy from solid waste utilization, Proceed- •ngs of the Sixth Annual Northeastern Regional Antipollution Conference on a New Source of Materials, Energy and Jobs - Solid Wastes Processing, Kingston, R.I , July 8, 9, 1975. Westport, Conn., Technomic Publishing Co, Inc, 1976, p. 387-418. Regional planning for solid waste disposal is examined with particular reference to a group of Massachusetts towns Alternatives, such as incineration, steam recovery, and resource recovery, are discussed and evaluated in terms of efficiency, costs, environmental impact (air pollution, ground water pollution, land use), and social impact (inflationary effects, employment benefits) It was concluded that for the particular region considered, both sanitary landfill and steam recovery were acceptable disposal techniques and were comparable in total direct operating costs Sanitary landfill is a low capital investment with minor environmental impact, whereas steam recovery requires more capital investment, but supports local industry by supplying low-cost energy S C S A77-47271 # The military utility of very large airplanes and alternative fuels. W T Mikolowsky (Rand Corp , Washington, D C ), L W Noggle (USAF, Aeronautical Systems Oiv, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio), and W L Stanley (Rand Corp, Santa Monica, Calif) Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol 15, Sept 1977, p 46-56 21 refs The paper describes a study with the objectives of evaluating very large airplanes (VLA's) in the context of existing and possible future Air Force missions and determining the most attractive alternative fuel for these airplanes The chemical fuel alternatives considered are liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, and synthetic JP, each of which can be readily synthesized from coal The nuclear- fueled VLA was a fourth candidate aircraft The cost and energy effectiveness of these basic aircraft-fuel combinations in typical range, radius, and station-keeping missions was estimated It was concluded that overall, a conventional hydrocarbon jet fuel remains the most attractive fuel for military aircraft Nuclear propulsion is attractive only for station-keeping missions requiring large station radii VLA's are especially attractive if the capability to airlift U S forces world-wide without reliance on overseas bases is a major requirement P T H A77-47331 ft Idealization of complex dynamic systems with examples involving electrical energy systems (Idealizatsna slozhnykh dinamicheskikh sistem s primerami iz elektroenergetiki) N A Kartvelishvili and lu I Galaktionov Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1976 272 p 32 refs In Russian The work examines several ways to simplify dynamic systems of high dimensionality, thus making them observable and computable The techniques of simplification include (1) the division of systems into fast, normal and slow, (2) the replacement of lumped parameters by distributed parameters using a special critical transi- tion, and (3) the averaging of the motion of a distributed parameter system with respect to spatial coordinates, thus replacing the three-dimensional system by two- or one-dimensional systems Attention is given to the study of linear systems by the small parameter method and to the continuous idealization of dynamic systems An electrical energy system is discussed as a classical example of a complex dynamic system B J A77-47347 # Development of a small, low cost turbojet engine with thrust augmentation W C Elrod, H E Wright, B L Wolfe, Jr, J D Durniak (USAF, Institute of Technology, Wright 434 A77-47360 Patterson AFB, Ohio), and D B. Wilkinson (USAF, Aero-Propulsion Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio) In The RPV - Com- plement to manned systems, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium, Washington, DC, June 5-9, 1977 Dayton, Ohio, National Association for Remotely Piloted Vehicles, 1977, p 89-95 7 refs Turbosuperchargers from two manufacturers were successfully converted to turbojet engines, with engine run up from idle to maximum thrust while limiting the turbine inlet temperature to 1250 K The smaller of the two turbosupercharge systems selected for conversion (designated J-1 and J-3 engines) was the first to be converted to a turbojet engine (the J-1 unit) and subsequently the conventional combustor was replaced with a catalytic reactor (then designated the J-3 unit) The J-3 engine weighed 13 15kg (29 Ib-m) excluding the oil system and produced 133N (30 Ib-f) thrust with a turbine inlet temperature of 1250 K while operating on hydrogen as a fuel The larger turbosupercharger designated the J-2 unit operating with JP-4 as a fuel and limiting the turbine inlet temperature to 1250 K produced 330 N (74 5.lb-f) thrust dry and 483 N (109 Ib-f) with afterburner The thrust specific fuel consumption ranged from 2 2 to 3 6 (Author) A77-47355 Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C , April 30, 1976, Proceedings Symposium sponsored by the Fusion Energy Corp Edited by B C Maglich (Fusion Energy Corp , Princeton, N J) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977 91 p Problems associated with the generation of electric power from advanced-fuel fusion reactors are discussed Clean fusion processes which avoid the production of radioactive materials are reviewed, and various fuel fusions, such as those involving deuterium-fuel Tokamak reactors or laser plasma compression are described The Migma prototype reactor systems, which rely on ion collision to achieve controlled fusion, are emphasized In particular, difficulties involved in controlling the velocities and energy distributions of electrons used in neutralizing the ions of a Migma reactor are treated, and a generalized efficiency criterion for fusion reactors is developed to supplant Lawson's Criterion The integration of fuel fusion plants into existing electric power distribution and transmission networks is also discussed J M B A77-47356 Clean fusion concepts and efforts - A survey R W B Best (EURATOM and Stichtmg voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Matene, Instituut voor Plasmafysica, Jutphaas, Netherlands) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, DC, Apr 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 1-7 24 refs Research supported by the Nederlandse Orgamsatie voor Zuiver- Wetenschappehjk Onderzoek and EURATOM Fusion reactors as presently conceived are breeders of tritium and, possibly, plutonium as well, a single reactor produces hundreds of tons of radioactive waste per year Comparatively clean fusion fuels which avoid the production of radioactive matter are reviewed, together with the physical concepts how these fuels can be burnt The main problems are bremsstrahlung and ion cooling in the presence of electrons, and low power density in the absence of electrons Laser compression of pellets of a mixture of protons and boron 11 may be a solution when lasers in the megajoule range become available Other valuable research and development efforts are clamped beam-plasma devices, the Migma cell, and direct converters (Author) A77-47357 Studies of deuterium-fueled Tokamak reac- tors G H Miley, F H Southworth, G Gerdm, and C Choi (Illinois, University, Urbana, III ) (Fusion Energy Corp., Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, DC, Apr 30, 19761 Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 9-16 22 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute The importance of using non deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion fuels is reviewed Deuterium-deuterium (D-D) operation where product He-3 and tritium are burned at the same rate as produced (called 'catalyzed-D') is identified as the only advanced fuel that avoids breeding of fuels and yet potentially offers operation under conditions achievable by present magnetic confinement devices The conceptual design of a Tokamak reactor using catalyzed-D indicates a relatively large reactor, but this could still be quite attractive due to potential improvements in efficiency, reduced radioactivity inven- tory, and increased first-wall lifetime While a number of uncertain- ties remain, the feasibility of such a reactor does not appear to be too great an extension beyond D-T reactors Although fuels involving heavier elements could offer further advantages by essentially eliminating neutrons and tritium, suitable methods of confining and burning them require a much larger extrapolation of current experience (Author) A77-47358 Advanced fuel nuclear reaction feasibility using laser compression I H Hora (New South Wales, University, Kensington, Australia) (Fusion Energy Corp., Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C, Apr 30, 1976 ) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 17-25 53 refs Australian Research Grants Committee Grant No B75/15538 While the most advanced concept of magnetic field confine- ment, the Tokamak, may never be used for advanced clean fuel reactions with HB-11 or similar nuclei because of high loss cyclotron radiation and the high laser energies required, one possible design (besides the Migma type) is the utilization of laser plasma compres- sion resulting from the nonlinear forces of laser-plasma interaction The much higher efficiency of transferring laser energy into kinetic energy of thick moving plasma layers at low losses due to thermalization, involves laser energies of megajoules (or less when reheat is taken into account) for HB-11 reaching reaction gams of 80. The possibility of ideally adiabatic compression of the plasma is described and the different origins of nonlinear forces by dielectric swelling or by a new mechanism of short-range relativistic self- focusing are explained (Author) A77-47359 Advanced fuel nuclear reaction feasibility using laser compression II R Castillo, H Hora, E L Kane, V F Lawrence, M B Nicholson-Florence, M M Novak, P. S Ray, J R Shepanski, R I Sutherland, and A I Tsivmsky (New South Wales, University, Kensington, Australia) (Fusion Energy Corp, Sym- posium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C, Apr 30, 1976.) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p. 27-48 48 refs Australian Research Grants Committee Grant No B75/15538 Several problems are considered in studying the properties of the nonlinear-force compression of plasmas by lasers used to reach conditions for advanced clean-fuel nuclear reactions as well as to distinguish from gas-dynamic compression The propagation of light in mhomogeneous media is based on a simpler, computationally economic program The Goos-Haenchen effect (1947) is used for discussions of wave propagation and a laser amplifier without superradiance is designed Corrections for alpha reheat are derived and a very short-range relativistic self-focusing with relatively low thresholds is discussed Entropy production and electron-radiation interaction are treated relativistically (Author) A77-47360 The 1976 status of the Migma program of controlled fusion. B C Maglich (Fusion Energy Corp, Princeton, N J ) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C, Apr 30, 1976.1 Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 33-42 The Migma fusion reactor design, which aims at achieving controlled fusion in intersecting ion orbits, is discussed, with emphasis on techniques used to eliminate random particle motions and Maxwellian distributions of the electrons employed in increasing ion density Plasma density and confinement times attained for previous designs of the Migma type are reviewed, in particular, confinement times of 2 sec have been reported The flux lines of the Migma magnetic field, which may be considered a focusing mirror, are described, and suppression of end losses, multiple Coulomb scattering and charge transfer are considered Factors controlling the distribution of electron velocities are also mentioned J M B 435 A77-47361 A77-47361 Impact of advanced^ fuel fusion on electric power transmission R W de Mello, N Dag Reppen, R J~ Rmglee, and 0 D Wilson (Power Technologies, Inc, Schenectady, N Y ) (Fusion Energy Corp , Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C, Apr 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 43-48 13 refs The problems of integrating fuel fusion plants into electric power production and distribution systems are discussed Siting and transmission-line requirements for advanced fuel fusion plants are analyzed with reference to the plant-site selection procedures and transmission costs associated with nuclear fission light-water reactor (LWR) plants and coal-fired fossil-steam plants Difficulties related to fusion techniques that involve direct conversion to d c power, such as the need for additional reactor instrumentation and the control of voltage waveforms, are also considered It is suggested that direct- conversion fusion-steam plants could be located in urban areas to reduce transmission costs J M B A77-47362 Advanced fuel fusion experimentation with Migmacells II and III - Orbit diagnostics and lifetime measurementi S C Menasian, J Ferrer, B C Maglich, M G Mazarakis, J E. Nermg, C Powell, J Sand berg, and A R Whittemore (Fusion Energy Corp., Princeton, N J ) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C, Apr 30, 19761 Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 49,50 Using both destructive and nondestructive diagnostic tech- niques, the number of stored ions, the distribution of ions among single particle orbits, the confinement times for stored particles and the fraction of molecular deuterium (+) ions dissociated during the first passage through the Migmacell are determined Results from Migmacell II experiments show lifetimes of 10 ms for ten to the 9th power stored deuterons at a background pressure of 4 to the negative 7th power torr air Migmacell III experiments to date have demonstrated confinement times of 2 s in an unbaked ultra-high vacuum system The number of stored particles observed to date is in excess of ten to the tenth power Migmacell III particle distributions are strongly peaked at the center of the cell, indicating a significant amount of beam-Migma dissociation (Author) A77-47363 Fusion products detection system in Migma- cell II J C Ferrer, B C Maglich, M G Mazarakis, S C Menasian, J E Nermg, C W Powell, and A R Whittemore (Fusion Energy Corp , Princeton, N J ) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C., Apr 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 51-56 To observe the proton-tnton branch of the deutenum-deuteron and deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction at an energy of 0 55 MeV in Migmacell II, three 50-mm square Si surface barrier detectors were installed at 120 deg, -60 deg and -90 deg relative to the incoming deutenum(+) beam Results of an experiment where the background deuterium gas pressure was controlled at around 1 2 times 10 to the negative 5th power torr are presented A computer simulation program has been developed to understand the shapes of the observed spectra Proton counting rates obtained yield a Migma number of 600 million trapped ions in the cell (Author) A77-47364 Methods' of 'tailoring' ion distributions in phase space /'morphodynamics'/ S R Channon (Fusion Energy Corp , Princeton, N J ) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, DC, Apr. 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug. 1977, p 57-62. The control of ion distributions in Migma-type fusion reactors is considered, with the aim of forestalling instabilities and maximizing fusion rate relative to energy losses A description of the ion distribution which reduces the degrees of freedom dealt with and allows for a ready analysis of angular momentum and axial amplitude in terms of energy is given The use of an oscillating electron space charge for shaping the ion distribution is discussed, and the problems associated with characterizing ion orbits during electron oscillations are also treated In particular, use of an orbital model topologically equivalent to the actual orbit is suggested as a means of circum- venting the lengthy process of ensemble-averaging J M B. A77-47366 Conditions for a boron fusion reactor in the MeV range. J R Treglio (Fusion Energy Corp, Princeton, NJ) (Fusion Energy Corp , Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D C., Apr 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 65-68. 5 refs A77-47367 Advanced fuel fusion application to manned space propulsion R Ho (Fusion Energy Corp, Princeton, N J) (Fusion^ Energy Corp , Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, DC, Apr 30, 1976.) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug 1977, p 69-72 7 refs The use of a Migmacell fusion device in the propulsion of manned spacecraft is discussed The advantage of Migmacells serving as combined energy plants and ion thrusters (termed 'Migma direct ejection systems') include low mass-to-power ratios, high d.c outputs, and the absence of neutron production Components of a fuel fusion Migmacell applicable to spacecraft are described, and mass estimates for the required vacuum chamber, particle accelera- tor, energy storage system and cryogenic refrigeration system are given Typical missions to Mars and Pluto are considered in a comparison of fission electric and Migma direct ejection systems, the Migma direct ejection method is shown to involve lower fuel consumption and shorter flight times J M B A77-47368 Generalized criterion for controlled fusion. R. A Miller (Fusion Energy Corp, Princeton, NJ ). (Fusion Energy Corp., Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D.C, Apr. 30, 1976.) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 144, July-Aug. 1977, p 73-76 The modification of Lawson's Criterion for characterizing the feasibility of energy production in a fusion reactor is discussed In particular, a generalized criterion for assessing the efficacy of Migma-type reactors is described Considerations involved in develop- ing the modified criterion, which is essentially a balance of energy investment and energy return, include the different mechanisms of ion and electron heating, bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation, ion charge transfer, multiple Coulomb scattering and secondary' fusion reactions A typical plot of the product of density and confinement time versus ion energy for a deuteron-deuteron fuel, derived in accordance with the generalized criterion, is given J M B. A77-47369 Unified criterion for proximity to controlled fusion. B C Maglich (Fusion Energy Corp , Princeton, N J ) (Fusion Energy Corp, Symposium on Clean Fusion, 1st, Washington, D.C., Apr. 30, 1976) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 144, ' July-Aug 1977, p 77-80 A fusion reactor feasibility criterion which incorporates a number of loss terms not represented in the conventional Lawson's Criterion is described This unified criterion has the advantage of expressing in relatively simple terms the efficiency of conversion of external energy into ion fuel energy. The role of ion heating efficiency and the recovery of nonfused ion energy in a Migma-type reactor, as well as determination of optimum plasma density and confinement times, are analyzed by means of the unified criterion Sample calculations for fusion reactions taking place at thermo- nuclear temperatures and for high-energy advanced-fuel fusion are given J M B A77-47421 Some problems involved in the development of a solar thermionic power plant E. I Gngor'ev, V M. Zaitsev, M. V. Mel'mkov, 0 A. Nevezhm, V S Ovchinnikov, V P Poluektov, S. V. Riabikov, I M Rubanovich, S A Kudiakov, and E. M. lurm (Vsesotuznyt Nauchno-lssledovatel'skn Institut Istochmkov Toka, Moscow, USSR). (Geliotekhmka, no. 2, 1977, p. 9-16) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2,_1977, p 6-10. Translation Apparatus is described for testing thermionic converters in laboratories or in the presence of solar radiation Experiments involving high-temperature steady-state systems are explained Volt- ampere characteristics, the effect of cathode temperature, the relation between incident and converted energy, and the effect of the reflection coefficient of the mirror were studied M L 436 A77-47752 A77-47423 Invattigating the geometric quality of catt polyurethane-foam duplicate! for tolar-energy concentrators. 8 A. Bazarov, V M Kapeliushnikov, and B. A Kalinin (Akademna Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Ashkhabad. Turkmen SSR) IGeliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p. 25-29) Applied Solar Energy, vo\ 13, no. 2,1977, p. 17-20. 7, refs Translation. The integral energy distribution of moldings of a solar energy concentrator was compared with that of the original as a method of assaying the precision of duplication The original was made of glass The copies were made of polyurethane foam combined with either mosaic glass or polytetrafluoroethylene reflecting films Short-circuit currents, concentrating capacities, diameters of the focal spots, and the extent of precision are compared M L A77-47424 Concentration of diffuse radiation. V K. Baranov. (Geliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 30-36.) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no. 2,1977, p 21-25. 5 refs. Translation. A parabohc-toroid solar concentrator and a parabolic-cylindrical solar focusing lens are described The ability of these focusing devices to concentrate diffuse light from a large source, as from the sun, is considered An analytical relationship is obtained for the average flux density in the small aperture in terms of the flux density incident at the large aperture In comparison with lens systems, the focusing concentrator concentrates a much larger amount of diffuse light M L A77-47425 Analyzing multifacet concentrating systems R A Zakhidov (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tsentral'noe Proektno-Konstruktorskoe Biuro Nauchnogo Priborostroenna, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) and A Sh Khodzhaev (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). (Geliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 37-42.) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2, 1977, p 26-30. 17 refs Translation Calculation procedures for faceted solar concentration systems are analyzed The distribution of illumination in the focal volume of the long-focus mirror or facet is studied The plane in which maximal illumination is obtained does not m general coincide with the focal plane of the facet, since the position of the plane depends on the angle between the facet and the light source Methods for calculating facet focal parameters are proposed M L A77-47426 A tower-type solar power plant - Configura- tion and thermal-regime stability of receivers and steam generators D I Tepliakov and R. R Aparisi (Gosudarstvennyi Nauchno- Issledovatel'skn Energeticheskn Institut, Moscow, USSR) IGelio- tekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 43-55 ) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2, 1977, p 31-39. 9 refs. Translation A graphic method of calculating the illumination on cylindrical receivers and steam generators is presented and demonstrated for planar axisymmetric and planar eccentric arrangements Daily thermal deviations in the ray-receiving surface are caused by changes in the geometry and magnitude of direct solar radiation. M L A77-47427 Investigation of convective heat-transfer characteristics in cylindrical solar receivers by solution of the conjugate heat-exchange problem. I A. Rozhkov and V A Grilikhes (Geliotekhnika, no. 2, 1977, p. 56-63.) Applied Solar Energy, vol. 13, no 2, 1977, p 40-44 7 refs Translation. A77-47428 Investigation of solar absorption cooler for round-the-clock operation A T Vakhidov and T M Maksudov (Samarkandskn Kooperativnyi Institut, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR) (Geliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 64-67.) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no. 2, 1977, p 45-47 Translation A solar refrigeration unit using a water-ammonia solution is described The variation of temperature and pressure parameters during continuous operation is examined, and the different events occurnng in the presence or absence of illumination are explained ML A77-47429 Development and testing of solar water-heater boilers fabricated by diffusion welding G la Umarov, F Soatov, R R Avezov, lu M Sigalov, and N I Konagm (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). (Geliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 68-70.) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2, 1977, p. 48, 49 Translation. A77-47430 Residential solar heating m Uzbekistan L F Aksenov, I la. Viron, R R Avezov, 0 L Shvaleva, and A. M Gafurov (Uzbekskn Nauchno-lssledovatel'skii Institut Gradostroitel'- stva, Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) (Geliotekhnika, no 2, 1977, p 71-74) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2, 1977, p 50-52 5 refs Translation A77-47431 Simulation algorithms and their realization by digital computer for calculation of wind- and solar-plant storage- service capacity R B Salieva (Tashkentskn Elektrotekhmcheskn Institut Sviazi, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) (Geliotekhnika.no 2,1977, p 75-83) Applied Solar Energy, vol 13, no 2, 1977, p 53-58. 6 refs Translation A77-47600 Geothermal energy - Tapping nature's boiler room R B Aronson Machine Design, vol 49, Sept 8, 1977, p 28-30, 32-34 An analysis of possible applications of geothermaj energy is presented, including several non-electric protects such as home and space heating, mineral recovery, desalination plants, aquatic farming, and waste processing The location and evaluation of geothermal reservoirs is outlined in terms of drilling, fluid supply, and subsidence Geothermal hardware is described, along with the identification of potential ecological problems, and three sources of obtaining geothermal energy are studied the magma, hydrothermal, and hot dry rock systems Possible power systems are discussed (the flashed steam, binary, and total flow systems) together with institutional problems of a legalistic nature S C S A77-47749 Predicting the rate of warming of rivers below hydroelectric installations R W Troxler (Georgia, Dept of Natural Resources, Atlanta, Ga ) and E L Thackston (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn ) Water Pollution Control Fedfration, Journal, vol 49, Aug 1977, p 1902-1912 6 refs The construction and verification of an energy budget model is described for the accurate prediction of temperature changes in flowing rivers based on the approximate geometry of the rivers, and data from first order weather stations The results of five field surveys to test the model show that (1) atmospheric radiation and back radiation almost balance each other, (2) evaporation and conduction energy transfers are of minor importance, and (3) solar radiation accounted for almost all of the snergy transfer When the river was above the equilibrium temperature it was shown that (1) back radiation would be greater, (2) evaporation and conductive heat transfer would be negative, and (3) the total energy transfer would be negative S C S A77-47751 § Closed costs of electrical energy for different zones of load graphs of electrical energy systems (O zamykaiu- ihchikh zatratakh na elektroenergnu dlia razlichnykh zon grafikov nagruzki elektroenergeticheskikh sistem) A N Zeiliger, V S Sharygm, and E I Ergardt Akademna Nauk SSSR, Izvestiia, Energetikai Transport, July-Aug 1977, p. 3-9 7 refs In Russian A77-47752 # An algorithm for solving the problem of the optimal control of transient processes in an electrical energy system (Ob odnom algontme resheniia zadachi optimal'nogo upravlenua perekhodnymi protsessami v e'lektroenergeticheskoi sisteme) V A Venikov, V. A Stroev, and M A Taufik Akaoemua Nauk SSSR, Irvestiia, Energetika i Transport, July-Aug 1977, p 17-26 10 refs In Russian 437 A77-47753 A77-47753 # Experimental study of several modes of opera- tion of a laboratory section of a three-phase superconducting power transmission cable (Ekspenmental'nye issledovanna nekotorykh rezhimov raboty laboratornogo uchastka trekhfaznogo sverkhprovo- diashchego energeticheskogo kabelia). N T Bendik, E S Gol'den- berg, and M la. Kuno Akademna Nauk SSSR, Izvestiia, Energetika i Transport, July-Aug. 1977, p. 76-85 5 refs In Russian A77-47765 The origin of the oil sand bitumens of Alberta - A chemical and a microbiological simulation study I Rubinstein, O P Strausz, C Spyckerelle, R J Crawford, and D W S Westlake (Alberta, University, Edmonton, Canada) Geochimica et Cosmo- chimica Acta, vol 41, Sept 1977, p 1341-1353 43 refs Research supported by the National Research Council A77-47848 The future of hydrogen as an energy source (L'avemr energStique de I'hydrogene) P Hagenmuller (Bordeaux I, University, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide, Talence, Gironde, France) La Recherche, vol 8, Sept 1977, p 756-768 1fj refs In French Procedures for using hydrogen as an energy source are discussed with attention to economic costs A general scheme for obtaining hydrogen from the nuclear-powered electrolysis of water is pre= sented, and the advantages and disadvantages of electrolytic and thermochemical procedures are examined Among the thermal cycles considered are the oxidation of steam by chlorine, the oxidation of CO by steam, processes using transition element oxides, the hydrolysis of halides, and hybrid cycles The characteristics of hydrogen and hydrides are compared Techniques for shipping and storing hydrogen are described, and problems of energy transmission are considered M L A77-47850 Solar energy - The good features of amorphous silicon (Energie solaire - Les promesses du silicium amorphe). I Solomon La Recherche, vol 8, Sept 1977, p 776, 777 9 refs In French A procedure for producing films of amorphous silicon is described For unknown reasons, these films have a very low density of defects It is suggested that amorphous silicon will find application in solar energy devices Amorphous" silicon films can be produced by subjecting SiH4 to a high-frequency field, which causes the gas to become a plasma that decomposes and deposits Si on a substrate maintained at a controlled temperature. The addition of phosphine to the SiH4 leads to the development of an n-type film, while the addition of diborane leads to a p-type film Thus it is easy to prepare large area p-n junctions M L A77-47854 Degradation of solar cell efficiency by sheet resistance K Lehovec and A Fedotowsky (Southern California, University, Los Angeles, Calif ) Solid-State Electronics, \io\ 20, Aug 1977, p 725,726 Contract No E(49-18)-2457 A77-47880 The effect of aerofoil characteristics on wind- mill performance R T Griffiths (Swansea, University College, Swansea, Wales) Aeronautical Journal, vol 81, July 1977, p 322-326 8 refs An outline of the general design procedure for a modern high speed windmill is presented along with a review of how the aerodynamic characteristics of the blade section affect the power output The actual windmill performance is evaluated with regard to the interference factors, and the basic momentum considerations It is shown that airfoil characteristics have small effects on p'anform shape and twist, but large effects on performance Specifically, it is concluded that the maximum efficiency increases rapidly with a lift/drag ratio of up to approximately R = 30, thereafter increasing less quickly, and that the tip speed ratio also depends on the characteristic of the airfoil used S C S A77-47951 Thermal processing of municipal solid waste for resource and energy recovery N J Wemstem and R F Toro (Recon Systems, Inc, Princeton, N J ) Research supported by the U S Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No 68-03-0293 Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc, 1976 198p 117 refs $20. Thermal processing of municipal solid wastes, involving such processes as incineration and pyrolysis, is discussed, energy recovery programs associated with waste disposal, including waterwall in- cinerators, refuse/fossil fuel-fired boilers, are also mentioned The relative advantages of refractory, slagging, suspension-fired or fluidized-bed incinerators or pyrolysis plants are considered In addition, technical problems related to refuse/fossil fuel-fired steam boilers, including corrosion, erosion, fuel handling and air pollution control, are treated Capital and operating costs of refractory and steam-generating incinerators and other thermal processing units are compared; Control of paniculate and gaseous emissions, liquid and solid effluents, as well as marketing of by-products, is discussed JM B A77-47958 * # Optimization of confinement in a toroidal plasma subject to strong radial electric fields. J. R Roth (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, International Conference on Plasma Science, Troy, N. Y., May 23-25, 1977, Paper. 32 p. 20 refs. The toroidal ring of plasma contained in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus facility may be biased to positive or negative potentials approaching 50 kV by applying dc voltages of the respective polarity to 12 or fewer midplane electrode rings The radial electric fields, which are responsible for raising the ions to high energies by E x B/B-squared drift, then point out of or into the plasma A preliminary report is given on the identification and optimization of independent variables which affect the ion density and confinement time in the Bumpy Torus plasma. The independent variables include the polarity, position, and number of the midplane electrode rings, the method of gas injection, and the polarity and strength of a weak vertical magnetic field. Some characteristic data taken under con- ditions where most of the independent variables were optimized are presented. The highest value of the electron number density on the plasma axis is 3.2 trillion per cu cm, the highest ion heating efficiency is 47%, and the longest particle containment time is 2 0 msec. (Author) A77-47960 * # The NASA thermionic-conversion /TEC-ART/ program J F Morris (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Thermionics and Heat-Pipe Section, Cleveland, Ohio) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Conference on Plasma Science, Troy, N Y, May 23-25, 1977, Paper 18 p 11 refs The NASA program for applied research and technology in thermionic energy conversion is described, and the approaches used to obtain the goal of reduced mterelectrode losses, improved emitters, and improved collectors are indicated The current empha- sis on out-of-core thermionics allows materials and designs previously prohibited by in-core nucleonics and geometries Since high- temperature material effects are important for several components, tungsten, 25%-rhemum technology is a subject of research Emitter- vaporization, collector-deposition effects were studied, and improve- ments in metallic-fluid heat pipes are considered Some required characteristics of electrodes are examined M L A77-47968 # Flywheel hybrid power trains I - Component and drive selection II - Numerical optimization and operation R Saint Laurent and R C Flanagan (Toronto, University, Toronto, Canada). Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Congress, 90th, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct 5-8, 1976, Paper 61 p 31 refs. Research supported by the National Research Council of Canada Various components are considered for use in flywheel hybrid power trains for vehicles The cycle efficiency of a vehicle was defihed with respect to a vehicle with an ideal power tram The primary emphasis for component selection is placed on maximizing the cycle efficiency, hence fuel economy A double acting Stirling engine was chosen as the primary power source while a toroidal disk traction drive was chosen as the infinitely variable transmission The flywheel material selected was AISI 4340 steel Part II of this paper 438 A77-48169 uses the chosen components in a particular configuration of a hybrid commuter car. A computer optimization procedure is used to obtain the highest cycle efficiency. (Author) A77-47969 # Thermal energy management techniques in spacecraft design and their potential for terrestrial applications. S Ahmed and V. A. Wehrle (Department of Communications, Com- munications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada). Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Congress, 90th, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct 5-8, 1976, Paper. 32 p 24 refs Thermal energy management schemes derived from aerospace applications, including multilayer insulation, heat pipes, hollow glass microsphere insulation and surface finishes, are discussed The operation of conventional, variable conductance and thermal diode heat pipes is described, terrestrial uses of heat pipes, such as stabilization of permafrost adjacent to Arctic oil pipelines, cooling of high-power electronic components, increasing the efficiency of domestic and commercial appliances and applications in solar energy collectors, are considered The manufacture of multilayer blanket insulation for cryogenic to room temperature applications is described, and use of multilayer insulation in storage containers for liquefied gases is mentioned Glass microsphere insulation for use in underwater environments, and surface finishes employed in solar heating and cooling of buildings are also discussed J M B A77-47970 ft Anaerobic sludge digestion - A potential energy source M F Hamoda and D B Cohen (Environment Canada, Wastewater Technology Centre, Burlington, Ontario, Canada) Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Congress, 90th, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct 5-8, 1976, Paper 27 p 18 refs The anaerobic sludge digestion process is described, and gas production and utilization are discussed The characteristics of bacterial action are examined, and single and two-stage systems are distinguished About 10 to 20 cu ft of gas per pound of volatile solids digested are produced from a well-functioning digester The digester gas contains about 60 to 70% methane by volume, C02 is the other mam constituent Methods of using digester gas for heating the contents of the digester (the most common usage of digester gas) are presented, and internal combustion engines or gas turbines that can use digester gas for power production are characterized The future potential for gas utilization is considered with attention to economic factors M L A77-47971 j Progress of feasibility reassessment of exploit- ing Fundy tidal energy R H Clark and R L Walker Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Congress, 90th, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct 5-8, 1976, Paper 43 p 9 refs A joint Canadian and provincial government program to assess the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of electrical power generation from tidal energy at the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotia-New Brunswick) is reviewed Aspects of the design process, including the choice between single and hydrauhcally-lmked basin schemes, the integration of power plants into existing transmission systems, the development of a finite difference model for more accurate simulation of tidal flow, the estimation of capital costs for plants having capacities from 50 to 10,000 MW and the location and capacity of energy storage facilities, are considered. In addition, utility loads in the Canadian maritime provinces and Quebec through the 1990's are projected, and the relative cost of tidal energy from the proposed Bay of Fundy generating plants is estimated J M B A77-48092 Firing systems for combustion of natural gas, crude oil and bunker C-oil - Selection of parameters for thermal power station units and the applied systems of steam generation. F W Lautenschlaeger Energy Developments, vol I.Apr 1977, p 4-8 A77-48099 A characterization of the sources of petroleum hydrocarbons in Lake Washington S G Wakeham (Washington, University, Seattle, Wash ) Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal, vol 49, July 1977, p 1680-1687 29 refs Contract No ATI45-D-2225-T40 A77-48100 Sludge processing to optimize digestibility and energy production R T Haug Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal, vol 49, July 1977, p 1713-1721 9 refs A system for thermal pretreatment of primary and/or waste- activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants prior to anaerobic digestion is described along with a discussion of energy balancing and cost evaluation procedures The system's potential advantages in- clude (1) improved biodegradabihty, (2) an increase in net energy production, based on the increase in biodegradabihty and hence in gas, (3) improved dewaterability of residual solids to the extent that additional conditioning may not be required prior to dewatering, (4) no separate sidestream treatment, (5) effective odor control, and (6) production of pathogen-free sludge, thus alleviating public health concerns S C S A77-48158 * Symposium on Combustion /International/, 16th, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cembridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Symposium sponsored by the Combustion Institute, U S Air Force, U S Navy, U S Army, ERDA, NASA, NSF, American Chemical Society, et al , NSF Grant No ENG-76-21419, Contracts No N00014-76-G-0041, No NAS3- 19774, Grant No DAAD05-76-Q-5603 Pittsburgh, Pa , Combustion Institute, 1977 1724 p Members, $37, nonmembers, $60 Aspects of combustion technology in power systems are considered, taking into account a combustion in large boilers, the control of over-all thermal efficiency of combustion heating systems, a comparison of mathematical models of the radiative behavior of a large-scale experimental furnace, a concentric multiannular swirl burner, and the effects of water introduction on diesel engine combustion and emissions Attention is also given to combustion and related processes in energy production from coal, spray and droplet combustion, soot formation and growth, the kinetics of elementary reactions, flame structure and chemistry, propellant ignition and combustion, fire and explosion research, mathematical modeling, high output combustion systems, turbulent flames and combustion, and ignition, optical, and electrical properties G R A77-48159 Synthetic fuels and combustion J P Longwell (Exxon Research and Engineering Co, Linden, NJ , MIT, Cambridge, Mass ) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa, Combustion Institute, 1977, p 1-15 22 refs Particular attention in the discussion is given to the conversion of coal to liquid fuels for transportation use The manufacture of synthetic fuels from coal involves a significant increase in the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio from the comparatively low value of the ratio found in coal The relative fuel/engine system efficiency for both air and ground transportation is expected to be strongly influenced by the ability of an engine to burn low hydrogen- to-carbon ratio aromatic fuels without formation of carbon particu- lates, engine deposits, or maintenance problems Improvement in the ability of aircraft engines to burn highly aromatic, wide boiling range fuels offers the possibility of advances in economics and fuel conservation in air transportation G R A77-48169 NOx from fuel nitrogen in two-stage com- bustion F J Martin and P K Dederick (General Electric Co, Schenectady, NY) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa, Combustion Institute, 1977, p 191-198 A description is presented of the two-stage combustion of gaseous fuel/air mixtures In the primary stage, the fuel/air mixture is burned as an enclosed premixed, fuel-rich, turbulent jet In the second stage, jets of dilution (secondary) air are injected into the hot primary products An investigation is conducted regarding the conversion of NH3 in the fuel to NOx in the products It is found in all experiments that there is a decrease in the yield of NOx for the primary products with increasing equivalence ratio for rich mixtures all the way to the rich experimental limit The results of the 439 A77-48172 investigation appear to be entirely consistent with a model reported by Fenimore (1972), at least in a semiquantitative way G.R A77-48172 Combustion technology for the improvement of engine efficiency and emission characteristics W Bernhardt (Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg, West Germany) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings (Pittsburgh, Pa, Com- bustion Institute, 1977, p 223-232 23 refs The fuel characteristics required for future engines are con- sidered It is found that future automotive Otto engines have the potential of comparatively low energy consumption which can be obtained by virtue of efficient lean operation and utilizing the high octane ratings of future fuels at high compression ratios Future diesel engines preserve high fuel economy, while soot formation and odor are suppressed by utilizing methanol injection or using diesel-water emulsion An employment of mathematical modeling as a tool for the development of combustion technology is discussed and a description of new methods for the improvement of fuel-air mixture preparation is presented A new Inlet Manifold- Exhaust-Package (MEP) which integrates a lean thermal reactor is examined, giving attention to aspects of MEP evaluation, the thermal efficiency of MEP-equipped internal combustion engines, and the emission characteristics of a methanol engine G R A77-48173 In situ optical measurement of automobile exhaust gas paniculate size distributions - Regular fuel and methanol mixtures E D Hirleman, Jr and S L K Wittig (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind ) In Symposium on Combustion (Inter- national), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings ^Pittsburgh, Pa , Combustion Institute, 1977, p 245-252, Comments, p 253, 254 26 refs Research supported by the Dammarks Teknisk-Videnskabelige Forsknmgsrad, NATO, and NSF A77-48175 Numerical model of coal gasification in a packed bed A M Winslow (California, University, Livermore, Calif) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cam- bridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa , Combustion Institute, 1977, p 503-513, Comments, p 513,514 20 refs Contract No W-7405-eng-48 A one-dimensional time-dependent computational model has been developed as a pilot study for the multidimensional simulation of coal gasification in a packed bed, treated as a porous medium Different gas and solid temperatures are used, and concentrations of eight chemical species (N2, 02, H2O, H2, CH4, CO, C02, tar) two forms of water (surface and interior), coal and char are followed in space and time Numerical results obtained for gasification of a Wyoming subbitummous coal by a mixture of steam and oxygen show reasonable agreement with laboratory measurement's The numerical method retains all time derivatives and treats the nonlinear partial differential equations as an initial-value problem, using implicit methods which are capable of being extended to two or more space dimensions (Author) A77-48176 Kinetics of gasification in a combustion pot - A comparison of theory and experiment T Eapen, R Blackadar, and R H Essenhigh (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa ) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cam- bridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa, Combustion Institute, 1977, p 515522 15 refs Research supported by the Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation, Contract No E(49-18)-2030 The reaction of carbon with air in a fixed fuel bed was investigated through analysis of rate equations and through data obtained from experiments involving a combustion pot The com- bustion pot, a refractory box accommodating bed depths up to 18 inches, was fueled with various grades of coke or coal, experiments were carried out at air intake and gasification rates comparable to those employed by commercial gasifiers Kinetic coefficients were obtained from slopes of log/linear plots of gas composition (02, C02 and CO were studied) with time It was found that the carbon-air reaction is diffusion-controlled in the combustion region of the fuel bed, but chemically-controlled in the gasification region, with a temperature coefficient equivalent to 50 kcal activation energy Possible application of these results to mathematical models of shaft reactors, the Lurgi process, or underground gasification is also mentioned J M B A77-48177 Reaction rate analysis of borehole 'm-situ' gasification systems I M Stewart and T. F Wall (Newcastle, University, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa , Com- bustion Institute, 1977, p 525-533 11 refs Research supported by the National Coal Research Advisory Committee Two methods of in situ borehole coal gasification, the plug-flow reduction system and the well-stirred oxidation system, are studied In particular, carbon gasification, strata losses and gas and surface temperatures for a range of coal properties, bed and moisture contents and blast conditions are investigated, and the relative influence of mass transfer and chemical reaction rate on the combustion processes is assessed Computations describing the combustion reactions suggest that a plug-flow tapering reduction zone is dominated by mass-transfer effects and that a high gasification efficiency may be possible with an oxygen-steam blast and elevated combustion zone exit temperatures For the well-stirred reactor model, a notable influence of moisture balance on ignition stability is found, in addition, it is concluded that an oxygen-steam blast with preheat could produce synthesis gas at high efficiency in a jet-stirred reactor J M B A77-48178 Environmental aspects of low Btu gas com- bustion. M P Heap, T J Tyson, J E Cichanowicz, R Gershman, C J Kau (Ultrasystems, Inc, Irvine, Calif), G B Martin, and W S Lamer (US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa, Combustion Institute, 1977, p 535-545 14 refs US Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-1361 A kinetic model describing the formation and destruction of nitrogen oxides was used to study two combined-cycle power plants burning ammonia-containing low-Btu gas derived from coal The kinetic model, which includes more than 100 reactions, was validated by comparison with data for methane/air combustion in jet-stirred reactors. An advanced-technology high temperature gas turbine with a waste heat boiler and a supercharged boiler with a current- technology gas turbine were investigated via the model, it was concluded that staged combustion schemes involving rich primary zones could result in minimum nitrogen oxides emission levels of 105 ppm for the high-temperature turbine and 100 ppm for the supercharged boiler J M B A77-48240 * Direct-connect tests of hydrogen-fueled super- sonic combustors P J Waltrup, G L Dugger, F S Billig, and R C Orth (Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md ) In Symposium on Combustion (International), 16th, Cambridge, Mass, August 15-20, 1976, Proceedings Pittsburgh, Pa , Combustion Institute, 1977, p 1619-1629 8 refs NASA-supported research Direct-connect tests of hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustors were performed using arc-heated air at combustor inlet Mach numbers of 2 9 to 3 2. Various axisymmetric combustor geometries of 5 89 and 6 96 cm (inner diameter) inlet were investigated, the fuel was injected from the wall either from a ring of equally spaced holes normal to the air stream, or from a circumferential slot oriented 45 deg downstream The hole-type injectors, consistently gave better results The effects of various parameters are examined, and the performance comparison procedure is described A theoretical model of the supersonic combustion process which includes a pre- combustion shock-compression is used to explain the character of the observed pressure distributions and to assess the effects of the measured heat transfer rates, deduced wall shear, and combustor geometry on performance M L. 440 A77-48478 A77-48257 Solar energy installation for the project 'Motto di Lena' in Minuiio/Teuin (Sonnenenergieanlage fur das Objekt 'Motto di Lena' in Minusio/Tessin). E Ruosch (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Landis und Gyr Zug AC, Zentral- schweizensches Technikum, Lucerne, Switzerland), B Laumann (Landis und Gyr Zug AG, Lucerne, Switzerland), A Grundler (Kampfer AG, Othmarsmgen, Switzerland), and R Meuh HLH • Zeitschnft fur Heizung, Luftung, Klimatechnik, Haustechnik, vol 28, Aug 1977, p 289-294 In German. The considered installation represents now probably the largest solar energy project in Switzerland The project includes solar energy collectors with an area of 100 sq m and heat storage facilities, based on the use of water, with a volume of 225 cu m. The installation provides energy for heating five apartments and for supplying them with hot water It was found that, during the first operational year, 72% of the entire energy required could be provided by solar energy. The remainder of the energy needed was supplied by an auxiliary electrical heating system. Attention is given to aspects of construc- tional design, details concerning the collection and utilization of solar energy, the costs of the system and its operation, and the evaluation of the obtained data G R. A77-48258 The test reference year. A collection of hourly values of interesting weather elements III - Conversion of the air pressure for other altitudes, equations of the vapor pressure of water, calculation of the position of the sun (Das Test-Referenzjahr: Eine Sammlung stundlicher Werte mteressierender Wetterelemente. Ill • Umrechnung des Luftdruckes auf andere Hdhen, Gleichungen der Dampfdruckkurve von Wasser, Berechnung des Sonnenstandes). A Jahn (Berlin, Technische Universitat, Berlin, West Germany) HLH • Zeitschnft fur Heizung, Luftung, Klimatechnik, Haustechnik, vol. 28, Aug 1977, p 295-299 33refs In German A number of equations are required in connection with the evaluation and selection of data for a test reference year (TflY) and also in connection with the utilization of the TRY values The required relations are presented for problem areas for which the corresponding information found in literature is insufficient or nonexistmg Measured data concerning the air pressure are generally converted to values corresponding to an altitude of zero before publication, while the data for temperature and relative humidity are given for the altitude of the climatological station It is, therefore, often necessary to convert the published air pressure data again to the values corresponding to the station altitude Suitable approaches for doing this are discussed Attention is also given to water vapor pressure relations needed for the design of heating and air condition- ing systems and to equations required in calculations which take into account the characteristics of direct solar radiation G R A77-48259 Energy savings obtained by applying the find- ings of construction physics II (Energieemsparung durch Anwendung von Erkenntnissen der Bauphysik. II). H Remders HLH • Zeitschnft fur Heizung, Luftung, Klimatechnik, Haustechnik, vol 28, Aug 1977, p. 300-304 7 refs In German The main problem m connection with the requirements for saving energy in the case of the heating or air conditioning of buildings is related to a minimization of the energy needed to provide and maintain physiologically appropriate conditions concern- ing the air in the rooms of a building. Theoretical studies and practical experience show that optimal relations are found in the case of an existence of quasi-stationary conditions with respect to the quality of the air in the rooms The conditions for a thermal equilibrium in buildings are investigated and a description is presented of the results which have been obtained in a theoretical study of seven types of wall design The effects of various building design factors on the loss of heat from the building are discussed G R A77-48267 Wind energy - Large and small systems com- peting. W D Metz Science, vol 197, Sept 2, 1977, p 971-973 Wmdpower, which is available on an annual basis in amounts comparable to the average energy flux of sunlight in many areas, offers one of the most inexpensive means of producing energy The possibilities are investigated for utilizing features available in many windy regions, such as hydroelectric systems, capable of producing energy storage by holding back water while the wind is blowing, and underground gas formations, suitable for compressed air storage Possible interference with television reception constitutes one of the major objections to wind installations, as television's synchronization speed, 30 cycles per second, is near the rotation speed of large wind systems The use of fiber-glass blades is suggested as a partial remedy for the problem Several existing wind machine programs are discussed with regard to construction, cost evaluation, effectiveness, and storage capacities It is concluded that both large and small wind systems have the potential to compete with conventional electric systems S C S A77-48301 Is an electric vehicle in your future E C Hackleman, Jr (Connecticut, University, Storrs, Conn ) Environ- mental Science and Technology, vol 11, Sept 1977, p 858-862 The electric vehicle is suggested as an alternate solution to automotive pollution and energy problems Among the advantages of the electric vehicle are fuel economy, low-operating costs, minimal maintenance, and low pollution emission The major disadvantage of the electric vehicle is that the lead-acid battery wears out rapidly because of repeated recharges Battery technology has developed several new products, such as the silver-zinc battery, the sodium- sulfur battery, and the lithium-sulfide battery, which are discussed. Potential markets for electric vehicles include both public and commercial transportation. It is concluded that although the electric vehicle has a limited application under current technological param- eters, it has great potential for the future as an alternate to the internal combustion vehicle S C S A77-48472 Soluble-salt processes for in-situ recovery of hydrocarbons from oil shale M Prats, P J Closmann, G Drinkard (Shell Development Co , Houston, Tex.), and A T Ireson (Shell Oil Co., Houston, Tex ) (American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, 51st, New Orleans, La, Oct 3-6, 1976) Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol 29, Sept 1977, p 1078-1088 13 ref s This paper describes a class of in situ shale-oil recovery processes in which permeability and porosity are developed by dissolution of soluble salts These processes consist of two steps that may be conducted simultaneously or sequentially leaching of soluble salts and conversion of kerogen (Author) A77-48473 Underground coal gasification - A status re- port L A Schnder and C E Whieldon (Morgantown Energy Research Center, Morgantown, W Va ) (American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Eastern Regional Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, Nov 18-19, 19761 Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol 29, Sept 1977, p 1179-1185 14 ref s Three in situ coal gasification techniques, the packed bed reactor approach for thick seams (50 ft or greater), the longwall generator concept for thin seams (15 ft or less), and the linked vertical well method for intermediate seams (15 to 50 ft), are described The second Hanna experiment, which tested the linked well method, is discussed, with attention to the instrumentation techniques used. The results of the Hanna experiments show a marked improvement with each successive test as a result of higher injection rates and the backpressurmg of the formation These procedures have produced a favorable air/water ratio for in situ coal gasification Phases 2 and 3 of Hanna experiment are compared M.L A77-48478 Bl-gas pilot plant processes 5 tph. R A. Weaver, Jr Coal Mining and Processing, vol 14, Sept 1977, p. 86-88, 90, 122. A process for the production of high-Btu pipeline gas from coal is described Among the system's advantages are a high yield of methane, total consumption of feed coal, and the absence of tar and oil formation in the gasification process. The pilot plant design is outlined with attention to the individual support systems. Discussed in greater detail are (1) coal receiving and preparation, (2) the 441 A77-48480 high-pressure slurry-feed system, (3) the gasifier system, (4) the slag removal system, (5) gas clean-up, and (6) gas conversion. S.C.S. A77-48480 Space-based solar power study near com- pletion. B M Elson Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol 107, Sept. 19, 1977, p 58, 59, 62-65, 68, 69. The concept of solar power systems is discussed with regard to potential energy conversion schemes. Two such systems have been found to be equally effective for the project (1) photovoltaic devices (solar cells) which would convert sunlight directly into electricity by means of solar cell arrays scaled at about 100 sq km for a 10 GW output at the busbars on the ground, and (2) thermal engines (two versions of which are feasible at the present time, the closed Brayton cycle using helium as the working fluid, and the potassium vapor Rankme cycle) which would convert sunlight into electricity via turbomachmery rather than solar cells Satellite construction techniques, cost evaluation, and flight experimentation are reviewed S C S A77-48489 Thermochemistry of some six-membered cyclic and polycyclic compounds related to coal. R Shaw, D. M Golden (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif), and S W Benson (Southern California, University, Los Angeles, Calif ) Jour- nal of Physical Chemistry, vol 81, Sept 8, 1977, p. 1716-1729. 25 refs Contract No E(49-18)-2202 A77-48493 Antenna design for offshore satellite links M R Brame (Marconi Communication Systems, Ltd, Chelmsford, Essex, England) Microwave Journal, vol 20, Sept 1977, p 59-61 A description is presented of the various factors which have to be considered in the design of an offshore antenna system that is to be installed on oil production platforms in the North Sea for communications applications involving a use of the European Communications Satellite Attention is given to general design considerations, tracking and stabilization systems, error factors, radome options, and a performance/cost analysis G R A77-48496 Further Stirling engine development work I (Weiterentwicklungen am Stirhngmotor. I) F Zachanas Motor- technische Zeitschnft, vol 38, Sept 1977, p 371-374,377 17 refs. In German Advantages of the Stirling engine, as obtained in experimental models, are related to high efficiency, a small amount of pollutants in the exhaust gas, and low operational noise levels A survey is provided regarding the development trends of the engine, taking into account the thermodynamic conditions in the case of the double- acting engine The Stirling engine makes use of heat exchangers and helium or hydrogen as operational medium. Attention is given to the operational phases in a 4-cylmder Stirling in-line engine, the necessity to employ higher process theory in connection with engine design studies, the pressure and temperature characteristics of the engine, and various process control techniques G R A77-48502 Science and technology of oil shale Edited by T F Yen (Southern California, University, Los Angeles, Calif ) Ann Arbor, Mich, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc, 1976 232 p $3250 A systematic review of oil shale research is presented including papers which discuss U.S oil shale deposits, modification of the mineral matrix by bioleaching, mild oxidation procedures for bioleachmg oil shale, electrolytic oxidation and reduction of oil shale, and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance for the estimation of potential oil yields Retorting of oil shale is presented with regard to indexes for oil shale pyrolyses from ethylene/ethane ratios of product gases, and polycondensed aromatic compounds and carcino- gens in shale ash of carbonaceous spent shale. Environmental concerns are outlined along with sulfur recovery in a biochemical method of oil shale production, microbial degradation of oil shale, and structural investigations of kerogen's hydrogen structure. S C S A77-48503 Wind power - Pipe dream or reality. F Hirschfeld Mechanical Engineering, vol 99, Sept 1977, p. 20-28 It has been estimated that the power which is potentially attainable from the surface winds over the U.S. is more than 30 times the probable total power consumption of the US by 1980. However, attempts to utilize this resource for power generation applications in the past have generally not been economically successful. In connection with the energy crisis, the federal govern- ment has undertaken a program for the development of economical wind systems capable of providing up to 30 years of reliable, automatic, relatively rnamtenance free service, The program includes plans for the development of a 1.5-MW horizontal-axis, propeller- type experimental wind turbine generator with a composite rotor 61 m in dia. Attention is given to an experimental 100-kW unit, a review of prominent wind-power projects in the first half of the 20th century, the development and promotion of wind systems for farm and rural use, and questions of economic viability G.R. A77-48517 # Energy output and service life characteristics of high-voltage low-temperature thermopiles (Energeticheskie i resursnye kharakteristiki vysokovol'tnykh mzkotemperaturnykh ter- mobatarei) L D Dudkin, A N Moskalev, A. E Nadzhip, 0 B Sokolov, and A la Terekov (Vsesoiuznyi Nauchno-lssledovatel'skn Institut Istochmkov Toka, Moscow, USSR) Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 3-7 In Russian The article discusses the design of low-temperature high-voltage thermopiles featuring a high ratio of output voltage to unit power drain U/W (ratio roughly ten) capable of operating at temperatures from 50 to 300 C over a 200 C temperature drop Extruded rods of low-temperature thermoelectric materials with such a ratio are used in fabricating the thermopiles 4000-h lifetime tests run on specimens with hot-junction temperatures near 270 C revealed no degradation of thermopile energy output or performance R D V A77-48518 // Photoelectric and electrical properties of n-SiC - n-CdS heterojunctions (Fotoelektncheskie i elektricheskie svoistva nSiC-nCdS-geteroperekhodov) Sh A Mirsagatov, M Duisenbaev, and D T Rasulov (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko- Tekhmcheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 8-11 5 refs In Russian Dark voltage-current and voltage-capacitance characteristics of n-type (SiC + CdS) heterojunctions were investigated, in order to ascertain the mechanism of current transport through the structure The heterojunctions were fabricated by thermal vaporization of CdS powder in vacuum and sputtering onto alpha-SiC specular surfaces Metallic contacts to the CdS films were applied by sputtering of In and Au Ohmic contacts to the SiC were fashioned by fusing a mixture of Ni + W powders Spectral dependences of photo- sensitivity, photo-emf, and short-circuit current (on intensity of incident light) were taken R D V A77-48519 # Procedure for calculating thermocompressor thermodynamical parameters (Metodika rascheta termodinami- cheskikh parametrov termokompressora) A G Popov and V S Trukhov (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Fiziko-Tekhnicheskn Institut, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 12-19 7 refs In Russian A procedure for calculating the thermodynamical performance characteristics of a thermocompressor operating on a modified Stirling cycle is worked out An ideal thermocompressor model is developed, with constant temperatures in hot and cold zones, identical masses of working fluid taken in and exhausted over a cycle at constant pressures, no leaks, no friction, no drag, and with an ideal regenerator Design with rod diameter taken into account and left out of account are considered The thermal efficiency of the ideal thermocompressor is found to increase with compression ratio and to decline when monatomic working fluid is replaced by diatomic R D V A77-48521 # Shortened focusing concentrators and focusing wedges (Ukorochennye fokony i foklmy) M V Braslavskaia and V K Baranov Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 25-30 In Russian Graphs and tabular data are presented on the parameters of parabolic torus solar energy concentrators and parabolic cylinder 442 A77-48703 focusing wedges Straightforward determination of the performance parameters of shortened focusing concentrators and focusing wedges as functions of specified element depth or allowable degradation of concentration ratio is addressed Spatial selectivity and aperture dimensions of the solar array elements are defined and formulated Shortening a concentrator by a third, and a wedge by a half, is found to result in only 10% degradation in concentration R D V A77-48522 # Contribution to procedures for testing Silazan resin coatings (K metodike ispytann silazanovykh pokrytn) R A. Zakhidov, A I Ismanzhanov, and L A. Dubrovskn (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tsentral'noe Proektno-Konstruktorskoe i Tekhno- logicheskoe Biuro Nauchnogo Pnborostroenna, Uzbek SSR) Gelio- tekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 31-35 6refs. In Russian Procedures for accelerated ageing tests on Silazan resin protec- tive coatings and statistical processing of test data are outlined Resin coatings on solar concentrators are tested under various intensified solar UV radiation patterns simulating five-fold or forty-fold UV intensities Mercury lamps are employed in the accelerated expo- sures Parameters for the accelerated ageing tests, functions linking the lifetime and operating conditions of the coated object, and conversion of test results are discussed R D V A77-48523 ff Radiative heat transfer in cavity type axisym- metric collectors for high-temperature solar energy plants (Luchistyi teploobmen v polostnykh osesimmetrichnykh pnemnikakh vysoko- temperaturnykh solnechnykh ustanovok) R A Zakhidov and Sh I Klychev (Akademna Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR, Tsentral'noe Proektno- Konstruktorskoe i Tekhnologicheskoe Biuro Nauchnogo Priboro- stroeniia, Uzbek SSR) Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 39-44 7 refs In Russian Radiative heat transfer in cavity type solar collectors was investigated with the object of arriving at useful simplifications in early-design selection of cavity parameters A computer program is developed and the effect of optical-geometrical cavity parameters on heat flux is investigated, with attention given to the concentration field Relationships between influx distribution and redistributions of outward-going flux are explored R D V A77-48525 § Experience in constructing a solar energy cadastral survey (Opyt postroenna geheoenergeticheskogo kadastra) R B Salieva (Tashkentskii Elektrotekhnicheskn Institut Sviazi, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) Geliotekhnika, no 3, 1977, p 56-64 18 refs In Russian Basic purposes of a solar energy cadastral survey incorporating objective numerical data based on an adequate stochastic model are outlined The survey is intended to provide a data base for exploitation and storage of solar energy and for forecasting of favorable insolation conditions, with benefits in electric power, communications, refrigeration and heating, irrigation, and water resources management The microstructure of solar radiation expo- sure is broken down from a continuous series to phase-homogeneous periods lasting one calendar month Histograms, tables, and graphs are compiled as aids in determining repeatability of solar radiation patterns R D V A77-48570 # A simple physical model of a magneto- hydrodynamic generator (Prosteishaia fizicheskaia model' magnito- gidrodmamicheskogo generatora) I la Plotnikov (Akademna Nauk SSSR, Institut Kosmofizicheskikh Issledovann i Aeronomn, Yakutsk, USSR) Geomagnetism i Aeronomiia, vol 17, July-Aug 1977, p 772, 773 In Russian A physical model is developed to study the ambiguity of the MHO approximation caused by the effects of the density of the vortical and static electromotive force A stationary shear flow is constructed whose vortex lines are directed along an applied magnetic field with the shear flow formed by two parallel walls of a rectangular tube. The profile of the Couette flow obtained reveals the character of the local interaction of the magnetic field and the vortex flow where the magnetic field facilitates deceleration and reversal of the stream in the region of the stationary wall S.C S A77-48571 § MHD power generation with fully ionized seed H Yamasaki and S Shioda (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan) Journal of Energy, vol 1, Sept-Oct 1977, p 301 305 13 refs Recovery of power density in the regime of fully ionized seed has been demonstrated experimentally using an MHD disk generator with the effective Hall parameter up to 5 0 when the seed was fully ionized The experiments were conducted with a shock-heated and potassium-seeded argon plasma under the following conditions stagnation gas pressure = 0 92 atm, stagnation gas temperature = 2750 K, flow Mach number = 25, and seed fraction = 1 4 x 10 to the -5th Measurements of electron number density and spectroscopic observations of both potassium and argon lines confirmed that the recovery of power output was due to the reduction of lonization instability This fact indicates that the successful operation of a disk generator utilizing nonequilibnum lonization seems to be possible and that the suppression of lonization instability can also provide higher adiabatic efficiency Furthermore, the lower seed fraction offers technological advantages related to seed problems (Author) A77-48647 H Thermal properties of subsurface rocks in the Ukraine (Teplovye svoistva pnpoverkhnostnykh porod terntorn Ukramy) V V Gordienko and 0 V Zavgorodniaia (Akademna i Nauk Ukramskoi SSR, Institut Geofiziki, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR) Geofizicheskn Sbornik, no 76, 1977, p 82-86 8 refs In Russian Temperature measurements at depths of 0 2 and 32m and determinations of the volumetric specific heat for subsoil rocks were obtained Values of the thermal diffusivity (average, 7 times 10 to the minus third sq cm/sec) and of the heat conductivity (2 times 10 to the minus third cal/(cm times deg times sec) are presented In general, the results agree with earlier data Applications of the data are considered M L A77-48701 Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volumes 1 & 2 Conference sponsored by ANS, SAE, ACS, ASME, AIAA, IEEE, and AlChE La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977 Vol 1, 1007 p , vol 2, 986 p Price of two volumes, members, $45, nonmembers, $100 The papers in this collection deal with continuing advances in the search for and development of new sources of energy and more efficient processes that consume energy The topics cover a wide range, including advanced auto propulsion, alternative fuels, Brayton cycle engines, fluid bed combustion, geothermal and solar power systems, Rankine cycle engines, thermiomcs, and wind power P T H A77-48702 Comparing alternative methods of improving fuel economy S Luchter and C J Daye (ERDA, Washington, D C ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 29 10 refs An analytical method is proposed that allows one to determine the effect of design changes on vehicle fuel economy The method relates the energy required to accomplish the composite driving cycle to the inertia weight of the vehicle and a vehicle fuel consumption parameter As examples of technology improvements, continuously variable transmission and aerodynamic drag reduction are considered It is shown that weight reductions, when properly coupled to engine downsizing, can significantly improve fuel economy, especially for lighter-weight vehicles Improvement in engine and drivetram per- formances can likewise improve overall fuel economy, especially for heavier automobiles PTH A77-48703 The ERDA automotive gas turbine program C S Chen (ERDA, Div of Transportation Energy Conservation, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 10-17 443 A77-48704 The automotive gas turbine engine was examined for possible introduction during the 1980-1990 time period Technical analysis was made of the gas turbine engine as alternative to the conventional engine This alternative was evaluated from a societal point of view on terms of energy consumption, urban air quality, cost to the consumer, materials availability, and industry impact The results show that the gas turbine engine offers the promise of eliminating the automobile as a significant source of urban air pollution, dramatically reducing fuel consumption, and being saleable Specifically, the gas turbine engine requires intensive component, systems, and manufacturing process development by the auto industry The current ERDA/Chrysler automotive gas turbine pro- gram indicates the earliest date for marketplace introduction of gas turbine cars is the 1986-87 time period (Author) A77-48704 Improving automobile fuel economy with advanced transmissions R Kost and S Luchter (U S Department of Transportation, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Con- version Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 18-25 6refs The paper examines the fuel economy advantages of the continuously variable transmission over the conventional automatic transmission types and their projected improvements A given engine is shown to operate more efficiently with a continuous automatic transmission than with conventional automatic transmission. The two most promising continuous automatic transmission candidates are the hydromechamcal and traction-type transmissions Some developmental work on these two concepts is briefly described. P T H A77-48705 Continuously-variable transmission concepts suitable for flywheel hybrid automobiles A A Frank, N H Beachley, R W Harter, A P Dietrich, and K C Lau (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 26-33 14 refs U.S Department of Transportation Grant No OS-60177 A77-48706 Computer predicted compression ratio effects on NOx emissions from a methanol fueled SI engine L H Browning and R. K Pefley (Santa Clara, University, Santa Clara, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 37-43 14 refs Research supported by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and ERDA A combustion kinetics computer model was used to study the compression ratio effects on performance and emissions of a methanol fueled spark ignition (SI) engine. Earlier experimental work by two independent research workers had shown that volumetric NOx emissions decreased when compression ratio was increased from 9.7 1 to 14 1 at MBT spark settings The computer model, however, predicted a continual increase in volumetric NOx emissions for increasing compression ratio at MBT spark timing. With only a 3-deg retard from MBT, the computer-predicted volumetric NOx emission at 14 1 Compression ratio was- reduced to that at 8.44 1 compression ratio and MBT spark timing With this spark retard setting, there was a .net increase in power and thermal efficiency of 13 7% relative to the MBT values at 8.44 1 compression ratio (Author) A77-48707 Cassava fuel alcohol in Brazil. V Yang, W N Milfont, Jr, A Scigliano, C 0 Massa, S Sresnewsky, and S C Tnndade (Centre de Tecnologia Promon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 44-53 10refs Energetics and economics of ethanol production from cassava under Brazilian conditions were analyzed A 150 cu m/day alcohol distillery based on batch conversion and fermentation steps and employing a totally enzymatic process was the base distillery chosen Comparison with alcohol production from sugar cane juice was made Prospects for process energy improvements and effects on alcohol production costs are discussed and compared to base- distillery results Net energy/ratio concept was used as basis for process energetics analysis Sharp increase in cassava agriculture productivity is expected to considerably improve cassava fuel alcohol economics (Author) A77-48708 Exhaust and evaporative emission from a Brazilian Chevrolet fueled with ethanol-gasolme blends. R L Furey and M W Jackson (General Motors Corp, Warren, Mich) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 54-61 8 refs Exhaust and evaporative emissions from a 1974 Brazilian Chevrolet Opala were measured using gasoline and various ethanol- gasolme mixtures For this car, which was designed to operate with rich air-fuel mixtures, addition of up to 20 percent ethanol to gasoline reduced exhaust hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, but increased exhaust aldehyde and nitrogen oxide emissions The leaning of the air-fuel mixture, due to ethanol addition, was the primary cause of the exhaust emission changes Evaporative emissions were slightly higher with 10 percent ethanol in gasoline, than with gasoline alone (Author) A77-48709 Alternate fuels for future aircraft. G D. Brewer (Lockheed-California Co, Burbank, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 62-68 10 refs The paper mentions some results of comparisons of the applicability of liquid hydrogen-fueled aircraft of the future and equivalent aircraft fueled with Jet A Liquid hydrogen-fueled aircraft show clear superiority stemming from better lift-to-drag ratio in cruise and the specific fuel consumption realized during cruise. These advantages are retained when supersonic transport aircraft are considered as well At the moment, studies indicate that it would cost more to build and operate a hydrogen-fueled fleet than a fleet fueled with synthetic Jet A, but if one takes into account projected improvements in the production process for liquid hydrogen (hydro- gen gasification) and for synthetic Jet A, the LH2-fueled aircraft comes out ahead PTH A77-48710 Utilizing methane from coalbeds G E Voelker (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 78-82 The paper discusses the possibility of recovering some of the estimated 240 trillion cubic feet of recoverable methane gas trapped in coal and surrounding rock strata in U S coal fields and which is currently being vented to the atmosphere during coal mining operations The results of a study of the economic viability of various combinations of recovery and utilization options are presented indicating that the recovery and utilization of coalbed methane gas is practical and economically favorable in many instances Near-term objectives of the ERDA program for coalbed methane conservation are selection and demonstration of promising systems and technologies for recovery, development of on-site systems for demonstration, and investigation of legal aspects of coalbed methane utilization PTH A77-48711 Synthetic carbonaceous fuels and feedstocks from oxides of carbon and nuclear power M Steinberg (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N Y ) In Intersociety Energy Conver- 444 A77-48719 sion Engineering Conference, 12th. Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 83-89 13 refs Four sources of carbon oxides for conversion to synthetic fuels and feedstocks are considered the blast furnace, limestone calcina- tion, coal-fired power plants, and a new system for fixation of atmospheric C02 Methanol and gasoline can be produced from the top gas of an oxygen-blown blast furnace in combination with a nuclear-electrolytic system Steam calcination of limestone using nuclear power would produce as a by-product synthetic carbona- ceous fuels Stack gas C02 can be converted to synthetic carbona- ceous fuels by a nuclear-electrolytic process For recovering CO2 in the atmosphere, a process is proposed that depends on the electrolytic decomposition of water containing higher concentrations of carbonate/bicarbonate ion ,P T H A77-48712 Solid fuels from biomass - Some environ- mental and economic considerations C W Vail and J -F. Henry (InterTechnology/Solar Corp, Warrenton, Va) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 90-93 12 refs A hypothetical woody biomass plantation with a given operating schedule was analyzed in terms of the universal soil loss equation in order to estimate the average amount of soil lost to erosion over an extended period of plantation operation It is shown that such an energy plantation culture is less intense than traditional agriculture Thus, lands classified as marginally fit for agriculture can be used to produce biomass crops on a renewable basis The cost of producing fuel with the required conservation measures is estimated to be slightly more than $1 20 per million Btu P T H A77-48713 The prospects for fuels from biomass E S. Lipmsky (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 94-99 9 refs ERDA-supported research The prospects for making fuels from biomass are investigated by considering the process of converting sugarcane to ethanol and studying the economics of ethanol as a motor fuel A cost analysis is made for a large ethanol distilling plant, and it is found that the cost of anhydrous ethanol would be about $031 per liter Adding anhydrous ethanol in a suitable gasoline blend would increase the selling price of gasoline $0 015 to $0 021 per liter P T H A77-48714 * Conceptual design of closed Brayton cycle for coal-fired power generation R. P Shah and J C Corman (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N Y ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 158-165 ERDA-NSF-sponsored research, Contract No NAS3-19406 The objectives to be realized in developing a closed cycle gas turbine are (1) to exploit high temperature gas turbine technology while maintaining a working fluid which is free from combustion gas contamination, (2) to achieve compact turbo-equipment designs through pressunzation of the working fluid, and (3) to obtain relatively simple cycle configurations. The technical/economic per- formance of a specific closed cycle gas turbine system was evaluated through the development of a conceptual plant and system design This energy conversion system is designed for electric utility service and to utilize coal directly in an environmentally acceptable manner (Author) A77-48716 Light commercial Brayton/Rankine space con- ditioning system. D Friedman (AiResearch Manufacturing Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 172-178 A heat-actuated space conditioning system that provides more efficient use of natural gas has been developed for 26 4- to 87 8-kW commercial applications The system consists of a subatmospheric natural-gas-fired Brayton cycle engine that drives a Rankme cycle heat pump A centrifugal freon compressor is driven directly from the Brayton engine rotating group through a permanent magnet coupling Unique features that offer high life cycle performance include a hermetically sealed magnetic coupling, air foil bearings, an atmospheric in-line combustor, and a high temperature recuperator Predicted overall engine efficiency is 27 percent and predicted overall coefficient of performance at the energy source is 085 in cooling and 1 0 in heating (Author) A77-48717 Thermal scale modeling of the central receiver of a helium Brayton cycle solar powerplant R C Zentner and R L Shannon (Boeing Co, Engineering and Construction Div , Seattle, Wash ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 179-186 Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute and Boeing Co The paper describes a commercial central receiver solar power plant concept which utilizes Brayton cycle turbomachinery in an intermediate load power plant role A one megawatt solar receiver, the Bench Model Solar Receiver, will be used to evaluate the central receiver design. Characteristics of this test model which are similar to those of the commercial unit include its heat exchanger operating temperatures, up to 870 C, insulation wall temperatures of about 1090 C, and thermal performance Several aspects of the engineering and design of the receiver model are discussed, and theoretical design requirements for thermal similitude are considered M L A77-48718 System evaluation of aircraft-derivative gas turbines for naval ship propulsion applications S C Kuo and T L. 0. Norton (United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Conn.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 187-193 9 refs Navy-supported research A projection has been made for the typical specific weights which can be expected for naval ship propulsion systems utilizing large aircraft-derivative open-cycle engines in the early 1990's The expected performance, size, and weight characteristics for these engines were identified and integrated with the expected future characteristics for the remaining conventional propulsion system components to estimate the total propulsion system specific weight Several propulsion system arrangements were considered and the most promising were used to predict the payload/endurance relation- ship for the selected naval ship types considered. (Author) A77-48719 A ceramic heat exchanger for exhaust fired gas turbine power cycles. I G. Most and K. G Hagen (Hague International, South Portland, Me.) In- Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 194-199. 5 refs. Until recently, combustion of solid fuels such as forest product residues, municipal waste, or coal in gas turbine power cycles has been limited by the corrosive action of the combustion products A heat exchanger which can operate in this corrosive environment has been developed, making the exhaust fired gas fir bine an economical- ly viable power source This heat exchanger is fabricated from a silicon carbide based ceramic and is a cross-counter flow shell and tube design Use of this ceramic allows combustion product temperatures in excess of 1590 K Operational and experimental experience has confirmed the heat exchanger performance charac- teristics and mechanical integrity under both thermal and physical abuse. This paper describes the design technique used in arriving at a 445 A77-48721 satisfactory heat exchanger for the exhaust fired cycle A parametric analysis, based on heat exchanger inlet temperature, leads to a heat exchanger choice that yields the required effectiveness with mini- mum size and pressure drop. (Author) A77-48721 ERDA/P&WA program for demonstration of advanced industrial gas turbine cooling and high pressure compressor technology. J K Schweitzer and B T Brown (United Technologies Corp , Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group, East Hartford, Conn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 216-222 The objective of this program is to demonstrate the utilization of advanced aircraft turbine cooling and high pressure compressor technology to achieve high performance, improved durability, and low initial cost in a 15,000 shp/10Mw class industrial gas turbine Conceptual engine optimization studies and the detailed analytical and mechanical design of the compressor and turbine critical- component test rigs have been completed Component validation testing and a gas generator demonstrator test are planned in subsequent phases The advanced single-spool compressor employs low aspect ratio axial compressor blading and a centrifugal back end stage to achieve 18 1 pressure ratio at 90% polytropic efficiency in only seven stages An innovative turbine air cooling approach in which the airfoils are fabricated from a series of bonded wafers with intricate corrective cooling passages is utilized to attain a 20,000 hour life at a combustor exit temperature of 1371 C (2500 F) Predicted specific fuel consumption at ISO conditions is 0.23 kg/hr/kw (038 Ib/hr/hp) Future development of thermal barrier coatings may permit a further increase in combustor exit tempera- ture to approximately 1593 C (2900 F) (Author) A77-48722 Development of the Westmghouse coal gasifi- cation process - A status report L A Salvador, J D Holmgren, L K Rath, and P J Margaritas (Westmghouse Research and Develop- ment Center, Waltz Mill, Pa ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 224-231 ERDA-supported research The paper describes the development of a fluidized-bed low-Btu coal gasification process for use in combined-cycle electric power generation Devolatihzation and gasification are the two mam steps in the process In the devolatilizer, unpretreated coal is fed to a recirculatmg fluidized bed operating at 1150kPa (225psig) and 870 C (1600 F) m which it is decaked and devolatihzed to produce a char product and a product gas The char is fed to the gasifier where it is combusted with air and gasified with steam to produce a dry granular agglomerated ash product Process development activities are carried out in a 14,000 kg/d (15 t/d) process development unit (PDU) Feasibility of the devolatilizer reactor was demonstrated using a variety of coals The gasifier reactor feasibility demonstration is in progress, the unit has produced agglomerated ash (Author) A77-48723 Performance of gas-turbines and combined cycles operating on fuels produced by in-situ gasification of lignite. J. F Branch, P S Schmidt, and T F Edgar (Texas, University, Austin, Tex.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 232-238 10 refs This paper analyzes the utilization of low-BTU gas from in-situ combustion of lignite in gas turbines and combined cycles Several gas compositions are considered, corresponding to various lignite conversion conditions The analysis takes into account the work requirements for turbine blade cooling, gasification air, and fuel gas compression, as well as air compression for the gas turbine itself It is demonstrated that overall cycle efficiency tends to degrade some- what as fuel heating value decreases, primarily because of the higher work requirements to compress the fuel At optimum efficiency, the gas turbine carries a larger share of the overall load compared to the isteam turbine for the low BTU gas versus natural gas It is also shown that the gam in efficiency by increasing firing temperature from 2400 to 3000 F is largely offset by the air requirements for turbine blade cooling (Author) A77-48724 Coal gasification combined-cycle pilot plant system analysis. T T Kao, S M Cho, R A McCallister (Foster Wheeler Energy Corp, Livingston, N J ), and R S. Kane (Foster Wheeler Energy Corp, Livingston, N J , Manhattan College, Man- hattan, NY) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 239-247.8 refs Research supported by the Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. Grant No. FE-14-32-001-1521 A detailed computer model has been developed for the system simulation of an integrated coal gasification combined-cycle pilot plant using an air-blown, two-stage, entrained flow, slagging gasifier The pilot plant system is described by a system of partial differential and algebraic equations governing the energy, material and momen- tum balance of the pilot plant Both steady-state and transient studies have been carried out with a computer code in order to investigate the pilot plant performance characteristics, as well as component interface under various operating conditions The results indicate that the integrated coal gasification combined-cycle pilot plant can perform satisfactorily in all cases studied. (Author) A77-48725 The zinc-bromine battery - Possible candidate for electric vehicles and load leveling F G Will (General Electric Co, Schenectady, NY) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engi- neering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 250-255 7 refs ERDA-sponsored research. The zinc-bromine battery is a fundamentally attractive candi- date for electric vehicles and load leveling owing to the use of abundant low-cost materials, its high energy density, good efficiency, and ambient temperature operation An approach to zinc-bromine batteries is described which avoids the traditional shortcomings of rapid self-discharge and short cycle life The major features of the approach are the use of an ion exchange membrane, optimized electrolyte composition, and electrolyte circulation. The rate of self-discharge has been decreased to 0 1% per hour, and a cycle life of at least two thousand 2 5-hour cycles at 25 ma/sq cm has been demonstrated (Author) A77-48726 The design and development of a 30 kW-hr lithium-aluminum/iron sulfide electric vehicle battery. W E Miller, V. M Kolba, A A Chilenskas (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ), and K Gentry (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III, Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc, Joplin, Mo ) In Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p~256-261. 5 refs ERDA-sponsored research A77-48727 Design of a current technology electric vehicle. R H Guess, W R Nial (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N.Y ), and M A Pocobello (Triad Services, Inc, Dearborn, Mich) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977. p 262-268 The design characteristics of a four passenger electric vehicle intended for urban use are described, and the energy consumption at various steady state level vehicle speeds is portrayed Several design components and structural features of the vehicle are discussed Topics include the battery, battery packaging, battery charger, the propulsion subsystem, and the power conditioning unit Structural features considered include the seating arrangement, passenger doors, front and rear suspension, and the brakes Upgrading technology is 446 A77-48738 identified by trade-off analysis, and predicted improvements are listed. M L A77-48728 Flywheel module for electric vehicle regenera- tive braking E L Lustenader, E Richter, F G Turnbull, J S Mickey (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N.Y.), and G Chang (ERDA, Div of Energy Storage Systems, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 269-274. 9 refs Current battery electric vehicles are limited in multi-stop-and-go driving range and accelerating capability by the lead-acid battery which cannot handle high power peaks and still maintain high energy density A hybrid flywheel/battery system can isolate the battery from the accelerating power peaks and also recover a substantial portion of the available braking energy This paper describes the development of a small, high speed, lightweight flywheel/a-c syn- chronous motor alternator sealed energy storage package coupled to a load commutated inverter power circuit The system stores sufficient energy in the rotor of the machine for one stop-start cycle A composite flywheel is used to store additional energy for several cycles, or enough for climbing or descending short grades (Author) A77-48729 Rechargeability studies of ambient tempera- ture lithium/sulfur batteries. R D Rauh, G F. Pearson, and S B. Brummer (EIC Corp, Newton, Mass) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2. 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 ' La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear-Society, Inc, 1977, p 283-287 22 refs Grant No EY-76-C-02-2520. An ambient temperature Li/S battery of the configuration Li/Li2S(n) organic solvent/C is described, where the cathode material is totally soluble in the electrolyte For a practical battery, the sulfur concentration must be greater than 5M. Despite the intimate contact between the Li anode and the cathode, the cell can be charged Prototype cells have been cycled at 25 C and at 50 C. Charge and discharge rates ranged from 05-20 mA/sq cm At least 120 low capacity cycles (0 lOe(-)/S) have been demonstrated at 50 C, with an average efficiency of 95%. For a cycle depth of 0.5e(-)/S, efficiencies at 1 mA/sq cm are 95% at 25 C and 90% at 50 C The anode cycling efficiency is, within experimental error, the same as that of the total cell Therefore, any Li dendntes isolated on the anode during cycling are dissolved via the self-discharge reaction This maintains the materials balance in the cell, a major requirement for its practical success (Author) A77-48730 The storabihty of Li/S02 cells. H. Taylor (P R. Mallory and Co , Inc., Burlington, Mass ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 288-295 16 refs. Li/S02 cells have been stored for as long as five years at ambient temperatures Particularly when they are of hermetic construction, they appear to have very good storability, not only in the inactive state, but also under continuous low-rate discharge even at elevated temperatures Voltage start-up at low temperatures after storage extremes is minimal Li/S02 D-cells deliver 9 Wh/cu in and 147 Wh/lb at -23 C under a 1 mA continuous dram rate (Author) A77-48734 ERDA fuel cell programs. L R. Lawrence, Jr (ERDA, Washington, D.C) In- Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 , La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, lie , 1977, p 319-324 Fuel cell technology and goals are discussed A first generation 4.8 MW fuel cell power system is being planned for the purpose of demonstrating the concept viability of a large-scale fuel cell generator This first generation system will have the capability of operating with a variety of gaseous and liquid fuels, and will be placed in an electric utility power grid in mid-1978 The system will also be used to supersede gas-fired furnaces for space heating. A study comparing a gas-fired furnace to a fuel cell/heat pump combination, utilizing waste heat, shows a natural gas savings of 40% It is thought that fuel cell technology can save at least 275,000 barrels of oil per day by 1985 Second generation fuel cells, which use molten carbonate, are being planned for installation in the mid-1980's. M L A77-48735 Advanced fuel cell technology and ap- plications. J. M. King, W E Houghtby, and R A Sederquist (United Technology Corp , Power Systems Div , South Windsor, Conn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p 325-329 5 refs. The Advanced Technology Fuel Cell Program objective, is to establish the technology and design base for fuel cell powerplants with reduced capital cost, a 7500 BTU/kWH heat rate and fuel capability extending to Number 2 fuel oil Molten carbonate, advanced phosphoric acid fuel cells, and advanced fuel processing concepts are being investigated and approaches to the use of coal with fuel cefl^powerplants are under evaluation A low cost concept was demonstrated in a 20-cell phosphoric acid stack Subscale molten carbonate cell performance and endurance have improved sig- nificantly. A 19-cell stack test confirmed the ability to scale molten carbonate cells An advanced reforming laboratory rig operated stably for 1000 hours on No 2 fuel oil with 2500 ppm sulfur Coal-fueled concepts have been investigated for central stations Studies indicate coal pile-to-bus bar efficiencies of 45-50% can be achieved (Author) i A77-48736 ERDA Fuel Cell Applied Research Program. I L Harry (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 330-336 A program demonstrating the technical feasibility of a high- temperature, solid-electrolyte fuel cell is described A typical cell uses nickel or cobalt-zircoma cermets as fuel-electrode materials, with tin-doped indium oxide the preferred air electrode material and either calcia- or yttria-stabilized zircoma as the electrolyte film Fuel cell technology involving electrocatalysis and such advanced concepts as alternate acid electrolytes is also considered, and direct coal-air fuel cell are discussed B J A77-48737 Molten carbonate fuel cell model D J Dharia (Energy Research Corp., Danbury, Conn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 337-340 Contract No. E(04-3)-1196 A mathematical model describing the behavior of the molten carbonate fuel cell is presented The model computes the values for dimensionless local and average current densities and fuel and oxidant conversions as a function of dimensionless fuel cell length for given cathode and anode gas compositions, temperature, ratio of fuel to oxidant flow and terminal voltage of the fuel cell The experimental polarization curves were compared with the polar- ization curves generated by the model Agreement between ex- periment and theory are discussed and the limits of model applications described (Author) A77-48738 4 8-megawatt fuel cell module demonstrator. L M Handley (United Technologies Corp, Power Systems Div., South Windsor, Conn ), L J Rogers (ERDA, Washington, DC), and E Gilhs (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo AHo, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 341-348. 6 refs Grant No EX-76-C-01-2102 447 A77-48739 A 4.8 MW fuel cell demonstrator powerplant is being con- structed by United Technologies with support from ERDA and EPRI, to be erected and tested at a utility site starting in late 1978. The dc module is the heart of the demonstrator; its purpose is to convert hydrocarbon fuel and air into direct current The power conditioner converts dc power from the dc module to three-phase, 60-Hz ac power at 138 kV The demonstrator is controlled from a site control center, while each of the modular units includes its own controller. B J A77-48739 Post-test analysis of Li/FeS2 compact cells. R A Murie (GM Research Laboratories, Warren, Mich) In. Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 349-358 The Li/FeS2 cell utilizing a molten salt electrolyte is being actively studied as a candidate for electric vehicle power The post-test analysis of cells that have operated for thousands of hours supplies fundamental data on materials, corrosion, mass transfer of positive and negative electrode materials, separator effectiveness, electrode behavior and design. This paper discusses the results obtained from the post-test analysis of two compact Li/FeS2 cells, CC-1 and CC-2, that operated for 10,462 and 1,733 h, respectively, primarily at 475 C The testing of CC-1 was terminated due to shorting and loss in efficiency. The second cell, CC-2, was terminated after the failure of an external cycling system permitted an extended overdischarge to occur. (Author) A77-48740 Recent progress in development of sodium- sulfur battery for utility application S. P Mitoff, M. W Breiter, and D Chatterji (General Electric Co, Schenectady, N Y.). In Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p. 359-367. 8 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute The development of a sodium-sulfur battery system for utility applications is outlined. Experience gained with small, 16 Ah capacity test cells is discussed with particular emphasis on life and performance improvements made in recent years Cells now operate with 80% or greater capacity utilization The average cell efficiency is about 75% The life of these 'metal' test cells has now increased to 12,000 test hours at 54 mA/sq cm current density and 9960 test hours at 108 mA/sq cm. These life and performance improvements are compared against the long-range goals and areas for further technological and/or cost improvements are identified The basic features of alternative preliminary designs for the BEST battery are described to illustrate the type of design-manufacturabihty - cost - reliability iterations needed before arriving at the final decision. (Author) A77-48741 Development status of lithium-silicon/iron sul- fide load leveling batteries S Sudar, L A Heredy, J C. Hall, and L. R McCoy (Rockwell International Corp., Atomics International Div, Canoga Park, Calif). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 368-374 9 refs Research supported by the Argonne National Laboratory and Electric Power Research Institute. High-temperature, molten salt batteries using lithium-silicon negative electrodes and iron sulfide positive electrodes are being developed for electric utility load-leveling use Corrosion-resistant FeS positive electrode structures have been developed which resist deformation in use. Performance improvements in negative elec- trodes have been achieved with modifications of the lithium-silicon alloy These electrodes have been incorporated into compact cells and an energy density of 79 Wh/kg has been reached. The use of powdered ceramic separators has resulted in improved cell per- formance and reliability A 150-W.h cell has been operated for over 1100 cycles in a period of more than 1 year Scaleup of these cells has been carried out without difficulty to that of a multi-electrode cell with a capacity of 1 kWh The present development status of these batteries is described. (Author) A77-48742 Improved negative electrodes for lithium/iron sulfide batteries. S-C Lai and A F Sammells (Rockwell Inter- national Corp , Atomics International Div , Canoga Park, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 375-379 7 refs A program for the development of lithium-silicon alloy negative electrodes for lithium/iron sulfide load-leveling batteries is being carried out. These batteries use a molten LiCI-KCI electrolyte and are operated at temperatures at 400 to 450 C Negative electrodes have been fabricated in both the initially charged and discharged states An additive with silicon has been found which permits these electrodes to be built in the discharged state and subsequently charged with high active material utilization The electrochemical properties of electrodes using the modified alloy are superior to those obtained with negative electrodes using the lithium-silicon alloy alone. A problem with silicon transfer to the electrode support structure has been identified. Metal silicides formed as a result of this transfer are brittle and electrode capacity declines if lithium silicon electrodes are cycled at high (550 C) temperatures This problem has been alleviated by further alloy modification Metals have also been found which resist silicon attack (Author) A77-48743 Energy and economic effects of residential energy conservation programs._E Hirst and J Carney (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 383-389. 14 refs. Research supported by the Federal Energy Administration and ERDA. A detailed simulation model of residential energy consumption is used to evaluate the energy and direct economic effects of several conservation programs appliance efficiency targets, thermal standards for new construction, and retrofit of existing housing units. Results suggest that each of these programs saves energy and saves money. For example, these programs could cut energy use in the year 2000 by 15-25% and save households $25-$45 billion between now and 2000 (Author) A77-48744 Development of the High Seasonal Per- formance Factor Gas Heat Pump. P. F. Swenson (Consolidated Natural Gas Co., Inc, Cleveland, Ohio) and R. K. Rose (Mechanical Technology, Inc., Ballston Spa, N Y.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 390-396. A program aimed at the development of a high seasonal performance factor gas energized heat pump for space heating has been undertaken by Consolidated Gas and ERDA The main feature of the HSPF (High Seasonal Performance Factor) Gas Heat Pump is a single shaft gas bearing turbomachme which uses a steam-Rankme prime mover. The auxiliaries are self-propelled, and phased heat exchange is utilized on the indoor and outdoor cores. The unit is modulated in accordance with ambient temperature and the hard- ware is packaged in conventional rooftop configuration. Program and system descriptions are given and attention is paid to a component design and performance and a system performance prediction. B.J. A77-48745 Development of a Stirling engine powered heat activated heat pump. W. L Auxer (General Electric Co , Space Div., King of Prussia, Pa.). In: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 397-401. 448 A77-48755 A 3-ton heat activated heat pump, employing a natural gasified Stirling engine to drive the vapor compressor is being developed. This Stirling engme/Rankine cycle refrigeration loop concept would consume about one-half the gas required by conventional space heating equipment, and offers an efficient and competitive means of providing summer cooling, thus tending to equalize the summer- winter gas loads A functional description (with functional diagram and component definition) of the heat pump is given and system performance is predicted (Author) A77-48748 Free-piston heat pumps G M. Benson (ERG, Inc., Oakland, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion En- gineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 416-425 18 refs. This paper summarizes ERG's work on free-piston thermal- engme-dnven heat pumps which operate on the following engine/ heat pump cycles Otto/Rankme, Diesel/Rankme, Brayton/Rankine, Rankme/Rankme, Stirling/Stirling, Stirlmg/Rankme and Ericsson/ Ericsson. Of these machines the Stirlmg/Rankme and Ericsson/ Ericsson offer the most potential The Ericsson/Ericsson machine is preferred, owing to its self-modulating capacity that is Independent of evaporator and condenser temperatures and its high COP that exceeds vapor-compression heat pumps These features, together with its ability to co-generate electricity, through use of an integral linear alternator, and its potential to use solar or fossil fuel (including coal), offer promise for substantial energy conservation (Author) A77-48750 Energy-efficient desiccant drymg/dehumidifi- cation using solar or fossil fuel energy. S M Ko and D V Mernfield (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Inc, Huntsville, Ala) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 434-441 14refs Contract No E(40-1)-5157 The regenerated desiccant crop drying concept is technically feasible and is capable of achieving a drying efficiency of approxi- mately twice that of conventional crop drying systems When using a fossil fuel energy source, energy savings will be approximately 40 to 50% With solar energy input, the total fossil fuel savings can be 70 to 90% As with other new energy conserving systems that are presently capital-intensive, the economic viability of the system will be dependent on future capital cost reductions, on the future price of fossil fuels, and on the specific application of the system Regarding agricultural applications, it was concluded that the regenerated desiccant drying system, with or without the use of solar energy, will be economically best suited for a large central processing application, where it can receive a maximum amount of use and will benefit from economy-of-scale cost considerations (Author) A77-48751 Feasibility study of an Integrated Energy/ Utility System at the University of Florida. E F. Coxe (Applied Energy Sciences, Inc, Atlanta, Ga ), 0 W Kirmse (Florida, University, Gainesville, Fla ), and S B Manyimo (Reynolds, Smith and Hills, Jacksonville, Fla ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 442-448 NBS-sponsored research An Integrated Energy/Utility System (IUS) provides conserva- tion of fuel and water by the integration of utility systems which serve the community Complete integration in an IUS is achieved by the addition to onsite power generation of solid waste incineration with heat recovery, water supply treatment, and sewage treatment Treated effluent may also be used for several purposes such as cooling tower makeup, plant makeup, and irrigation The technical feasibility and economic benefits of an IUS at the University of Florida were analyzed along with environmental and institutional factors The results of this study project a savings in purchased energy of 44% or $4,000,000 annually B J A77-48752 Energy savings through on-sue fuel cells in industrial applications. G E Voelker (ERDA, Fuel Cell Branch, Washington, D.C.) and P Bolan (United Technologies Corp, Power Systems Div , Farmington, Conn ) In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 456-460 Cogeneration with electric generating equipment located at or near the load rather than centrally sited can provide important means of conserving energy resources The energy savings which could be achieved in certain industrial applications by use of on-site fuel cell powerplants have been examined Twelve industrial processes were selected for study. A fuel cell system was specified for each of the twelve selected industrial processes and energy resource consumption was determined in each case Eleven of the twelve applications used recovered heat as well as the electricity produced by the fuel cell In six cases, process by-product fuel was used and in four processes direct current electricity was provided When compared with traditional energy resource consumption in each process, significant potential savings were found in all cases In five of the processes studied, savings exceeded 20% Overall, for the twelve processes investigated, extensive use of on-site fuel cell systems could result in resource savings of 190,000 barrels of oil (equivalent) per day (Author) A77-48753 The photosynthesis energy factory - Analysis, synthesis, and demonstration G C Szego, M D Fraser, C H Harmer, J F Henry, W B Scholten, C W Vail (InterTechnology/ Solar Corp , Warrenton, Va ), W J Oswald, and J R Benemann {California, University, Berkeley, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 461 468 9 refs Contract No E(49 181-2548 The Photosynthesis Energy Factory is a synergistic combination of the dry land Energy Plantation and an algae production system which can produce,, on a perpetually renewable basis, unpollutmg and totally domestic fuels from solar energy and various residues From the Energy Plantation, woody plant matter is produced which is chipped and used as a solid fuel in a power plant to produce electricity The algae production system uses the nutrients in wastewater and the C02 in power plant flue gas to produce algae, which are harvested and ultimately digested anaerobically to produce methane Digester sludge is disposed of in a beneficial way by being put onto the Energy Plantation A comprehensive techno-economic model is being developed for a systems analysis Potential sites for a demonstration project are being analyzed and selected The final task in this project is to develop a preliminary design and associated cost estimates for a proposed demonstration (Author) A77-48755 Biphase turbines for diesel bottoming. L. Hays (Biphase Engines, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif.) and J Neal (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 473-481.9 refs Application of a two-phase turbine system to waste heat recovery was examined Bottoming cycle efficiencies ranging from 15-30% were calculated for a 720 F diesel exhaust temperature A single stage demonstration unit, designed for nontoxic fluids (water and Dowtherm A) and for atmospheric seals and bearings, had a cycle efficiency of 23% The net output power was 276 HP at 8000 rpm, increasing the total shaft power from 1800 HP for the diesel alone, to 2076 HP for the combined system A four stage organic turbine, for the same application, had a rotational speed of 14,700 rpm while a four stage steam turbine had 26,000 rpm An additional reduction in capital cost was found to result from the use of a contact heat exchanger instead of tube-fin constiuction. The cost of a contact heat exchanger was only $35-52/kWe compared to $98/kWe for a tube-fin heat exchanger The major improvement leading to higher cycle efficiency and lower turbine rpm was found to be the use of a liquid component with lower sensible heat (Author) 449 A77-48756 A77-48756 Performance of absorption cycle operating with low thermal-potential energy sources for direct-contact cooling applications. I Borde, I Yaron, and M Jelmek (Negev, University, Beersheba, Israel). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 482-488 5 refs Low thermal-potential energy sources, e g, waste heat, solar energy, etc, can be utilized for refrigeration or cooling in various industrial applications. Suitable working solutions have been selected to operate in an absorption refrigeration cycle. A computer program delineated the ranges of feasible operating parameters and chose the optimal operating conditions for given energy sources, refrigeration requirements and ambient conditions The effects of various param- eters upon the coefficient of performance and the circulation ratio of the system were investigated With Freon 22 as refrigerant, the feasibility has been demonstrated of obtaining efficient cooling by direct-contact evaporation. Specific fields of application are indi- cated (Author) A77-48758 Heat pipes for hostile environments in energy conservation applications A Basiuhs and G I. Ewell (Hughes Aircraft Co, Torrance, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- Stfptember 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, 'inc., 1977, p 493-497 Heat pipes offer many advantages for potential use in energy recovery applications unrestricted form factor, large choice of materials and material combinations, and each heat pipe can operate independently or in concert with other heat pipes in the heat recovery unit A program was initiated to develop heat pipes for hostile environments such as sulfur plants and coal gasifiers Heat pipe materials and potential coatings were evaluated for corrosive and abrasive environments from 200 C to 600 C This study indicated that heat pipes can be designed and built for heat recovery, but compatibility data in the environment was lacking, and that field test data is badly needed A heat pipe test vehicle for data acquisition was designed, fabricated, and bench model tests have been com- pleted A test vehicle is ready for field tests in sulfur plants and coal gasifiers (Author) A77-48759 Exact 60 cycle power generation at any speed. R T Morash (Precise Power Corp , Bradenton, Fla.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 498-504 10 refs A new electrical power generator produces any exact frequency, at any shaft rpm The speed can vary over a wide range without affecting the output frequency or voltage This capability has been developed on operating units for precise frequency converters and flywheel energy storage units in unmterruptable power systems Other useful applications are 60 cycle power directly from a varying speed windmill shaft, auxiliary power takeoff from a mobile unit variable speed prime mover, up-rating diesel-generator sets by allowing the diesel to run at optimum design speeds, energy conservation in on-site or small power systems by using variable speed to match load requirement, precise power for portable or remote locations such as geodetic survey work or video applications, unusual frequency requirements, and simple parallel operation of numerous generators producing identical frequency A typical unit is described Units from Kilowatt to Megawatt sizes can be built. (Author) A77-48760 The design of a sodium sulfate decahydrate heat exchanger for coolness storage S Kumar and F A Costello (InterTechnology Solar Corp, Warrenton, Va ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, 0 C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 511-516 The use of a mixture of salts for coolness storage is analyzed with anention to the effects of different salt mixture and heat exchange configurations The enthalpy-temperature relationship of the mixture was obtained experimentally, and this relationship was used to solve the differential equations characterizing the per- formance of the salt under dynamic conditions. The differential equations are solved for several heat exchanger geometries of practical interest Solutions to the differential equations are com- bined so the overall performance of the heat-storage heat exchanger can be estimated The resulting equations are useful in predicting the temperature history of air exiting from the heat exchanger as a function of time and as a function of the inlet conditions to the heat exchanc-er. M.L. A77-48761 Energy storage - An interference assembled multiring superflywheel. J A Kirk and R A Huntington (Maryland, University, College Park, Md ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 517-524. 23 refs A stress analysis and energy density maximization procedure has been developed for improving the performance of multiring com- posite material flywheels The procedure utilizes interference as- sembly between individual flywheel rings and causes a redistribution of centrifugal stresses An example of a multiring magnetically suspended flywheel is considered and significant gams in rotor performance are shown to be possible (Author) A77-48762 Conversion and storage of wind energy as nitrogenous fertilizer M Dubey (Lockheed-California Co , Burbank, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 525-532 6 refs NSF Grant No C-75-22186 The use of wind energy, air, and water to produce ammonia for use as a nitrogenous fertilizer is discussed A study shows that it is technologically feasible to reduce the scale of an ammonia processing plant to produce a tiny fraction of the output rates of full scale commercial plants Such a system can be adequately powered by a wind turbine driving an electrolysis cell to produce the required hydrogen feedstock The process is described, and several factors, such as energy storage, product storage, and energy balance and component matching, are considered The economics of the system are analyzed, and it is thought that the cost of the produced fertilizer will be competitive if natural gas prices continue to rise M L A77-48763 * EROA's Chemical Energy Storage Program J H Swisher (EROA, Div of Energy Storage Systems, Washington, D C) and J H Kelley (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 533-539 10 refs The Chemical Energy Storage Program is described with emphasis on hydrogen storage Storage techniques considered include pressurized hydrogen gas storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, storage in hydride compounds, and aromatic-alicyclic hydrogen storage Some uses of energy storage are suggested Information on hydrogen production and hydrogen use is also presented Applica- tions of hydrogen energy systems include storage of hydrogen for utilities load leveling, industrial marketing of hydrogen both as a chemical and as a fuel, natural gas supplementation, vehicular applications, and direct substitution for natural gas M L A77-48764 High temperature thermal energy storage tystem, Na2SO4 + SOS reversibly yields Na2S2O7. R S Hockett and R W Serth (Monsanto Research Corp, Dayton, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 540-546 7 refs 450 A77-48771 A preliminary process design is presented for a thermal energy storage system based on the reversible thermal decomposition of sodium pyrosulfate A thermodynamic analysis of the system operating in conjunction with a conventional Rankine steam power cycle is presented, and the materials and volume requirements of the storage system are determined A number of fundamental problems which must be resolved in order to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the concept are identified and discussed (Author) A77-48765 *• Molten salt thermal energy storage for utility peaking loads A Ferrara, R Haslett (Grumman Aerospace Corp , Bethpage, N Y ) , and J Joyce (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 547-554 6 refs This paper considers the use of thermal energy storage (TES) in molten salts to increase the capacity of power plants Five existing fossil and nuclear electric utility plants were selected as representa- tive of current technology A review of system load diagrams indicated that TES to meet loads over 95% of peak was a reasonable goal Alternate TES heat exchanger locations were evaluated, showing that the stored energy should be used either for feedwater heating or to generate steam for an auxiliary power cycle Specific salts for each concept are recommended Design layouts were prepared for one plant, and it was shown that a TES tube/shell heat exchanger system could provide about 7% peaking capability at lower cost than adding steam generation capacity Promising alter nate heat exchanger concepts were also identified (Author) A77-48767 Investigation of metal fluoride thermal energy storage materials J L Eichelberger and H D Gillman (Pennwalt Corp, King of Prussia, Pa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 567-574 16 refs Grant No EY- 76-C-02-2990 Storage of thermal energy in the 400-1000 C range is attracting increasing consideration for use in solar power, central power, vehicular and commercial process systems This study investigates the practicality of using metal fluorides as the heat storage media The projected availability of metal fluorides has been studied and is shown to be adequate for wide-spread thermal storage use Costs are projected and discussed in relation to thermal energy storage applications Phase diagrams, heats of fusion, heat capacities, vapor pressures, toxicity, stability, volume changes, thermal conductivities, fusion kinetics, corrosion, and container materials of construction for a wide range of fluorides have been examined Analyses of these data in consideration of thermal energy storage requirements have resulted in selection of the most cost-effective fluoride or fluoride mixture for each of 23 temperature increments between 400 and 1000 C Thermophysical properties of these 23 materials are presented (Author) A77-48768 Safety considerations for high temperature thermal energy storage in fluoride salts 0 Boser (North American Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff Manor, N Y ). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 575-582 12 refs The safety aspects of thermal energy storage at high tempera- tures in fluoride mixtures were studied An experimental thermal energy storage unit is described, and the prevention of corrosion of the stainless steel container by doping the fluorides with aluminum is discussed Experiments that illustrate the fire hazard of molten fluorides are described No chemical reactions with various materials, including materials to extinguish fires, were observed The fluoride mixture was found to dissolve in water at a rate of 2 6 g per 100 ml of water which is less than the 4 g per 100 ml of water of pure NaF In addition, specimens were ruptured to simulate the situation in the case of residential home heating and automotive propulsion In the first case only fluorides were used In the second case fluorides and sodium were combined, the latter simulating the heat pipe It was found that sodium has to be contained safely, whereas the fluorides are very stable and do not react with insulation material. (Author) A77-48769 Large-scale thermal storage in rock - Construc- tion, utilization, and economics M P Hardy, V D Albertson, T P Bligh, M Riaz, and P L Blackshear (Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, Minn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 583-590 15 refs Grant No EY-76-S-02-4002 The performance, design constraints, construction methods, and economics of a large-scale rock bed heat accumulator capable of providing 300 MWt at high temperatures (250 to 500 C) for up to 6 months are discussed Six construction schemes are identified and compared in relation to siting requirements, land use, ground water interaction, rock quality, and construction cost Examples are given of the effect of construction cost, construction period and plant life on the present worth of stored energy For the assumed operating conditions this present worth of stored energy is less than 15 mills/kWht, thus making the concept of a rock bed accumulator economically attractive for long-term storage (Author) A77-48770 Conceptual design of underground compressed air storage electric power systems A J Giramonti, R D Lessard (United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Conn ), and M J Hobson (Acres American, Inc , Buffalo, N Y ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 591-598 13 refs Conceptual design studies have been conducted to identify Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems which are potential- ly attractive for future electric utility load-leveling applications The CAES concept consists of compressing air during off-peak periods, underground storage, followed by heating and expansion through turbines to generate power By using off peak electricity for compression and stored air for peak load generation, the resulting oil consumption would be about 40 percent of that consumed by conventional peaking plants Equipment requirements could be met using existing turbomachmery with'relatively modest modifications The present study focused on air storage in hydrauhcally com- pensated hard-rock caverns Conventional underground excavation technology could be used to construct these caverns, and sufficient siting opportunities exist in the North Central and Northeast regions of the US (Author) A77 48771 Improved systems for energy conversion and conservation as pollution control alternatives - USEPA program H E Bostian, H S Skovronek, and R E Mournighan (US Environ- mental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Lab- oratory, Cincinnati, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 600-606 7 refs This paper is an overview of a USEPA research program on energy conversion and conservation The program emphasis is on environmental problems or benefits of more efficient energy systems or ones using more abundant domestic energy resources More efficient energy systems can generally be considered as environ- mentally attractive alternatives but their relative environmental- economic benefits need to be determined On the other hand, some systems could have unique pollution control problems because of different operating conditions, use of higher sulfur fuels and feedstocks, or possible generation of hazardous pollutants The program coverage includes the environmental aspects of waste energy utilization and other energy conservation measures, advanced power systems such as magnetohydrodynamics, ones using high temperature turbines, and solar and geothermal energy conversion (Author) 451 A77-48772 A77-48772 Pollution control In geothermal energy. R. P. Hartley (U S Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environ- mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio) In. Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 607-613.11 refs. Pollution problems will occur In geothermal energy development because large volumes of spent geothermal fluid will be released, potentially contaminating the air, surface waters, and ground waters. Waters may be highly saline and contain metals in hazardous concentrations Noncondensible gases are of greatest concern in air discharges The principal anticipated liquid disposal method is remjection to the producing reservoir, for which reliable technologies must be developed Water treatment for surface discharge could be possible but costly, although minerals recovery might be off-setting in some cases The principal air pollutant of concern Is hydrogen sulfide although such constituents as ammonia, radon, and mercury may also be significant Considerable development and demonstra- tion is under way for hydrogen sulfide removal Resource charac- terization data are not yet sufficient to predict the full range of potential pollution problems, particularly for the widespread and variable liquid-dominated resource (Author) A77-48773 Environmental impact of major solar power development. D R Sears, M G Gandel (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Huntsville, Ala ), R P Hartley (U S Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio), and W G Bradley (Environ- mental Consultants, Inc , Las Vegas, Nev ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 614-620 15 refs US Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-1331 We have examined the environmental effects of terrestrial silicon photovoltaic power generation in utility application, by following the chain of events from raw material extraction to plant operation CdS and GaAs technology, satellite siting, and solar steam-electric plants are also discussed briefly (Author) A77-48775 Impact of air quality regulation on the electric power industry K Yeager- (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Con- ference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 ' La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 637-645 The paper will consider several emerging trends in air pollution regulations and legal interpretations of the Clean Air Act which have major impact on the electric utility industry Foremost among these trends is the shift from health and welfare based ambient air quality regulations to an administration definition of 'Best Available Control Technology' (BACT) as the primary mechanism for air quality change The paper will specifically analyze BACT in terms of the technologies required in the time frame of 1977-1990, together with their costs and operating implications for the electric utility industry Since the BACT concept forms the basis for several regulatory applications to the electric utility industry, its technological and economic implications will be analyzed in terms of a strategy which is not only the least costly but the only one consistent with available supplies of domestic fuel and control technology (Author) A77-48776 Development status and environmental haz- ards of several candidate advanced energy systems M M Penny, S. V Bourgeois (Lockheed Research Engineering Center, Huntsville, Ala ), and W. C Cam (U S Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 646-654. 25 refs U S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-1331 This paper presents a review of the development status and anticipated primary environmental hazards of nine advanced energy systems A summary of federally-funded R&D for these energy systems is also presented Each of these energy systems has a negligible or mild direct environmental impact when compared with conventional fossil fuel and nuclear systems. Indirect impacts for some of the energy systems could be severe, however, and these systems need further study to quantify their impacts. Considering both expected environmental impact and period of technology breakthrough/commercialization, the systems are ranked in order of decreasing research priority as follows, high temperature turbines, ocean thermal gradients, windmills, magnetohydrodynamics. metal vapor Rankme topping cycles, hydrogen fuel cells, thermionics, electrogasdynamics and thermoelectric conversion. (Author) A77-48777 Environmental considerations in advanced en- ergy conversion technology assessments. H. Shaw (Exxon Research and Engineering Co, Linden, NJ) and W. C Cam (US Environ- mental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 655-661. 9 refs. U S Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. 68-02-2146 The potential environmental problems of advanced energy conversion technologies are being assessed in a three-phase, 30-month program in order to provide information to help plan for solutions during development rather than retrofitting control equipment after these technologies become a commercial reality. The advanced cycles being considered in this program include, open and closed cycle MHD, open and closed cycle gas turbines, liquid metal topping cycles, supercritical C02 cycles, fuel cells, advanced steam cycles, and bottoming cycles. The Phase I effort (first year) consolidated the available information on potential pollutants. Phase II (currently under way) will develop models and engineering assessments in order to estimate effluents, pollutants, and waste energy. Phase III will use all the information generated in the program to identify the critical R&O needed to make these technologies environmentally acceptable. (Author) A77-48778 Environmental assessment of advanced energy conversion technologies. A. D Carmichael, J. F. Louis, J D. Teare, and S. E. Tung (MIT, Cambridge, Mass.). In: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C.August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 662-669 8 refs The paper presents a summary of results of an assessment of the environmental implications of various advanced energy conversion technologies. The overall goal requires modeling of all pollution emission aspects of selected cycles, with consideration of the entire process from raw materials (including fuel) delivered at the plant site to exit of all gaseous, liquid and solid material and energy wastes. This modeling must include the effects attributable to higher temperature and additional cycle complexities compared with those used in conventional power plants. Work reported to date includes thermodynamic evaluation and assessment of selected advanced energy conversion systems, including almost all of the ECAS cycles, plus the Field cycle and the thermionic conversion topping cycle. Examples discussed in the paper include the two latter, and the open cycle MHD topping system (Author) A77-48779 A comparison of the environmental impact of conventional and fluid bed boilers in advanced steam power plants. C. E. Jahmg and H Shaw (Exxon Research and Engineering, Co., Linden, N J). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 670-674. 11 refs. US. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. 68-02-2146. A77-48780 An environmental assessment of liquid metal topping cycles. C E Jahmg and H. Shaw (Exxon Research and 452 A77-48787 Engineering Co , Linden, N J ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 675-680 12 refs US Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-2146 The operation and process flow plan of a liquid potassium topping cycle applied to a conventional utility furnace (CF) and to a pressurized fluid bed (PFB) combustor are described, and the environmental effects of the topping cycle are evaluated Potassium topping allows a 19% saving in coal consumption together with a 29% decrease in size of the steam, cooling water, and water makeup systems compared to PFB systems without topping When applied to a base case conventional steam power plant, topping saves 18% in coal and 32% in the steam and water systems Topping has little effect on emissions when based on heat input or coal consumed, but does improve station efficiency and decrease emissions on an energy output basis The mam environmental danger is the possible formation of KOH fumes in the event of a potassium boiler tube failure, so that scrubbers may be needed P T H A77-48781 An environmental assessment of a 638 MWe molten carbonate fuel cell power plant. C D. Kalfadehs, G Cirpios, H H Horowitz, and H Shaw (Exxon Research and Engineering Co , Linden, N J) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 J-a Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 681-688 16 refs US Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-2146. The potential pollution associated with a conceptual base load molten carbonate fuel cell power plant was assessed The assessment was based on the system design prepared as part of the ERDA/ NASA/NSF Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (EGAS) Air pollution is not expected to be a problem NOx produced from air fixation is minimal in this system due to the low temperature of operation (700-750 C) Sulfur is removed from the synthesis gas immediately after coal gasification, and thus is not a problem associated with the steam plant The major environmental problems are seen to be associated with ash handling and disposal from gasification, and with water treatment and cooling tower operation for the steam plant In the ECAS program, the cost of electricity was estimated to be 287 cents/kWh (mid-1975) Our estimate is 4 4 cents/kWh, primarily due to higher calculated capital requirements (Author) A77-48782 Pressurized fluidized bed pilot plant for pro- duction of electric power using high sulfur coal S Moskowitz (Curtiss-Wnght Corp, Wood-Ridge, N J I and G Weth (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 696-703 This paper describes the five year, multi-phase program which is under way for the design, construction, and operation of a pilot electric power plant producing an equivalent of 13 MW to demon- strate the concept of a gas turbine integrated with a PFB coal combustion system The development program will address to key technical questions including PFB and turbine durability, mainte- nance, reliability and environmental acceptability Unique in this PFB system is the use of 1/3 of the turbine compressor air to fluidize the bed and support combustion, with the remaining 2/3 used to control bed temperature and extract heat through an m-bed gas-to-air heat exchanger In addition to a two stage hot gas cleanup s/stem, transpiration-air protected turbine blading will be used to prevent erosion, corrosion, and deposition in the turbine (Author) A77-48783 Coal fired combined cycle for electric power generation R D Brooks, J R Peterson (General Electric Co, Schenectady. NY) , and G Weth (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N Y , ERDA, Washington, D C ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 704-711 17 refs The Coal Fired Combined Cycle (CFCC) is the unique power plant concept which when developed will provide a direct coal- burning gas turbine and steam turbine combined cycle suitable for base load application The combined cycle operation offers the potential for improved efficiency, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion will provide substantial improvements in lowering the emissions of coal-burning plants for the electric utility industry The CFCC approach provides cooling of the fluid bed combustor through the use of steam tubes in the bed which supply high pressure, high temperature steam to a conventional steam turbine-generator Com- bustion gases are expanded through heavy duty gas turbines which pressurize the combustor and generate additional electric power (Author) A77-48784 Fluidized bed adiabatic combustor power plants - Concepts and comparisons J R Hamm, D L Keairns, and D H Archer (Westmghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, Pa ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 712-717 6 refs A77-48785 The solid-fuel gas turbine for industrial energy production F R Wocasek and D R Moody (Combustion Power Co, Inc, Menlo Park, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 718-724 5 refs Steadily increasing costs for energy have spurred a search for new methods of generating energy from low-cost abundant fuels The development of a gas turbine system that can utilize wood waste in direct combustion is currently in progress A 1-mW pilot plant has demonstrated the basic concept of the gas turbine and fluid-bed combustion Areas that are under active development are the control of deposition and corrosion due to process chemistry and erosion control by particulate filtration Cycle trends of the prospective systems are presented as well as possible configurations for the forests products industry (Author) A77-48786 A unitized 500-megawatt fluidized bed boiler design S L Darling (Combustion Engineering, Inc , Windsor, Conn ) and R H Tourin (New York State Energy Research and Develop- ment Authority, New York, NY) In Intersociety Energy Con version Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28 September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 725-730 Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The design concept for a 500 MW fluidized bed boiler consisting of a single unit instead of the usual modular type is proposed The total bed plan area installed in the boiler is 558 sq m Two types of beds are used the main beds and the carbon burn up cell beds The boiler efficiency is89 7% PTH A77-48787 Analysis of power cycles with centrifugal fluidized bed coal combustion W J Shakespeare, E K Levy, J C Chen, and V Kadambi (Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 731-736 11 refs Research supported by the Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation, Pennsylvania Power and Light Co , and NSF Results on the effects of important operating parameters on the thermodynamic efficiencies of a steam cycle and a combined cycle using adiabatic centrifugal fluidized bed combustors are presented and compared to the performance obtained for three power cycles using conventional fluidized bed combustors and for a pulverized 453 A77-48788 coal power plant with limestone scrubbing Electrical energy costs are calculated for each cycle for 600, 300 and 30 MWe power plants operating at 65 and 25 percent capacity factors (Author) A77-48788 Pressurized fluidized-bed coal combustion R C Hoke (Exxon Research and Engineering Co, Linden, N J ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28 September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p 737-742 US Environmental Protection Agency Contract No 68-02-1312 The pressurized fluidized bed combustion of coal was studied in a program sponsored by the U S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Emission of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other components in the combustor flue gas, carbon combustion efficiency and heat transfer coefficients were measured as a function of combustor operating conditions A process design was developed incorporating the estimation of sorbent requirements and boiler design criteria needed to meet EPA emission standards for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (Author) A77-48789 Development of the fluidized-bed carbon- burnup cell R R Reed (Pope, Evans and Robbms, Inc , Alexandria, Va.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 743-750 The ability to burn the high carbon content fly ash produced by atmospheric fluidized-bed boilers is a prerequisite for attaining overall high combustion efficiencies necessary for utility size power plants A test program using a multiple point fly ash feeder with a 07m squared cross-section combustor was conducted to further develop the fly ash combustion system. Combustion efficiency over a range of operating variables was determined High combustion efficiencies in small combustors with only one feed point were found These tests are part of a program to design, build and operate a 30 MW Multicell Fluidized-Bed Boiler as a pollution-free method of burning high-sulfur coal in a utility application (Author) A77-48790 Reducing the environmental impact of solid wastes from a fluidized-bed combustor I Johnson, G J Vogel, J Montagna, J Shearer, R Snyder, W Swift, and A A Jonke (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 751-757 16refs The use of three options for the reduction of the environmental impact of solid sorbents used to control SO2 emission in fluidized- bed coal combustion systems has been experimentally examined The three options are (1) the use of agents such as NaCI to enhance the chemical reactivity of sorbents, (2) regeneration and reuse of limestone, and (3) the use of synthetic sorbents The quantity of waste generated decreases in the order (1) to (3), the cost increases in the order (1) to (3) At present, both the use of chemical enhancement agents and the regeneration of limestone (or dolomite) appear to be viable options The high cost, the low S02 capacity, and the small decrease in environmental impact obtainable with synthetic sorbents at the present state of development eliminate this option from future consideration (Author) A77-48792 Dynamic modeling of fluidized bed boilers for control system design D A Berkowitz (Mitre Corp, Bedford, Mass) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 765-771 12 refs Contract No E(49-18)-2453 Mathematical modeling techniques applicable to the characteri- zation of fluidized-bed combustion in coal-fired steam-electric power plants are discussed A fluidized-bed boiler system involving pneu- matic introduction of coal having a size of one cm into a coarse bed of calcined limestone is described, techniques for adjusting the available heat transfer surface area, including adjustment of bed height and localization of the fluidizmg air in the bed, are considered A linearized dynamic model of an experimental fluidized-bed process plant, based on ten differential equations and several supporting algebraic relations, is derived A data acquisition system which permits monitoring of the plant operation under a variety of control and output variables is also considered J M B A77-48793 Fluidized-bed combustion of anthracite refuse J S Mei, R L Gall, and J S Wilson (ERDA, Morgantown Energy Research Center, Morgantown, W Va) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 772-778 9 refs A total of five types of anthracite refuse material with widely different characteristics were successfully burned in the 046m (18-inch) diameter atmospheric pressure fluidized-bed combustor at the Morgantown Energy Research Center of the U S Energy Research and Development Administration Combustion characteris- tics of these anthracite refuse materials as well as engineering data were investigated for a wide range of operating conditions Values of carbon combustion efficiency, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, heat transfer and heat release rates are presented Results of this systematic study of the fluidized-bed combustion of anthracite refuse material indicate that a substantial amount of heating value contained in this rejected material can be recovered This application of anthracite refuse represents a potential source of energy for a region of the country which would benefit from such a new source to replace increased oil use which has accompanied the decrease in anthracite coal mining (Author) A77-48795 Geothermal well stimulation with a secondary fluid I Shembaum (I Shembaum Co, Pasadena, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 798-803 12 refs The stimulation of liquid-dominated geothermal wells for maximizing the production of thermal energy is discussed By injecting a secondary fluid down the geothermal well bore it is possible to optimize the production of a geothermal well and at the same time pump the geothermal heat to the surface The system can be advantageously utilized for self flowing and non-self-flowing geothermal reservoirs where the geothermal heat can be employed above ground in the production of power by any of the known power cycles The use of this stimulation technique eliminates the necessity for down-hole pumping and the associated parasitic losses (Author) A77-48796 On evaluating the energy capacity and lifetime of fracture dominated geothermal reservoirs G Sandquist, S Swanson (Utah, University, Salt Lake City, Utah), R Stoker, and J Kunze (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12tn, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 804-809 9 refs An analytical model is proposed for describing the long duration fluid temperature inversions which have been measured in geo- thermal well shafts at the Raft River geothermal site after cold water remjection and subsequent free outflow These anomalous tempera- ture distributions are apparently associated with fracture distribu- tions of varying permeability and amsotropic thermal and mass transport properties Laboratory model and field data are presented to support the reservoir model It may be possible through a controlled series of cold water remjection and free flow experiments to identify and evaluate the producing zones within fracture dominated, hot water geothermal systems (Author) 454 A77-48803 A77-48797 Geothermal space heating - The symbiosis with fossil fuel. J F Kunze (Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, 111, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 810-815. The economic viability of geothermal space heating supple- mented by fossil fuel heating systems is discussed, with emphasis on applications of the concept in the 48 conterminous states of the U.S. In particular, expansion of an existing geothermal space heating system in Boise, Idaho is considered Problems associated with such heating networks, including high capital costs and relatively low utilization factors, are reviewed It is suggested that a geothermal heating network which would serve a large number of buildings and furnish heat to compensate for outside temperature levels of 20 or 30 F might be complemented by fossil-fuel heating to create a cost-effective system. J M B. A77-48798 Energy extraction characteristics of hot dry rock geothermal systems. J W Tester and M C Smith (California, University, Los Alamos, N Mex) In Intersociety Energy Con- version Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p 816-823 14refs ERDA-sponsored research The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Hot Dry Rock Geo- thermal Energy Project is described The project investigates the extraction of energy at useful temperatures and rates from naturally heated crustal rock which does not contain large amounts of innate steam or hot water Methods applicable to formations of low or high initial permeability are considered, in particular, a technique for creating a closed pressunzed-water heat extraction loop through production of a hydraulic fracture between two bore holes is mentioned Fluid-flow and heat exchange calculations indicate that buoyant (unpumped) circulation through a large hydraulic fracture may provide heat extraction at commercially useful efficiencies Determination of the economic feasibility of hydrothermal systems, based on criteria such as fluid-flow capacity, pressure losses, well and pumping costs, and lifetime of the facilities, is also discussed J M B A77-48799 Liquid fluidized bed heat exchanger - Horizon- tal configuration experiments and data correlations. C A Allen, 0. Fukuda, E S Grimmett, and R E McAtee (Allied Chemical Corp, Idaho Falls, Idaho) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 824-831 14 refs. The heat transfer behavior of horizontal fluidized-bed heat exchangers was investigated, with the emphasis on applications to geothermal systems Experimental data and published literature were used in devising a model of heat transfer from the fluidizmg medium to a wall of the tube in a horizontal liquid-fluidized shell-and-tube heat exchanger Empirical results were found to correlate well with the heat transfer equations developed by Hamilton (1970) The test data were also employed in modifying the distributor plate of the heat exchanger to achieve uniform flow through the bed material, and in determining preliminary corrosion, erosion and depositon properties of materials under consideration for geothermal applica- tions J M B A77-48800 A comparison of three working fluids for the design of geothermal power plants. D G Shepherd (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engi- neering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 832-841. 14 refs Three working fluids for use in binary-cycle geothermal power plants are investigated. The fluids selected for study are the halocarbon refrigerant R-21, isobutane and trifluorethanol Con- denser, turbine and evaporator sizes needed to attain a range of cycle temperatures, pressures and outputs are determined. It was found that fouling resistance has a major effect on the heat transfer process. so that the cycle efficiency of the geothermal power plants is a more important factor than fluid characteristics. Because of its superior thermodynamic performance, trifluoroethanol yields the lowest condenser and evaporator sizes, though at high outputs it requires double-flow turbines J M B. A77-48801 Cost and performance comparison of flash binary and steam turbine cycles for the Imperial Valley, California. J. H Eskesen (General Electric Co, Medium Steam Turbine Dept, Lynn, Mass ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Con- ference, 12th, Washington. DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 842-849 Grant No EY-76-C-02-2619 A comparison is made of the performance and cost of dual flash organic Rankine (binary) cycles and steam turbine cycles designed specifically to exploit the geothermal resources at Niland and East Mesa in California's Imperial Valley At East Mesa a steam turbine and binary cycle are compared At Niland only the binary cycle is analyzed since the high C02 content of the resource precludes the use of condensing steam turbines Turbine designs were formulated and costs established for power plants having a nominal generating capacity of 50MW Steam and organic turbine generator costs are estimated to be approximately $200/kW and $100/kW, respectively, although savings in organic turbine costs are shown to be more than offset by heat exchanger costs and the high cost of organic condensers Total installed cost for the steam turbine cycle at East Mesa is estimated to be almost $600/kW compared to $700/kW for the dual flash binary cycles at Niland and East Mesa, respectively (Author) A77-48802 The use of mixture working fluids in geo- thermal binary power cycles. K E Starling, L W Fish, K. Z Iqbal, and H H. West (Oklahoma, University, Norman, Okla) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 850-856 5 refs. Research supported by the University of Oklahoma and University Engineers, Inc, Contract No. E(40-D- 4944. The use of hydrocarbon mixtures as working fluids in the geothermal binary power cycles provides certain advantages over systems based on pure component working fluids The composition of the working fluid can be changed in response to long-term variations in the available geothermal resource temperature. The dew point of a mixture can be customized to permit a lower turbine exhaust temperature, thereby reducing the condenser load. Further- more, the problem of retrograde condensation can be reduced, allowing the designer to maximize turbine efficiency or reduce the condenser desuperheating duty The advantages of the use of hydrocarbon mixtures in geothermal binary power cycles are discussed in detail with attention to the effective use of the geothermal resource, thermodynamic efficiency, and cost effective- ness. Calculations using a process simulation program are presented to support the argument that mixtures can be tailored to match the characteristics of the geothermal resource and the limitations imposed by the power conversion cycle. (Author) A77-48803 Geothermal power cycle analysis. A R Schapiro and G. P. Hajela (Rockwell International Corp., Atomics International Div, Canoga Park, Calif.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 857-864. 5 refs A study was conducted to analyze and select (from the direct steam flash, flash binary, and direct binary cycles) a power generation cycle producing 10 MW net electric power output, that has the lowest capital cost for two brine models one for high-temperature/high-salmity brine and the other for tow-temperature/low salinity brine For each cycle, the thermo- dynamic performance and capital cost were analyzed The materials 455 A77-48804 of construction used in estimating the cost of the components were (1) carbon steel and (2) materials selected for each component that shows promise for longer life Estimates with components con- structed of carbon steel were made to give an equal basis to the comparison The effects of the materials of construction upon the cycle selected were ascertained (Author) A77-48804 Multiparameter optimization studies on geo- thermal energy cycles W L Pope, H S Pines, L F Silvester, M A Green, and J D Williams (California, University, Berkeley, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 865-869 12 refs ERDA-supported research Various standard geothermal power cycles are modeled and optimized with program GEOTHM The results are displayed in 3-D isometric form These graphical plots vividly display the sensitivity of energy cost and other performance criteria as a result of departures from the design operating point For example, the mutual interaction of energy cost, resource utilization efficiency, and resource tempera- ture as an EC-RUE-RT surface for a range of temperatures between 100 C and 300 C can be studied Calculation results may be presented for subcritical and supercritical binary cycles with several pure fluids, and on two stage flashed steam cycles for practical noncondensable gas levels (Author) A77-48805 Effect of reservoir temperature decline on geothermal power plant design and economics J W Hankin, R A. Hogue, T A V Cassel, and T R Pick (Bechtel Corp , San Francisco, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 870-876 Contract No E(04-3)-1124 A77-48806 Design and field test of a steam powered downhole geothermal pump K E Nichols, D Pngmore (Barber- Nichols Engineering Co , Arvada, Colo ), H Matthews, and J Halat (Sperry Rand Research Center, Sudbury, Mass) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 877-8S83 Research supported by the Sperry Rand Corp, ERDA, andNSF A concept for pumping geothermal wells has been designed and tested in a well. The pump work required is extracted from the thermal energy of the brine by a downhole boiler The resulting steam drives a turbopump delivering pressurized brine to the surface The exhaust steam is ducted to the surface where it is condensed and returned to the downhole boiler The TPU (turbine pump unit) utilizes a single stage mixed flow impeller that achieves pumping efficiencies over 80%, driven by a two-stage steam turbine The shaft is supported by water-lubricated bearings that have been tested at temperatures over 400 F The pumping tests were sucessful and it was demonstrated that the steam powered concept is feasible (Author) A77-48807 A two-phase rotary separator demonstration system for geothermal energy conversion D J Cermi (Biphase Engines, Inc , Santa Monica, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 884-892 6 refs Direct utilization of two-phase geothermal well flow has been investigated experimentally with a rotary separator system. The system tested is a portion of a total-flow conrept for geothermal energy conversion that incorporates the features of high efficiency, scale resistance and system simplicity. The first experimental system (two-phase nozzle, rotary separator, and liquid pickup) has demon- strated the ability to convert efficiently geothermal wellhead enthalpy to two-phase flow kinetic energy at the nozzle exit The performance measurements show a 36% conversion efficiency The rotary separator removes the steam from the liquid flow, the liquid pickup converts liquid kinetic energy to either pressure or torque Component efficiencies for nozzle, separator and liquid recovery were measured as a function of facility steam pressure and quality Similar tests are in progress at a Brawley, California, geothermal well site to demonstrate performance and scale tolerance (Author) A77-48808 Performance of a total-flow impulse turbine for geothermal applications W J Comfort, III (California, Univer- sity, Livermore, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineer- ing Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 893-898 7 refs Contract No W-7405-eng-48 A new, axial-flow impulse turbine was tested at LLL as part of the geothermal energy development program Engine efficiency of this single-stage, two-phase expander was measured at 23% during a single-nozzle test Performance predictions of a numerical model agreed with these results Full-admission performance (based on the numerical-model and attainable nozzle thrust coefficients) indicates that engine efficiency can reach between 38 and 40% with present technology Improved techniques for analyzing two-phase flow and further reduction of droplet sizes should provide 70% engine efficiency. (Author) A77-48809 * The helical screw expander evaluation project R A McKay (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, Ml, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 899-903 Contracts No E(49-27)-1000, No NAS7-100 A positive-displacement helical-screw expander of the Lysholm type has been adapted for geothermal service and successfully demonstrated in a 50 kW prototype power system. Evaluation of the expander by tests of a new model in a 1 MW power system under wellhead conditions in selected liquid-dominated geothermal fields is proposed. The objectives are to determine the performance charac- teristics of the expander and power system over a broad range of operating conditions and also to examine the concept of wellhead power plants Throttling and fractionation of the fluids from the test wells is planned to simulate a wide range of wellhead pressures and steam fractions Variation in the expander exhaust pressure is also planned The investigation will include expander efficiency, corro- sion, erosion, scale formation and control, and endurance testing Interaction studies with the wells and an electric grid are also proposed (Author) A77-48810 New turbodrill for geothermal drilling W C Maurer, J D Nixon, L W. Matson (Maurer Engineering, Inc, Houston, Tex.), and J C. Rowley (California, University, Los Alamos, N. Mex ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 904-911. 21 refs ERDA- sponsored research Development of a high-temperature (275 C) turbodrill for use in drilling thermal wells is described The turbodrill was developed to meet the directional drilling requirements encountered in completing geothermal wells in hot dry rock, where conventional downhole drilling motors are found to degrade rapidly, due to detrimental effects of the elevated temperatures The device, which was designed to allow part of the drilling fluid to circulate through the axial thrust roller bearings for lubrication and cooling, has turbine bladmg that provides four times the torque of existing drill motors Spare seals were incorporated in the drill mechanism to minimize the number of round trips needed for repairs and replacement. J M.B. A77-48811 Thermocorer for geothermal applications. G M. Benson (ERG, Inc, Oakland, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C., August 456 A77-48818 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 912-917. 12 refs NSF Grant No. GI-43100. Thermocorer, a thermo-mechamcal core-drill, uses recirculatmg hot melts and rotating jet-nozzles to produce advance rates 1000 times faster than achieved by the Subterrene and at specific energy consumptions approximating those of conventional rotary drills Advance is produced by forming a kerf with resulting core and glass-lined bore-hole The kerf is formed by dynamic thermo- natural-gas-fired Brayton cycle engine that drives a Rankine cycle heat pump A centrifugal freon compressor is driven directly from the Brayton engine rotating group through a permanent magnet coupling Unique features that offer high life cycle performance include a hermetically sealed magnetic coupling, air foD bearings, an atmospheric in-line combustor, and a high temperature recuperator Predicted overall engine efficiency is 27 percent and predicted overall coefficient of performance at the energy source is 0 85 in cooling and 1 0 in heating (Author) A77-48812 Development of a sulfur-iodine thermo- chemical water-splitting cycle for hydrogen production. J R. Schuster, J L Rusell, Jr., K H McCorkle, K. J Mysejs, J H. Norman, D R. O'Keefe, R Sharp, S A Stowell, P W. Trester, and D G Williamson (General Atomic Co, San Diego, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 920-927 5 refs Research supported by the General Atomic Co and University of California A three-step thermochemical water-splitting cycle is being developed for the producing hydrogen from nonfossil energy sources This cycle, which employs sulfur and iodine, can be conducted as an all liquid-and-gas process using concentrated solar heat or heat from a high-temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR). All chemical reactions have been shown to proceed rapidly and cleanly In coupling the cycle to an HTGR, process engineering has produced an estimate of 41 4% for net thermal efficiency Recent favorable chemical data indicate that a considerable increase in efficiency will be obtained for the next flow sheet Material corrosion testing has shown some commercial construction materials to be candidates for containing portions of the chemical process (Author) A77-48813 Development progress on the Sulfur Cycle Water Decomposition System. G H Farbman, R L. Ammon, C C. Hardman, and S Spewock (Westmghouse Electric Corp, Advanced Energy Systems Div, Pittsburgh,. Pa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 928-932 5 refs The Sulfur Cycle Water Decomposition System is a two-step hybrid electrochemical/thermochemical process, which produces hydrogen electrolytically and oxygen thermochemically. Areas inves- tigated include the electrolyzer, where progress is being made toward demonstrating overall cell voltages of 450 mV at 200 mA/cm sq - the performance level believed representative of a commercially-sized unit The evaluation of catalysts for the reduction of sulfur tnoxide (from sulfunc acid) to sulfur dioxide and oxygen and the evaluation of structural and heat transfer materials suitable for use in the high-pressure, high-temperature environment of the sulfunc acid vaporization and subsequent reduction are also studied In addition, the evaluation of process flow sheet modifications to assess the potential process efficiency is considered. (Author) A77-48814 Irreversibilities, heat penalties, and economics for the methanol/sulfunc acid process. J. E. Funk (Kentucky, University, Lexington, Ky.) and K F. Knoche (Rheimsch- Westfahsche Technische Hochschule, Aachen, West Germany). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1. La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 933-938 8 refs. A thermodynamic availability analysis which relies on a step-by- step treatment of entropy production and heat penalty terms to determine process Irreversibilities is described. Heat penalties are used as an indicator of the amount of thermal energy evolved by the primary energy source, and as a measure of the overall process efficiency. The analysis is applied to a four-step thermochemical cycle involving methanol production and sulfunc acid decomposi- tion, the effects of each stage of the process on the overall thermal efficiency, capital cost and production cost are given J.M.B. A77-48815 Recent developments in the engineering and chemistry of the ZnSe thermochemical hydrogen cycle H H Otsuki, R K Pearson, and 0 H. Knkonan (California, University, Liver- more, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Con- ference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 939-946. 10 refs Contract No. W-7405-eng-48 An improved version of the ZnSe thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production is described Findings on the ZnCI2 high temperature steam hydrolysis of liquid ZnCI2 and on the kinetics of decomposition of H2Se are also presented A preliminary design of a process based on the improved cycle was prepared to examine the overall thermal efficiency and to derive hydrogen production costs Conceptual designs for several critical equipment items are given and their special features discussed. Overall thermal efficiency of the cycle depends strongly on the ability to recover reaction heats and match them with process heat requirements Thermal efficiency of the cycle is estimated to be about 42%, the estimated cost for hydrogen production is about $13 50 per million BTUs (Author) A77-48816 Irreversibilities in thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production by water decomposition. K E Cox and M Natarajan (New Mexico, University, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 947-950 12 refs A77-48817 A new family of hydrogen storage alloys based on the system mckel-mischmetal-calcium G D Sandrock (Interna- tional Nickel Co , Inc., Paul D Menca Research Laboratory, Suffern, NY) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 951-958 19 refs Research supported by the International Nickel Co A family of low-cost intermetalhc hydrogen storage compounds based on the formula Ca(x)M(1-x)Ni5 has been developed M is the standard rare earth alloy mischmetal and x can be varied from 0 to 1 The basic properties are presented as a function of x, including pressure-temperature-composition relations, ease of activation, heats of reaction, relative materials cost, melting and other metallurgical considerations, and crystal structure correlations The system offers several desirable properties including raw materials costs per unit of hydrogen storage capacity less than one-third that of present LaNiS, room temperature plateau pressures ranging from 30 to 0 5 atm, very low hysteresis, and easy activation (Author) A77-48818 A hydrogen-halogen energy storage system for electric utility applications A, Beaufrere, R S Yeo, S Srimvasan (Brokhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N Y ), J McElroy (General Electric Co., Wilmington, Mass), and G Hart (Energy Development Associates, Madison Heights, Mich ) In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C., August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 959-963 ERDA-sponsored research A techno-economic assessment is made for a hydrogen-chlorine energy storage system for electric utility load leveling and peak shaving applications The proposed system consists of a GE Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell, metal hydride hydrogen storage, and liquid 457 A77-48819 chlorine/hydrochloric acid storage subsystems The electrochemical cell operates under high pressure, which facilitates both hydrogen uptake by the metal hydride and production of chlorine as a liquid in the cell The waste heat from the cell is used for decomposition of the hydride to release the storage hydrogen Expe-iments carried out show that it should be possible to attain overall efficiencies above 70% at high power densities (at least a factor of 5 higher than that for advanced batteries) Since the reactants for chemical and electricity generation are stored outside the cell, this system appears quite suitable for electric energy storage applications in both peaking and load leveling cycles (Author) A77-48819 * The liquid hydrogen option for the subsonic transport - A status report P F. Korycmski (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C., August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 964-972 22 refs. Studies dealing with the use of liquid hydrogen for fuel in subsonic air transport systems are reviewed Topics of the studies include the possibility for economical production of hydrogen, the problems associated with the efficient liquefaction of the gas, the development of insulation materials and materials for long-lasting liquid hydrogen fuel tanks, the difficulties related to fueling processes and the installation of liquid hydrogen fuel stations at major air terminals, an assessment of the hazards connected with liquid hydrogen fuels, and the engineering and design problems involved in incorporating liquid hydrogen fuel systems into large subsonic passenger aircraft J M.B A77-48820 Supercorroding alloys for generating heat and hydrogen gas S. S Sergev and S A. Black (U.S. Navy, Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 973-980. Supercorroding magnesium alloys have been developed that react rapidly and predictably with seawater to produce heat and hydrogen gas The alloys are formed by a mechanical process that bonds magnesium and noble metal powder particles together The reaction rate has been shown to increase with increasing temperature and increasing noble metal content A maximum reaction rate exists at an optimum proportion of parent materials Reaction rates for several noble materials have been determined. The effect of pressure on the reaction has been investigated but not determined. The alloy powders can be sintered to form barstock suitable for self-contained corroding links. Supercorroding alloys are superior to previous similar methods for producing heat and gas (Author) A77-48821 Hydrogen separation and production from coal-derived gases using Fe/x/TiNi/1-x/ V Cholera and D Gidaspow (Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, III ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 1 La Grange Park, III. American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 981-986 8 refs Research supported by the Institute of Gas Technology. Sorbents for use in the low-temperature separation of hydrogen from coal-derived gases containing methane and nitrogen were investigated. Data from experiments involving packed-bed batch reactors indicate that low decomposition pressure alloys of the Fe(x)TiNi(1-x) type were able to extract hydrogen from the methane mixtures in a highly efficient process However, it was found that carbon dioxide and similar impurities interfere with the hydrogen generation, removal of the impurities or use of more expensive alloys based on lanthanum-nickel series is proposed to circumvent the problem J M B. A77-48822 Design of the Montana Magnetohydro- dynamics Component Development and Integration Facility W D Jackson, M S Mmtz (ERDA, Washington, D C.), F Shaffron (Ralph M Parsons Co, Pasadena, Calif), R P. Del Bueno (Gilbert Associates, Reading, Pa.), V. Pearson (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ), and J D. Plunkett (Montana Energy MHD Research and Development Institute, Inc, Butte, Mont) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 988-994. ERDA-supported research. The Montana MHD Component Development and Integration Facility, developed by ERDA with the aim of achieving a commercial open-cycle MHD electric power generation system, is described The 50-thermal megawatt facility was designed to assess the interaction of various MHD components and subsystems In particular, hot gas flow train elements, including combustors, nozzles, channels, mag- nets and inverters, are to be studied at the plant Processes such as coal and seed preparation, combustion air preheating, water circula- tion and treatment, combustion slag quench and removal, exit gas quench and scrubbing, and wastewater collection are also to be analyzed J M B A77-48823 A description of the direct coal-fired MHD facility at the University of Tennessee Space Institute J. B Dicks, K E Tempelmeyer, H P Markant, Y C. L. Wu, J F Martin, J W Muehlhauser, and L W Crawford (Tennessee, University, Tullahoma, Tenn.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 995-1003. 14 refs Contract No EX-76-C-01-1760 A direct coal-fired MHD facility capable of running continu- ously at the coal flow rate of 3 tons/hour and intermittently of up to one hour continuous operation at a coal flow rate of about 10 tons/hour is described The facility contains all essential components of a central power MHD station except the air preheater Current results in seed recovery and SO2 reduction are reported The overall objective of this facility is to advance the technology of direct coal-fired MHD components and systems required for MHD power systems operating under simulated central power station conditions Specific objectives are to resolve technical problems which occur in direct coal-fired MHD systems which moderate-to-high ash carryover with Eastern coals (Author) A77-48824 Progress in channel development for direct coal fired MHD A. Soloes and,S W Petty (Avco Everett Research Laboratory, Inc , Everett, Mass ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1004-1014 ERDA-sponsored research This paper reviews the progress in the development work of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) channels for direct coal fired MHD power generation, carried out at AERL. The results of extensive testing in a slagging environment using a 6 Ib/sec experimental facility, .are presented and discussed. Channel performance charac- teristics are presented both for diagonal and Faraday mode loading The local channel behavior and the development of nonumformities are analyzed together with fault simulation experiments The results of a 100 hour duration run are presented Cathode, anode and insulator problems are discussed together with the results of several subsequent tests aimed at evaluating various candidate materials for both anode and cathode walls (Author) A77-48825 Compressed air energy storage for electric utility load leveling. K G Vosburgh, D C Golibersuch, P M Jarvis, J A Bast, J H Eskesen (General Electric Co., Schenectady, N Y.), A. S. Mitchell (Fenix and Scission, Inc, Tulsa, Okla), E. J Sosnowicz (United Engineers and Constructors, Inc , Boston, Mass ), J Pepper (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif ), and S Serata In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Confer ence, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, 458 A7 7-48832 Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1016-1022 10 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute The results of a conceptual design of a compressed air energy storage plant employing a solution mined salt cavern located on the Me In tosh dome m southwestern Alabama are presented. A weekly storage cycle is used and power is generated at 800 MW for 2000 hours per year Various design options are discussed, including a plant optimized for peaking duty An evaluation of the operating economics of the designs, a new method for computing the efficiency of compressed air storage plants, and a discussion of experiments which might be performed at a demonstration plant are also presented (Author) A77-48826 Compressed air storage for load leveling of nuclear power plants. Z. S Stys (Brown Boveri Corp, North Brunswick, N J ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 1023-1030. 9 refs Air Storage Energy Transfer (ASSET) plants are installations which optimize the operation of predominantly nuclear base-loaded systems by providing for energy transfer to equalize the fluctuations in energy demand Until a short time ago pumped hydro was the only commercially available system capable of accomplishing the energy transfer With the advent of the ASSET concept, transfer of the energy can be accomplished using compressed air instead of water as a medium. This paper describes the general concept of ASSET plants as well as the first installation of this type now being builtat Huntorf, West Germany (Author) A77-48827 Electron beam heated solenoid reactors for fusion power and fissile fuel breedings. J Benford (Physics Interna- tional Co , San Leandro, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC., August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1059-1065. 9 refs The use of electron beams to heat linear solenoids and the application of such heating processes to fusion reactors or to fissile fuel breeding are discussed The mechanisms involved in electron- beam heating of plasma, as well as the processes by which axial heat losses from the plasma occur, are reviewed Advantages of the electron beam heat process, such as a generation efficiency of 80%, are also considered In addition, systems involving linear solenoids may offer high beta properties together with linear geometries, making maintenance of plasma stability a simpler problem than for toroidal geometry schemes J M B A77-48828 Development status - Binary Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system. H. L. Rhmehart (ERDA, Oiv of Conservation, Washington, D C ), C P. Ketler (Department of Public Utilities and Public Works, Rockville Centre, N Y ), and R K Rose (Mechanical Technology, Inc, Latham, N.Y.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1090-1094. This paper presents the status of a program under development by MTI for USERDA and concerns development and demonstration of a binary-Rank me cycle waste-heat recovery system for a Diesel generating set The demonstration site is located at an existing municipal power plant in the Village of Rockville Centre, New York The system employs two safe and well accepted power fluids, steam and Freon, and recovers 500 kw from the exhaust of a turbocharged Diesel engine. The two fluid cycle generally exhibits higher thermal efficiency, depending upon gas temperature, than a cycle employing a single power fluid. The steam topping cycle buffers the Freon bottoming cycle so that the system can be applied over a wide range of gas temperatures and not be limited by the stability limits of organic power fluids. The machinery arrangement features two radial inflow turbines driving a common output gear Conventional process and refrigeration industry heat exchange components have been adapted for use in the system (Author) A77-48829 600 kW Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Power Conversion System. R M Cheek and P D Lacey (Sundstrand Corp , Rockford, III ). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineer- ing Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 1095-1099 The 600 kW Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Power Conver- sion System, which can be adapted to heat sources such as diesel engine exhaust, gas turbine exhaust, or industrial process waste heat streams, is described Design criteria for the waste heat recovery system, including selection of power rating, waste heat temperature range and working fluid, are reviewed, development programs involving 425 or 315 C source temperatures and toluene as the working fluid are discussed Components of the system, such as the boost pump, feed pump, regenerator, vaporizer, turbine and condens- er are also considered The prototype system developed has the advantages of being adaptable to use with a large reciprocating engine as the heat source, and of accomodatmg several inches of pressure drop without upsetting the operation of the heat source J M B A77-48830 Combined diesel-organic Rankme-cycle power plant H E Somi, P S Patel, D T Morgan (Thermo Electron Corp , Waltham, Mass ), and S K. Batra (New England Power Service Co , Westborough, Mass ). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 1100-1107 Components and performance predictions are given for a combined diesel-organic Rankme-cycle electric power generating system. The organic Rankine system will provide 440 kW of additional power by recovering energy from the exhaust gases of a 2500-kW-diesel engine powerplant For this system, the increase in power output is 18 percent with no increase in fuel consumption, even though the prime mover is a two-cycle diesel engine with relatively low exhaust gas temperature and the engine back pressure is lirryted to 1 244 kilopascal (5.0 inches of water). For other prime movers without these limitations, even greater improvement is possible. (Author) A77-48831 Energy conversion and storage by CDE /con- centration difference energy/ engine and system N Isshiki, Y Maekawa, M Takeuchi (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan), I Nikai (Ishikawajima-Hanma Heavy Industries Co , Ltd , Tokyo, Japan), T Akuta (Nippon Steel Corp , Tokyo, Japan), and J Kamoshida (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Omiya, Japan) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1117-1124 8 refs This paper is concerned with a theoretical and experimental investigation of a completely new engine called the CDE (con- centration difference energy) engine The CDE engine utilizes the absorption heat liberated from the exhaust steam absorbed in a thick aqueous solution of inorganic salts as CaCI2, LiCI, NaOH etc in which the original pure steam boiler is immersed In the CDE system many kinds of alternative energies are used for the regenerations of used solutions thinned by the CDE engine above, and can be converted into useful power and heat (Author) A77-48832 Solar powered steam generation. D. Magnoh, M. Saddy, A. V de Carvalho, Jr., M. R Lima Verde Leal (Centra de Tecnologia Promon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), J. B. de Siqueira, and T. Oniga (Institute Nacional de Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1127-1133. 7 refs 459 A77-48833 Generation of low-pressure saturated steam was investigated conceptually using conventional types of solar collectors Perfor- mance analyses were carried out for single flat-plate collectors with one and two covers, selective absorbing surfaces and honeycomb structure, and for parabolic concentrators with focal axis along East-West or Polar directions Selection of the best collectors was carried out for 20 deg south latitude, and was followed by computation of the steam outputs for the latitudes of 10, 20, and 30 deg south, for clear days at the equinox, winter and summer solstices Setting the steam production at around 10 ton/day, 1000 three-square-meter collectors were required. Economic evaluation showed that although the system does not currently compete with conventional steam generation, it might be feasible in the medium term and for remote locations (Author) A77-48833 High temperature solar collector with an Archimedes concentrator Z I Antomak and H B Palmer (Penn- sylvania State University, University Park, Pa.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1134-1140 14refs A 1 5 m-long experimental model of a high-temperature solar concentrator-collector in which argon is employed as a working fluid was studied. Experiments were performed with fluid flow rates covering a range of Reynolds numbers from 200 to 2000, resulting in a fluid temperature rise of up to 285 C in the (axial) flow direction Maximum temperatures attained by the fluid under no-flow condi- tions were in the 350-390 C range A computer model of this system which takes into account most of the influential variables was formulated, temperature profiles that agree with the experimental data at all axial positions within about 10 C were obtained (Author) A77-48834 Development status of the fixed mirror solar concentrator J L Russell, Jr, J R Schuster, and G H Eggers (General Atomic Co, San Diego, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , AVigust 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1141-1146 7refs The General Atomic Company fixed mirror solar concentrator (FMSC) employs a fixed mirror trough that produces a sharp line focus regardless of sun position The heat receiver is moved in a circular arc to track the focal line FMSC modules of precast concrete and glass mirrors are being fabricated to supply a 260 sq m mirror field to Sandia Laboratories for their Solar Total Energy Demonstration Facility (Author) A77-48835 Considerations for using solar concentrators in photovoltaic systems C E Backus, D L Evans, L. W Florschuetz, D L Jacobson, and B D Wood (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, ICt, 1977, p 1147-1153 14 refs Research supported by Sandia Laboratories, NSF Grant No GI-41894, Contract No E(11-11-2590 Concentration of sunlight onto solar cells can reduce the cost of electricity from photovoltaic systems in the near term and possibly even after flat photovoltaic array costs have been reduced by more than an order of magnitude Cells have been designed especially for high concentrations and have efficiencies as high as present day space cells The cooling of cells under high concentrations does not seem to be a major constraint The ultimate cost of these systems depends mostly on the cost per unit aperture of the reflective or refractive surface Higher efficiency concentration cells are often desirable even if their costs are higher (Author) A77-48836 Solar cell array for concentrated sunlight. G. Yekutieli, A Brandstetter, B. Haber, R Joulzary, E Kritchman, and J Mandelkorn (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel) In Intersociety Energy "Conversion Engineering Conference^ 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1154-1158 10 refs Research supported by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of Israel The work effort at the Weizmann Institute on high con- centration solar cell arrays is described The results of the study phase of the program, which involved procurement and evaluation of system components, were favorable, and integration of selected components and systems is underway The criteria developed and the data from solar cells, optics, and tracking tests are discussed Details of a successful laboratory model 2 axis tracking system are presented It is concluded that development of high concentration arrays having efficiencies of at least 10% is now possible (Author) A77-48837 Photovoltaic applications for the National Park Service P O Jarvmen, C R Peatfield (MIT, Lexington, Mass ), and H Haiges (National Park Service, Denver, Colo ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th,Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1159-1166 ERDA-sponsored research ERDA has engaged MIT/Lincoln Laboratory in its field tests and applications project for solar photovoltaic systems This paper describes one of the applications of the project namely, the placement, test and monitoring of solar photovoltaic systems that serve installations of the U S National Park Service (NPS) Attention is given to site selection procedures and an NPS photovoltaic site investigation summary is presented Of 10 promising sites considered Natural Bridges National Moument, Utah was selected for the first application Cottonwood Ranger Station at Joshua Tree National Monument, California represents a good alternative site B.J A77-48839 An assessment of mechanical energy storage for solar systems. H M Dodd, Jr, R E D Stewart, S G Varnado, E A Aronson (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ), and G C Chang (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1174-1180 9 refs The primary objective of this study is to assess the relative merits of various mechanical energy storage systems when used in conjunction with solar and wind sources This initial study con- sidered flywheel, pneumatic (compressed air) and underground pumped hydro storage concepts Both thermal and photovoltaic collectors utilizing stationary flat plate through total tracking focused systems were included For wind collection, a horizontal axis wind turbine was modeled Electrical load demands from single residences through utility grids were included Alternative systems were ranked according to levehzed, busbar energy cost calculations, and the amount of displaced, conventionally generated electricity also served as a benefit measure (Author) A77-48840 Evaluation of a chemical heat storage system for a solar steam power plant. J Dayan, A S. Foss, and S Lynn (California, University, Berkeley, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American .Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1181-1188 15 refs ERDA-supported research A heat storage system employing the reversible chemical reaction S03 yields S02 + 1/2 O2 is synthesized and integrated with the central receiver and conventional steam power cycle of a solar electric power plant Heat absorption by the chemical reaction takes 460 A77-48846 place in the receiver during the day, heat release in a separate reactor produces 36 MWe all night through steam generation at 2400 pa and 1000 F For optimum use of heat, the storage system needs to be integrated during the daytime with a steam raising system having a power input about 5 times the storage charge rate The overall efficiency of the combined system (net electrical output/thermal input) is about 35% (Author)- A77-48841 Thermal energy storage. B L Pierce, F R Spurrier, and M K Wright (Westmghouse Electric Corp , Advanced Energy Systems Div, Pittsburgh, Pa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1189-1194 A discussion of a thermal energy storage subsystem is provided which is integrated into a steam Rankme solar thermal electric power generation system It uses phase change and sensible heat charac- teristics of the steam for energy transport and encapsulated salt for energy storage Direct contact heat exchange is featured in the storage subsystem which has superior thermodynamic performance and equipment simplicity compared to present baseline designs using indirect heat transfer features such as being considered for the Central Receiver Solar.Power 1_O.MW(e) Pilot Plant System integration and operation, thermal performance and mechanical design are discussed (Author) A77-48842 Integration of high temperature thermal en- ergy storage into a solar thermal,Brayton cycle power plant. W D. Beverly, W W Engle, and F 0 Mahony (Boeing Engineering and Construction, Seattle, Wash ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, . p 1195-1202 5 refs Research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute, Contract No EY-76-C-03-1300 Analytical methods have been developed to support the design and analysis of thermal energy storage (TES) systems for solar thermal power plants employing high temperature Brayton, closed cycle thermal engines with helium or air as the heat transport fluid System level studies have been undertaken to assess the impact of storage on plant performance, to establish storage system design and performance requirements, and to evaluate various TES design alternatives Conceptual designs with cost estimates are presented for sensible heat and phase change TES devices Solar power plant design sensitivity data showing the trades between collector area, storage time, plant performance, plant costs, and busbar energy costs are also included (Author) A77-48843 Design of sodium-cooled, central receiver solar power plant. T L Johnson and W B Thomson (Rockwell International Corp , Atomics International Div., Canoga Park, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1203-1208 Grant No EG-76-G- 05-5178 The design of a 100-MWe sodium-cooled, central receiver solar power plant is presented A sodium-cooled system has the advantages of good heat transfer, stable coolant flow, and high efficiency Sodium components either are available now or will soon be available as a result of the sodium-cooled reactor programs A description of three liquid sodium heat transport systems is presented Several alternative storage options are examined The all sodium thermal storage concept using a hot storage tank and a cold storage tank is simple, affords operational flexibility, and effectively decouples the receiver system operation from the steam generator - a substantial operational advantage A sodium quantity of 15 3 x 10 to the 6th kg is required for 6 h of plant operation on stored energy at 100% of rated power The sodium-cooled plant initial cost is slightly less than an equivalent water-cooled plant However, levelized energy costs are 18% lower for the mid- 1980's ' (Author) A77-48844 Solar thermal conversion to electricity utiliz- ing a central receiver, open cycle gas turbine design J C Grosskreutz, E J McBride, and D C Gray (Black and Veatch, Consulting Engineers, Kansas City, Mo ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1209-1217 Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute A conceptual design of a 60 MWe gas turbine solar/electric system has been completed Four cavity type, ceramic-tube heat exchangers produce the 1800 F air required The turbine-generator and receiver cavities are located at the top of a 650 foot reinforced tower, which is surrounded by two-axis tracking heliostats The capital cost of the plant, in 1976 dollars, is estimated as $135041660 per kilowatt, depending on heliostat costs Hybrid operation makes this plant eligible for capacity credit in a utility network The primary hardware development required is the ceramic tube heat exchanger Silicon carbide tubes have been thermally cycled, using radiant heat, for over 600 cycles with material temperatures up to 2430 F No tube failures or material degradation were experienced (Author) A77-48845 * Dynamic modeling and sensitivity analysis of solar thermal energy conversion systems. C L Hamilton (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1218-1223 5 refs Contract No NAS7-100 Since the energy input to solar thermal conversion systems is both time variant and probabilistic, it is unlikely that simple steady-state methods for estimating lifetime performance will pro- vide satisfactory results The work described here uses dynamic modeling to begin identifying what must be known about input radiation and system dynamic characteristics to estimate per- formance reliably Daily operation of two conceptual solar energy systems was simulated under varying operating strategies with time-dependent radiation intensity ranging from smooth input of several magnitudes to input of constant total energy whose intensity oscillated with periods from 1/4 hour to 6 hours Integrated daily system output and efficiency were functions of both level and dynamic characteristics of insolation Sensitivity of output to changes in total input was greater than one (Author) A77-48846 1 MWth solar cavity steam generator solar test program T R Tracey, F A Blake (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, Colo), C Royere (CNRS, Odeillo, Pyrenees-Onentales, France), and C T Brown (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1224-1230 Gram No EY- 76-C-03-1068, Contract No E(40-1)-4921 The primary objective of this program was to demonstrate the efficient conversion of solar energy to thermal energy in the form of steam as soon as possible The largest solar test facility available was the 1 MWth facility located in Odeillo, France Therefore, the test article was designed for testing at the 1 MW level The test article is a cavity type receiver with an aperture of 1 03 meters The inner walls consist of blackened steel tubes designed to deliver steam at 8619 kPa and 510 C The solar testing consisted of a total of 161 hours of which 71 5 hours were at rated operating conditions 8619 kPa, 510 C and 105 hours were at full boiler pressure The maximum power input was 738 KW The measured thermal efficiency of the cavity was 92 percent During the program the receiver was cycled to rated conditions twenty-six times and the boiler was cycled to rated conditions thirty times In addition, many other transients were encountered including cloud interruptions (Author) 461 A77-48847 A77-48847 Deterministic insolation estimates for \solar total energy systems. E P French (Rockwell International Corp, Space Div , Downey, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1231-1237. 8 refs Contract No E(04-3)-1210 A simple method of evaluating the solar energy available to a collector is described Radiation at cloudless times is estimated from the calculated solar position and the seasonally varying properties of a standard atmosphere Local atmospheric effects are incorporated into two empirical coefficients, a clearness number and a cloud factor, which can be derived from long-term average insolation The method successfully predicts variations in incident energy as a function of collector orientation and tracking strategy Net collector energy gains are also well estimated if cloud factors are based on observed average percent possible sunshine (Author) A77-48848 Miniature solar-electric power system J E Drummond (Maxwell Laboratories, Inc, San Diego, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1238-1242 12 refs The paper describes a small solar power system designed for a single family dwelling The total system consists of five subsystems optical, thermal input, thermal-to-electrical conversion, waste heat deployment and control A typical system would consist of 22 stages of ferroelectric heat engines each using nearly-Carnot cycles and 23 intervening, electrically actuated, heat pipes Each stage is 30 micrometers thick and each heat pipe 1 7 cm long A kW converter would fit inside a box 20 cm square by 45 cm high, the converter would weigh 3 kg and would pay back the energy required for mining, refining and combining the materials of which it is constructed in 22 days at a quarter of its peak power output B J A77-48849 Experimental evaluation of a solar/wind- powered space heating and hot water heating system in the Pacific Northwest. A Yamagiwa (Seattle City Light, Seattle, Wash ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1243-1249 A77-48850 Stimulation of the solar industry by way of the Federal Buildings Program L A Alexander and F A Costello (InterTechnology/Solar Corp, Warrenton, Va ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1250-1254 A computer simulation of the growth of the solar industry involving commercial and federal buildings was performed to investigate the costs and benefits to both the solar industry and the federal government of a solar demonstration program. Using this information, a comparison of a Commercial Demonstration Program (CDP) and a Federal Buildings Program (FBP) designed to stimulate the solar industry is presented Also given is the response of the solar industry and the consumer market as predicted by the model (Author) A77-48851 The Page-Jackson Elementary School solar heating and cooling system. F A Costello, A K Jam, S Kumar, H S. Liers, and W, McEver (InterTechnology/Solar Corp, Warrenton, Va ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1255-1262 A77-48854 * Tests and evaluation of multihundred watt thermoelectric generators at JPL P Rouklove (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) In Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III , American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 1287-1293 Contract No NAS7-100 The multihundred watt (MHW) thermoelectric generator, based on silicon-germanium thermoelectric technology, delivers a nominal power output of 150 watts with an efficiency of about 6% The two Voyager space probes each use three such generators assembled in tandem on a boom. A total of seven MHW type thermoelectric generators were tested at JPL in support of the Voyager project The tests consisted of (1) parametric evaluation of the electrical characteristics of the devices over a wide range of output voltage for different values of input power, different operating ambients (air, vacuum), and different internal environments (argon, helium, xenon, mixture of these gases, and vacuum) at different pressures to allow evaluation of the influences of both gas and pressure on the performance of the generator, (2) tests to determine the transient behavior of the generators, and (3) operation of the generator in conjunction with the Voyager spacecraft (Author) A77-48855 An assessment of the materials needs for a Kr-85 fuel capsule. N B Eisner, J C Bass, T S Roemer, and P W Trester (General Atomic Co, San Diego, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1294-1301 20 refs Army-supported research Kr-85 is considered as an alternate isotopic heat source in place of others, such as Pu-238 and Sr-90 RTGs using Kr-85 could possibly be used in applications where the nuclear safety require- ments are less stringent Fuel capsules would have to contain the gas at operating pressures up to 69 0 MPa, be compatible at 623 K with the liquid metal Rb, the daughter product of Kr-85, and provide adequate gamma shielding An overall candidate material for the capsule would be the alloy Ta-10W since it is likely to be compatible with Rb, would offer a high shielding to volume ratio, and would be capable of demonstrating suitable and uniform mechanical proper- ties, a requirement for high-pressure gas containment systems Five alloys were selected as candidates for fuel capsules The scope of an initial phase qualification program is presented which deals with verifying both corrosion resistance and absence of degradation of deformation ability and toughness in the candidate alloys after exposure to Rb Results are presented of a comparison of the weights of similar RTG systems using Pu02, SrTiO3, or Kr-85 as the heat source materials (Author) A77-48856 Terrestrial RTG designs featuring disc-shaped thermoelectric modules P E Eggers (Ridthalgh, Eggers and Associ- ates, Columbus, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineer- ing Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 la Grange Park, III .American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1302-1309 A terrestrial radioisotope thermoelectric generator design is described which features the use of two annular or disk-shaped converters at either end of the heat source The disk-shaped converters were thermally coupled to the heat source via a threaded interface Pressure loading was accomplished through the use of tapered threads on the heat source and a resiliant, thermally conductive member at the cold side (outer diameter) of the annular converter In this manner, the heat source is supported by the thermoelectric converters at either end of the heat source An additional feature of this design is the use of a thermal switch which serves to shunt heat from the heat source to the RTG casing when the casing temperature exceeds a predetermined set point (range) (Author) A77-48857 Design of a spherical RTG K. A Kroos and J. E. A. John (Toledo, University, Toledo, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1310-1316. 8 refs 462 A77-48870 The radioisotope thermoelectric generator is ideally suited for a spacecraft power supply To date, all RTG's are of a cylindrical design with small individual thermoelectric generators placed along the side of the cylinder A spherical design with individual generators covering the entire surface has the advantages of less heat loss and improved thermal paths Problems of construction can be overcome by the use of individual 'plug-in' type thermoelectric generators The design utilizes silicon-germanium as the semiconductor material for high power output A heat transfer analysis yielded hot and cold shoe temperatures of 1040 C and 255 C, respectively, with an average surface temperature of 130 C A power output of 76 6 watts at 14 volts for a 10-year life time was predicted. Specific power was found to be comparable to the SNAP 19 generator but a space reduction of 85% is achieved by not using fins (Author) A77-48858 Reactor hybrid-Organic Rankme Cycle Elec- tric Power Systems /ORCEPS/ for space applications. J E Boretz (TRW Defense and Space Systems, Redondo Beach, Calif ). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p 1317-1322 6 refs There are many new space applications for the 1985 to 1995 time period that will require electric power systems in the 10 to 100 KWe range An operating life of from 5 to 7 years is desired To achieve these comparatively high power levels and long life goals at low system weights, both high performance and conservative system design approaches are required. This paper discusses various candi- date systems and describes a system which combines the inherent reliability of a static thermoelectric conversion unit with a low development risk dynamic power conversion unit By employing the heat rejected from the thermoelectric conversion unit as the heat input to the dynamic power conveyon unit, high overall cycle efficiencies are obtainable. This results in a light weight, small size system which when employing a U-235-ZrH reactor, with a 12 deg cone angle shadow shield, as a heat source can achieve a system specific weight of 50 to 75 Ibs/KWe (Author) A77-48860 * SEP full-scale wing technology development R. V. Elms, Jr (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co , Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif) and L. E. Young (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1329-1334 Contract No. NAS8-31352. A technology development program has generated a detail design of a lightweight 25 kW solar array for Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP). The fabrication and test of a full-scale array wing, 32.0 m x 4 06 m, is in progress to demonstrate technology readiness for fabrication, testing and flight of the large area lightweight solar array system This paper presents the requirements for the 66 W/kg array and the component testing that has been performed to demonstrate technology readiness m the areas of SEP mission environmental survival, zero-gravity flat-fold array retraction, and NOT development testing. A zero-gravity test program was per- formed in the NASA KC-135 aircraft using a three-panel, full-width segment of the flat-fold array blanket with three degrees of panel stiffening. The full-scale solar array wing being fabricated is composed of three electrical. modules, 76 x 200 cm, and mass simulator panels each 76 x 400 cm employing 2 x 4 cm glass slides (4.5 panels) and aluminum mass simulators (35 panels) (Author) A77-48865 * Technology for power in space J. P Mullm and L B Holcomb (NASA, Washington, DC). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 •La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1362-1369 33 refs. The two distinct future directions of the NASA Space Power Research and Technology Program are toward muItikilowatt power levels at low cost and toward very high performance The develop- ment of both of these directions is reviewed and attention is given to the underlying conversion technologies photovoltaic, chemical energy conversion and storage, and thermal-tc-electnc conversion Problems of environmental compatibility are briefly discussed BJ. A77-48866 Photovoltaic solar power satellites. V A. Caluori and H Oman (Boeing Aerospace Co., Seattle, Wash ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D.C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1378-1385 6 refs A synchronous-orbit photovoltaic solar power satellite would have a 146 sq km array, a pair of one-km diameter antennas, and deliver 10 GW from its earth station for 30 years For solar cells the choice is silicon, with an efficiency of not much over 18 percent at standard space conditions, or gallium arsenide with perhaps 21% by 1987, and much better resistance to radiation and less loss as the cell gets hot Solar-flare protons are the main cause of radiation damage, degrading silicon cells protected by 50 microns of glass to 54% of initial output after 30 years Thicker covers, weighing 200,000 kg per micron per 100 sq km are not optimum Power lost by radiation degradation might be compensated by array refurbishment or thermal annealing the cells Concentrating sunlight is not as useful as previously expected, the reflectors being quickly degraded to 62% reflectance by radiation Plasma leakage current losses restrict array voltages to around 1500 V at 500 km altitude if electric thrusters operate In geosynchronous orbit leakage current at 40 kV would be trivial (Author) A77-48868 Solar power satellites - A system overview G. Woodcock (Boeing Aerospace Co, Seattle. Wash) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. I La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1391^1398 7 refs Studies sponsored by NASA and ERDA are currently defining the systems, development approaches, and risks and costs for the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) venture and evaluating the probable benefits of the system against these risks and costs This paper presents a list of requirements that an SPS system must satisfy and provides a definition of the system concept SPS payback and energy economics, satellite systems design considerations, energy conversion configurations, and SPS development and commercialization are all touched upon B J A77-48869 Power satellite construction location con- siderations E E Davis (Boeing Aerospace Co , Seattle, Wash ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc.. 1977, p 1399-1404 One of the major decisions concerning an operational solar power satellite program is that of whether the satellite should be constructed in LEO (low earth orbit) or GEO (geosynchronous earth orbit) Key considerations such as satellite design differences, construction provisions, operations and environmental factors, trans- portation alternatives and cost are compared for the two construc- tion location options Both options have been found to offer desirable advantages Design and operational factors favor GEO construction, however, transportation cost advantages make the LEO option considerably more attractive Since a power satellite program would be in competition with other energy sources, the final decision in this matter will be highly sensitive,to cost Should the current trend continue, however, the LEO construction option with an electric orbit transfer vehicle offers the greatest payoff (Author) A77-48870 * Solar power satellite concepts and potential related space systems. T E Redding (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Systems Evaluation Office, Houston, Tex ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 463 A77-48871 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1405-1411 Recent parametric studies of alternate SPS design concepts have shown that the concept appears technically feasible The parametric studies were based on the use of advanced technology silicon solar cells for solar energy conversion Solar array blanket unit masses of 0 31 to 0 46 kg/sq m were investigated Conversion efficiencies of 15 to 17 percent air mass zero (AMO at 247 K) with a concentration ratio of two were considered The systems were sized for a ground power output of 10 GW To the level of detail studied, no design or operational problems were encountered that did not appear amenable to solution, however, the economic viability of the SPS concepts studied is obviously dependent upon a combination of technology advancement and/or the costs of competitive sources (Author) A77-48871 Design and analysis of a 5000-MW GaAIAs satellite power system. A D Tonelli and W V McRae (Rockwell International Corp., Space Div., Downey, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 1412-1420 10refs A satellite power system (SPS) was investigated for delivering 5,000 MW to the utility user on the ground for the post-1990 time period The SPS is located in a geosynchronous orbit, and utilizes GaAIAs solar cells to generate electrical power which is distributed to the satellite microwave antenna The antenna converts the dc power into RF power which is transmitted to the ground and is received and collected by a rectenna The rectenna converts the RF energy back to electrical energy and delivers the dc power to the utility grid. The reference SPS configuration is 205 km wide by 26 7 km long The SPS employs reflective mirrors to enhance the solar energy impinging on the GaAIAs cells which results in a significant weight and cost savings A concentration ratio of 2 was used for the reflectors in the study The overall efficiency of the SPS was calculated to be 7 5%, and the weight is 24.15 x 10 to the 6th kg (Author) A77-48872 * Space power system design and development from an economic point of view. G A Hazelrigg, Jr (ECON, Inc., Princeton, NJ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 1421-1427. 8 refs. Contract No NAS8-31308 The concept of a satellite solar power system offers a feasible, but unproven, long-range energy alternative While the basic physics of these systems is understood, many developments are necessary in order to reduce the system cost to the point of being cost- competitive with alternative energy sources Thus, a substantial technology advancement and verification program, plus test and demonstration satellite programs are necessary before a full-scale satellite can be designed and built. It is important to properly identify those elements of the technology that should be subject to development efforts, the goals of the corresponding development programs and the appropriate funding levels and schedules. Systems studies and designs play a major role in rationally formulating a development program This paper uses an economic approach to place these studies into a framework for formulating a viable satellite solar power system development plan. (Author) A77-48873 Solar power satellite construction - Issues and needed technology C A t Nathan (Grumman Aerospace Corp., Bethpage, N Y.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 1428-1436 This paper presents an economic assessment of Solar Power Satellite (SPS) construction and identifies an approach to advancing space construction technologies through use of a small shuttle supported construction facility Description of the ultimate construc- tion base for a 5000 MW photovoltaic SPS is presented and used as the basis for evaluating the economic implications of plant capital cost, plant capacity, production rate, level of automation and cost of personnel on overall SPS costs (Author) A77-48874 The evolution of the photovoltaic, gravita- bonally stabilized, solid-state satellite solar power station L J Cantafio, V Chobotov, and M. G Wolfe (Aerospace Corp, El Segundo, Calif.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1437-1444 22 refs An SSPS concept, the gravitationally stabilized, solid-state satellite solar power station has been identified which alleviates a number of the major technical problems associated with other previously proposed SSPS designs This paper discusses the evolution of the solid state concept. It describes a specific example which consists of 24 pairs of sun-pointing 385 x 2000-m solar panels, 3 km between centers, attached to a 72-km long, 2-m diameter, low-loss circular waveguide supplying microwave energy to a 797-m solid- state dipole transmitting antenna The array is passively stabilized by the gradient of the gravitational forces and therefore requires virtually no propel Iant replenishment servicing The total satellite weighs approximately 19.5 x 10 to the 6th kg and supplies 5 GW of rectified power at the ground. (Author) A77-48875 * Space-borne power conversion into a micro- wave beam and its impact on the environment of the upper atmosphere 0 E Maynard, A H Katz (Raytheon Co, Wayland, Mass), and W E Whitacre (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 ' La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1445-1452 11 refs Contract No NAS8-31308 The possible effect of microwave beams transmitted from Solar Power Satellites on the ionosphere has been studied theoretically Particular attention is given to microwave-beam-heating of the F and D layers and theoretical predictions of such ionospheric modifica- tions are used to determine resulting effects on the transmission efficiency of communication and navigation systems It is recom- mended that a three-pronged technology and demonstration program be established to study microwave effects The program would include theoretical studies, ground-based heating experiments, and an orbital experimental program for phase control of the microwave power transmission system. B.J. A77-48876 * Thermoelectronic laser energy conversion for power transmission in space. E J Britt and C. Yuen (Rasor Associates, Inc, Sunnyvale, Calif.). In Intersociety Energy Conver- sion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1453-1460. 7 refs. NASA-sponsored research Long distance transmission of power in space by means of laser beams is an attractive concept because of the very narrow beam divergence. Such a system requires efficient means to both generate the laser beam and to convert the light energy in the beam into useful electric output at the receiver A plasma-type device known as a Thermo-Electromc Laser Energy Converter (TELEC) has been studied as a method of converting a 10.6 micron C02 laser beam into electric power In the TELEC process, electromagnetic radiation is absorbed directly in the plasma electrons producing a high electron temperature. The energetic electrons diffuse out of the plasma striking two electrodes with different areas. Since more electrons are collected by the larger electrode there is a net transport of current, and an EMF is generated in the external circuit. The smaller electrode functions as an electron emitter to provide continuity of the current Waste heat is rejected from the large electrode. A design for a TELEC system with an input 1 MW laser beam was developed as part of the study. The calculated performance of the system showed an overall efficiency of about 42%. (Author) 464 A77-48885 A77-48877 Optimizing a low cost satellite energy system J E. Drummond (Maxwell Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977,p 1461-1467 llrefs The paper describes the Iso-insolation Power Satellite (IPS) system which would, among other things, eliminate localized enhancement of electron density in the ionosphere arising from and deflecting microwave transmission from power satellites, introduce a new satellite form which appears to be an improvement on current designs, significantly reduce power converter mass through utiliza- tion of a ferroelectric heat engine, and greatly reduce the size and weight of both the transmitting and receiving antennas due to the much shorter microwave link It appears that a relatively simple derivative of the Space Shuttle could be used to implement the IPS system, and that - once implemented - such a system could provide power continuously worldwide at a cost significantly lower than fossil or nuclear power A condition on the system's economy is that it must have load centers distributed throughout the world including the oceans where hydrogen could be produced for mobile vehicle use (Author) A77-48878 * Comparative assessment of orbital and ter- restrial central power plants. R Caputo (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) In Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, lnc,1977, p 1468-1475 Contract No NAS7-100 Recent studies of the space power system (SPS) are integrated ii to a total social cost framework developed for terrestrial central electric power systems Total social costs include the projection of commercial economics to the time frame of interest as well as the federal research, development and demonstration (RD&D) costs, the health impacts, the resources required, the environmental impacts and other social costs The SPS system is limited to transporting all materials from the earth's surface to geosynchronous orbit Only silicon photovoltaic is considered as the SPS energy conversion technique Costs and impacts of the LWR are considered as a reference for nuclear systems, and the low BTU coal gasification with combined cycle gas and steam turbines is considered as a reference for a fossil central electric plant The ground solar systems considered are solar thermal using the central receiver approach with thermal storage, and solar photovoltaic using the silicon cell with battery storage (Author) A77-48879 Thermal oscillators. G M Benson (ERG, Inc , Oakland, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering . Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, , American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1478-1487 31 refs Thermoscillators are resonant-free-piston, valveless, closed-cycle thermal machines The engine, operating on a Stirling or Ericsson cycle, drives a shaftless load (pump, generator, refrigerator, or combination) The engine and load form a compact, integral, hermetically-sealed, gas-lubricated unit, that self-starts and load- modulates by self-varying stroke, pressure-ratio and piston-phasing without changing working-fluid mass or speed. Results for two- and three-piston Thermoscillators are presented and compared with other free-piston Stirling engines Data are given for improved heat exchangers, including Thermizers which isothermalize the variable- volume chambers. Results for a Thermoscillator alternator (60 Hz, 120V) give 50% plant efficiencies which, for units using fossil-fuel ! firing (including f luidized coal) or solar energy, offers a potential for local electric generation with direct waste heat recovery. Results for i a Thermoscillator hydraulic pump, isothermal accumulator and hydraulic motor for vehicle drive promise fuel mileages of 100-200 m/gal for urban-cycle and 50-100 m/gal for freeway-cycle (Author) A77-48880 Demonstration of a Free-Piston Stirling Linear Alternator power conversion system. B Goldwater (Mechanical Technology, Inc , Latham, N Y ) and R B Morrow (ERDA, Nuclear Research and Applications Div, Washington, DC) In Intersociety Energy_Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1488-1495 6 refs A program is in progress to develop and demonstrate Free Piston Stirling-Linear Alternator (FPS-LA) energy conversion systems for the Division of Nuclear Research and Applications of ERDA The major objective of the program is to demonstrate a 2 Kwe conversion system at an overall efficiency of greater than 30%, defined as the measured conditioned power output divided by the measured electrical power to the simulated heat source The heat sources potentially available for the FPS-LA conversion system are nuclear (both isotopic and reactor), solar, and fossil fuels with external combustion. This paper describes Phase I feasibility evaluations of the engine and the alternator as well as a conceptual system design BJ A77-48882 Practicability study of Stirling total energy systems D Lehrfeld (North American Philips Laboratories, Briarcliff Manor, NY) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p1 1504-1511 6 refs ERDA-supported research Under U S ERDA contract, Philips Laboratories has in- vestigated the application of Stirling cycle prime movers to total energy power generation systems Electrical, heating, and cooling demand profiles for a typical residential complex, hospital, and office building were studied, and alternative Stirling total energy systems were conceptualized for each site These were analyzed in detail and contrasted with purchased-power systems for these sites to determine fuel-energy savings and investment attractiveness The residential complex and hospital would be excellent candidates for total energy systems, and prime movers in the 1000 kW output range would be required Stirling engines with so large an output have not been built to date The principle advantage of a Stirling prime mover in this application, in view of national concern over present and future dependence on oil, is that it could utilize low grade liquid fuels and coal (Author) A77-48884 A new mathematical model for Stirling cycle machines D M Berchowitz, C J Rallis, and I Urieli (Wit- watersrand. University, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August ^-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p. 1522-1527 7 refs A mathematical model for Stirling cycle machines is presented in which the effects of pressure difference is made up of two components, viz (1) the time lag for information to propagate along the machine which causes a phase displacement between the expansion and compression pressure profiles, and (2) the real flow effects which cause an amplitude displacement in the pressure profiles It is shown that both these effects are functions of machine speed, and thus the machine speed becomes a parameter which affects the overall performance The solutions are presented, one in which only the phase displacement is calculated, i e, there is no friction and the cycle is otherwise ideal, and the other which includes both phase and amplitude displacements . (Author) A77-48885 A new ported constant volume external heat supply regenerative cycle C J. Rallis, I Urieli, and D M Berchowitz (Witwatersrand, University, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1534-1537 6 refs. The Stirling cycle is but one member of one of the classes of possible regenerative cycles. Also the in-line configurations of heater, regenerator and cooler currently in use are not necessarily optimal 465 A77-48886 This paper uses so-called first order or ideal thermodynamic cycle analysis to compare the performance of three ideal cycles - the true Stirling, the pseudo-Stirling used in most practical machines, and the so-called ported constant volume cycle The effects on the dependent variables, of thermal efficiency and specific work, of regenerator effectiveness and volume compression ratio in particular, are con- sidered and it is shown that the characteristics of the ported constant volume cycle are superior to those of the pseudo-Stirling cycle (Author) A77-48886 * NASA Thermionic-Conversion program J F. Morris (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Thermionics and Heat-Pipe Section, Cleveland, Ohio) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1540-1547 14refs NASA's program for applied research and technology (ART) in Thermionic Energy Conversion (TEC) has made worthwhile con- tributions in a relatively short time Materials and designs previously prohibited by in-core nucleonics and geometries now offer new potentialities High-temperature material effects are crucial to the level and duration of TEC performance New electrodes must increase and maintain power output regardless of emitter-vapor , deposition on collectors They must also serve compatibly with hot-shell alloys And while space TEC must face high-temperature vaporization problems externally as well as internally, terrestrial TEC must tolerate hot corrosive atmospheres outside and near-vacuum inside Furthermore, some modes for decreasing mterelectrode losses appear to requisite rather demanding converter geometries to produce practical power densities (Author) A77-48887 * Thermionic converter studies at Thermo Elec- tron. F N Huffman, D Lieb, and F. Rufeh (Thermo Electron Corp , Waltham, Mass) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p. 1548-1554 19 refs Grant No EX-76-C-02-3056, Contract No NAS3-20302 The Thermionic Energy Converter (TEC) development program includes theoretical and experimental surface studies, diode evalua- tion, enhanced mode converter investigations and system studies, as well as materials fabrication and testing The primary effort has been concentrated on increasing converter performance via improved electrodes Diodes with oxide collectors (i e, tungsten oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide and barium oxide) have provided the best performance Emitters requiring reduced cesium pressure (such as oxygenated tungsten, lanthanum hexabonde, platinum and graphite) are being tested Converter configurations using particle spacing are under investigation. Experiments with auxiliary electrode thermionic converters are in progress Both silicon carbide and alloy hot shells (i e., barriers to isolate the converter from the combustion environ- ment) have been fabricated and tested. (Author) A77-48888 * Thermionic converter performance with oxide collectors. D Lieb, D Goodale, T. Briere, and C Balestra (Thermo Electron Corp , Waltham, Mass.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1555-1562 6 refs Grant No EY-76-C-02-3056, Contract No NAS3-20302 Thermionic converters using a variety of metal oxide collector surfaces have been fabricated and tested Both work function and power output data are presented and evaluated. Oxides of barium, strontium, zinc, tungsten and titanium have been incorporated into a variable spacing converter Tungsten oxide was found to give the highest converter performance and to furnish oxygen for the emitter at the same time. Oxygenated emitters operate at reduced cesium pressure with an increase in electrode spacing Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) performed on several tungsten oxide collectors showed cesium penetration of the oxide layer, possibly forming a cesium tungstate bronze. Titanium oxide showed high performance but did not furnish oxygen for the emitter, strontium oxide, in the form of a sprayed layer, appeared to dissociate in the presence of cesium Sprayed coatings of barium and zinc oxides produced collector work functions of about 1 3 eV, but had excessive series resistance Lanthanum hexabonde, in combination with oxygen introduced through a silver tube, and cesium produced a low work function collector and better than average performance (Author) A77-48889 * Status of research on advanced thermionic converters. G L Hatch, W. Rhmer, N S Rasor, and L K Hansen (Rasor Associates, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1563-1567 7 refs ERDA-NASA-supported research It is shown that it is possible to controllably and continuously elevate the electron temperature in the plasmatron thermionic energy converter from the emitter temperature to the maintenance electron temperature for the diode arc mode This ability and the apparent validity of an elementary analytical model of the plasma should make possible the optimization and evaluation of operation under strong lonization conditions for which the plasma resistance should be acceptably low Measurement of the vacuum space charge arising from the emission from a surface in cesium vapor indicates the presence of a substantial negative ion emission current Apparatus has been constructed for identifying and directly measuring the flux of positive, negative and neutral species emitted from an electrode surface in a cesium vapor diode The primary purpose of the investigation is to determine the influence of negative ion emission on the effective work function of thermionic converter electrodes Initial data indicate the presence of H(-), Cs(-) and possibly C(-) and CH(-) (Author) A77-48890 * Low arc drop hybrid mode thermionic con- verter K Shimada (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propul- sion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Con- version Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1568-1574 ERDA-sponsored research, Contract No NAS7-100 The hybrid mode operation for the reduction of plasma drops is being investigated This report discusses the results obtained from two molybdenum emitter converters. One converter had a molyb- denum collector and the other a nickel collector The molybdenum collector converter was operated in a hybrid mode (at an inter- electrode distance of 1 7 mm) and produced a minimum barrier index of 1 96 eV at an emitter temperature of 1500 K The arc drop was calculated to be 0 14 eV, using the published results for a molybdenum collector On the other hand, the nickel collector converter was operated in a conventional ignited mode (at an mterelectrode distance of 0 5 mm) and produced a minimum barrier index of 2 1 eV at an emitter temperature of 1700 K It is tentatively concluded that a large-gap operation of the hybrid mode converter permits the diffusion of cesium ions to a distance in the order of one millimeter for an effective neutralization of electron space charge By employing a low work function collector (1 55 eV) in a hybrid mode converter with an arc drop of 0 14 eV, it appears that a barrier index as low as 1 69 eV could be achieved (Author) A77-48893 * Solar thermionic power systems for terrestrial applications K. Shimada and M Swerdlmg (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif). In. Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washing- ton, D.C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1590-1601. 12 refs. Contract No NAS7-100. The results of a feasibility study which showed that a low-temperature, high-efficient thermionic power system can effi- ciently convert solar energy to electrical energy without heat 466 A77-48899 transport, as required by most solar thermal systems are described. A 3-dimensional (2-axis tracking) 93 sq m parabolic solar concentrator, consisting of mirrors on a foam glass substrate and designed to a concentration ratio (mirror area/aperture area) of 2000 is considered for producing a design temperature of 1100 C at an efficiency of 74% A tracking subsystem must track the sun at an accuracy of a nominal plus or minus 1 0 degree for maximum use of the sun's energy. Each complete solar thermionic power system unit rated at about 20 kWe peak can generate approximately 48,000 kWh/yr In addition, a thermal energy conversion system can be cascaded within the thermionic power system so that the high quality waste heat can be further utilized to increase the net electrical output Potential applications of a solar thermionic power generation system are remote sites, apartment house complexes, heating and cooling, hydrogen production and large power stations (Author) A77-48894 Increased central station power plant efficien- cy with a thermionic topping system. G 0 Fitzpatrick, E J Bntt (Rasor Associates, Inc , Sunnyvale, Calif), and G Carnasciali (Foster Wheeler Development Corp., Livingston, N J ) In Inter society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 .La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1602-1609 6 refs ERDA-supported research. Preliminary system studies reported in the past have shown that combined thermionic-steam system efficiencies in excess of 50% may be achieved The purpose of this study was to evaluate the THX (Thermionic Heat Exchanger) approach to topping on a basis which permits comparison with recent studies of other advanced power systems An overall power plant efficiency of 46 8% was calculated as compared with'an untopped system efficiency of about 36% The estimated capital cost per installed kw was $902/kw for a plant coming on line in 2000. Possible methods of increasing overall efficiencies to 52% and reducing capital costs to $700/kw were identified The modular nature of the THX units permits their development at relatively low cost It may be possible to proceed through the pilot plant demonstration stage by retrofitting an older existing furnace in an operating power plant with a small number of representative THX units (Author) A77-48895 Evaluation of MHD-thermionic-steam eyelet. G Miskolczy and F N. Huffman (Thermo Electron Corp , Waltham, Mass.). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2,1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1610-1616 15 refs. Gram No. EY-76-C-02-3056 Studies of thermionic topped steam power plants have indicated that plant efficiencies up to 50 percent should be possible Similar results are suggested for MHD topped steam powerplants The operating temperature range of Thermionic Energy Converters (TEC) complements that of MHD and steam. Initial analyses indicate that plant efficiencies over 55 percent are obtainable from a system of MHD topping a thermionic cycle that is bottomed by a steam cycle In one of the cycles studied, the steam for the bottoming cycle was generated using a TEC boiler. In this cycle, 37 percent of the net power is produced by MHD, 25 percent by the steam bottoming system. A heat exchanger concept for matching the high energy density of the MHD channel to the flux capabilities of the thermionic converters has been formulated (Author) A77-48896 Two general methods for the unsteady aero- dynamic analysis of horizontal-axis windmills. R D. Preuss, E. 0. Suciu, and L Mormo (Boston University, Boston, Mass) In: Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2. .La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1618-1623. 11 refs. Contract No. E(49-18)-2415 The problem of a horizontal-axis windmill embedded in incom- pressible, mviscid flow is considered The vorticity field present in the undisturbed flow is assumed to be unperturbed by the presence of the windmill, enabling the use of a potential formulation Two integral equation methods (for finite thickness and zero thickness blades) are presented Both methods are formulated in a frame of reference rigidly rotating at constant angular velocity relative to the ground Fully unsteady transient analysis is performed by numerical solution of the equations at discrete time steps while a simpler oscillatory unsteady analysis is performed by expressing the potential and its normal derivative as complex Fourier series in time. The wake, treated as a doublet layer, is of prescribed geometry. Numerical results are presented showing a good comparison of the methods (Author) A77-48897 Some contributions to aerodynamic theory for vertical axis wind turbines H Ashley (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1624-1632 27 refs. Grant No. AF-AFOSR-74-2712 A review and modest extensions of quasi-steady aerodynamic theory for performance prediction on Darneus-type turbines are presented. Results are given for both parallel-axis and curved-blade configurations Blade stall and variable inflow are neglected; it is hypothesized that unsteady effects support the former approxima- tion down to lower values of tip-speed ratio than hitherto believed. Both profile and induced drag are included, and their influences on power and downwind force are expressed in terms of elliptic integrals. Comparisons are presented with power data from the Sandia 2-meter turbine. Three values of profile drag coefficient are employed, and it is argued that numbers in the range drag coefficient range of 0.015-0 017 are most appropriate to the example chosen A linearized analysis of unsteady-flow effects on performance is summarized. Calculations suggest that they may be larger than might be expected in view of the low operating reduced frequencies of these machines (Author) A77-48898 * Experimental data and theoretical analysis of an operating 100 kW wind turbine. B S Lmscott, J. Glasgow (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio), W. D Anderson, and R. E. Donham (Lockheed California Co., Burbank, Calif.) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1633-'1650 8 refs. Contract No NAS3-20036. Part of the cooperative effort between NASA and ERDA has been the design and the erection of an experimental wind turbine by the NASA-Lewis Research Center This 100 kW turbine, designated the Mod-O, is located at the NASA Plum Brook site near Sandusky, Ohio Experimental test data have been correlated with analyses of turbine loads and complete system behavior of the 100 kW Mod-O wind turbine generator over a broad range of steady state conditions, as well as during transient conditions The deficit in the ambient wind field due to the upwind tower turbine support structure was found to be very significant in exciting higher harmonic loads associated with the flapping response of the blade in bending (Author) A77-48899 Fluid dynamics of diffuser augmented wind turbines B. L Gilbert, R A Oman, and K M. Foreman (Grumman Aerospace Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Bethpage, NY) In Inter- society Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washing- ton, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 •La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1651-1659. 6 refs Contract No E(11-1|- 2616 The Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) is one of the advanced concepts being investigated to improve the economics of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) Application of modern boundary layer control techniques has reduced the surface area requirements of an efficient diffuser by an order of magnitude Many parameters that effect the performance of the diffuser system have been examined in small scale wind tunnel tests with a family of compact diffusers, using screens and centerbodies to simulate the 467 A77-48900 presence of a turbine Flow field surveys, overall performance, the effect of ground proximity, and the prospects for further improve- ment are described The baseline configuration is >a conical, 60 deg included angle diffuser with an area ratio of 2 78 controlled by two tangential injection slots This first generation DAWT can provide about twice the power of a conventional WECS with the same turbine diameter and wind. Economic estimates show that this DAWT can be as much as 50% cheaper than conventional WECS for the same rated power (Author) A77-48900 * An assessment of wind-powered generators for navigational aids G Herrera, H Weiner (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif), and D Nelson (US Coast Guard, Washington, D.C) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2. La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1660-1667 10 refs Contract No MIPR-Z-70099-5-50352 A77-48901 Design and operational evaluation of a 25 kW wind turbine generator for residential heating applications. D E Cromack, W E Heronemus, and J G McGowan (Massachusetts, University, Amherst, Mass ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28- September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1668-1675 6 refs Contract No E(49-18)-2365 A77-48902 Segmented and self-adjusting wind turbine rotori. P F Jordan and R L Goldman (Martin Marietta Labora- tories, Baltimore, Md ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineer- ing Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III,, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1676-1683 6 refs. Contract No. E(11-1)-2613 An exploration has been made of the concept of aeroelastically self-adjusting rotor blades designed with two goals in mind one, to keep (at constant rotor RPM) the rotor torque output essentially constant automatically over a large range of wind speeds, two, to have the unsteady aerodynamic forces act as damping forces (rather than as flutter-producing forces) Practical considerations lead to a segmented blade design. The preliminary results concerning both performance and stability of such blades are encouraging (Author) A77-48903 Array power output of non-identical electrical cells. J. Appelbaum, J Bany, and A Braunstem (Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C., August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 ' 'La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p. 1686-1692. Energy conversion of electrical cells (photovoltaic, chemical and other cells) are of relatively low power and low voltage levels The cells are therefore connected in any array to produce the desired power and voltage. The cells are 'nonidentical' in their output parameters, and the parameter dispersions affect the array perfor- mance in such a way that the power output is lower than the desired, and hence additional cells have to be added to compensate for the mismatch losses. The paper deals first, in general, with the calculation of array output power of nonidentical cells of any type. A more detailed calculation of the influence of the parameter dispersion on the array output power and the number of cells is given for ideal electrochemical cells (Author) A77-48904 Commercial applications of solar total energy systems. M G. Boobar, B. L McFarland, S J Nalbandian (Rockwell International Corp , Atomics International Div., Canoga Park, Calif ), and K E Smith (Rockwell International Corp., Space Div., Downey, Calif ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D.C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings. Volume 2 La Grange Park, III., American Nuclear Society, Inc., 1977, p 1693-1699 14 refs. Contract No E(04-3)-1210 A methodology has been developed by Atomics International under contract to the Energy Research and Development Administra- tion to define the applicability of solar total energy systems (STES) to the commercial sector (e g., retail stores, shopping centers, offices, etc) in the United States Candidate STES concepts were selected to provide on-site power generation capability, as well as thermal energy for both heating and cooling applications Each concept was evaluated on the basis of its cost effectiveness (i.e., as compared to other concepts) and its ability to ultimately penetrate and capture a significant segment of this market, thereby resulting in a saving of fossil fuel resources The photovoltaic STES appears favorable for applications under 800 kWe, whereas the organic Rankme STES would be more cost effective for larger energy demand applications Initial penetration of these systems are expected to occur in the north-east for large shopping centers in the 1985-1995 time period (Author) A77-48905 Optimum operating conditions for a cylindri- cal parabolic focusing collector/Rankme power generation cycle system. M W Edenburn (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 ' La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1700-1705 ERDA-supported re- search System operating temperatures, boiler temperatures, boiler pressure, and associated parameters which maximize solar to electric conversion efficiency and which minimize collector/storage/power cycle system cost have been determined for an electrical generation system which uses cylindrical parabolic focusing collectors as a source of heat, a stratified liquid unit for storage, and a Rankme power generation cycle for electrical generation The study shows that electrical generation efficiency is maximized by using a peak superheat temperature near 635 K, but, when storage cost is considered, the minimum cost system uses a peak superheat temperature near 686 K and a boiler pressure of 2 76 MN/sq m (Author) A77-48906 * Gaseous fuel reactors for power systems J S Kendall and R J Rodgers (United Technologies Researc® Center, East Hartford, Conn ) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineer- ing Conference, 12th, Washington, DC, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 ,La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc, 1977, p 1706-1715 19 refs Contract No NAS1-14329 Gaseous-fuel nuclear reactors have significant advantages as energy sources for closed-cycle power systems The advantages arise from the removal of temperature limits associated with conventional reactor fuel elements, the wide variety of methods of extracting energy from fissioning gases, and inherent low fissile and fission product m-core inventory due to continuous fuel reprocessing Example power cycles and their general performance characteristics are discussed Efficiencies of gaseous fuel reactor systems are shown to be high with resulting minimal environmental effects A technical overview of the NASA-funded research program in gaseous fuel reactors is described and results of recent tests of uranium hexafluonde (UF6)-fueled critical assemblies are presented (Author) A77-48907 * Space construction, base operations in support of soKa power satellite development G. G McKhann (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co , Huntington Beach, Calif I In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc , 1977, p 1716-1722 Contract No NAS9-14958 Development of the Solar Power Satellite (SPS) system for initial operation in the late 1990's requires substantial orbital development activities in the mid-1980's leading to a key system development decision in about 1987 A manned Space Construction Base (SCB) in low-earth orbit is needed to support the SPS orbital development program. The SPS system development issues are defined, along with a candidate development program for resolving 468 A77-48915 these issues The development hardware systems of interest for the mid-1980's include (1) a tapered linear array microwave antenna (123 x 125 6 m 'cross') with a 57-kW/rf amplitron output, which is SCB constructed and operated in low-earth orbit initially, and, subsequently, unmanned in geosynchronous earth orbit, and (2) a SCB-constructed and Derated 9 x_14 4 m planar array antenna (358 kW/rf/) powered by a 455-kWe silicon photovoltaic solar collector (Author) A77-48908 Dung Salton Sea Geothermal brines for electri- cal power A review of progress in chemistry and materials technology - 1976 Status G E Tardiff (California, University, Livermore, Calif) In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Washington, D C, August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p. 1723-1732 18 refs. Contract No W-7405-eng-48 A77-48909 Comparative evaluation of technical and eco- nomic indices for MHD and thermionic toppers for steam turbine facilities G N Morozov (Akademna Nauk SSSR, Nauchno- Issledovatel'skn Institut Vysokikh Temperatur, Moscow, USSR). In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 12th, Wash- ington, 0 C , August 28-September 2, 1977, Proceedings Volume 2 La Grange Park, III, American Nuclear Society, Inc. 1977, p 1733-1739 To attain high efficiency in steam turbine (ST) facilities it is necessary to simultaneously increase the temperature and the pressure of the super heated steam. This is technically very difficult because of the low strengths of structural materials at high temperatures One of the possible and evidently most promising ways of avoiding the simultaneous effect on the equipment of high temperature and high pressure, is to have the steam cycle augmented by a high temperature cycle operating with a relatively low pressure of working fluid This paper considers two types of high temperature toppers - thermionic energy converters (TEC) and MHD generators (MHDG) - and on the basis of a comparative analysis makes an evaluation of their technical and economic indices (Author) A77-48910 Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings cf the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volumes 1-10 Conference sponsored by the International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada Edited by K W Boer (Delaware, University, SES, Inc , Newark, Del ) Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976 Vol 1,402p,vol 2, 404 p , vol 3, 417p,vo l 4, 436 p., vol 5, 561 p , vol 6, 360 p , vol 7, 403 p , vol 8, 381 p , vol 9, 322 p , vol 10, 281 p Price of ten volumes, $250 Attention is given to the roles of international and inter- governmental agencies and ERDA m developing solar energy tech- nologies and policies Solar energy technology is discussed with consideration of focusing and flat plate collectors, heating and cooling methods, heat pumps, passive systems, retrofit systems, simulation studies, design methods, low, intermediate, and high temperature thermal energy systems, and ocean thermal energy Photovoltaic conversion, solar energy materials, byconversion, wind power, agricultural and industrial process applications, solar storage, chemical storage, and solar heating of buildings are also examined The socio-economic, cultural, and commercial implications of solar energy are discussed B J A77-48911 Present state and perspective of solar energy applications in Mexico E R Mayer (Universidad Nacional Auto- noma de Mexico, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologfa, Mexico City, Mexico) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 37-57 8 refs Geographical and climatological conditions in relation to the population growth are reported. A forecast of the energy consump- tion and of the availability of nonrenewable resources shows the necessity of developing alternative energy sources The potential of solar energy applications is analyzed and the present state of research and development in the different Mexican institutions is reported (Author) A77-48912 Overview of Canadian activities in renewable energy resources. E P Cockshutt (National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 t Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 79-82 The Canadian federal government energy research and develop- ment program is outlined Major projects, arranged in order of priority are (1) energy conservation, (2) maintenance of adequate oil and gas supplies, (3) use of coal as an oil and gas substitute, (4) use of nuclear power, and (5) development of renewable energy sources More specifically, the development of renewable energy sources is divided into several program topics, such as hydraulic and tidal, solar biomass, wind, and geothermal International and national cooperative efforts in research programs are briefly noted S C S A77-48913 Development and implementation of standards for solar heating and cooling applications R D Dikkers (National Bureau of Standards, Center for Building Technology, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 83-90 6 refs Solar-energy program activities being conducted by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) are primarily centered around projects related to the development and implementation of standards and performance criteria for solar heating and cooling applications In support of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) solar-energy research and demonstration programs, NBS has prepared interim performance criteria for residential solar-energy systems and test procedures for determining the thermal per- formance of solar collectors and thermal storage devices Currently, NBS is developing (1) interim performance criteria for commercial solar-energy systems, (2) intermediate standards for solar heating and domestic hot water systems that can be used in conjunction with HUD's minimum property standards, (3) draft standards for materi- als d e , sealants, cover plates, insulation) to be used in solar systems, (4) plans for establishing a solar-collector testing laboratory ac- creditation program, and (5) plans for identifying and developing other needed standards in cooperation with various standards-writing organizations (Author) A77-48914 Solar residential demonstration program D C Moore (US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Div of Energy, Building Technology and Standards, Washington, D C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 91-100 As a matter of national policy, the United States is undertaking to bring about the early, widespread use of solar energy for heating and cooling buildings, providing domestic hot water, and supplying heat for industrial and agricultural processes The residential portion of the national program addresses the many different issues which, together, are involved in developing a residential market for solar energy Demonstrations of solar heating and cooling systems will provide information on costs, technical performance, public accep- tance and potential barriers to widespread use The first cycle of demonstration grants is currently underway, and a general solicita- tion has been issued for the second cycle (Author) A77-48915 Recent Canadian activities in solar heating J R Sasaki (National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 469 A77-48916 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976. p. 106-109 Ongoing Canadian activities in solar heating include a feasibility study on solar heating of buildings in Canada, and six solar-heating demonstration projects Newly initiated activities include a $550,000 Federal funding program for encouraging utilization of solar-heating systems in buildings, and the construction of a solar-heated Senior Citizen Home in Ontario In addition, over a dozen privately-funded solar homes have been and are being constructed in Canada (Author) A77-48916 Recent Canadian activities in wind power R S Rangi (National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 110-118 10refs Canadian research and industrial projects involving vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) are reviewed The design of the Magdalen Islands 200 kW VAWT intended to commence operation in October 1976 is examined with attention to test models, planned uses, and expected annual output The uses of wind power for water supply and as a power source for agricultural equipment in developing countries is considered briefly The VAWT installed on permanent pack ice in the Beaufort Sea is described, and two sizes of commercially available VAWT are indicated M L A77-48917 Recent Canadian activities in biomass G E Timbers and C G E Downing (Agriculture Canada, Engineering Research Service, Ottawa, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 119-125 13refs Total Canadian biomass production as food, feed, and lumber is an appreciable 145 million tonnes with an estimated additional 43 million tonnes of pasture Additional biomass production as agri- culture and forestry residues adds another 90 million tones The latter materials, with a crude energy content of about 1650 million GJ, can be considered as a possible source of energy or, through processing, as a source of feed Conversion of waste biomass to feed would increase the efficiency of land use and could allow some conversion of forage land to cereal production to help meet the future world demands Canadian studies include methane from animal wastes, fuel from forestry and agricultural residues, and residue modification for feeds, including chemical and physical procedures The contributions of biomass to energy need to be assessed for both direct and indirect effects and studies underway in various areas should aid in the assesment both in terms of conventional and energy economics (Author) A77-48918 The United States National Program for the demonstration of solar heating and cooling in buildings - Progress report. R D Scott (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, D C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 126-141 10 refs. A77-48919 The current technology for solar heating and cooling F. H Morse (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, D C.), J D Balcomb, and J E Perry, Jr (California, University, Los Alamos, N Mex) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 142-150 The state of the art of solar heating and cooling technology is reviewed for the following areas solar collectors, thermal energy storage, solar air conditioning and heat pumps, systems and control, and non-technical (economic, social, environmental, etc ) aspects. The following applications of such technology are considered swimming pools and domestic hot water, service hot water, and the space heating and solar cooling of residences It is shown that the major problem associated with such technology still to be addressed is cost effectiveness The state of the art varies greatly in terms of components and applications, with solar cooling generally less developed than solar heating B.J. A77-48920 Prospectus on commercialization of solar heat- ing and cooling systems P D Maycock, L 0 Herwig, and R H Bezdek (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, D C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 151-164 11 refs In support of ERDA planning, three contracted studies have been performed to provide background data and projections of demonstration results on solar heating and cooling systems These studies were carried out by General Electric, Intertechnology Incorporated, and Arthur D Little Corporation It was indicated that a total of 600-700 residential and 150-200 commercial demonstra- tions should be established between 1975 and 1979 Market penetration simulated by these demonstrations is forecast to result in an annual solar installation rate approaching 1% of new building starts by 1980 and 10% by 1985 Annual savings of 0 2 x 10 to the 15th BTU of exhaustible energy resources are estimated to accrue by 1985 and 1 4x 10 to the 15thBTUby 2000 BJ A77-48921 ERDA/USDA Agricultural Solar Thermal En- ergy Program W R Cherry and W W Auer (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, D C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 165-175 11 refs A five year interagency agreement between the Division of Solar Energy of ERDA and the Agricultural Research Service for USDA is designed to develop solar energy systems which will be suitable for application to on-farm thermal energy needs Annually, proposals are evaluated and recommended for funding by the USDA-ARS to ERDA in the areas of grain and crop drying, the heating of greenhouse/rural residences and livestock shelters Over 40 projects are currently under way showing how solar energy can provide significant amounts of the heat for the drying of corn, sorghum, soybeans, wheat, rice, tobacco, peanuts and the warming of greenhouses/rural residences and shelters for poultry, swine and dairy cattle Some of the systems are already showing economic soundness when compared with conventional fuels, while others, such as gram drying, will require that the solar systems are used for multiple purposes to justify their initial investment cost (Author) A77-48922 ERDA Solar Thermal Energy Program for industrial process heat W W Auer and W R Cherry (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 176-185 6 refs To encourage the application of solar energy to industrial processes, ERDA has implemented a phased program of solar system application experiments and demonstrations to show the potential for supplying a significant amount of industrial energy, thus reducing U S dependency on fossil fuels Included in the program are surveys to identify those industries and processes where solar thermal energy systems are technically and economically feasible Four industrial process hot water and six drying/dehydration applications are presently in Phase I analysis and design activity In addition, a shallow solar pond prototype system for supplying hot water to an uranium milling plant is in operation (Author) A77-48923 Summary of the role of planning and analysis in the development of the Federal solar energy program. L O Herwig (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, D C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint 470 A77-48935 Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 189-210 60refs The main purpose of this paper is to describe the scope of planning and analysis and summarize the projects that have guided the growing Federal efforts to develop solar energy technologies. Planning and analysis includes studies involving mission analysis, comparative system evaluation, application selection, preliminary system design, and engineering and economic evaluation As planning methodology has evolved and expanded over the past three to five years, the results of the planning studies have influenced direction, content, schedule and goals of the Federal solar energy program, A review is given of planning projects in each of a large number of important subprogram areas of solar technology research, develop- ment and demonstration References to the results of these planning studies are given as they are now available (Author) A77-48924 The climatology of available solar energy for Canada J E Hay (British Columbia, University, Vancouver, Cana- da) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 I Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 211-225 10 refs Research supported by the National Research Council and Depart- ment of the Environment of Canada It is shown that in mid-winter months in Canada, there is a large relative difference in the radiation environment of a surface which is horizontal and one which is steeply sloping and south-facing Data for eight southern Canadian locations are analyzed to show optimum solar-collector orientation (tilt and aspect) and the sensitivity to deviations from the optimum It is found appropriate, without long-term storage, to optimize for mid-winter situations The ultimate value in available solar energy is determined by using a tracking surface, this configuration showing little improvement over a steeply sloping south-facing surface in mid-winter By increasing the reflectivity of the ground immediately in front of the collector, it is possible to produce a substantial increase in the total short-wave radiation collected BJ. A77-48926 Distribution of direct and total solar radiation availabilities for the USA E C Boes, I J Hall, R R Prairie, R P Stromberg, and H E Anderson (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Max ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 iCape Canaveral, Fla. International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 238-263 6 refs. ERDA-sponsored research A77-48930 * Insolation data for solar energy conversion derived from satellite measurements of earth radiance M P Thekaekara (NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 313-328 Detailed knowledge of the irradiance of the sun at ground locations is essential for the design and evaluation of solar energy conversion systems The primary source of such data is the global network of weather stations Such stations are often too far apart and for most locations the data available are only daily total irradiance or monthly averages Solar energy conversion programs require insolation data with considerably higher geographical and temporal resolution Meteorological satellites gather routinely exten- sive data on the energy reflected and scattered into space by the earth-atmosphere system A program has been initiated to use such data for deriving ground insolation for energy conversion. Some of the preliminary results of this program will be discussed (Author) A77-48932 * Experimental and theoretical studies on solar energy for energy conversion A P Thomas and M P. Thekaekara (NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p '338-355 12 refs Research sponsored by the National Research Council and NASA This paper presents the results of investigations made experi- mentally and theoretically to evaluate the various parameters that affect the amount of solar energy received on a collector surface Measurements were made over a long period of time using both pyranometer and pyrhehometer Computation of spectral and total irradiance at ground level have been made for a large variety of combinations of atmospheric parameters for ozone density, precipn- able water vapor, turbidity-coefficients and air mass A study of the air mass as a function of irradiance measured at GSFC, and comparison of the data with the computed values of total direct solar irradiance for various parameters indicate that turbidity changes with time of the day, atmospheric opacity is less in the afternoon than in the morning (Author) A77-48933 Determination of average ground reflectivity for solar collectors. B D Hunn and D 0 Calafell, II (Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, NY) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976,'p 356-362 6 refs This paper presents a systematic method for the determination of average ground reflectivities for solar collectors which view a wide variety of landscapes The method is based on photographs of representative landscapes taken with an 8-mm, 2 8 Fisheye Nikkor lens used to simulate the field of view seen by a tilted flat-plate collector Results are reported for an application of the method to 12 representative winter landscapes An average ground reflectivity of 0.6-0 7 is determined to be accurate for most rural landscapes in winter where snow cover is predominant, except for locations adjacent to open bodies of water where a considerably lower reflectivity is obtained. For urban areas m winter the range of ground reflectivity is 016-049, depending greatly upon the landscape composition. (Author) A77-48934 Methods for estimating total flux in the direct solar beam at any time L. L Vant-Hull (Houston, University, Houston, Tex). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 1. \CapeCanaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 369-375 6 refs NSF Grant No GI-394J6 Most models used for estimating available solar beam energy are relatively cumbersome to use because they consider the detailed spectral character of the attenuation process If such information is not of interest, several short tabulations giving the direct beam intensity for a few elevation angles are available A number of such tabulations are fitted with analytic functions. These functions may be easily evaluated for any solar elevation (and in one case, as a function of precipitable water overhead) The resulting functions fit most of the tabulated data to about + or - 0 5% in absorptivity, allow convenient interpolation between the tabulated points, and are designed to behave reasonably under extrapolation (Author) A77-48935 Solar collectors. K G T Hollands (Waterloo, University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings c.f the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. R1-R7. 36 refs Current research and development activity on solar collectors for heating and cooling of buildings is reviewed Topics covered include reduction to practice, fundamentals of flat plate collectors, collector testing, selective surfaces, heat reflecting glass, honeycomb collectors, evacuated collectors, and concentrating collectors of the V-trough, compound parabolic, and linear Fresnel lens types (Author) 471 A77-48936 A77-48936 Thermic diode solar panels - A brief summary S Buckley (MIT, Cambridge, Mass.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1-23 Research supported by the Cabot Solar Energy Fund, NSF, and ERDA Thermic diode solar panels for use in heating buildings are described Each panel combines all the necessary elements of a complete solar energy system (collector, controls, storage, heat exchangers and ducting) into a four by eight foot module No moving parts or external power are involved Thermic panels are also compared to other solar heating systems, such as air heating and water heating The economics of thermic panels are determined using a computer simulation of a typical house under actual weather conditions for eight different climate types The resultant heat savings over the life of the panel are compared to the panel's installed cost The panels are found to be economic in some areas of the country even under the most conservative projections involving oil heating at constant real energy costs (Author) A77-48937 The use of planar reflectors for increasing the energy yield of flat-plate collectors S L Grassie and N R Sheridan In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 24-38 5 refs Research supported by the University of Queensland and Texas Tech University A mathematical model to simulate the performance of flat-plate collector-reflector systems is presented First the collector energy balance is modified to account for the reflected energy Then the exchange area for a diffuse reflector is obtained by integrating over both reflector and collector surfaces For the specular reflector, the collector area exposed to reflected radiation is calculated from geometrical relations Shading effects are also found from the system geometry Fair agreement is obtained between the model and some experiments on a water heating collector in Brisbane, Australia. Finally, the model is used to predict the annual performance of a water heating system with several values of the reflector angle (Author) A77-48939 Performance and analysis of 'Solans' water- trickle solar collector J T Beard, F A lachetta, L U Lilleleht (Virginia, University, Charlottesville, Va ), F L Huckstep, and W. B May, Jr In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 \Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 46-63 16 refs. Contract No E(40-1)-4927 An outdoor solar collector test facility has been designed and constructed for performance evaluation of Thomason 'Solaris' water-trickle solar collector panels Two full-size (1 2 m by 49 m) collector panels are tested simultaneously on each of two test stands, so that various design and operational variables are evaluated under the same ambient conditions The test facility design and its operation are based on the 'Method of Testing for Rating Solar Collectors Based on Thermal Performance' recommended by the National Bureau of Standards Results are compared to published results of other single- and double-glazed flat-plate collectors A method is also developed for using performance results for design applications (Author) A77-48940 Performance of an evacuated tubular collector using non-imaging reflectors G R Mather, Jr and D C Beekley (Owens-Illinois, Inc. Toledo, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 64-78 Specular reflectors have been found to improve significantly the performance of the Owens-Illinois evacuated tube collector Two types of specular reflectors, both of which are nommaging and result in moderate concentration ratios, have been investigated m detail Both collect diffuse light efficiently, and neither requires tracking of the sun The results of optical analysis and experimental tests of the two reflectors are described, and compared with similar results for the diffuse reflector used with present Owens-Illinois tubular collectors Energy outputs of the collector are found to increase by 25-35% wherr the diffuse reflector is replaced with either of the specular reflectors (Author) A77-48941 A method of comparing flat-plate air and liquid solar collectors for use in space heating applications. R. L. Oonk, GOG Lof, L. E Shaw, and B. E. Cole-Appel (Solaron Corp , Commerce City, Colo.). In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 83-93.8 refs. An investigation is conducted concerning a suitable approach for comparing the performance of different types of solar heating systems. In the liquid collector system considered, an antifreeze solution passes through the collector and transfers the solar energy which it received to a second fluid loop (usually water). In the typical air system, heated air from the collector is directed either to the space for heating or to a pebble bed storage. In the traditional method, the collector efficiency is plotted against a parameter obtained by dividing the difference between the collector inlet temperature and the ambient temperature by the solar radiation incident on the collector plane per unit area. It is found that this traditional plot is not useful in the considered comparison. A useful comparison technique should include the effects of other system components which contribute to system performance. G.R. A77-48942 Performance of air-cooled flat plate collectors B E Cole-Appel (Solaron Corp, Denver, Colo.) and R 0. Haberstroh (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 'Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 94-106 17 refs An analytical scheme using a simple linear model is employed to compare the thermal performance of five flat-plate solar air heater designs The air heaters differ with respect to the location of their flow channel, which may be above and/or below the absorber plate. In addition two of the air heater designs studied have area added to the absorber plate in the form of fins Performance curves are found for the different collector designs by solving the sets of simultaneous equations obtained from the energy balances on the collector components The efficiency of a solar flat-plate collector, defined as the amount of useful energy collected per unit area divided by the insolation, can be improved by five to ten percent if fins are added to the flow-side of the absorber plate An optimum fin spacing based on a fin density was found to be dependent on solar flux and mass flow rate For the long fins studied, it appears that a fin density greater than 10 to 20 fins per inch does not significantly improve performance (Author) A77-48943 , Predicted daily and yearly average radiative performance of optimal trapezoidal groove solar energy collectors. R B Bannerol and J R Howell (Houston, University, Houston, Tex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 111-124 8 refs ERDA-supported research A77-48944 A heat transfer criterion on the geometric configuration of flat solar water heaters S Lin (Concordia Univer- sity, Montreal, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 -Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 129-137 472 A77-48952 The concept of using extended surface for increasing overall heat transfer coefficient is not applicable to the sheet and-tube type of solar absorber The available heat transfer surface of a sheet-and- tube solar absorber is not effectively used An outline of an effective heat transfer solar absorber is proposed (Author) A77-48945 Thermal, fluid flow and mechanical perfor- mance characterntics of a subatmospheric pressure, distributed flow flat plate collector. 0 L Spencer, T F Smith, and 0 E Laughlm (Iowa, University, Iowa City, Iowa) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976,'p 146-159 ' A77-48946 A proposed method of rating the thermal | performance of solar collectors B W Tleimat, E 0 Howe, and R E Buckland (California, University, Richmond, Calif ). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 ' Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 160-172 11 refs The majority of the performance data on solar collectors in the current literature show the instantaneous efficiency of the collector, | as suggested by Whilher (1961) and elaborated by Hill and Kusuda (1974) for the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) It is proposed that, in addition to the NBS interim method, collector performance be measured and displayed in a manner similar to that of solar stills, diurnal efficiency would be plotted as a function of diurnal solar radiation intensity incident on the plane of the collector, with the ; temperature difference between the fluid in the collector and ambient air used as a parameter Furthermore, it is proposed that a selected collector be tested over an extended period of time and under a variety of conditions of tilt angle and other variables so that its performance can be well charted It would then be used as a standard for comparison purposes (Author) A77-48947 A site sensitive solar collector evatuator R E , Ferguson (Teledyne Brown Engineering, Huntsville, Ala ) In Shar- ing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 ,Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 173-192 Srefs A digital simulation model has been developed to act as an analysis tool in design and optimization studies of solar collector subsystems Since many factors governing the collector performance ,are directly affected by the collector location and orientation, equal lemphasis is placed on the definition of the energy processes within ithe collector and environmental forcing functions Collector perfor- mance parameters are based on a day of operation rather than the often misleading instantaneous performance (Author) ' A77-48948 Use of calculated displaced shapes to define the reflected light pattern from a focused collector. C S Hoyle (Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, |p 208-219 A program has been developed to analyze the reflected light pattern from slightly curved flat plate collectors. The deflected shapes of the mirrors can be defined by means of finite-element calculations or analytical expressions The current version allows the comparison of the reflected light patterns from an externally defined shape, a spherical shape, or either of two round plate analytical solutions Besides the deflected shape of the mirror, the input includes the direction of the light source and the distance to the focusing point of interest The resulting reflected light pattern is plotted as it would appear on a plane at the specified position The program also has the capability to search for the minimum reflected spot size (Author) A77-48949 Mathematical modeling of solar concentrators F Biggs and C N Vittitoe (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 220-234 A computational capability that models the operation of any solar energy collector that uses flux concentrators is a valuable aid in the planning, design, construction, calibration, safety analysis, and operation of the system In addition to the usual optical considera- tions, the model should treat such imperfections as ref lectmg-surface slope errors, sun-tracking and alignment errors, and mirror-focusing errors It should properly account for the angular distribution of incoming sun rays and the effects of atmospheric transmission on this distribution A model with these capabilities is described, and two computer programs for implementing it are illustrated (Author) A77-48950 Design considerations for parabolic-cylindrical solar collectors. G W Treadwell (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 235-252 The design of a parabolic-cylindrical solar collector using a commercial organic heat transfer liquid in uniflow receivers is discussed In particular, the geometry and size of the reflector system is considered, the characterization of slope errors on parabolic surfaces, the determination of optimal outer tube diameters for the receivers, as well as difficulties associated with solar tracking, are treated The influence of asymmetric fluid heating on the design of the collector system is also reviewed. Several techniques for increasing the efficiency of energy distribution through the collector fluid, including the use of internal rods to promote annular flow or the use of copper receiver tubes to transfer energy circumferentially, are mentioned J M B A77-48951 Reduced drag, paraboloid type, solar energy collectors P J Vermeulen (Calgary, University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada), A Bader, and P Elfner In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral. Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 264-274 The design and development of two paraboloid-type solar energy collectors of reduced wind drag is presented The designs are aimed at reducing drag forces from winds nominally from the lateral and the frontal direction The designs consist essentially of conical frusta mounted to produce a front-focus mirror in one case and a rear-focus mirror in the other The frusta are mounted so that annular gaps for air flow are presented laterally in the first and frontally in the second In the first design, interference by the focal-plane energy-receiver device produces the usual collector area loss, but in the second design there is no such interference loss Wind-tunnel models of both designs have been tested, and the resulting drag-force data are presented and discussed The data show that significant drag reduction is possible A 0914-mdia prototype of the front-focus design has been constructed, and the results of calonmetnc measurements are presented (Author) A77-48952 * An analytical and experimental evaluation of the plano-cylmdncal Fresnel lens solar concentrator L J Hastings, S L Allums (NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala I, and R M Cosby (Ball State University, Muncie, Ind ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 275-290 5 refs Plastic Fresnel lenses for solar concentration are attractive because of potential for low-cost mass production An analytical and experimental evaluation of line-focusing Fresnel lenses with applica- tion potential in the 200 to 370 C range is reported Analytical 473 A77-48953 techniques were formulated to assess the solar transmission and imaging properties of a grooves-down lens Experimentation was based primarily on a 56 cm-wide lens with f-number 1 0 A sun-tracking hehostat provided a non-moving solar source Measured data indicated more spreading at the profile base than analytically predicted The measured and computed transmittances were 85 and 87% respectively Preliminary testing with a second lens (1 85 m) indicated that modified manufacturing techniques corrected the profile spreading problem (Author) A77-48953 Characteristics of the concentrated solar flux produced by the FMSC prototype S Y Harmon, C E Backus, and R Pmon (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 291-303 Intensity profiling showed the focal zone of the Fixsd Mirror Solar Concentrator (FMSC) to have a fairly well-defined symmetrical focus The intensity in the focal zone varied a maximum of thirty percent along the z-axis of the concentrator Radiometric analysis indicated a large part of the flux in the focal zone to be within a width of 2 cm Further studies using larger absorbing surfaces supported this result by showing that seventy percent of the flux incident on an absorber approximately 10 cm wide fell within a strip 2 cm wide It is suggested that secondary reflectors could signi- ficantly improve the performance of this concentrator These conclusions were further supported by the results gained when comparing the performance of a solar cell array one cell wide with that of an array two cells wide Work with solar cell arrays indicates the FMSC to be capable of producing concentration ratios of around twenty (Author) A77-48954 The performance of a stationary reflector/ tracking absorber solar concentrator A M Clausing. In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 304-326 7 refs A fixed segment of a concave, spherical mirror can be used to concentrate beam radiation onto a tracking absorber which pivots about the center of curvature of the mirror A possible economic advantage of the system over concentrating collectors with tracking mirrors is reduced mirror cost The characteristics of this system are analytically studied The strong influences of the rim angle of the spherical segment, the angle of incidence of the rays of the sun, and the absorber temperature are established The role of other impor- tant parameters is also determined Using the efficiency of a Carnot cycle, the daily and yearly variations of the power produced by the system are presented (Author) A77-48955 Collector with cusphke compound parabolic - concentrator and selective absorber. A Rabl (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 327-335 15 refs ERDA-supported research A nonevacuated solar collector with a cusphke compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and tubular absorber has been built Since the reflector surrounds the absorber on all sides, little insulating material is needed Furthermore, the quantity of absorber material relative to unit collector aperture is smaller than in any other collector of comparable acceptance angle This feature op- timizes both transient response and heat transfer from absorber surface to fluid The collector has been constructed as a panel 90 cm x 180 cm with seven parallel CPC troughs, approximately 20 cm deep The 0 64-cm 00 absorber tubes have been coated with black chrome The concentration ratio (aperture/tube perimeter) is 65, and the acceptance angle is 13 deg, necessitating only seasonal tilt adjustments Optical efficiency of 60% and U-values around 1 6 W/sq m-C have been measured with individual reflector modules, in- dicating that the complete collector can operate with 44% efficiency at plate temperatures 100 C above ambient (Author) A77-48956 Optical and thermal design considerations for ideal light collectors N B Goodman, R Winston (Chicago, University, Chicago, III), and A Rabl (Argonne National Labora- tory, Argonne, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 336-350 13 refs The design of practical compound parabolic solar concentrators is discussed Problems associated with the gap needed between reflectors and absorbers to reduce conductive heat losses are assessed, several types of ideal light collectors with diminished absorbers surrounded by glass tubes, with truncated reflectors to create a gap between the reflector and the receiver, or with the receiver modified to form a radiation cavity, are described Use of a second-stage concentrator in solar or photovoltaic systems is also considered Advantages of the two-stage systems include more uniform flux distribution and increase in the concentration factor In addition, prescriptions for maximizing the concentration factors of lens-mirror combination concentrators are given J M B A77-48957 Solar process heat from concentrating flat- plate collectors D P Grimmer (California, University, Los-Alamos, N Mex ) and K C Herr (Aerospace Corp , El Segundo, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 351-374 18 refs ERDA-sponsored research The use of solar energy in the form of process heat for industrial, commercial and utility applications in the United States is discussed Compound parabolic concentrating collectors, which achieve high collection efficiencies with minimum solar tracking, are proposed as solar energy sources, an analysis suggests that compound parabolic concentrator systems operating at temperatures of 250 C could furnish as much as 396% of the 1975 national Gross Energy Input (GEI) Furthermore, it appears that current technology evac- uated compound parabolic concentrating collectors could supply nearly half the 1975 national GEI Economic considerations and the design of compound parabolic concentrators for industrial applica- tions are also considered J M B A77-48958 A compound parabolic concentrator array optimized for northern climates. M L. Stem (DeBell and Richardson Testing Institute, Enfield, Conn.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 2 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 375-387 6 refs The radiative exchange between collector and source sets the limit for efficient collector operation. When actual insolation conditions and performance requirements are considered for northern latitudes, the compound parabolic concentrator is shown to perform better than the flat plate since it approaches the limit for optimum radiative exchange. The relationship between concentration and acceptance angle is analyzed for its effect on the collector's overall thermal performance The resulting collector is compared with an equivalent flat-plate type. (Author) A77-48959 Heating of buildings with solar energy G 0 G Lof (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1-12 The presented review on the solar heating of buildings includes a brief description of the principal types of solar heating systems, an indication of their degree of commercialization, and an evaluation of current and near-future economic factors Attention is given to solar heating with liquid collectors and hot water storage, solar heating with air collectors and pebble-bed storage, systems with combined 474 A77-48968 collector-storage unit, systems with high efficiency utilizing special design features, and solar heating prospects and impacts It is concluded that the solar heating industry will experience an enormous growth during the next two decades G R A77-48961 Parametric study of a dynamic solar powered absorption cycle R W Allen and D K. An and (Maryland, University, College Park, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 27-43 lOrefs Contract No E(40-11-4976 The performance of a solar powered absorption cycle is simulated taking into consideration the internal heat transfer characteristics and the floating of the generator/condenser/ evaporator/absorber temperatures A parametric analysis for capacity and cut-off temperatures is conducted The daily and seasonal system coefficient of performance and capacity delivered at the evaporator is obtained with the use of real weather data (Author) A77-48962 Performance of an air-cooled ammonia-water absorption air conditioner at low generator temperatures K. Dao, M Simmons, R Wolgast, and M Wahlig (California, University, Berkeley, Calif ). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 46-52 The paper describes an experimental air-cooled ammonia-water absorption air conditioning system for the study of operational stability near the cut-off conditions, and designed to operate at temperatures compatible with the temperature range of flat-plate solar collectors Three temperature ranges were tested, and circula- tion ratios were from 8 to 30. Construction procedures for the air conditioner and generator are described It was concluded that with a heat source temperature below 200 F and a heat sink temperature (using air cooling) below 110 F, the ammonia-water absorption cycle may be used for cooling Future applications of the project, both for cooling and heating purposes, are outlined. S.C S A77-48963 Modelling of a solar-operated absorption air conditioner system with refrigerant storage S L Grassie and N R Sheridan In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 53-67 ISrefs A detailed dynamic model of a solar air conditioning system is reported The model, including the solar collector and cooling tower, is described in terms of design parameters Ambient wet and dry bulb temperatures and solar radiation are the required inputs System temperatures, energy flows and coefficient of performance can be predicted Careful attention is given to the evaporator model and the control of refrigerant flow Typical performance results are dis- cussed Finally several recommendations for future investigations are made (Author) A77-48964 Cooling subsystem design in CSU Solar House III. D S Ward, G O G Lof (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo), and T Uesaki (Yazaki Parts Co, Kosai, Shizuoka, Japan) In Sharing the sun . Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 68-89 The use of cool storage in conjunction with lithium bromide absorption chillers allows for improved operating conditions of the cooling subsystem. Significant performance degradation in the absorption cooling capacity is evident whenever the chiller cycles on and off during periods of low cooling demand The capability of providing storage for the chiller output prevents short-term cycling of the absorption machine and significantly improves the seasonal average coefficient of performance of the cooling subsystem Cool storage can also be utilized to allow for a lower cooling capacity of the absorption unit (lower tonnage), without decreasing the ability of the subsystem to meet the cooling demands of the building The size of cool storage can, in fact, be optimized by evaluating the ability of the cool storage component to prevent cycling of the absorption machine and in meeting the cooling demands on a smaller tonnage chiller (Author) A77-4896S Coefficient of performance for solar-powered space cooling systems H M Curran (Hittman Associates, Inc, Columbia, Md) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 90-98 Contract No E(11-1)-2703 This paper proposes a common basis for defining coefficient of performance (COP) for diverse cooling systems which are wholly or partially driven by solar energy Such a common basis would permit more meaningful comparisons between different systems Possible energy inputs for different solar-powered cooling systems are identified and incorporated into a generalized energy balance diagram The proposed energy balance boundary for a COP computa- tion basis includes the solar-powered cooling machine and heat rejection equipment and excludes the solar collector/storage system and the building circulation system The COP is defined as the ratio of the cooling load rate to the sum of all energy input rates across the boundary The recommended approach is to compute COP with respect to a set of psychrometric conditions related to the cooling load (Author) A77 48966 A solar heated and cooled office building S Diamond, C Packard, R L San Martin, H Shaw, and W Stevens (New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 99-105 Research supported by the New Mexico State Energy Research and Development Program and ERDA The solar heating and cooling system for the New Mexico Department of Agriculture building is described The total area of the solar collectors is 6730 square feet, consisting of Sunsource flat plate collectors and Northrup concentrating collectors A schematic drawing of the integrated solar heating and cooling systems is included along with a discussion of hot and cold water storage and the building's heating and cooling loads The basic components of the project's computer-based instrumentation system are listed and explained, such as the interconnection of the computer and remote stations with a bi-directional digital bus, and the so-called mini- computer, the nucleus of the instrumentation system S C S A77-48967 Comparative performance of solar heating with air and liquid systems GOG Lof, S Karaki, and C C Smith (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 106-117 A performance comparison between an air solar system and a liquid solar system for space heating under nearly equal conditions has been obtained The Colorado State University Solar House I is a liquid solar system which has been in operation since August 1974 Solar House II, which stands adjacent to and has a comparable heating load to Solar House I, was equipped with an air solar system The two solar houses were operated and monitored during most of the 1975-1976 heating season Performance of the solar system is reported in terms of the collector efficiency, the amount of space heating load provided by solar energy, and the use of electrical energy to operate the solar equipment General characteristics of the two types of systems are also compared Information concerning installation, operation, and maintenance of the systems have been documented and are discussed (Author) A77-48968 Experimental evaluation of a solar house heating lyiterri in Quebec. B Hamilton (McGill University, Montreal, 475 A77-48969 Canada) and R -McConnell (Hydro-Quebec, Institut de Recherche, Varennes, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 120-135 12 refs An experimental house employing a low-cost solar heating system has been built 170 km north of Montreal The solar collector is a vertical air heater which covers the south wall of the house (37 sq m) A screen of expanded metal is located in front of the flat metal absorbing plate and a fan forces air through the collector to a storage bin filled with rocks Air is distributed into the living space through baseboard diffusers All supplementary heat is provided electrically The heating system is being extensively monitored for at least one year A 60-channel data acquisition system records data from thermocouples mounted throughout the system, from meteorological instruments, and from sensors installed in the electrical circuits Preliminary results of performance are presented (Author) A77-48969 Application of solar principles in designing a low cost system for warehouse heating L R Mast (H A Williams and Associates, Inc. Columbus, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 138-146 Research supported by Ruscilli Construc- tion Co and Distribution Centers Adapting pre-engmeered industrial building wall panels to an air type collector offers a low cost solution for low temperature warehouse heating A prototype system was designed which utilized the existing building wall as an absorber, and added a fiberglass cover over wood furring strips At 40 F entering fluid temperature, the panels would produce a 20 deg rise The entire 3000 square foot solar system with fans, ducts, dampers, etc , is estimated at $11,000 and will save 60 million Btu's annually This would realize a 10 year pay back at current electric rates (Author) A77-48970 A solar home for low income families H Ashcroft, R Clark, and H Wade (Apache County Self-Help Housing, Springerville and Flagstaff, Ariz I In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 147-152 The construction of a solar home for low-income families is presented with reference to a model site in Arizona Cross-sectional and floorplan diagrams of the structure are included along with a discussion of the locations of solar heating components Specific considerations of construction materials are outlined and the special truss design to carry the collector and the hot air plenum is described The project's sensor instrumentation, and back up heat system are explained S C S A77-48971 Lessons learned from Atlanta /Towns/ solar experiment A Wemstem, R T Duncan, Jr, and W C Sherbm (Westinghouse Electric Corp , Special Systems Div , Baltimore, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint .Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 153-167 A large-scale solar heating and cooling system experiment was designed and constructed for the Towns Elementary School, Atlanta, Georgia This system involved 10,360 square feet of flat-plate collectors, 10,800 square feet of flat reflectors and a 100 ton absorption chiller The lessons learned and the performance of the systems in the heating mode since initiation of operation is described (Author) A77-48973 Solar cooling of a Florida Welcome Station - A demonstration 0 G Hancock, Jr, H P Harrenstien, and G W Lowery (Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, Fla ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 190-199 ERDA-supported research One of two commercial solar heating and cooling demonstration projects supported by ERDA in Florida is under construction at the Visitor Welcome Station on Interstate Highway 95 north of Jacksonville The 3300 square-foot Welcome Station will be retro- fitted with a 25-ton absorption chiller to take most of the load from the existing conventional air conditioner Twenty seven hundred square feet of tracking, concentrating collectors using linear Fresnel lenses will be mounted on the ground away from the building To drive the air conditioner during short sunless periods solar heated water will be stored in a 10,000 gallon tank An anticipated 88 percent of the cooling load will be furnished by the solar system when it is completed early in 1977 Instrumentation will be included to compare performance with design conditions and to acquire solar irradiance design data for that geographical area (Author) A77-48974 The Shenandoah Solar Community Center J R Williams and J I Craig (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 200-212 7 refs ERDA-supported research A solar energy system which is part of a building scheduled for completion later this year is discussed The 5017 sq m building will incorporate 1042 sq m of flat plate solar collectors facing south at A 45 deg tilt, and 2415 sq m of highly polished aluminum reflectors facing north at a 36 deg tilt Sixty-three modular solar collectors will be used, each 2 62 m high and 6 30 m wide The collectors are double glazed with double-weight tempered low-iron glass, and the copper absorber plate is coated with electroplated black chrome The hot water storage tank and the use of LiBr as an absorption chiller are described The solar energy system is projected to provide 95% of the total annual energy required for winter heating and 64% of the total annual energy required for summer cooling M L. A77-48975 Solar heating for buildings in Ontario - Expe- rience and analysis of single, multiple residential and commercial low rise buildings R M R Higgin In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 213-227 7 refs A77-48976 The Lowell Observatory experimental solar heating module M Scanlon and H Wade In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 232-235 The construction of a solar heating module at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona is described The space to be heated was approximately 300 square feet of floor area in the 42 in reflecting telescope building The unit was built in two identical, separate modules, one a permanently fixed collector, and the other applicable for experimental purposes The external structure, based on a triangle, provided the optimum cross section to house both the 6-ton total rock storage and the collector surface, consisting of an array of over 1000 aluminum soft drink cans Differential Jemperature sensors and a thermostat device control a damper which determines the air flow configurations S C S A77-48977 Design and construction of a residential solar heating system at Fermilab J E O'Meara (Fermi National Ac- celerator Laboratory, Batavia, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 236-245 476 A77-48985 A solar-heating apparatus has been installed for heating a small residence at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory This paper describes the design, fabrication, installation, and initial operating experience with this system Unconventional features of the system include (1) 'fluorescent' glass tubes for collector cover glass, (2) a collapsible low-cost water bag for energy storage, and (3) self draining collector panels to provide freeze protection The house has a conventional gas-fired forced-hot-air auxiliary heating system Solar-heated water is fed to a fin coil in the return air duct Design considerations for sizing this fin coil are discussed (Author) A77-48978 A competitively-priced solar home, using con- centrating collectors. J Kusianovich In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference. Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 246-260 This paper describes a 2880 sq ft two-level home completed in Albuquerque in July 1976 It is conventionally constructed and financed and is heated by concentrating solar collectors These consist of movable reflectors which track the sun and focus its rays on fixed copper pipes, through which water is pumped They automatically drain and turn away from the sun whenever the pump is off The hot water is stored in 2-1000 gallon tanks and is delivered to the heated space by a standard hot water baseboard system Domestic hot water is supplied from the same system The entire operation is automatically controlled by photo cells and thermostats The house also receives passive solar gam through south-windows and a built-in greenhouse The design goal is for 90% solar heating The overall cost was similar to comparable conventionally heated houses (Author) A77-48979 Design and construction of solar space heating and hot water supply systems for experimental multi-family housing M Udagawa and K.-l Kimura (Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 \ Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 262-276 Research sponsored by the Japan Housing Corp A77-48980 Solar heating in northern New England A 0 Converse (Dartmouth College, Hanover, N H ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 277-290 8 refs NSF-supported research The design and performance of several buildings utilizing air, liquid, and solar-heat pump systems are described Performance measurements include collector efficiency, solar energy collected, and, in some cases, the time-of-day use of electricity Measured efficiencies are used to compute the long-term expected economic performance (Author) A77-48981 A hybrid solar-assisted heat pump system for residential applications H T Gordon (Burt, Hill and Associates, Butler, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 291-320 A solar-assisted heat pump system was designed for a 2,000 sq ft single family residential dwelling in Buffalo, New York, to make use of the most readily available and broadly applicable solar and HVAC components in regions where electricity is the only available auxiliary fuel The primary components of the solar/mechanical system include (1) seven hundred square feet single glazed, flat black coated, liquid circulating copper flat-plate solar collectors Freeze protection is provided by_ drain-down, (2) two thousand gallon rfonpressunzed water storage in an insulated concrete storage tank with a special Hypalon Liner, (3) a water circulating, air heating coil for direct solar heating, and (4) an air-to-air split system heat pump for solar-assisted heat pump operation and supplementary heating Both units (evaporator and condenser) are placed within the mechanical space with a duct for air intake to the 'outside' unit The solar system is expected to provide 70% of the annual space heating requirements, and 55% of the annual domestic water heating requirements for the home The system payback will be under 14 years (Author) A77-48982 Simulation study of solar heat pump systems. V D Karman, T L Freeman, and J W Mitchell (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 324-340 13 refs Contract No £(11-11-2588 The performance of several configurations of solar-augmented heat pump systems are evaluated These systems include both air and water collection systems with either air-air, water-air, or special hybrid heat pumps which can use both stored energy and ambient air as energy sources The performance evaluations employ factorial design to determine the effect of the parameters of each individual system The systems are compared with each other and with conventional solar and conventional heat pump systems Simulations are done for Madison, Wisconsin, Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Charleston, South Carolina, to investigate climatological effects on solar heat pump performance The results are used to formulate general guidelines for designing solar-augmented heat pump systems (Author) A77-48983 Solar heating and cooling in a commercial building E E Adsett, A W Gunn (New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, Fredencton, Canada), and V M Ireton (New Bruns- wick, University, Fredencton, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 343-355 The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission has designed a building to demonstrate solar energy exploitation to be built at Shediac, N B The building consists of 7000 square feet of office space and 5000 square feet of warehouse space A solar energy assisted heat pump system is expected to provide approximately 45% of the total office heating requirements using 1260 square feet of collector area and 4000 Imperial Gallons of storage The solar energy collectors are self draining Water to air heat pumps are used, and supplementary electric resistance heaters are used in the heat pump source when energy is not available from the water storage The system also allows air conditioning The performance of the system is to be monitored, and the experience gained in design and operation is to be made available to the interested public A separate system to demonstrate domestic water pre heating is also included in the project (Author) A77-48984 An analysis on optimal design of solar heating and cooling system for school P T Monmura (P T Monmura and Associates, Tokyo, Japan) and Y Ishida (Mitsubishi Heavy Indus tries. Ltd , Tokyo, Japan) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 356-370 A77-48985 Solar assisted heat pump air conditioning system T Dean (Kansas, University, Lawrence, Kan ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society. 1976, p 373-377 The paper presents the design of a solar assist to heat pumps in a year round air conditioning system The residence in which the system is installed was intentionally designed to be energy conscious It contains 1850 square feet over a 720 square foot basement. 477 A77-48986 attached 12' x 20' pit greenhouse, two car garage, and associated porches and storage areas Solar heated water is used for domestic hot water preheat and for space heating when tank temperature exceeds 95 F Otherwise, it circulates through the heat pump A~200 foot water well provides the same function for cooling Water storage is in a basement located 1500 gallon storage tank and externally located 1500 gallon concrete cistern A 3 2 kw wind turbine provides additional energy (Author) A77-48986 Operational analysis of a solar optimized heat pump R F Kuhanch (Colorado Springs, Dept of Public Utilities, Colorado Springs, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, f976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 378-386 NSF-supported research In 1974, the City of Colorado Springs conducted a solar heating demonstration project The National Science Foundation through its Research Applied to National Needs Program funded two years of research on the project This paper will present the operational summary for those two years During the first year of operation a direct solar heating mode was experimented with as well as an air-to-air heat pump as back up The second year's operation saw a fluid to air heat pump replace the previous years heating system The optimized heat pump used the second year of operation proved to be most cost effective Both years heating systems will be described in detail Various heat transfer fluids and storage schemes were evaluated during the testing program and their results will be given (Author) A77-48987 Steady-state and transient performance limita- tions of the ARKLA Solair absorption cooling system J S Rauch (Motorola, Inc, Phoenix, Ariz) and B 0 Wood (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 3 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 387-405 lOrefs An absorption air conditioner is described and evaluated for its applicability to solar energy systems The theory of operation is reviewed, and the apparatus used to test the air conditioner is described Steady-state and transient results are analyzed An experimental map of the unit's performance over a range of operating conditions obtainable from a flat plate collector and cooling tower is determined for steady-state conditions, and the response to a transient typical of a system is presented M L A77-48988 The solar fan - Solar induced draft air con- ditioning system R L Reid (Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio) and A F Bedinger (Tennessee, University, Knoxville, Tenn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1-7 A description is presented of an induced ventilation system which was conceived as a system that might provide most or all of the cooling in the central and northern U S and in Canada for a small capital investment and with zero operating cost In the described solar fan system, an air gap of about six inches is left between the back of the plate of the solar collector and the thermal insulation With the water supply to the collector turned off, the temperature of the air increases above the environmental tempera- ture level If an exit and entrance are supplied to the space, the heated air will rise according to the principles of operation of thermosyphon type passive devices G R A77-48989 A passive solar heated house - Design and construction J Cook and H Wade (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 8-14 A77-48990 A non-technical evaluation of four different concrete wall solar collector configurations B Anderson, D Scully, and C Michal (Total Environmental Action, Inc, Harnsville, NH) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 ' Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, t976, p 15 22 The design and construction are discussed of four solar houses which use concrete walls with insulating devices on the exterior as the principal solar collector Two of these projects use 'Beadwall,' one uses a roller-shade-type device made of mylar, and the fourth has a greenhouse as a buffer zone between the concrete wall and the outdoors Two of these houses have been through a full year of operation The other two are just completed (Author) A77-48991 Climate based solar house design • Hot and humid Charleston, S C D V Scully (Total Environmental Action, Inc, Harnsville, N H ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 23-26 Described in this paper is a design for a single family dwelling that can be expected to perform well as an environmental control system for hot and humid Charleston, S C This performance is a result of a design response to climatic factors such as wind patterns, humidity, solar angles, careful placement of windows and building mass, and the inclusion of an air-type solar heating system, with containerized water storage (Author) A77-48992 Residential solar heating retrofit in the urban environment N Lior, J A Lepore, and S Shore (Pennsylvania, University, Philadelphia, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 36-52 8 refs Research supported by the Pennsylvania Science and Engineer- ing Foundation, U S Department of Housing and Urban Develop- ment, and University of Pennsylvania Residential solar heating retrofit is illustrated by the example of a Philadelphia row home The implementation of a design philosophy emphasizing a minimal amount of retrofit, an optimal utilization of the existing structure and equipment, high system reliability and easy maintainability is described The design concepts include a novel energy-collection-optimized method for collector spacing with allowance for some mutual shading, freeze protection by automatic drainage of collector liquid, multitank sensible heat storage in water, and the structural adaptation of the existing roofing system to accommodate and support the solar collectors B J A77-48993 A status report on the USAFA solar energy program J M Davis, M W Nay, Jr, R L Schmiesmg, and W A. Tolbert (U S Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 53-66 This report describes the initial performance of the first retrofit constructed solar-heated facility in the United States Air Force, the Solar Test House at the United States Air Force Academy The project involves applying solar energy in a retrofit mode unlike the new construction applications in the private sector This work is necessary because the Air Force's real property assets are largely fixed Notable aspects of this project include both roof and ground mounted solar collector arrays, variable collection fluid flow rate, reinforced concrete storage tank, variable slope adjustment for the ground array, retrofit application, on-site weather monitoring capa- bility, and a unique instrumentation and control system These features have combined to produce a working solar energy labora- tory An extensive system data base has been developed and significant work has been accomplished with regard to developing solar system control techniques (Author) 478 A77-49003 A77-48994 Energy conservation through residential solar retrofit S A Mumma (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) and J Ozioba (Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4. Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 67-91 An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the per- formance of a low cost air transfer fluid, liquid storage solar water heater It was found that over 35 percent of the annual electric water heating needs could be met with solar energy Further, it was found that up to 35 percent improvement in solar energy collection could be achieved utilizing reflectors__Up_to_16 percent improvement in energy collection could also be obtained by reducing shading in the collector construction (Author) A77-48995 Solar retrofit of a home in Granton, Ontario. D E F Thompson (Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon, Canada) and R K Swartman (Western Ontario, University, London, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 92-104 During the fall of 1975, a low cost solar heating system was installed on a house near Granton, Ontario The system was 'home-built' by the owner of the house at a materials cost of $1,50000 Tests performed in April, 1976 indicated a collector efficiency ranging from 178% to 458% with a mean of 339% Analyses of meteorological data and fuel consumption determined that the system would deliver 55% of the annual heating re- quirements in an 'average' year This is the equivalent of 3140 liters of heating oil, for a saving at present fuel costs of $292 00 annually Some possible areas for system improvement are included (Author) A77-48996 Project Sunshower - San Jose State University dormitory retrofit to solar-assisted water heating D W Aitken and D K Rozell (San Jose State University, San Jose, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 105-127 6 refs Research supported by the California State University Project Sunshower involves the retrofit of three San Jose State University residence halls to solar-assisted hot water heating, with the aid of 3000 sq ft of solar collector surface area oriented in long arrays on the roof of each building The total project with 9000 sq ft of collectors was built with internal funding at a cost of about $125,000 The paper discusses the location and physical circum- stances, presents design criteria and philosophy, defines basic energy and design parameters, and gives mechanical and operational over- views of the project B J A77-48997 Solar retrofit applications for public buildings 8 D Wood (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz ) and J F Warnock, Jr (Arizona Solar Energy Research Commission, Phoenix, Ariz). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 128-152 8 refs Research sponsored by the Arizona Solar Energy Research Com- mission and Four Corners Regional Commission Four buildings in Arizona, a gymnasium, a dormitory, a classroom/office/laboratory building (all three in Flagstaff) and an office building (in Phoenix), all state-owned, were evaluated for solar retrofit applications involving space conditioning and heating service water The basic (building, climatic, solar system and energy) parameters required for a feasibility analysis of solar retrofit applications were established Significant energy savings were found to be possible, but only at a cost benefit which is marginal The payback period for all the systems considered occurred during the second half of the service life of the equipment B J A77-48998 A retrofit solar heating system constructed with salvaged and readily available components designed for self- installation by low income families R Clark, W Otwell, D Shaw, and H Wade (Northern Arizona Council of Governments, Flagstaff and Chino Valley, Ariz) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference. Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 153-156 A77-48999 System performance of first residential solar installation in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA - Retrofitted indoor swimming pool W L Gottschalk and H P Austin In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada. August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 157-171 8 refs A77-49000 Insolation and temperature statistics and their influence on the design of solar heating systems and the electric utility interface W C Melton (Aerospace Corp , Los Angeles, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 172-188 6 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute A77-49001 Simulation study of several solar heating sys- tems with offpeak auxiliary P J Hughes, W A Beckman, and J A Duffie (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 189-207 9 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2588 Simulation methods have been used to study two basic types of offpeak electric auxiliary solar air heating systems those which separate the storage of auxiliary and solar energy and those which store energy in the same pebble bed. Separate-storage systems are thermally identical to conventional (non-offpeak) solar air heating systems if losses from the auxiliary storage unit are ignored, while combined-storage systems operate at higher temperatures and are simpler from a mechanical point of view Simulation studies, which focused on the effects of system configuration, collector loss coefficients, controls, storage size and collector flow rate on system performance, have shown the superiority of the separate-storage concept The combined-storage systems, however, perform nearly as well, provided that low loss coefficient collectors are used B J A77-49002 Solar powered absorption air-conditioning system performance using real and synthetic weather data. 0 K Anand and R W Allen (Maryland, University, College Park, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 208-227 9 refs Contract No E (40-11-4976 The performance of a solar powered absorption air-conditioning system using real and synthetic weather data is obtained Both air-cooled and water-cooled systems are considered The synthetic data is derived using weather history and represented by a joint probability density matrix and at most six constants The coefficient of performance using real data and synthetic data is compared Long term predictions based on synthetic data are quite good It is concluded that the use of synthetic data allows very inexpensive simulation and yields satisfactory results for design purposes (Author) A77-49003 Unified simulation capability for solar heating and cooling system analysis. J E Irby and J M Nash (IBM Corp, Huntsville, Ala) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 ' Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 228-243 7 refs 479 A77-49004 To support current and projected government programs oriented toward demonstration of solar energy technology, IBM has devel- oped a set of automated analysis tools for preliminary design, detailed performance prediction, and benefits analysis This multi- level analytical capability consists of six computer programs, some representing the existing state of the art in the solar energy industry (solar energy system simulation and thermal loads prediction) and others being special purpose tools adapted and/or developed by IBM (long-term performance prediction and economic analysis) This paper describes the structure and capability of each and its role in supporting development of the solar energy industry (Author) A77-49004 Performance of a solar heating system utilizing phase-change energy storage D J Morrison and S I Abdel-Khalik (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 244-257 11 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2588 A model describing the transient behavior of a phase-change energy storage (PCES) unit is presented Simulation techniques are used in conjunction with this model to determine the performance of a solar air-heating system utilizing PCES The effects of storage size and heat transfer characteristics on the system performance are investigated Optimum ranges of storage sizes are given for systems with paraffin wax and sodium sulfate decahydrate as storage media. Comparison is made between two similar systems with sensible heat and phase-change storage The variations of the collector efficiency and solar-supplied fraction of the load over the heating season are given for both systems Actual weather data for the Madison area are used in these simulations (Author) A77-49005 Climatologies! constraints on the development of solar energy in Canada. J E Hay (British Columbia, University, Vancouver, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 258-270 8 refs This paper recognizes persistency of low radiation inputs and the out-of-phase nature of domestic heat demand and solar energy availability as two climatological constraints on the development of solar energy in Canada. Both problems can be at least partially overcome by the provision of storage and data presented for Vancouver and Winnipeg on the one hand and eight Canadian locations on the other should provide a basis for rational specifica- tion of storage requirements Two types of persistency analyses are undertaken while the requirements for longterm storage are indicated by comparing monthly mean values of available solar energy and domestic heat demand (Author) A77-49006 A design procedure for solar air heating systems S A Klein, W A Beckman, and J A Duffie (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 271-279 9 refs A77-49007 A simplified method for calculating required solar collector array size for space heating J D Balcomb and J C Hedstrom (California, University, Los Alamos, M Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 280-294 ERDA-sponsored research A77-49008 An averaging technique for predicting the performance of a solar energy collector system. G H Stickford, Jr (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 295-315 6 refs An averaging technique, based on an approach of Hottel and Whillier (1955), is described which simplifies the task of predicting the performance of a solar energy collector system The long term average daily energy gain of a collector system is determined, and, by assuming that the mid-month day is representative of the entire month, only 12 calculations are required to determine the yearly performance of the system The collector parameters required are the heat removal efficiency factor, the product of transmissivity- absorptivity evaluated at 50 deg angle of incidence, the monthly average absorber plate temperature, the latitude and collector tilt angle, and the collector area The meteorological data required are the monthly average ambient temperature, the monthly degree-day data, the monthly atmospheric transmission factor, and the solar flux incident on the collector The technique has been applied to the prediction of the performance of the MIT Solar House IV B J A77-49010 Minimum cost sizing of solar heating systems. J C Ward (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.). In: Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 336-346 Research supported by the Economic Development Administration and Colorado State University The characteristics of solar heating systems as they would function in 11 cities scattered across the USA were examined, and a correlation was found between the fraction of the annual heating load furnished by solar energy and a dimensionless ratio, (solar collector area times the January solar radiation)/(the January heating load of the building) A 'typical' liquid heating solar collector was used, and it was assumed that there was no heat exchanger between the solar collector and the hot water heat storage tank Estimates of the monthly fraction of the heating load as a function of the collector characteristics and area, heating load, and local climate, were obtained from a paper by Klein, Beckman, and Duffie (197S) M.L. A77-49012 A structural design process for solar energy systems V H Johnson, A J Kemp, and R B Lollar (IBM Corp, Huntsville, Ala) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 360-374 An approach to solar energy system design is described which involves detailed computer simulation and mathematical optimiza- tion constrained by practical considerations and physical subsystem characteristics A second activity involves the nuts and bolts tasks associated with transforming the analytically optimum paper design into an installation which will perform reliably over a reasonable lifetime The technical approach has been divided into three major elements subsystem evaluation, cost/performance trade studies and system design The design of a liquid hot water and space heating system for a typical residence in the Southeast United States is considered and the use of such a design process for systems in the Tennessee Valley Area is discussed B J A77-49014 Site Data Collection System for solar energy applications C K Luttrell (Teledyne Brown Engineering, Huntsville, Ala) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 384-402. Research supported by the Teledyne Brown Engineering. A cost-effective Site Data Collection System has been developed for evaluating solar heating and cooling systems It is adaptable to large or small acquisition tasks, can store data for extended periods, and can be set up for local removal of data via cassette tape or remote polling via telephone link, allowing immediate site monitor- ing Collection of solar energy has been achieved by combining environmental transducer units with interconnection cables and data acquisition units. A microprocessor performs the system timing and 480 A77-49022 control functions The system allows the user to plan sample rates and to select the number of channels to monitor, data retrieval methods, and conversion time on input data and data compression BJ A77-49015 Microcomputer processor for monitoring of solar heated buildings K C Forseth, I H Thomae, and A 0 Converse (Dartmouth College, Hanover, N H ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 403-406 A multi-channel monitoring system, utilizing a programmable microcomputer, has been developed in which preliminary data reduction is performed by the recording instrument Accumulated performance measures can be printed hourly or daily, or, through the use of an external data set, the instrument may be polled by telephone to retrieve the data The parts to build the 8-channel prototype cost $900 In lots of 100 these could presently be purchased for $500, we therefore estimate that the monitor could be manufactured and sold for $2500 (Author) A77-49016 Cost effective solar heating of houses with seasonal storage of energy R W Besant (Saskatchewan, University, Saskatoon, Canada) and C B Wmn (Colorado State University, Solar Environmental Engineering Co, Inc, Fort Collins, Colo) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 4 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 409-424 13 refs A feasibility study of solar heating with seasonal storage of energy has been carried out, with consideration of such technologies as space and service hot water heating using flat plate, vacuum tube array and tracking and focusing collectors Cost and size comparisons are made for six North American cities in a computer simulation based on the average hourly monthly output of each collector It was found that oversizing the collector area resulted in a decreased size of storage volume for hot water," especially for high performance collectors It is suggested that moderate sizes of solar components would be required in most parts of North America, and that costs of such systems would be competitive with present heating costs for some fuels in some locations when the cost of an auxiliary heating system and chimney are removed from present costs B J A77-49017 Solar thermal system requirements D E Anderson (Sheldahl, Inc, Northfield, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1-8 The collection and utilization of solar thermal energy for electrical power production, industrial process heat, and total energy systems is examined with regard to collection efficiency and system cost Depending upon such factors as use temperature, siting requirements, back-up energy sources, and cooling requirements, a variety of collection systems may have 'best effectiveness' for given applications Systems ranging from low temperature (around 100 C) to high temperature (around 500 C) can be all fabricated, installed, and maintained with state-of-the-art technology, wide-scale use will depend upon selecting the right system and/or the right application (Author) A77-49018 Technical and economic feasibility of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion G L Dugger, E J Francis, and W H Avery (Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 9-45 46 refs Research supported by the U S Maritime Administration and ERDA Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants will employ the temperature difference between the solar heated surface layer of a tropical ocean (24 to 28 C) and the water at 500 to 1200 m depth (4 to 7 C) as the source and sink for a Rankme cycle system to generate electric power The first commercial plants could be deployed in the mid-1980s, and we believe they will be competitive then with fossil fuel and nuclear energy sources for selected applications Ammonia (for fertilizers) is a particularly attractive product, because 95% of the ammonia produced in the U S is now made from natural gas, our scarcest resource Direct delivery of electric power to shore may also be competitive for, e g, the southeastern United States In the 1990s, delivery of liquid hydrogen and many other products should become attractive Various OTEC plant-ship concepts, their economics, onboard production plants, and some of the environmental considerations are discussed (Author) A77-49019 Survey of the applications of solar thermal energy to industrial process heat M D Fraser (InterTechnology Corp , Warrenton, Va ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 46-57 Contract No E(11-1)-2829 The considered survey constitutes an initial project which is to provide data useful to ERDA to determine the scope, extent, and direction of future work related to the utilization of solar thermal energy for industrial processing applications The first task is to obtain information concerning the use of process heat by industry in its production processes The overall objective of the second task is to identify the characteristics of various solar thermal energy systems with regard to their ability to provide the process heat To analyze the economics of solar thermal energy employed in industrial applications, a procedure has been developed which will be used to calculate the cost of solar energy for the different systems as a function of temperature and solar region G R A77-49020 Solar energy for process heat R Reimels (Brown and Root, Inc , Houston, Tex ) and J R Howell (Houston, University, Houston, Tex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 58-76 The use of solar systems to supplement process heat loads is discussed Direct and indirect solar systems are considered, and the computer analyses of thermal performance, a storage model, and a collector model are described Some output data are provided The economic feasibility of solar systems is examined, with attention to industrial,requirements M L A77-49021 A solar/Stirling total energy system R L Pons (Ford Aerospace and Communication Corp , Aeronutronic Div , Newport Beach, Calif) and R J Fox (Walt Disney Productions, WED Enterprises Div , Glendale, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 77-91 12 refs A conceptual design of a solar-powered Stirling engine-driven total energy system (TES) is presented Analysis results are given for a demonstration system which would supply the total energy needs of an advanced concept multi-unit residential complex The concept also has application to commercial buildings, schools, hospitals, and shopping centers The system is designed to make maximum use of Stirling automotive technology under current development Prelimi- nary economic analysis, based on large-scale production of com- ponents, indicates an equivalent electrical cost for the proposed complex on the order of 50 mils/KWh (Author) A77-49022 Conceptual design of an open cycle gas turbine solar central receiver system E Fourakis and P D. Mitchell (Energy Resources Center, Minneapolis, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 92-98 481 A77-49023 In the conceptual design of a high-temperature solar electric plant, two mathematical models and associated computer software have been developed and extensively used The solar central receiver model analyzes the performance of various combinations of collector field and central receiver geometries in terms of gross power received and power flux maps on the receiver walls The software is a Monte Carlo ray-trace The heat exchanger and cavity analysis model evaluates the microscopic performance of the heat transfer surfaces and uses the results to evaluate the macroscopic performance of the receiver cavity as a whole (Author) A77-49023 Smith multimodule solar-electric plant. 0 J M Smith (California, University, Berkeley, Calif) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 99-116 A practical solar-thermal-electric power plant can be built at a reasonable cost with available materials and conventional engineering design techniques Fields of steerable mirrors concentrate the reflected sunlight on hot receptors behind heat-conserving windows on short towers The absorbed heat from the hot receptors is carried by heat exchange fluids through pipes to a central station power plant containing heat exchangers to preheat and boil water and to superheat steam, and a conventional turbine and electrical generator A 100-megawatt power plant would be supplied from 1100 towers of 35 meters height, each tower receptor illuminated by a hexagonal field of 50 meters by 48 meters Each field has 312 mirrors of 2 square meters surface each The'capital cost in dollars per megawatt- hour of annual production has been reduced by unique hehostat field geometry, mirror construction, high transmission window, high absorption cavity, and optimum utilization of available heat at different temperatures in the thermodynamic cycle (Author) A77-49024 Shallow solar ponds for industrial process heat - The ERDA-Sohio project W C Dickinson, A F Clark, and A lantuono (California, University, Livermore, Caht) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 117-142 7 refs ContractNo W-7405-eng-48 Shallow solar ponds to supply cost-competitive solar heated water for industrial use have been developed A prototype system has been built and put into operation at the site of a new uranium mine and milling complex near Grants, New Mexico When operational, a projected full-size system is expected to furnish approximately half of the 10 to the fifth GJ annual site process heat requirement A description of the physical features of shallow solar ponds is presented along with a method for analyzing pond performance An economic analysis of the projected solar system is provided (Author) A77-49025 A generalized numerical model for predicting energy transfers and performance of large solar ponds B W Davis (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Ariz), J A Day, and A lantuono (California, University, Livermore, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 143-168 5 refs A highly generalized numerical model is being developed for predicting energy transfers and performance characteristics of large solar ponds The code will be used to optimize the design and operation of a large solar pond system which is expected to provide a large part of the 400,000 gallons of 140 F water used per day at a uranium milling facility in New Mexico The code predicts that two inches of glass foam insulation will reduce the energy losses by more than 20% over the 'no-insulation' condition The code provides information about the energy delivered in response to a myriad of variations in the fill/empty cycle, and also provides information on several other subjects, which are described A brief discussion of extensions of the code is also presented. (Author) A77-49026 Experience with a prototype solar pond for space heating C E Nielsen (Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 169-182 Research supported by the Ohio State University A solar pond of 2 5 m depth and 200 sq m area has been operated since Aug 1975 It was conceived as an economic prototype, and commercial construction cost is estimated at $7500, heat calculated available for winter use is 50,000 kW-hr thermal To determine performance, the distributions of temperature in pond and earth and of salinity have been recorded Behavior of surface and internal convection layers has been studied, and methods for eliminating them have been explored Heating of sloping black walls may be troublesome but can be eliminated by design modification Algae growth and contamination by leaves have occurred but appear manageable Because of the late start, no heat was extracted last winter. Minimum pond temperature under ice and snow cover was 28 C in Feb 1976, in June it reached 62 C On the whole, performance to date is encouraging (Author) A77-49027 Salt requirement and stability of solar ponds. C E Nielsen (Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) and A Rabl (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 183-187 12 refs The cost involved in the establishment of solar-pond systems for the storage of solar energy is largely determined by the cost of the salt The stability conditions for the solar pond are considered with the objective to minimize the salt requirements A framework is presented for analyzing the stability of the boundary between a convective and a nonconvective layer of a solar pond Attention is also given to approaches for preserving the required salinity gradient against diffusion G R A77-49028 Solar pond stability experiments J P. Leshuk, R J Zaworski (Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore), D L Styris, and 0 K Marling (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Wash ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5, Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 188202 12 refs ContractNo AT(45-1)-1830 Nonconvectmg salt pond solar collector/storage systems are studied with attention to the long term stability of salinity gradients The results of a year long experimental investigation are reported with conclusions drawn from partial data reduction Despite limita- tions of model systems, which are discussed, favorable observations about the stability of these thermohalme systems were obtained A maximum bottom temperature of 76 C and stable temperature gradients ranging from 150 - 300 C/meter were detected Slow top and bottom mixing layer growth was the only failure mode noted despite attempts to introduce instabilities at intermediate levels It is thought that normal energy extraction and evaporation make-up methods might provide a stabilizing influence • ML A77-49029 Solar industrial steam. A F. Clark (California, University, Livermore, Calif) and M. F Meriam (California, Univer- sity, Livermore and Berkeley, Calif). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 203-209 6 refs ContractNo W-7405-eng-48 Advantages of solar heating for industrial uses are considered Economics of scale can make industrial systems cost effective, and the larger amounts of heat collectable in the summer can be used Since the energy content of steam is due mostly to heat of vaporization, it is recommended that a solar energy assist to process steam should try to make steam rather than just preheat hot water A 482 A77-49036 preferred scheme for making steam involves an inexpensive low concentration reflector in the form of a cylinder of inflated plastic film, transparent on top and reflecting on the bottom, a black pipe containing water (and steam) is placed at the focal line. The produced steam can be compressed. A possible 24-hr supply system is considered, and some parameters of a possible solar steam system are indicated M L A77-49030 Study of a solat assisted diffusion separation process for isotopic mixtures L E Ita (Nevada, University, Las Vegas, Nev ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 220-231 5 refs The paper discusses the possibility of utilizing direct solar radiation to create the required temperature gradient for a planar thermal diffusion separating column The resulting temperature difference from thermal insolation is expressed as a function of the column characteristic Biot number The separation factor is described for (1) a single cell with no cell circulation (resulting in a low separation factor and a high yield rate), and (2) a system of cells with cell circulation (resulting in three performance indicators the specific static mass, specific energy, and specific area) An equal stage separation model is described with regard to factors influencing the specific area, and an example of intermediate gaseous uranium h-fluonde production is presented S C S A77-49031 Development of lightweight compound para- bolic concentrators for solar thermal electric and process heat applications J Allen, N Levitz, A Rabl, K Reed, W. Schertz, and R Winston (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20,1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 232-241 7 refs ERDA-supported research The design and construction of a lightweight collector panel that uses the Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) to achieve maximal concentration with minimal tracking requirements is described The primary goal of the effort has been the development of methods of constructing the units with low cost materials that still allow high temperature (120-230 C) operation. The use of thermo- formed plastics for both the container box and the reflector substrate has been investigated for use in combination with an evacuated glass tube around the absorber plate The predicted performance of the collector has been calculated, and the problem of keeping the reflectors cool has been addressed. Preliminary results on the reflector tests are presented. (Author) A77-49032 Solar thermal electric power systems - Com- parison of line focus collectors W S Duff and W W Shaner (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 , Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 244-271 15 refs Three different line focus collectors, the parabolic trough, the circular array of fixed slats with a movable absorber, and the linear array of movable curved slats with a fixed absorber, are evaluated using minimum cost per kilowatt hour of electricity generated as the measure of performance The minimum cost of electricity is found using a sequential optimization approach that considers variations in rim angle, reflectance, aperture width, length, orientation, tracking, contour error, slat width, slat curvature, tangent slat angle, slope, design, installation methods, materials, fabrication methods, absorp- tance, emittance, cover transmittance, field shape, layout, pipe sizes, insulation thicknesses and turbine-generator-cooling tower ef- ficiencies and designs This approach provides a uniform treatment of both cost and performance for the solar thermal electric power system This uniform treatment of solar thermal electric power systems for all collector types insures that valid comparisons can be made. (Author) A77-49033 Turntable solar arrays C J Swet (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 \ Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 274-290 5 refs A method of assembling and orienting extremely compact arrays of linear concentrators is described, in which the entire array is rotated as a unit in turntable fashion to follow the sun The performance of such arrays is examined parametrically in terms of direct energy interception per unit area, as a function of geometry, geographic latitude, time of day, and season of year, and is shown to exceed that of arrays of individually oriented linear collectors that rotate about North-South polar axes An adaptation based on the use of tilted Fresnel refractors is described, which enables the collection of diffuse sunlight while concentrating the direct component The feasibility and utility of this adaptation are preliminarily assessed Applications of turntable arrays to irrigation pumping, electric power generation, and total energy systems are depicted (Author) A77-49034 * Technical feasibility of a modular dish solar electric system B P Gupta (Honeywell Energy Resources Center, Minneapolis, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 | Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 291-309 Contract No NAS3-19740 The paper presents the technical feasibility of generating electricity by using a gas turbine in conjunction with a paraboloid of revolution (dish) solar concentrator A conceptual design of a dish concentrator is obtained by parametrically examining the significant optical parameters The optical performance analysis was conducted using a Monte Carlo ray-trace simulation program The performance of four candidate thermodynamic cycles utilizing two working fluids was analyzed, the cycles were the regenerative and nonregenerative Brayton cycles of both open and closed type Air and helium were the working fluids for the open and closed type respectively Heat transfer from the solar radiation to the gas flowing in metal tubes at the receiver was also analyzed A paraboloid of revolution dish with a cavity receiver using an open air regenerative Brayton cycle turbine emerged as a technically feasible concept in the power range from 30 to 100 KWth per module (Author) A77-49035 Fermi function model absorption profile for solar-thermal conversion D E Soule, J H Schnitzmeyer, and W R McKie (Western Illinois University, Macomb, III) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 310-322 10 refs Research supported by the Western Illinois University and Argonne National Laboratory. A parametrized Fermi function model is introduced to fit the spectral absorptance profiles of typical spectrally selective absorbing layers over the wavelength range from 03 to 40 microns The resulting temperature dependence of spectral and thermodynamic solar-thermal conversion efficiencies for a focused concentrator system are calculated. Comparisons made between spectrally selec- tive and blackbody absorbers over the concentration ratio range from IX to 10,OOOX showed spectrally selective absorbers to be advanta- geous usually up to at least 100X (about 500-800 C), with the assumption that the absorbing surface is thermally durable over the required temperature range. With existing optical data, the effect of high-temperature spectral absorptance is also taken into account The relative merits of the parametrized model versus the usual spectral absorptance/emittance ratio are discussed in the light of potential solid-state spectral absorptance profile tailoring. (Author) A77-49036 A central receiver lolar system applicable to central power stations. R. L. Gervais (McDonnell Douglas Astro- nautics Co., Huntmgton Beach, Calif.), J. M. Friefeld (Rockwell International Corp., Rocketdyne Div., Canoga Park, Calif.), and A. W. McKenzie (Stearns-Roger, Inc., Denver, Colo.) In Sharing the sun- Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint 483 A77-49037 Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 325-335. This paper presents an overview of a central receiver solar thermal electric system. The design is distinct in that it utilizes (1) first-surface mirrored heliostats, (2) an external, single pass-to- superheat receiver, and (3) a sensible heat, thermocline type thermal storage A 100-MWe commercial power plant, designed for integra- tion into a utility network, is described. A 10-MWe pilot plant whose purpose is to establish technical feasibility and provide an indication of system economics for the commercial system is then given focus The solar-indigenous subsystems of the 10-MWe pilot plant, i e , the collector, receiver, and thermal storage are also addressed in some detail (Author) A77-49037 Central receiver solar thermal power F A Blake (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, Colo.). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 336-354 Contract No E(04-3)-1110 The planning of a 10 MWe solar power plant intended as a pilot plant for a 100 MWe project is discussed A schematic of the pilot plant is provided, and its baseline configuration with respect to the 100 MWe plant is explained The planned development of cavity receivers is described with attention to features of a 1 MWth cavity receiver steam generator Two planned experiments, the thermal storage subsystem research experiment and the concentrating heho- stat research experiment, are described The electric power genera- tion subsystem is examined A preliminary economic summary and a typical day performance profile are provided M L A77-49038 Solar flux density distributions on central tower receivers M Riaz and T Gurr (Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 356-373 5 refs An analytical formulation of the solar flux density distributions produced on the surface of a central tower receiver by large mirror fields is developed This formulation accounts for dispersion, shading, and screening effects of mirrors, and for degradation of insolation levels The case of symmetrical geometries involving circular mirror fields and vertical cylindrical receivers is analyzed. A general method of calculation yields closed-form solutions for the concentration ratios in terms of normalized parameters describing the mirror field configuration, the receiver dimensions, the insolation levels, the mirror characteristics, and the time of the day Aiming strategies of mirror focusing and mirror field asymmetries which induce flux gradients around the receiver are examined The methodology can be applied to many other geometries considered for receivers in solar power tower systems M L A77-49039 Collector field design for a central receiver solar thermal power plant C. R Easton, J E Raetz, and L L Vant-Hull (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co , Huntmgton Beach, Calif, Houston, University, Houston, Tex.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 374-384. The collector field design of a central receiver solar thermal power plant is described, and cost estimates of the system are presented The collector subsystem consists of an array of tracking heliostats and field controllers, concentrating the sun's light to the top of a tower located within the array. Front-surf ace-silvered 6 34 mm float glass with an acrylic coating is used for the reflecting surface, supported against wind and gravity loads The drive unit, incorporating an elevation/azimuth gimbal mount, and the heliostat pedestal structure are discussed. Control sensors include beam sensors for normal tracking and position potentiometers for mea- suring the angular positions of the gimbal axes. The field controller is used as a communication link between the master control and heliostat, and provides the heliostat closed-loop control, drive-motor and control-sensor power, and fault detection. A preliminary cost evaluation for collector and receiver construction and installation is included. S.C.S. A77-49040 Heliostat field design for the ERDA 5 Megawatt Solar Thermal Test Facility. E M Fourakis, K L Curtner, and P. D Mitchell (Honeywell Energy Resources Center, Minneapolis, Minn.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 385-391 The working heliostat field for the ERDA 5 Megawatt Solar Thermal Test Facility was designed to meet the solar thermal power requirements for testing 4 different receiver subsystem research experiments Requirements for the field were specified in terms of yearly solar thermal energy available from the heliostats and instantaneous power levels delivered by the heliostat field to the experiments. A ray-trace simulation model of the subsystem research experiment receivers and heliostat field was the principal tool used in this conceptual design. Field deployment, focusing strategy, number of heliostats and total mirror area required to accomplish the test objectives of the facility were established. (Author) A77-49041 Economic aspects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion F E Naef (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Inc, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volumes, Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 392-411 7 refs The results of several studies indicate that solar energy collected by the surface layers of the ocean can be converted to electricity using contemporary technology, and with design and fabrication improvements, can be made economically competitive with fossil and nuclear fueled plants OTEC technology is reviewed and economic issues are identified and discussed Because the plant is modular and operates in the marine environment, major components can be manufactured in existing shipyards and can be operated by estab- lished marine contractors and maritime labor The process of large scale implementation is investigated by conceptualizing a Technology Delivery System (TDS) and examining the impact of various design features and government incentives (Author) A77-49042 Preliminary research on Ocean Energy Indus- trial Complexes. C D Hornburg, B. Lindal, and N. EI-Ramly (DSS Engineers, Inc, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 412-435 ERDA-supported research. Results of a one year study on the feasibility of producing energy intensive products at ocean sites using electricity generated from Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants are pre- sented Analysis of production methods and other data on 62 major products lead to selecting 23 of these for further study Production was grouped into five separate, possible complexes Further market and transportation studies showed that production of products in a sea chemicals complex and an organic chemicals and plastics complex had the highest economic potential. Detailed designs of these two complexes are presented. The three potential sites were selected for these OEICs An environmental assessment revealed that these complexes would have no adverse environmental impact. The selected products can be produced at ocean sites competitively with production at similar land-based complexes Return on investment will be between 13% and 18% depending on actual power costs and details of the final designs. (Author) A77-49044 Studies of biofoulmg in ocean thermal energy conversion plants. J. G Fetkovich, G N Grannemann, D L Meier, and F C Munchmeyer (Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., 484 A77-49053 Hawaii, University, Honolulu, Hawaii) In Sharing the sun 'Solar, technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference,' Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 5. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 446-460 NSF-ERDA-supported research A77-49046 Design of low-cost aluminum heat exchangers for OTEC plant-ships. H L Olsen, P P. Pandolfmi, R W Blevms, G L Ougger, and W H Avery (Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 485-506 24 refs ERDA-supported research Successful commercial implementation of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant-ships will require a capital cost competitive with land-based plants The most expensive components of an OTEC system are the evaporators (heated by warm surface water), the condensers (cooled by water from 700-1000 m depth), and the floating ocean platform To minimize these costs, simple two-phase- flow heat exchangers made of large-diameter aluminum tubes (ammonia inside, sea water outside) have been designed for integra- tion in a simple barge-type reinforced concrete hull Each 2 5-MWe (net) evaporator or condenser module has 132 tubes approximately 700 ft long, folded to 27 horizontal passes each, 6 of these tubes are 'nested' in a vertical plane in each of 22 'elements' The estimated costs for the heat exchangers are reported (Author) A77-49047 Sensitivity analysis for OTEC propane and mixture cycles C A Lawson, K Z Iqbal, L W Fish, and K E Starling (Oklahoma, University, Norman, Okla ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 507-521 Contract No E(401)-4944 The results of sensitivity analysis calculations are presented for OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) cycles using propane and propane - n-butane mixtures as working fluids Parameter studies in the sensitivity analysis include heat exchanger LMTD's (log mean temperature differences), sea water velocities in heat exchanger tubes, warm sea water temperature rise and cold sea water temperature drop in the heat exchangers, and the cold sea water pipe length In addition, mixture composition (mole fraction n-butane) for the propane - n-butane system was treated as a parameter These calculations show that with present state of the art heat exchanger technology there are virtually no economic tradeoffs because of the dominant costs of the heat exchangers. It was observed that because mixtures offer an increased economic advantage over pure working fluids as the temperature rise of the cold sea water is increased, mixtures as working fluids should become more attractive as heat exchanger costs are reduced (Author! A77-49048 Gulf Stream OTEC resource potential and environmental impact assessment overview. H P Harrenstien and W. R McCluney (Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, Fla ). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies; Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 5. 'Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 522-534. 6 refs. The basic features of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) project are described with regard to environmental impact and the potential of Gulf Stream resources for the construction of an OTEC plant Categories of environmental considerations are outlined for both the plant itself and the related land-based construction and support facilities with the alteration of the near-surface portion of the thermocline identified as the most significant problem. Chmatological effects of a depressed sea surface temperature is discussed in terms of both regional and global effects. The Gulf Stream resources are presented along with a basic analytical model and related calculations. S C.S A77-49049 A comparison of the economics of nuclear and solar power C Zener (Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 5 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 535-548 5 refs , This paper compares the estimated capital costs per net power capacity for nuclear and for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants ordered today for delivery in the mid-1980s The estimate for nuclear plants takes into consideration the 24% annual increase in estimated costs since 1967, the historical factor of two of the actual cost over the estimated cost, and the low 56% average capacity factor for large nuclear plants, versus the planned for capacity factor of 80% The estimate for OTEC plants starts from estimates made by industry using only state-of-the-art components and introducing anticipated improvements in the performance of heat-exchangers The estimates obtained in this manner give about $3000/kW for nuclear and approximately $1000/kW for OTEC generating capacity with 80% capacity factor (Author) A77-49050 Solar cells for terrestrial applications. H J Hovel (IBM Corp, Yorktown Heights, NY) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1-21 87 refs The four main types of solar cells are described in detail, including silicon, cadmium sulfide-copper sulfide, concentrator and thin film cells Energy band diagrams are presented for some of the cells and attention is given to energy conversion efficiencies The emphasis is placed on terrestrial rather than space applications. B J A77-49051 EFG growth of silicon ribbon for solar cells K \V Ravi and A I Mlavsky (Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corp, Waltham, Mass.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 23-33 J4 refs The paper reviews the status of the edge-defined, film-fed growth (EFG) process for producing ribbon-shaped crystals of silicon for solar cell applications Attention is given to equipment, cost and ribbon-quality considerations along with crystal growth charac- teristics Solar cells in two sizes have been fabricated from the silicon ribbons 1 cm x 2 cm and 1 in x 4 in Cell efficiencies are in the 7-12% (AMI) range, with the larger area cells exhibiting the lower efficiencies. B J A77-49052 * Development of low-cost silicon crystal growth techniques for terrestrial photovoltaic solar energy con- version J A Zoutendyk (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 34-47 22 refs Because of the growing need for new sources of electrical energy, photovoltaic solar energy conversion is being developed Photovoltaic devices are now being produced mainly from silicon wafers obtained from the slicing and polishing of cylmdncally shaped single crystal ingots Inherently high-cost processes now being used must either be eliminated or modified to provide low-cost crystalline silicon. Basic to this pursuit is the development of new or modified methods of crystal growth and, if necessary, crystal cutting If silicon could be grown in a form requiring no cutting, a significant cost saving would potentially be realized Therefore, several techniques for growth in the form of ribbons or sheets are being explored In addition, novel techniques for low-cost ingot growth and cutting are under investigation. (Author) A77-49053 * Design considerations of solar arrays for ter- restrial applications R. G Ross, Jr (California Institute of Tech- nology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ) In Sharing the 485 A77-49054 sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 48-56 ERDA-sponsored research, Contract No NAS7-100 The primary objective of the Low-cost Silicon Solar Array (LSSA) Project, which forms a major part of a national photovoltaic program, is the timely development of low-cost commercial-quality photovoltaic arrays through an active program of industrial and academic involvement. The definition of future array requirements is considered as a necessary step toward meeting this objective An overview of array requirement trends which begin to evolve from the various ERDA activities is presented For present terrestrial arrays the primary requirement is to generate power for small, often remote electric-power applications. To meet an objective of increased energy independence requires that photovoltaics become economically viable for the large energy consumption of the future Various developments needed to achieve such an economic viability are discussed G R. A77-49054 * Large area Czochralski silicon for solar cells. S. N. Rea and G. F. Wakefield (Texas Instruments, Inc. Dallas, Tex.). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the' Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 57-66. 6 refs. NASA- ERDA-supported research A detailed model of a typical Czochralski silicon crystal puller is utilized to predict maximum crystal growth rate as a function of various furnace parameters Results of this analysis, when combined with multiblade slurry sawing, indicate that the Czochralski process is highly attractive for achieving near-term cost reduction of solar cell silicon. (Author) A77-49055 * Low energy production processes in manufac- turing of silicon solar cells. A R Kirkpatrick (Simulation Physics, Inc., Burlington, Mass ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 67-72 Contracts No. NAS7-100;No JPL-954289, No F33615-75-C-2006. Ion implantation and pulsed energy techniques are being combined for fabrication of silicon solar cells totally under vacuum and at room temperature Simplified sequences allow very short processing times with small process energy consumption Economic projections for fully automated production are excellent (Author) A77-49056 Status of the ERDA photovoltaic materials and device studies D M Warschauer (ERDA, Washington, D.C ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 73-78 A number of techniques and systems concepts currently under investigation could, when successfully developed, make it possible to reach a cost of 50 cents or lower a peak watt by 1986 A description is presented of studies related to the long-term goal of 10 to 30 cents per peak watt by the turn of the century if not before The studies involve an evaluation of the possibilities presented by an em- ployment of novel materials and devices Attention is given to the investigation of heterostructure configurations on single crystal silicon, the characteristics of silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide-cuprous sulfide, indium phosphide, cadmium indium selemde, cadmium tellunde, cuprous oxide, thin polycrystallme films of silicon and gallium arsenide on a low-cost substrate, and solar device lifetime considerations G R. A77-49057 Extension of the Hottel-Whilher-Bliss model to the analysis of combined photovoltaic/thermal flat plate collectors. L W. Florschuetz (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz.). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 6. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 79-92 9 refs. Contract No E(11-1)-2748 A77-49058 Terrestnal concentrating photovoltaic power system studies. D. L. Evans and L. W. Florschuetz (Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz.). In: Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 6. Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 93-105 6 refs Contract No. E(11-D-2590 Studies aimed at defining the role of sunlight concentration in reducing the cost of electrical energy generated by terrestrial photovoltaic systems are described These studies use computer modeling to (a) compare silicon cells and gallium arsenide cells in concentrating systems, (b) investigate the operation of photovoltaic systems in low insolation locations and (c) evaluate the effect of wind dependent thermal conductances on performance of passively cooled systems Optimum fixed energy costs occur at higher aperture to cell area ratios for GaAs systems compared to silicon systems due to the better high temperature performance and increased costs of GaAs. Results based on currently available data show that con- centrating systems should not be ruled out relative to fixed flat unconcentrated arrays even for low solar irradiation locations such as Cleveland. The wind dependent thermal conductance studies show that for precise modeling the effect of wind speed should be considered in locations having larger wind speed deviations from the yearly mean. However, with the present uncertainties in cost inputs, the use of average values is quite appropriate. (Author) A77-49059 CdS/Cu2S solar cells • A low-cost thin film polycrystallme photovoltaic device for terrestrial applications. J D Meakm, B Baron, K W Boer, L Burton, W Devaney, H Hadley, Jr, J Phillips, A Rothwarf, G Storti, and W Tseng (Delaware, University, Newark, Del) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 113-119 13 refs NSF Grant No AER-72-03478. The conversion efficiency of cadmium sulfide solar cells has shown progressive improvement and now exceeds 7-1/2% The structure and operation of the cell is now sufficiently well understood that cells can be produced reliably and the potential for further improvement in efficiency assessed Improved gndding procedures allow adjustment of the copper sulfide stoichiometry to give maximum short circuit current without loss in fill factor or open circuit voltage. The achievable efficiency of the CdS/Cu2S cell is assessed and the potential for further improvement by utilization of mixed zinc cadmium sulfides presented (Author) A77-49060 * Basic mechanisms governing solar-cell ef- ficiency. F A. Lmdholm, A. Neugroschel (Florida, University, Gainesville, Fla.), and C. T. Sah (Illinois, University, Urbana, III) In Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20,1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 120-129. 26 refs Grant No NsG-3018, Contract No. E(40-11-5134. The efficiency of a solar cell depends on the material parameters appearing in the set of differential equations that describe the transport, recombination, and generation of electrons and holes. This paper describes the many basic mechanisms occurring in semi- conductors that can control these material parameters. (Author) A77-49062 CulnSe2/CdS thin film tolar cells. L L Kazmerski (Maine, University, Orono, Me). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 150-158 11 refs. NSF-supported research The fabrication and characterization of several thin film p-CulnSe2/n-CdS heterojunction solar cells are presented Two 486 A77-49070 modes of operation, involving illumination either through the CulnSe2 or the CdS layer, are discussed Efficiencies in the range 4-5% are reported and the spectral response characteristics are presented for these heterojunctions The forward J-V characteristics indicate the domination of the generation-recombination mechanism Device parameters (V sub OC, I sub SC, FF and eta) are summarized (Author) A77-49063 The Alcoa 655 selective surface for aluminum J H Powers, A G Craig, Jr, and W King (Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 166-186 23 refs A selective surface (a coating composed almost entirely of aluminum and oxygen) has been developed for use on aluminum solar collector absorber surfaces, which offers a cost effective solution to the problem of reducing thermal losses and increasing the efficiency of collection The advantages of the selective surface, designated the Alcoa 655 Process, are good stability, low cost, and availability on full-size collectors Coating properties, cost and availability are reviewed and results of absorptivity, emissivity, weather-ometer, and fade-o-meter tests are presented B J A77-49064 Analytical and experimental treatment of a spray-on selective coating - Application to collector design C S Moore, T S Ashley, III, and H A Blum (Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Tex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 187-204 7 refs Research supported by the Dallas Power and Light Co The paper describes a spray-on selective coating, utilizing a commercially available paint (the maior pigment being black iron oxide) for solar collector surfaces, that has been applied to plain steel, galvanized steel and aluminum substrates The absorptivity emissivity curve obtained by experiment suggests the existence of an optimal absorptivity-emissivity set which would maximize the useful energy from a collector A method developed by Tabor (1967) for optimizing selective coatings for any specified set of operating conditions (collection temperature, average insolation, etc ) is de- scribed B J A77-49065 Solar energy utilization, solid state science, and a high efficiency amorphous-silicon absorber R W Griffith (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 205215 20 refs EPDA-supported research The electronic properties of non crystalline, IB, amorphous, silicon (a-Si) have interesting consequences for solar energy utiliza- tion Of particular interest is the enhanced optical absorption coefficient alpha sub lambda in thin films of a-Si Depending upon film preparation and operating conditions, such alpha sub lambda profiles offer the following advantages relative to crystal-Si films These are (1) a 'tunable' position of the absorption edge that allows red shifts to nearly lambda sub g equals 2 1 microns and (2) a steep profile shape that can rapidly attain alpha sub lambda of about 10 to the 5th to 10 to the 6th/cm near the center of the AM2 solar spectrum In solar thermal conversion, a principal potential applica- tion is that of a high-efficiency thin-film selective absorber coating In photovoltaic conversion, application can be made to super-shallow a-Si junctions as recently reported by several groups in the literature (Author) A77-49066 The financial incentives for the fabrication of improved absorption coatings for the flat plate collector. F de Winter (Atlas Corp, Santa Clara, Calif) and L D Fitzgerald (International Copper Research Association, Inc, New York, N Y) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 216-239 27 refs A77 49067 * Considerations in the development of a high performance per unit cost solar collector W H Sims (Chamberlain Manufacturing Corp, Waterloo, Iowa) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 240-254 Contract No NAS8-31326 A flat plate collector employing a mild steel, pressure expanded absorber plate has been developed It is capable of energy output levels commensurate with the requirements of driving an absorption refrigeration system while operating at efficiency levels in the 35-40% range Selective absorber surfaces of black chrome over nickel and black copper over copper were analyzed and prototype collectors containing each type of absorber plating were fabricated and tested for performance Criteria applied to the cost effectiveness analysis of the collector included both the energy output per unit area and the collector fabrication cost per unit area B J A77-49068 Application of aluminum alloys for solar heating and cooling systems R A Bonewitz, W King, and A G Craig, Jr (Alcoa Technical Center, Alcoa Center, Pa I In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 255 273 6 refs Aluminum alloys are an excellent material of construction for solar collectors because of their low weight, good strength and formabihty, low cost and natural resistance to atmospheric cor- rosion Consideration must be given in thermal fluid selection to avoid general or pitting corrosion and in system design to avoid galvanic, crevice or erosion corrosion In closed systems, aluminum alloys have been employed in multimetallic heating and cooling systems charged with untreated deionized or distilled water, and where they have been shown to be non-aggressive to aluminum, with some untreated natural waters The use of suitable corrosion inhibitors is recommended for long service life In open systems treatment is required because of concentration of the water and oxygen ingress Ten year service experience with aluminum auto- mobile radiators indicates that aluminum can be employed with inhibited ethylene glycol solutions with reasonable attention to the solution chemistry (Author) A77-49069 Use of getters in evacuated solar collectors W S Carter and J H H King (King Laboratories, Inc , Syracuse, N Y ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 274-288 16 refs The use of a getter m evacuated solar collectors is discussed Heat conduction through an annulus has been found for gases at low pressures and at a range of possible operating temperatures The pressure necessary to reduce conduction heat loss to a small value is 0004 torr for a 2 inch 0 D glass envelope Barium metal is useful in maintaining a vacuum of less than 0004 torr The gettermg capacity of barium by gas specie is explained The amount of barium necessary to properly maintain a vacuum for a 10 to 20 year collector life is discussed Activation of the getter by induction heating is discussed Typical performances of the getter regarding barium yield and begin of flash are illustrated (Author) A77-49070 The weatherability of solar energy utilization materials - Preliminary discussions J E Gilligan and J Brzuskiewicz (NT Research Institute, Chicago, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 289-302 Contract No E(1M)-57aPA-34 487 A77-49071 A77-49071 Prisms with total internal reflection as solar reflectors A Rabl (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 303-315. 10 refs ERDA-supported research In certain solar collectors, conventional mirrors can be replaced by an array of small rectangular glass prisms with total internal reflection (TIR) The suitability of TIR prismatic reflectors for solar energy collection is investigated systematically, and the. following applications are found to be promising (1) heliostats for central receiver, (2) parabolic reflectors with point focus, (3) line focus systems (both parabolic and Fresnel reflectors) tracking around north-south axis, provided the tilt of the system is adjusted seasonally, (4) under some conditions, V- and Compound Parabolic Concentrators, in trough or cone geometry Reflection at the front surface of a prism will split any incident ray into separate rays which may leave the prism in two different directions However, in all the designs considered here, all these rays will reach the absorber, and thus the effective reflectivity is indeed 100% apart from absorption losses (Author) A77-49072 Reflection coefficient for a back-surface glass mirror T Kent (Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa ) and L L Vant-Hull (Houston, University, Houston, Tex) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 316-324 11 refs NSF Grant No GI-39456 The variation of the reflectivity of a back-surface glass mirror with respect to the angle of incidence was studied with consideration of multiple reflections, polarization, spectral characteristics of the absorptivity and reflectivity, and thickness and absorptivity of the glass In most cases of interest, the reflectivity vanes only a few percent for angles of incidence between plus and minus 80 deg and goes to unity at grazing incidence (90 deg) A 6 mm thick float glass mirror with a back-surface silver coating was used in these ex- periments Data for wavelength dependencies are presented, and a theoretical analysis of the optics of the system is provided Many systems, the solar tower in particular, use back-silvered mirrors to reflect the solar energy to a collector M L A77-49073 On the use of solid-dielectric compound para- bolic concentrators with photovoltaic devices N B Goodman, L Wharton, R Winston (Chicago, University, Chicago, III ), and R Ignatius (M7 International, Arlington Heights, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference. Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 325-330 Research supported by the University of Chicago Prototype solid dielectric compound parabolic concentrators have been made and tested By means of the geometry and refractive properties of a transparent solid they provide a technique for increasing the power output of silicon solar cells exposed to the sun by an amount equal to the increase in effective collecting area The response is uniform over a large angle which eliminates the necessity of diurnal tracking of the sun The technique can be applied to the construction of thin panels and has the potential for significantly reducing their cost per unit area (Author) A77-49075 Heat mirror - A practical alternative to the selective absorber R M Wmegarner (Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc , Santa Rosa, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 6 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 339-348 Experimental data has been found to agree with calculations showing that a heat mirror coating, used in a two cover flat plate collector can be nearly as effective as a selective absorber coating In contrast to the selective absorber coating, which is applied to the absorber plate, the heat mirror coating is applied to the inner cover glass This feature allows one to upgrade the performance of a flat black, two cover glass collector by the replacement of an uncoated inner cover with a coated one This retrofit will provide an absolute instantaneous efficiency increase of up to 10% and a relative daily performance increase of up to 20% (Author) A77-49076 Fuels and chemicals from the sun through bioconversion R H Bogan (Washington, University, Seattle, Wash ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 2-6. Bioconversion solar energy technology promises to provide the basis for major renewable fuel supplies in the future Utilizing plant biomass materials as an energy feedstock, this technology is expected to supply the U S with up to 15 Quads of energy in the form of fuels and industrial chemicals by the year 2020 Comparable global supplies appear feasible Agricultural and forest residues are the most promising near-term energy resources Terrestrial and marine energy farming systems are expected to become the dominant sources of biomass energy feedstocks after the year 2000 (Author) A77-49077 Improved, inexpensive solar collectors for agri- cultural requirements J H Schlag, D C Ray, A P Sheppard, and J M Wood (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 22-32 Research sponsored by the Georgia Institute of Genetics, U S Department of Agriculture Contract No 12 14-7001-566 This article compares four different types of low-cost agri cultural solar collectors which can be used for crop drying, greenhouse heating, and heating animal shelters The types of collectors to be studied are a black film, hot air collector system, a rock absorption and storage collector system, a solar pond connector system, and a greenhouse collector system Selection criteria for the materials used in the collectors and problems encountered in the actual fabrication of the collectors will also be presented A study of the instrumentation and data acquisition system used to collect the solar systems performance data is presented A digital recording system forms the nucleus of this system A time multiplex scanner has been developed which can handle as many as sixty thermo- couples monitoring various collector system points The measure ments which are discussed are temperature, humidity, flow rates, insolation, wind speed, and wind direction (Author) A77-49078 Design and performance of an air collector for industrial crop dehydration P W Miles, E J Carnegie, J G Pohl, and J M Chern (California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, TRW, Inc, Systems and Energy Div, Redondo Beach, Calif) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 88-99 7 refs NSF Grant No ERT-74-19063 Test results are reported for the operation of unglazed and single-glazed solar collectors used to heat air to the 200 F range The collectors were constructed of standard black-painted metal decking and were tested in various lengths so that pressure drops and convective heat transfer rates could be varied independent of collector operation temperature It is shown that the experimental collector performance results with single pass operation are in substantial agreement with standard collector analysis procedures These results give a firm basis for collector and system optimization with respect to life cycle costs (Author) A77-49079 Silviculture energy plantations R E Inman (Mitre Corp , McLean, Va ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 100-103 488 A77-49087 A systems study of silviculture plantations to produce energy/ chemical feedstock is underway An analysis of biomass production costs is being performed for ten sites in the United States Production scenarios will be combined with various biomass conver- sion scenarios to estimate final product costs Final results will be reported in February, 1977 (Author) A77-49080 Field crops as a future source of fuels and chemical feedstocks. E S Lipmsky (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 104-117 5 refs ERDA-supported research Such field crops as sugarcane, sorghums, sugar beets, wheat, and corn are under investigation as sources of fuels and commodity chemicals Ethanol and methanol appear more attractive for indus- trial use than for fuel usage Thermochemical production of fertilizer ammonia appears especially attractive Genetic optimization, ag- ronomic improvements, whole-plant harvesting, and hauling cost reductions may all be needed to fulfill the economic promise of this approach to ameliorating the hydrocarbon crisis (Author) A77-49081 Methane production through bioconversion of agriculture residues. D. 0. Schulte. E. j Kroeker. A B Sparling, and H M Lapp (Manitoba, University, Winnipeg, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 119-128. 26 refs Research supported by the Biomass Energy Institute, University of Manitoba, Agricultural Institute of Canada, and Shell Canada. Bioconversion of agricultural residues to methane gas has been restricted in the past by lack of understanding of process perfor- mance at the high organic loading rates and high organic solids concentrations normally associated with animal manures and crop residues Experiments at the University of Manitoba carried out at organic loading rates several times that normally associated with sewage sludge digestion and at ammonia concentrations far above that formerly thought to be toxic to methane productmg bacteria have shown extreme process stability These and other results indicate that there may be a useful role for anaerobic digestion in the formulation of practical and economic farm-scale bioconversion units. (Author) A77-49082 A feasibility study of bio-gas production in individual farms in Southwestern Ontario. C M Ostrovski, N Peters, and J L Sullivan (Western Ontario, University, London, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 129-145 12 refs A mathematical model has been developed to examine trie economic feasibility of building small digesters for single-farm utilization (on a scale of about 200 acres) to produce energy (methane gas) and fertilizer from renewable resources (crop residue and animal waste). The model considers (1) the volume of the gas needed, (2) the quantity of heat needed to operate the digester, (3) the volume and cost of a digester to produce enough heat for purposes 1 and 2, (4) the amounts of residue required and fertilizer produced, and (5) a comparison of the cost of building and operating the digester and the benefits achieved The MOSES computer program for solving the model is presented Some case studies relating to farms in Southwestern Ontario are discussed. B J. A77-49083 Agricultural and forestry wastes as an energy resource J A Alich, Jr and J G Witwer (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 146-156 The feasibility of converting agricultural and forestry residues to energy is evaluated based on a county-by-county inventory for the conterminous United States The impact of this energy resource on the U S energy system is forecast using the SRI energy model (Author) A77-49084 Perpetually renewable biomass prospects • A comparison of U.S and Canadian ecosystem carrying capacities vi needs E E Robertson (Biomass Energy Institute, Inc, Winnipeg, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 1.57-179 10 refs This paper will delineate the solar, climatic and other perpetual- ly renewable ecosystem prerequisites for biomass formation It will then attempt to quantify the geographical areas in both countries which already satisfy the foregoing prerequisites It will focus attention upon awesome programs which may become necessary to preserve and expand North America's ecosystem's capacity to perpetually provide our essential biomass - not only for energy but for food, fiber, chemical feedstocks, fertilizers and Pharmaceuticals (Author) A77-49085 Preliminary assessment of the potential for medium and large capacity wind generators used as fuel savers for ac diesel based power systems in Ontario R M R. Higgm and C. K Brown (Ontario Ministry of Energy, Toronto, Ontario Research Foundation, Mississauga, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar'Energy Society, 1976, p 180-194 5 refs A77-49086 Some legal-institutional implications of off- shore wind energy conversion systems L H Mayo (George Wash mgton University, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 195-214 28 refs Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are being given systematic attention in the U S although the effort to date is still in a relatively preliminary stage Studies underway or proposed are expected to provide needed data concerning technological practica- bility, economic competitiveness, and socio-political acceptability of wind energy systems Some attention is being given specifically to offshore WECS configurations Offshore WECS present unique problems, particularly of a legal-institutional nature, including potentially conflicting National-International and Federal-State juris- dictional claims, competing sea area uses, land use management, utility policy and regulation, and incentives to utilize innovational energy technologies The existing array of Federal energy statutes appears to provide an adequate legal framework for vigorous research, development and demonstration programs But it may become advisable to enact specific legislation to eliminate or ameliorate certain constraints on the implementation of offshore WECS if significant private sector participation is to be encouraged (Author) A77-49087 Wind-electric conversion utilizing field modu- lated generator systems. R Ramakumar (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 215-229 24 refs. ERDA-supported research, NSF Grant No AER-75-00647 Variable-speed constant-frequency wind-electric systems operate at a constant tip speed ratio with varying wind speeds and enable the extraction of a part of the energy spilled by constant-speed constant-frequency systems This paper describes the variable-speed constant-frequency wind-driven field modulated generator system under development at Oklahoma State University, sponsored by ERDA/NSF. Proposed control schemes and the experimental re- 489 A77-49088 search program underway are briefly discussed These systems appear to be most attractive in the 'small' (10 to 50 kW) and '100 kW scale' (50 to 250 kW) sizes and for use in large capacity 'multirotor on one tower' concepts " (Author) A77-49088 Synchronous inversion - Concept and applica- tion H Meyer In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 230-242 Synchronous inversion involves the use of intermittent and/or variable power sources (wind, solar electric, solar thermal, hydro, tidal, wave, ocean thermal, industrial waste heat, etc ) to supplement a primary power source (anything from a 10 kilowatt diesel/ generator set to a coast to coast utility grid) The requirements of the primary power source are that it be of greater capacity and lower impedance, so that it has the ability to dictate voltage and frequency and that it be present any time the alternate power source is in use Synchronous inversion uses an ac power network as a 'storage' medium for any form of energy that can be converted to dc power, and at the same time takes advantage of the ac power source to establish both the voltage and frequency of the converted power This paper examines synchronous inversion from the points of view of theory of operation, metering, system design and interfacing B J A77-49089 Energy content of winds in the high plains region of southwestern US 0 D Sutler (Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Sblar Energy Society, 1976, p 243-252 Winds at Portales, New Mexico are being studied to assess the amount of wind energy available and its distribution in time The analysis includes the effect of short-term variations in wind speed, or gusts, in the calculation of total energy content Data collected between November, 1975 and April, 1976 indicate that average wind speed exceeds 4 5 m/sec for 9 6 hrs/day on the average During these hours, the average energy flux per day is about 2 2 kwhr per square meter Sequences of 4 or 5 days having energy flux less than 1 0 kwhr per square meter seldom occur, thus, wind could supply energy in this region on a regular basis with the help of energy storage or through procedures which match energy demand to times when wind energy is available (Author) A77-49090 The use of built form to enhance the output of wind collectors D R Coonley (Design-Research-Consulting, Harnsville, N H ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 253-267 14 refs Buildings often give rise to extreme wind velocities at ground level, especially when there is an open area for the wind to pass through This paper considers the possibility of utnzmg the wind ducting capabilities of built structures in an attempt to gam better use of and increased energy output from wind energy conversion systems Attention is given to the integration of wind collector systems with buildings The variation of fixed wind collector output with variation in wind direction is studied and methods for reducing wind problems around buildings are examined B J A77-49091 Wind energy statistics for large arrays of wind turbines - New England and Central U S regions. C G Justus (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga ) In Sharing the sun •Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 268-288 NSF Grant No GAER-75-00647, Contract No E(40-1)-5108 The performance characteristics have been simulated for large dispersed arrays of 500 kW-1500 kW wind turbines producing power and feeding it directly into the New England or Central U S utility distribution grids These studies show that in good wind environ- ments the 500 kW generators can average (on an annual basis) up to 240 kW mean power output, and the 1500 kW generators can average up to 350 kW mean power output Better performance (averaging up to 470 kW) is obtained, however, by an 1125 kW rated power unit designed to operate at lower wind speeds The beneficial effect of operating large disperse arrays of wind turbines is that available power output can be increased - if winds are not blowing over one part of the array, chances are they will over some other part of the array These studies indicate that wind power availability levels of 200 kW per 1125 kW generator were 77% to 93%, depending on season Reasonably steady high wind power in winter and high afternoon peak wind power in summer (corresponding to peak air conditioning load) means that significant peak load dispersement can be achieved without use of storage (Author) A77-49092 The application of wind power systems to the Minnesota Power and Light Company F S Malver (Honeywell, Inc , Minneapolis, Minn ) and L D Overom (Minnesota Power and Light Co , Duluth, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 289-303 6 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2618 A Honeywell study was conducted to assess current Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) viability for a utility application and to define the attributes and performance requirements of a system capable of yielding a satisfactory return on investment to a utility company Minnesota Power and Light Company has served as the case study subject utility An initial system definition based on available wind information and near-term wind turbine generator technology is given A WECS simulation to convert wind data to wind energy available to the utility's grid was developed along with simulations for evaluating baseline wind turbine generators and an advanced technology wind turbine B J A77-49093 Diff user augmentation of wind turbines K M Foreman, B Gilbert, and R A Oman (Grumman Aerospace Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Bethpage, NY) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 304-316 9 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2616 The D iff user-Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT) is an advanced concept for reducing the cost per output KW-hr of wmdpower The diffuser controls the expansion of turbine exhaust flow, producing a highly subatmosphenc pressure at the turbine exit, the low static pressure induces greater mass flow through the turbine vs a conventional turbine design of the same diameter Two cost-effective model configurations were examined m the wind tunnel one uses the energetic external wind to prevent separation of the diffuser's internal boundary layer, while the other uses high lift airfoil contours for the diffuser wall shape The wind tunnel tests have indicated almost a doubling of wind power extraction capability for DAWTs compared to conventional turbines B J A77-49094 Large wmdpower systems integrated with ex- isting electric utilities R T Smith, R K Swanson, C C Johnson (Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Tex ), C Ligon (Southwestern Public Service Co , Amanllo, Tex ), J Lawrence, and D. Jordan (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 317-327 Contract No £(11-11-2621 This paper reports a study of the feasibility of the use of wind turbine generators as supplemental energy sources on an existing electric utility network. The time frame is the period of the next two decades Specifically, the study is centered upon the geographical region served by Southwestern Public Service Company, an investor owned utility with present capacity of approximately 2200MW It includes the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, parts of eastern 490 A77-49102 New Mexico and some communities in southwestern Kansas Of prime importance, this region exhibits the highest wind energy potential of any area of comparable size in the continental United States (Author) A77-49095 Self-regulating composite bearmglesj wind tur- bine M C Cheney and RAM Spiermgs (United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Conn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 7t Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 328-348 6jefs The Composite Beanngless Rotor (CBR) concept has been shown to have characteristics ideally suited for wind turbine applications Originally developed for helicopters to reduce weight, costs, and complexity, the CBR eliminates blade bearings and hinges through tne utilization of the unique structural characteristics of uniaxial composite materials This rotor concept was further devel- oped under an ERDA contract to provide a fully self-regulating and self-aligning wind turbine Such a system was achieved without the need for auxiliary controls or sensors These features allow self- starting for wind initiating from any direction and automatic pitch and yaw variations to optimize performance under all normal wind conditions. The work described in this report consists of the design and fabrication of a 4 5 ft dynamically scaled wind turbine model and the successful testing of this model in the United Technologies Research Center low speed wind tunnel (Author) A77-49096 The Darneus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine pro- gram at Sandia Laboratories E G Kadlec (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy'Society, 1976, p 349-359 8 refs ERDA-supported research The vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) consists of blades having an airfoil cross section which are attached at both ends to a vertical rotating shaft and has the following advantages over conventional turbines no need for yaw control, the delivery of mechanical power at ground level, simple support tower construction, and no pitch control required for synchronous application The program at Sandia Laboratories emphasizes the use of the VAWT operating at constant speed to generate electricity which is fed directly into a utility grid The program has concentrated on the development of analytical capability in support of the VAWT design, the analyses partially confirmed by testing of the existing 5 meter turbine B.J A77-49098 Application of chemical engineering to large scale solar energy T A Chubb, J J Nemecek, and D E Simmons (U S Navy, E 0 Hulburt Center for Space Research, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 7 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 364-374 The paper describes the Solchem concept, according to which sunlight is converted to chemical energy in dispersed solar furnaces The Solchem power station consists of the following components (1) an energy orchard containing dispersed solar-furnace-heated chemical reactors, (2) an assemblage of demand responsive energy storage-boiler tanks, in which large quantities of energy are stored as latent heat-of-fusion, and (3) a conventional dry steam turboelectric generating facility The solar orchard is characterized by the use of a gas phase working fluid both for the capture of solar thermal energy by dissociative chemical reaction and for delivery of the captured energy to the central station area A detailed comparison of SO3 and steam-methane working fluids is presented B J A77-49099 High temperature thermal energy storage R M Green, D K Ottesen, J J Bartel, and T T Bramlette (Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, Calif) In Sharing the sun Solar technol- ogy in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 4-47 124 refs Contract No AT(29-1)769 This paper presents the results of a survey of current technology relating to high temperature thermal energy storage Included in this study are the generic classes of sensible heat and latent heat storage A summary is given of thermal storage concepts which have been designed - and in some cases constructed and tested - for high temperature applications A review of the materials and heat transfer/fluid mechanics technologies relating to thermal storage is presented Current technology appears to be adequate to support the development of most sensible heat concepts and simple latent heat concepts while some degree of technology advancement will be required to develop more sophisticated latent heat concepts (Author) A77-49100 Chemical methods of storing thermal energy P 0 Offenhartz (EIC Corp, Newton, Mass) In Sharing the sun Solar technology m the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 48-72 27 refs Thermal energy storage through chemical reactions is reviewed including second-law restrictions and opportunities Second-law opportunities arise when the collection temperature exceeds the utilization temperature, in this case a thermochemically driven heat pump can be used to deliver considerably more heat than is collected Chemical reactions can be chosen to fit the source and sink temperatures so as to amplify the input heat A number of currently proposed methods (H2 generation and storage, hydration- dehydration equilibria, chemical heat pipes, and ammomacal salt pairs) are assessed with respect to efficiency, cost, chemical feasibility, and suitability for various collection and utilization temperatures (Author) A77-49101 Gravel and liquid storage system for solar thermal power plants R C Mitchell, G R Morgan (Rockwell International Corp, Rocketdyne Div , Canoga Park, Calif), and G Co I em an (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co , Huntmgton Beach, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 84-94 Contract No E(04-3)-1108 A new thermal storage concept is described which uses a low-cost rock bed as the primary storage medium with a suitable liquid to transfer the heat in and out of storage Key developments are described from a current program funded by the U S Energy Research and Development Administration A preliminary design is described for the thermal storage subsystem in a 10 megawatt (electrical) pilot plant central receiver solar thermal power system Also described is a 4 megawatt-hour capacity thermal storage system which has been designed and constructed, and will be tested during 1976 (Author) A77-49102 Demand sensitive energy storage in molten salts J J Nemecek, D E Simmons, and T A Chubb (U S Navy, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D C.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 95-106 The energy storage-boiler tank concept is explained, and experimental results are presented for a material set m which a NaCI-KCI-MgC12 eutectic (MP = 385 C) is the storage medium and m-terphenyl is the heat pipe fluid In an energy storage-boiler tank, heat energy would be stored as latent heat-of-fusion in a eutectic of naturally occurring salts, and input-output heat transfer would be effected by evaporation-condensation of a heat pipe energy transport fluid The design of a proposed 3 m energy storage-boiler tank is described Melt-freeze time histories of Solchemite A, a melt-cycled mix of NaCI KCI MgC12 = 245 205 550%. are portrayed The components of other material sets for energy storage-boiler tanks are listed M L. 491 A77-49103 A77-49103 Inorganic phase change materials for energy storage in solar thermal program R T LeFrois (Honeywell Energy Resources Center, Minneapolis, Minn) and H V Venkatasetty (Honeywell Corporate Research Center, Bloommgton, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 107-122 The thermal storage subsystem research experiment is described, and the design of the thermal storage tank is explained Test features of the thermal storage subsystem include an instrumented forced circulation steam generating system, an instrumented steam condens- ing system, an instrumented storage tank, and an instrumental dual steam trap station Vaporizer design parameters and condenser design parameters are presented Vaporizer tube scrapers are considered Experimental data concerning the behavior of a eutectic mixture of NaN03-NaOH, the thermal energy storage material, are provided The research experiment is intended to aid the design of a solar pilot plant M L A77-49104 High-temperature energy storage in native rocks M Riaz, P L Blackshear, Jr, and H 0 Pfannkuch (Minnesota, University, Minneapolis, Minn ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 123-137 7 refsjlontract No E(11-1)-4009 The successful utilization of thermal energy derived from solar collectors, from off-peak excess thermal energy of power plants, and from industrial process or waste heat systems is predicated upon the development of suitable storage systems which provide the necessary buffer and matching function between the time-varying thermal energy inputs and the output thermal and electrical loads This paper explores the technical feasibility of large-volume packed beds using native earth or rock materials for long-duration (months) storage of thermal energy at high temperatures (up to 500 C) and power levels (in the tens of MWt range) compatible with electric power generation and community heating in total energy systems context The advantages of this storage concept derive from the inherent simplici- ty of the overall system, from its utilization of low-cost, on-site, native materials resulting in potentially minimum environmental impact, and from the increased energy density obtainable with large temperature swings A generic configuration of heat accumulators involving arrays of pebble-filled trenches (or holes) surrounded by undisturbed earth and fed by hot air from above or below is examined (Author) A77-49105 Thermal storage in metals C E Birchenall and M Telkes (Delaware, University, Newark, Del ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Confer- ence, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 138-154 Hal ides and oxides with phase transformations or eutectics in the range of 200 to 800 C have been studied as heat storage materials Several abundant and cheap metals, notably Al, Cu, Mg, Si, and Zn as binary or more complex alloys, have eutectic transforma- tions that store comparable or larger amounts of heat Their high molar densities yield small storage volumes, and high thermal conductivities simplify heat transfer Containment should be easier than for oxides and halides Thermodynamic theory shows that alloys selected for heat storage should have highly disordered eutectic liquids that freeze to well-ordered strongly bonded solid phases Heat storage in several promising binary and ternary alloys for which data are available has been estimated at three levels of approximation to illustrate the approach that is being used to identify suitable systems and the uncertainties that need to be resolved by additional experiments (Author) A77-49106 * Thermal energy storage using large hollow steel ingots. R H Turner (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 155-162 Contract No NAS7-100 High temperature thermal energy storage (to 500 C = 930 F) using hollow steel ingots is investigated Preliminary studies indicate that the system should be reliable, be characterized by low operation and maintenance costs, and be associated with low development risk The estimated installed system energy unit storage cost is $1350/kWh-t (Author) A77-49107 An assessment of hydrogen as a means to store solar energy R Ramakumar (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 163-175 28 refs ERDA-supported research, NSF Grant No AER-75-00647 A brief review and assessment of the use of hydrogen as a means to store solar energy is presented Electrolytic and non electrolytic methods proposed for hydrogen production from solar energy, hydrogen storage methods and utilization techniques are surveyed Overall system concepts with several manifestations of solar energy as inputs are discussed along with their efficiencies and economic aspects (Author) A77-49108 Thermal energy storage by the sulfunc acid- water system D D Huxtable and D R Poole (Rocket Research Corp, Redmond, Wash ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 178-191 8 refs^Contract No E(04-3)-1185 The sulfunc acid-water storage system utilizes solar thermal energy to evaporate water from a sulfunc acid-water solution The sulfunc acid and water are stored separately until heat is required Upon recombination of the concentrated acid and water, heat is released which can be used for building heating and cooling, water pumping, or other uses Results of an investigation aimed at defining potential problem areas and providing practical solutions are present- ed Potential applications of the system are discussed, and prelimi- nary design and cost information on a seasonal storage application is presented (Author) A77-49109 Storage of solar energy by inorganic oxide/ hydroxides G Bauerle, D Chung, G Ervin, J Guon, and T Springer (Rockwell International Corp , Atomics International Div, Canoga Park, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 , Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 192-218 5 refs ERDA-sponsored research, NSF Grant No AER-74-09069 A novel thermal-energy storage concept involving the use of inorganic oxides/hydroxides such as MgO/Mg(OH)2 and CaO/ Ca(OH)2 is under investigation Solar energy at high temperatures (about 350 to 550 C) is used to drive off, in the form of steam, the chemically bound water from the hydroxide At a later time, when the sun's energy is not available, water or steam can be injected into the resulting oxide material, thus yielding heat energy from the exothermic reaction of water with the oxide The physical and chemical properties of the MgO/Mg(OH)2 systems, particularly the reaction rates, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure, and particle characteristics, have been investigated in detail A reference design of an MgO/Mg(OH)2 storage system for heating and cooling of buildings has been prepared, and a variety of other applications of these systems have been studied (Author) A77-49110 Reversible oxidation of metal oxides for ther- mal energy storage J A Simmons (Science Applications, Inc, McLean, Va ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 219-225 12 refs 492 A77-49118 Decomposition of metal oxides, especially peroxides and super- oxides, are proposed as reversible reactions to store thermal energy Certain oxides have potentially high energy density and could use air for the source of oxygen Feasibility is yet to be demonstrated experimentally (Author) A77-49111 Thermal energy storage with saturated aque- ous solutions K W Kauffman and H G Lorsch (Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 227-237 Contract No E(40-1)-5158 A method of thermal energy storage at temperatures of 0 C to 120 C is being developed for application to solar space heating, water heating, and air conditioning The method uses saturated aqueous solutions of salts which dissolve endothermically and have large coefficients of solubility with temperature Latent heat of crystalliza- tion is continuously released on cooling and absorbed on heating, resulting in specific heat capacities up to 480 percent of the specific heat of water Over a 10 C range of temperature, storage densities can be achieved which are in the same range as those of latent heat of fusion materials Since the solutions are pumpable, systems employ- ing them do not require the expensive container/heat exchangers characteristic of latent heat devices using phase change materials Total costs for a 10 to the eighth joule storage device are 1/4 to 1/2 the cost of devices using sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate or 50% water-ethylene glycol (Author) A77-49112 Experimental study of the subsurface trans- port of water and heat as related to the storage of solar energy F J Molz, J C Warman, T E Jones (Auburn University, Auburn, Ala ), and G E Cook In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 238-244 6 refs Research supported by the U S Department of the Interior, Alabama Power Co , and ERDA A77-49113 An immiscible fluid - Heat of fusion energy storage system D D Edie and S S Melsheimer (Clemson University, Clemson, SO In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 262-272 14 refs Preliminary studies of a novel heat of fusion energy storage system have been conducted This system uses direct contact heat transfer between an aqueous crystallizing solution and an immiscible heat transfer fluid The phase change solution is permanently contained in an insulated storage tank A heat transfer fluid (which is immiscible in the phase change solution) is circulated through the solution and transfers heat either to or from the solution By eliminating permanent heat exchange surfaces, this immiscible fluid system avoids the phase stratification problem which has negated the potential storage efficiency of many previous heat of fusion systems The target energy density for this heat storage system design is 3 5 x 10 to the eighth joules per cubic meter The estimated cost for storage of 1 0 x lO to the ninth joules is $1,100 (Author) A77-49114 Reinforced pillow solar water heater R R Davison and W. B Harris (Texas A & M University, College Station, Tex) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 8 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 366-371 The pillow solar water heater is formed by confining a flexible bag between supporting elements to give it strength to withstand pressure This narrows the flow channels resulting in a number of advantages Fabrication details and some performance data are given with some discussion of economic factors and probable applications (Author) A77-49115 Payback of solar systems K W Boer (Dela- ware, University, SES, Inc , Newark, Del) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar'Energy Society, 1976, p 1-17 11 refs Research sponsored by SES, Inc A variety of solar conversion systems is studied in a dynamic economical model in which the real cost of energy inflates Payback times and dates of probable market entries are estimated A distributed system to convert solar energy into heat and electricity in direct proximity to the consumer (Solar One System) is economical- ly attractive even for solar cells with well below 10% conversion efficiency when these can be installed in flat plate collectors for less than twenty dollars per square meter, in addition to the collector cost (Author) A77-49116 Solar system market capture in the climato- economic regions of the United States. W H McCumber, Jr (IBM Corp , Federal Systems Div , Huntsville, Ala) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Con- ference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 18-31 6 refs Penetration of solar energy systems into construction markets is determined by the economic expectations of the consumer Since individual customization is impractical, regions of similar economic and climatological characteristics may be defined against which to optimize designs This paper defines 51 climato-economic regions of the U S and demonstrates two computerized analytical tools, CERES (Comprehensive Economic Recovery Evaluation System) and CAP (Capture Analysis Program), which extrapolate the technical and economic performance of region-optimal systems into national market capture expectations Used iteratively, CERES and CAP evaluate the sensitivity of market capture to incremental changes in technical characteristics or economic environment (Author) A77-49117 The feasibility of solar house heating - A study in applied economics A Shams and R Fichtenbaum (Washington University, St Louis, Mo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 32-50 6 refs The economic feasibility of solar space heating for an average insulated single-family dwelling in St Louis, Missouri is analyzed Factors relating to climate, the heat loss coefficient of residential structures, fuel costs and the capital costs of solar heating systems of various sizes were taken into account in establishing an optimal combination of solar and conventional forms of heating A computer simulation was used to model systems of various capacities The microeconomic technique of marginal analysis was employed in comparing capital costs of the solar heating plants with marginal savings resulting from the use of conventional fuels, the combination of solar and conventional heat which would minimize heating costs and conserve conventional fuels was determined The role of government tax credits in providing incentives for the installation of high capacity solar units is also discussed J MB A77-49118 A parametric study of critical fuel costs for solar heating in North America J A. Duffie, W A Beckman, and M J Brandemuehl (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 51-63 5 refs Contract No E(11-1)-2588 Critical fuel energy cost is defined as the cost of delivered energy from conventional sources below which heat from optimized solar systems is more expensive than heat from conventional sources The critical fuel energy cost is a useful index to assess the feasibuty of solar heating in any location or region A method is presented for estimating the index value for particular locations, buildings, solar collectors, and solar heating system costs Tables are given which 493 A77-49119 permit determination of critical fuel energy cost as a function of system costs for 96 stations in the United States and Canada Examples of the determination are shown for two of these stations (Author) A77-49119 Incentives and barriers to the development of solar energy R H Bezdek and P D Maycock (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Jomt^ Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 64-73 Incentives and barriers to the widespread utilization of solar water and space heating, solar space cooling, agricultural and industrial process heat from solar energy, photovoltaic systems and solar space systems are discussed High capital costs, restrictive zoning ordinances, controlled fossil fuel prices, and legal and regulatory restraints are cited as barriers to the introduction of the various types of solar energy systems, income tax credits, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, property and sales tax exemptions, investment tax credits, the integration of solar energy systems into utility networks and the dissemination of information are mentioned as factors promoting the use of solar energy J M B A77-49120 Interfacing building design and solar energy research and standards J K Holton (National Bureau of Standards, Center for Building Technology, Washington, D C ). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 74-82 1 1 refs Research reports and standards developed in the field of solar energy by the U S ' National Bureau of Standards are discussed Technical evaluations, dealing with such topics as methods for rating liquid and air collectors and thermal storage units, thermal load simulation models, standards for solar energy system performance data, materials standards, and thermal performance of wood or masonry buildings, are listed Draft standards and design guides, treating such subjects as site planning for solar energy utilization, or retrofitting a residence for solar heating and cooling, are also mentioned In addition, associated studies, including economic analyses and a survey of solar energy legislation at the state level, are described J M B A77-49121 Daedalophobia - Diagnosis and prognosis. H D Foster and W R D Sewell (Victoria, University, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 83-90. 11 refs Difficulties associated with the adoption of solar space heating systems in Canada are considered. The funding levels for government- sponsored research and development of solar heating systems in Canada are found to be inadequate, a lack of capital investment in the building materials industries is also noted. Nonuniform building codes in Canadian localities are cited as having a detrimental effect on the introduction of solar space heating systems Dissemination of information on the cost and effectiveness of solar heating systems is discussed J M B A77-49122 Assessment of the socio-economic and envi- ronmental aspects of the central receiver power plants M Davidson, D Grether, and M Horowitz (California, University, Berkeley, Calif ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 91-96 11 refs ERDA-supported research A77-49123 Effect of solar home heating on electric utilities H G Lorsch (Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 \ Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 97-112 12 refs NSF Grant No C-1033 The effect of introducing residential solar heating was modeled for two electric utilities in the Northeastern U S , one experiencing a summer peak demand, the other a winter peak For solar-heated homes with electric resistance back-up heating, the annual load factor is found to be approximately 40% lower than that of the conventionally heated residence However, on the coldest day of the year, both types of heating system will place the same load demand on the utility This identity of peak demand, together with the costs related to the installation of electrical facilities, may lower actual energy savings for the consumer using a combination of solar energy and conventional heating Alternative rates that would reimburse the utilities for costs of integrating solar heating systems into power networks are considered J M B v A77-49124 Economic study of solar total energy R W Harngan (Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N Mex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 113-127 This paper investigates the application of solar total energy to a 2000-dwellmg-umt mixed-load community The community design is consistent with current community planning practices An energy analysis of the community was performed, and a solar total energy system sized to meet the community demands The economics of providing a solar total energy system is examined The effect of dwelling-unit density is examined (Author) A77-49126 Solar energy application considerations for housing in depressed communities A E Smith, N Lior, S Z Klausner (Pennsylvania, University, Philadelphia, Pa ), and S I Stanic In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 137-154 26 refs Some of the social and physical implications of possible government programs for subsidizing the application of solar heating technology for poor households and depressed communities Existing and proposed government energy-related programs and legislation are evaluated for their effectiveness in relieving the impact of rising energy prices on household consumption patterns of the poor Social, economic, technological, and architectural aspects of solar heating applications in depressed communities are considered The conclusion reaffirms the systematic nature of housing, energy, and welfare problems Some of the major recommendations include accelerating rehabilitation of the existing housing stock, demonstrat- ing solar projects in depressed communities, and reducing welfare costs through government energy-related programs (Author) A77-49127 Solar energy and urban settlements R K Swartman (Western Ontario, University, London, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 155-161 This paper reviews the influence of energy on urban settlement patterns in the past It then suggests possible patterns in the future as society turns towards solar energy as a major energy source (Author) A77-49128 Technical and socio-economic aspects of solar energy and rural development in developing countries R Rama- kumar (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 162-176 21 refs NSF Grant No AER 75 00647 494 A77-49137 In developing countries, the losing race between demography and development is resulting in the emergence of the dual economy Unless checked, this will lead to social and political tensions with global consequences A healthy and dynamic rural growth is necessary to correct this situation Energy can play a vital role in this process A step-by-step approach is presented for the adoption of technologies designed to exploit renewable (solar) energy sources at the rural level It is centered around the establishment of rural energy centers to improve the basic living environment In due course, the role of these centers is to be expanded to encompass agricultural and small-scale industrial activities The technical and socio economic aspects of the step-by step introduction of solar energy systems in rural areas m developing countries are discussed (Author) A77-49129 Solar high technology and architecture P Tabb, A Brown, and R Hower (Joint Venture, Inc , Boulder, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 177-189 The impact of solar mechanical systems upon multi-family housing in the Colorado region is described Technical constraints encountered in the planning and architectural design phases, especial- ly collector area intensiveness, are discussed Four distinct multi- family housing forms matched with five generic solar mechanical systems are analyzed and illustrated As an outgrowth of this analysis a student apartment building currently under construction was developed This proiect, consisting of eight 4-bedroom units, has an area of 8,600 square feet A Compound Parabolic Concentrating (CPC) Collector System delivers 74% of the annual space heating and domestic hot water demand Due to the abundance of direct insolation in'the Colorado area, the high efficiency of the solar mechanical system, and the energy responsive building design, a floor area-to-collector area ratio of 10 1 is achievable (Author) A77-49130 Some institutional problems of residential solar heating J F Blair, Jr and J O'Brien (Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15 20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 190-199 5 refs Because of the overwhelming influence of financial institutions on the building market, the paper puts forward the concept that governmental actions are required if solar-assisted heating systems are to become an acceptable technology in the near future Barring radical changes, a large scale introduction of solar-assisted heating will not come about through economic forces alone The key lies in subsidies which could be in the form of tax abatements to building owners, subsidies by utilities to building owners, preferential utility rates, and, most importantly, a credible and consistant energy policy on the part of the government (Author) A77-49131 Economic and institutional rationale for solar retrofitting - Case example 'Protect Sunshower' D W Aitken, G E Guttormsen, W T Schooler, and C Koland (San Jose State University, San Jose, California) In Sharing the sun Solar tech- nology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 1520, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 200-211 It is suggested that universities and colleges begin immediately to apply solar energy design criteria and systems to their facilities The experience at San Jose State University has demonstrated the growth of opportunities for further solar energy applications after an institutional commitment to begin the first major on campus solar construction project had been made It is also argued that lifetime cost analysis should be employed, but only in parallel to an appraisal of the benefits of solar systems in assuring reliability and continuity of institutional function during fuel shortages San Jose State University's retrofit of three residence halls to a 9,000-square foot solar-assisted hot water system is utilized as an example (Author) A77-49132 Report on United States international co- operation in solar energy technology development L 0 Herwig and H C Yim (ERDA, Div of Solar Energy, Washington, DC) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 213228 The international cooperative exchange program administered by the Division of Solar Energy of ERDA are discussed The chief areas of concern in the solar energy exchange programs, including thermal and solar electric applications, the conversion of biomass to fuels, and technological support and information services, are considered Multilateral agreements arranged under the auspices of the International Energy Agency, including exchanges of information on solar heating, cooling and hot water system components, the mechanical testing of solar collectors, and measurements of solar radiation, are mentioned Bilateral agreements with the U S S R , Japan, France, and other nations, which have dealt with topics such as desalmization schemes, large-scale water heating plants and photovoltaic devices, are also reviewed (Author) A77-49133 Description of Provident House, King City, Ontario J Mix In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 229-235 The paper describes the design of a house which incorporates a solar heating system and other features to minimize energy require- A77-49134 User needs vs technical demands, or the art of tradeoff in making a good, inexpensive solar home N Miley and R. Pierce In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 236-250 11 refs The design, construction and evaluation of an inexpensive single-family dwelling employing solar space heating in conjunction with conventional heating are discussed The dwelling was designed for a climate having cold winters and hot summers, a Trombe- Micheal type solar collector was used to provide 70 to 90% of the winter heating requirements of the residence Construction methods, particularly insulation practices, which emphasized reliance on inexpensive materials that could be assembled by relatively unskilled laborers, are also described The initial cost of the 1150-square foot home was approximately $15,500 J M B A77-49136 The updated homesteader T Dean (Kansas, University, Lawrence, Kan ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, P 257-261 The paper describes the design and construction of a minimum energy dependent home for a middle-aged American couple whose environmental expectations are typical of many people The utiliza- tion of sohar and wind energy, together with gardening as a hobby, produced a host of related activities which effectively changed their lifestyle Surprisingly, this unassuming and personal home has elicited widespread public attention Primary energy for the home is provided by a 570 square foot roof-mounted flat plate collector, a 3 2 kw wind generator, and a wood-burning stove (Author) A77-49137 Serf sufficient energy integrated design and construction method for low cost-self help housing programs. A C Clements (A. C Clements and Associates, Engineers, Planners and Architects, San Juan, P.R.) and K. G. Soderstrom (Umversidad de Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P R ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 262-275. 495 A77-49138 A method for the design and construction of low cost self-sufficient communities of permanent dwellings for subtropical and tropical countries is described. Particularly addressed are the locations where there are acute rehabilitation problems and a shortage of financial resources available for building and maintaining such communities. Using reinforced concrete as the prime material, the design integrates the benefits of solar energy, self-help labor concepts, and bio-gas waste disposal methods, the emphasis was on housing large numbers of people in a population where the average annual per capita income is five hundred dollars The design, confirmed by computation of the viability of the structural and energy systems, also estimated the economic and social conse- quences, based on a study of local conditions of a far-eastern country (Author) A77-49138 Perceptual assessment of a new energy con- cept D Lornman In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 9 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 276-281 The paper describes a preliminary evaluation of the perceptual impressions of the adaptation of a building design incorporating new energy concepts Preliminary work of this nature is related to the Meadowvalf; Solar Experiment in Mississauga, Ontario The com- ments are summarized and preliminary conclusions drawn in an attempt to gam a better insight into the task of integrating this new technology into a society set in well-established preconceptions (Author) A77-49139 Rural energy centre for Africa using solar, wind and biogas energies T A Lawand, R Alward, B Saulnier, H P Budgen, and E Brunet (McGill University, Ste Ann de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volumes . Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 282-309 Research supported by the United Nations A rural energy center utilizing solar, wind and biogas energies in order to satisfy the basic energy needs, has been designed for a typical village in Senegal The parameters of site selection, and the balance between the supply and demand for energies are discussed In the center, energy will be supplied for water pumping and potabilization, cooking and some lighting The energy required for cooking is about 80 percent of the total demand All social, technical and economic factors have been considered in making the selection of equipment needed The concept of an Appropriate Technology approach has been followed in undertaking the study (Author) A77-49140 The Cram solar house - A case study in the architectural and engineering design process as applied to solar housing for public sale H A Wade In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 8-17 A77-49141 Report on the design, construction, and marketing of two solar heated SPEC houses C B Wmn (Colorado State University, Solar Environmental Engineering Co, Inc, Fort Collins, Colo) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 18-34 The solar heating and cooling demonstration program of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), aimed at providing seed money for the design, installation, and marketing of solar systems in residential-type structures is reviewed As a result of this program, two solar-heated houses have been built in and near Fort Collins, Colorado One of the houses involves an air system whereas the other incorporates a water system The air system will utilize the Solaron system while the water system makes use of Reynolds Metals Company collectors The water system also utilizes baseboard radiation for house heating in a manner which improves the performance of the solar system Details of the design of the solar systems for both houses, together with a discussion of problems encountered during installation and suggestions for avoiding installa- tion problems, are presented (Author) A77-49142 Commercialization of solar heating and cool- ing of buildings A C Johnson (Mitre Corp, McLean, Va ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 35-39 The use of Federal building programs and Federal agencies to promote solar heating and cooling as a viable option in construction programs is discussed It is suggested that building codes and regulations be modified to encourage introduction of solar energy systems, development of credible cost and performance data for the hardware involved is also urged An analysis of dislocations in the construction industry which may be caused by the widespread adoption of solar heating and cooling is proposed In addition, benefits of increased use of solar energy systems, including reduction of US dependence on imported fuels and improvements in environmental conditions, are cited J M B. A77-49143 Design factor! for a cost effective solar collec- tion system C H Holtyn, D J Laudig, and T W Schmidt (Reynolds Metals Co, Richmond, Va) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 40-45 The design of solar collecting systems which are inexpensive and can be installed and maintained economically is discussed Use of water treatment to prolong the life of hydromc solar energy systems, reliance on similar construction materials to reduce galvanic corro- sion, and adoption of closed-loop systems employing heat exchangers are suggested as means for developing cost-effective solar collecting systems The effect of prefabrication of supports and tubing for solar collectors is also assessed, a sample problem involving computation of the cost per square foot for installation of a system of ten collectors, together with tubing and supports, is given J.M B\ A77-49144 Minimum Energy Building • The first winter's operation D L. McClenahan and H P Misunello (New York, State University, Albany, N Y ). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 79-89 Through a special grant from the New York State Legislature, a solar heated Minimum Energy Building was constructed at the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany Design precedents, building construction and system operation are discussed After evaluating the first winter's per- formance, it is concluded that the design concepts of monolithic structure, massive insulation, structural thermal storage and efficient solar collectors are valid and provide a method for implementing solar space heating in cold climates (Author) A77-49147 Solar air conditioning applications for warm humid climate T G Olsen (Miami, University, Coral Gables, Fla) and R K Swart man (Western Ontario, University, London, Canada). In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 10 Cape CahaveralJFIa., International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 126-134 Air conditioning in warm humid climates presents certain difficulties as well as advantages associated with the given climatic conditions Humidity control by conventional cooling methods depends upon the use of coil temperatures low enough to achieve the proper dew point temperature for the conditioned air The solar- 496 A77-49157 driven absorption unit loses both capacity and performance when lower evaporation temperatures are required In order to use absorption refrigeration more effectively in solar energy systems, it is desirable to perform latent removal by an auxiliary means Liquid and dry desiccants provide a means of accomplishing this objective Alternative methods of accomplishing separate latent heat removal may also be considered (Author) A77-49148 The design of a solar cooling and heating system for a commercial building W O Carter (Herman Blum, Consulting Engineers, Dallas, Tex ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 135-142 A 320-ton solar cooling and heating unit designed to service a 90,000-square foot commercial building in Arizona is described The cooling system utilizes a single lithium-bromide and water absorption refrigeration machine powered by hot water, refrigeration is dis- tributed through a chilled water system Factors taken into account in developing the unit included cooling of the interior light fixtures of the building, maintenance of an adequate ventilation air flow rate, and the integration of outside air cooling with adiabatic cooling In addition, providing freeze protection for the collectors and a heat-release mechanism was considered J M B A77-49149 Dual Phase Annual Cycle for residential heat- ing and cooling. D Cerruti In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 143-146 The Dual Phase Annual Cycle (DPAC), a heating and cooling system using two thermal storage tanks (hot and cold), flat-plate solar collectors, and state-of-the-art hardware, is described DPAC is compared to the Annual Cycle Energy System, developed by H C Fischer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Applications to the traditional single family dwelling and to an apartment complex are considered Materials and method* of storage-tank construction are proposed Some factors influencing the potential for commercial success are cited (Author) A77-49151 The performance of homemade solar col- lectors at the Stockton State College 'Energy House' H E Taylor (Stockton State College, Pomona, N J.) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 158-164 Research supported by the Stockton State College Foundation A77-49152 Solar economics in Illinois E F Barfield and A J Casella (Sangamon State University, Springfield, III ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 ' Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p1165-170. 8 refs Operating costs for houses utilizing conventional fuels for heating, hot water, and/or cooling are compared with those for identical houses that utilize solar energy for the same purposes Three different sized houses were considered at six different locations in Illinois Solar insolation data was gathered or calculated for each location Heating, hot water, and/or cooling load were calculated for each house along with system performance utilizing five different sized solar systems Yearly operating costs for the solar equipped houses were calculated based upon a 20-year life cycle, 8% interest rate, and collector costs of $8, $10, or $12 per square foot (Author) A77-49153 Thermal energy storage and transportation V. J. Sevcik (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, III) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla , International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 177-182 13 refs ERDA-sponsored research The application of thermal energy storage concepts to the design of an automobile propulsion system capable of competing with that of electric vehicles is discussed The proposed vehicle would utilize a thermal storage source, such as a molten salt heat battery, to power a thermal engine Various materials, including lithium fluoride, sodium chloride, or silicon are considered as candidates for use in the heat batteries, thermal engines based on the Brayton, Rankme, or Stirling cycle are also assessed It is concluded that a lithium-fluoride battery used in conjunction with a Stirling engine may be the best prospect for development The reliability, safety and simplicity of the proposed vehicle are analyzed J M B A77-49154 Design, operation and economics of the En- ergy Plantation M D Fraser, J F Henry, and C W Vail (InterTechnology Corp., Warrenton, Va ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10 Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 188-193 5 refs Research supported by the American Gas Association, Grant No DACA23-74-C-009 An Energy Plantation is a means for producing fuels by collecting and storing solar radiation in plants grown purposely for their fuel value Appropriate selection of plant species and plantation cultural practices is the key to producing fuels by this means at attractive cost This paper discusses how the Energy Plantation is designed and operated for maximum productivity of plant material. The cost of the fuel produced is estimated to be less than $1 20 per million BTU of useful heating value (Author) A77-49155 Residential application of photovoltaic energy systems E F Federmann, P F Pittman, S Nearhoof, and P R Rittelmann (Westmghouse Electric Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976 Volume 10. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 206-211 The prospect of reduced cost photovoltaic material creates a potential for on-site systems that can provide the bulk of residential electrical and thermal requirements The likelihood of increased energy costs combined with increased system use with time should assure economic viability in virtually all regions of the United States in about twenty years The sizing, economic viability, and per- formance of various photovoltaic systems were determined for seven geographical regions on a study just completed for ERDA Of these, one of the Atlanta, Ga type residences was chosen for this discussion A specific system and function is specified, as well as all necessary subsystems (Author) A77-49156 On the analysis and design of grid structures for p-n junction solar cells J L Boone and T P Van Doren (Missoun-Rolla, University, Rolla, Mo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 10 ' Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society. 1976, p 212-217 5 refs A one-dimensional distributed diode model for the p-n junction solar cells is utilized to develop analytical expressions for solar cell V-l characteristics as a function of short circuit current, sheet resistance, grid spacing, thermal voltage and open circuit voltage. Experimental results are given to show that these expressions may be utilized to determine the effects of sheet resistance, grid spacing and sunlight intensity upon the solar cell output The relation of the parameters to the fill factor is also discussed Results indicate the p-n junction parameters will dictate the maximum grid spacing for given light intensity but the minimum spacing is still controlled by the metal contacting techniques (Author) A77-49157 Solar heating and cooling computer analysis - A simplified sizing design method for non-thermal specialists. M. 497 A77-49158 Connolly, R Gielhs, C Jensen, and R McMordie (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, Colo ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies. Proceedings of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 1976. Volume 10. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p 220-234 5refs Contract No. E(11-1)-2876 Emphasis on solar energy for use in space heating and cooling presents a problem for many architects, heating, ventilating and air conditioning engineers, and contractors because they lack expertise in solar applications This paper describes two public-domain computer design programs, written for use by the solar community SOLCOST, a simplified sizing design method for nonthermal specialist users, computes an optimum collector area and tilt angle from a life cycle cost analysis SOLCOST computes heating or cooling loads using a thermal network method Data banks in SOLCOST provide the user with parameters needed for the solar and life cycle cost analyses Collector performance is modeled using the percent of possible sunshine measurement A simulation program, SOLSIM, has also been developed using thermal network methods SOLSIM input decks are available for five typical solar systems The solar analysis and life cycle cost methodology are presented, along with descriptive sample problems (Author) A77-49158 Georgia Tech 400 KWth solar thermal test facility. J D Walton, Jr., S. H Bomar, Jr, and N E Poulos (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga ) In Sharing the sun Solar technology in the seventies, Proteedmgs of the Joint Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, August 15-20, 19T6 Volume 10. Cape Canaveral, Fla, International Solar Energy Society, 1976, p. 245-258. 6 refs Under ERDA sponsorship Georgia Tech is constructing a 400 KWth solar test facility for high temperature solar energy research and development The Georgia Tech facility utilizes 550 round mirrors 111 centimeters in diameter which may be operated flat or focused to provide radiant heat fluxes from 25 to 200 W/sq cm to a test area centrally located above the mirror field. Scheduled to be completed in January 1977, it will be used first to heat a boiler-superheater to deliver 365 Kg/hr of steam at 150 atmospheres and 600 C. Other uses include evaluation of experimental receivers utilizing such heat transfer fluids as steam, air, helium, oil, molten salts and liquid metals, and basic research in the areas of metals, ceramics and coatings (Author) A77-49160 * # Fundamental studies of black chrome for solar collector use G McDonald, B Buzek, and H Curtis (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada, Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug 15-20, 1976, Paper 4 p The thicknesses of black chrome plated for various times have been measured from electron photomicrographs and correlated with the solar spectrum absorptance and infrared emittance as calculated from spectral reflectance measurements The maximum absorptance is reached at an average thickness of 0 5 micrometer The emittance increases only slightly up to 1 0 micrometer but increases rapidly at thickness above 1 0 micrometer (Author) A77-49161 * § Evaluation of flat-plate collector efficiency under controlled conditions in a solar simulator S M Johnson and F F Simon (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada, Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug. 15-20 1976. Paper 19 p 9 refs The measured thermal efficiencies of 35 collectors tested with a solar simulator, along with the correlation equations used to generalize the data, are presented in this report The single correlation used is shown to apply to all the different types of collectors tested, including one with black paint and one cover, one with a selective surface coating and two covers, and an evacuated- tube collector The test and correlation technique is also modified by using a shield so that collectors larger than the simulator test area can also be tested This technique was verified experimentally for a shielded collector for which the collector shielded area was 31% of the solar simulator radiation area A table lists all the collectors tested, the collector areas, and the experimental constants used to correlate the data for each collector (Author) A77-49162 * ff Performance correlations of five solar col- lectors tested simultaneously outdoors D R Miller (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada, Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug 15-20, 1976, Paper 26 p Collector thermal efficiency, and efficiency degradation with time were measured for 5 flat-plate solar collectors tested simul- taneously in an outdoor solar collector test facility Results indicate that by using collector performance parameters which account for diffuse insolation, outdoor data recorded on 'cloudy' days can be used as a measure of performance, as long as the ratio of direct to total insolation exceeds approximately 0 6 These outdoor results also show good agreement with thermal efficiency data obtained indoors in a solar simulator Significant efficiency degradation occurred on only one of the five collectors exposed to outdoor conditions for a period of one to two years (Author) A77-49163*# An experimental investigation with artificial sunlight of a solar hot-water heater F F Simon (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada, Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug. 15-20, 1976, Paper 19 p 8 refs Thermal performance measurements were made of a commercial solar hot-water heater in a solar simulator The objective of the test was to determine basic performance characteristics of a traditional type of flat-plate collector, with and without side reflectors (to increase the solar flux) Due to the fact that collector testing in the solar simulator permits control of the variables that affect collector performance, it was possible to obtain information on each of the following (1) the effect of flow and incidence angle on the efficiency of a flat-plate collector (but only without side reflectors), (2) transient performance under flow and nonflow conditions, (3) the effectiveness of reflectors in increasing collector efficiency for a zero radiation angle at fluid temperatures required for solar air conditioning, and (4) the limits of applicability of a collector efficiency correlation based on the Hottel-Whillier equation (1958) (Author) A77-49164 * # Initial operation of a solar heating and cooling system in a full-scale solar building test facility R H Knoll, D Miao (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio), I L Hamlet, and R N Jensen (NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va ) International Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada, Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug 15-20, 1976, Paper 17 p The Solar Building Test Facility (SBTF) located at Hampton, Virginia became operational in early summer of 1976 This facility is a joint effort by NASA-Lewis and NASA-Langley to advance the technology for heating and cooling of office buildings with solar energy Its purposes are to (1) test system components which include high-performing collectors, (2) test performance of complete solar heating and cooling system, (3) investigate component interactions and (4) investigate durability, maintenance and reliability of com ponents The SBTF consists of a 50,000 square foot office building modified to accept solar heated water for operation of an absorption air conditioner and for the baseboard heating system A 12,666 square foot solar collector field with a 30,000 gallon storage tank provides the solar heated water A description of the system and the collectors selected is given here, along with the objectives, test approach, expected system performance and some preliminary results (Author) A77-49165 * # Measured performance of a 3-ton LiBr absorp- tion water chiller and its effect on cooling system operation D 498 A77-49700 Namkoong (NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio) Inter- national Solar Energy Society and Solar Energy Society of Canada. Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun Solar Technology in the Seventies, Winnipeg. Canada, Aug 15-20, 1976, Paper 10 p 8 refs A 3-ton lithium bromide absorption water chiller was tested for a number of conditions involving hot-water input, chilled water, and the cooling water The primary influences on chiller capacity were the hot water inlet temperature and the cooling water inlet temperature One combination of these two parameters extended the output to as much as 125% of design capacity, but no combination could lower the capacity to below 60% of design A cooling system was conceptually designed so that it could provide several modes of operation Such flexibility is needed for any solar cooling system to be able to accommodate the varying solar energy collection and the varying building demand It is concluded that a 3-ton absorption water chiller with the kind of performance that was measured can be incorporated into a cooling system such as that proposed, to provide efficient cooling over the specified ranges of operating conditions (Author) A77-49166 Solar energy conversion with fluorescent col- lectors A. Goetzberger and W Greubel (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der angewandten Forschung, Institut fur angewandte Festkorperphysik, Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany). Applied Physics, vol 14, Oct. 1977, p. 123-139 23 refs. A new principle for solar energy conversion is proposed and evaluated theoretically. Collection and concentration of direct and diffuse radiation is possible by the use of a stack of transparent sheets of material doped with fluorescent dyes High efficiency of light collection can be achieved by light guiding and special design of collectors. The optical path length in a triangular collector is computed In combination with solar cells this type of collector offers the advantage of separating the various fractions of light and converting them with solar cells with different bandgaps. Theoretical conversion efficiency under optimum conditions is 32% for a system with four semiconductors. An estimate of the economics of electricity generation shows that due to the concentration costs can be much lower than possible today. With the use of only silicon cells the breakeven point of $0 5/W is almost reached. Practical difficul- ties to be solved are Synthesis of dyes with stringent requirements, identification of plastic materials with high transparency and development of solar cells with higher bandgaps (Author) A77-49249 Amk B, the new Canadian domestic satellite R W Hoedemaker (RCA, Astro Electronics Div, Princeton, NJ) and D G Thorpe (Telesat Canada, Ottawa, Canada) RCA Engineers, vol 23, June-July 1977, p 80-84 Data and descriptions are provided for the communications system and physical spacecraft layout and performance of the Amk B Canadian communications satellite Amk B will be a dual-band satellite with two independent transponder subsystems, one op- erating in the 6/4-GHz bands, the other in the 14/12-GHz bands Point-to-point voice, video, and data communications traffic between Canada's ten provinces and two territories will be facilitated by the satellite, which is a modification of the RCA Satcom system Solar cells of greater efficiency and greater battery capability are expected to produce 140 W RF power throughout a 7-yr design life, including eclipse periods TWTAs, coverage patterns, and multi- plexers are described . R D V A77-49348 An off-peak energy storage concept for elec- tric utilities. I - Electric utility requirements. V T Sulzberger, Y Z. EI-Badry (Public Service Electric and Gas Co., Newark, N J ), J E Clifford, and E W Brooman (Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio) Applied Energy, vol 3, July 1977, p. 167-188 24 refs Research supported by the Battelle Columbus Laboratories A water battery was evaluated in an analytical and conceptual design study as a load-leveling system for an electric utility. The water battery produced hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water during periods when off-peak electrical power was available. During peak demand periods, the water battery, operating in the reverse mode, functioned as a fuel cell by producing electrical power through the recombination of the oxygen and hydrogen held in its storage vessels Factors considered in the analysis include present and future energy requirements, current off-peak energy availability, typical sizing and placement of energy storage units, and the approximate break-even economics and potential advantages to the utility of a water battery energy storage system. In the cost effectiveness analysis, the water battery was compared with gas turbines and fuel cells M L A77-49349 Ocean wave power I Glendennmg (Central Electricity Generating Board, Marchwood Engineering Laboratories, Southampton, England) Applied Energy, vol 3, July 1977, p 197-222 31 refs. The potential of wave power and some of the more promising methods of harnessing it are discussed with attention to the wave energy arriving on the west coast of the United Kingdom. Unresolved technical and engineering problems are examined, and the impact of wave power on the environment is considered Data on wave power and its variability are supplied It is suggested that wave power could be exploited to conserve fossil fuels but is unlikely to be competitive with nuclear power M L A77-49400 H Extraterrestrial resources and astronautics (Vneshme resursy i kosmonavtika) V P Burdakov and lu I Danilov Moscow, Atomizdat, 1976 552 p 853 refs In Russian Papers are presented discussing the use of extraterrestrial materials and energy for powering spacecraft thrust equipment Described are the thermodynamic parameters of earth, Mars, and Venus, earth's magnetic field and that of interplanetary space, and solar electromagnetic radiation Various types of onboard storage cells are presented, along with onboard collectors of extraterrestrial resources A classification scheme for energy converters is outlined, with attention to thermal and electromagnetic converters Methods of creating thrust are reviewed as are analytical procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of spacecraft thrust systems S C S A77-49494 MIS silicon solar cells with ln2O3 anti- reflective coating H Matsunami, S Matsumoto, and T Tanaka (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 16, Aug 1977, p 1491, 1492 7 refs The electrical and optical properties of a solar cell with a ln203-Pt-Si02-nSi layered structure are studied Experiments show that the open-circuit voltage of Pt-Si02-nSi solar cells is increased by optimizing the thickness of the insulating layer The short-circuit current and fill factor are also increased by an antireflective coating with transparent conductive In203 films This solar cell has an1 efficiency of 88%, which represents a 127% increase It is suggested that refinement of the formation of the insulating layer and the use of digitated electrodes will lead to an even higher efficiency M L A77-49575 Prospecting for geothermal energy by geo- physical methods. R Haenel (Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung, Hanover, West Germany) Physics in Technology, vol. 8, Sept. 1977, p. 213-218 An assessment of methods used in prospecting for geothermal energy is presented. Three sources of geothermal deposits are identified (1) areas of recent volcamsm, (2) sediment basins, and (3) hot dry rock areas. After initial mapping of permeable and impermeable zones, any one of several techniques may be applied for a more thorough investigation of the subsurface. Descriptions of the following methods are included aerial infrared surveys, geoelectrical investigation, geothermal measurements, explosion seismics, micro- earthquakes and ground-noise surveys, gravity studies, and airborne magnetic survey and geomagnetic;. Data thus obtained may tie used to construct a model of the subsurface and its thermal features, and economic studies can determine optimum sites for deep production wells SCS A77-49700 Metallurgical evaluation of materials for geo- thermal power plant applications. S. Toney, M Cohen (General Electric Co., Medium Steam Turbine Dept, Lynn, Mass.), and C. J 499 A77-49745 Cron (Union Oil Research Center, Brea, Calif ) Geothermal Energy, vol 5. Sept 1977, p. 8, 9, 11-19 (17 ff ) 35 refs. The chemical composition of geothermal steam at a New Mexico site is investigated with attention to its effect on the corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and fatigue endurance limits of turbine and heat exchanger materials. The test procedure is described with regard to equipment and materials, and evaluations of turbine and heat exchanger alloys. Conclusions based on field test programs and turbine experience with other nongeothermal contaminated atmo- spheres are presented. S C S A77-49745 U Georgia Tech high temperature solar test facility. J D Walton, Jr (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga ) In Symposium on Electromagnetic Windows, 13th, Atlanta, Ga , September 21-23, 1976, Proceedings Atlan- ta, Ga, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1977, p 133-138 8 refs ERDA-sponsored research The Georgia Institute of Technology Solar Thermal Test Facility, which involves a 400-kW solar furnace suitable for simulat- ing aerodynamic heating of radomes, is described Plans for the facility, scheduled to begin preliminary operation in 1977, call for an initial array of 550 circular mirrors made of low-iron window glass Mechanical drive mounts for directing the concentrated solar energy to various test areas are also included in the planning Calculations indicate that with maximum heat flux and concentration ratios, the solar furnace could provide a test area in which at least 175 kW of radiant thermal energy is available Additional documentation of the facility is also mentioned J M B A77-49753 International Conference on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion, University of Texas, Arlington, Tex., September 1-3, 1976, Proceedings Conference sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edited by K R Rao (Texas, University, Arlington, Tex.). New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc, 1976 192 p. Members, $15, non- members, $20 The papers deal with radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), thermoelectric (TE) materials and their properties, TE coolers, TE generators, novel TE devices, and TE heat-pump systems Topics include recent terrestrial and undersea applications of RTGs, thermal optimization of small Pu-238-fueled RTGs, thermoelectric properties of Group I chalcogenides, quenching of thermoelectric Ge-Si alloys, a computer-aided design for a TE heat exchanger, and a numerical analysis of the transient behavior of TE coolers Optimiza- tion of a TE generator design for fixed heat-input operation is also examined along with power-generating thermojunctions with radial current flow in coaxial disks, performance characteristics of a sodium heat engine, the overall efficiency of a solar collector that uses a Fresnel lens and a TE module to generate electrical power, an application of TE coolers as blackbody reference sources, and techniques for estimating heat loads on TE coolers F G M A77-49988 # Investigation of the effective heat conductivity of metal-fiber wicks for low-temperature heat pipes (Issledovanie effektivnoi teploprovodnosti metallovoloknistykh fitilei mzko- temperaturnykh teplovykh trub) M. G Seniena and V. K. Zaripov (Kievskii Politekhmcheskii Institut, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR). Inzhenemo-FizicheSkn Zhurnal, vol. 33, Aug 1977, p 255-262 16 refs In Russian. The experiments described were carried out to study the effective heat conductivity of wicks prepared from sintered copper, nickel,^Nichrome, and stainless-steel fibers impregnated with methyl and ethyl alcohol, acetone, and distilled water. The monodisperse discrete fibers measured 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 microns in diameter. The porosity of the wicks ranged from 10 to 96%. Test temperatures were between 16 and 35 C. The influence of such factors as porosity, fiber diameter, contact thermal resistance, and the heat conductivity of the liquids and fiber materials on the effective heat conductivity of the wicks was investigated. The heat transfer coefficients in the condensation zones of several low-temperature heat pipes employing metal-fiber wicks are calculated. V.P. A77-50050 Model calculations for metal-msulator- semiconductor solar cells L C Olsen (Joint Center for Graduate Study, Richland, Wash ) Solid-State Electronics, vol 20, Sept 1977, p 741-751 15 refs NSF Grants No AER-75-20501, No ENG- 74-20444 An analytical approach to the calculation of MIS solar cell performance is developed A model is constructed which accounts for three possible situations for the interface states in a MIS cell under illumination (1) the interface states are in equilibrium with the metal, (2) they are in equilibrium with the majority carriers, or (3) they are in equilibrium with the minority carriers It is assumed that the charged impurity concentration in the semiconductor is less than around 10 to the 18th power per cu cm The mterfacial region is assumed to be charge-free The general conclusion is that the addition of an insulating layer between the metal and the semi- conductor enhances the power conversion efficiency P T H A77-50199 Thermal efficiency of solid electrolyte fuel cells with mixed conduction. P N Ross, Jr and T. G Benjamin (United Technologies Corp, Power Systems Div, South Windsor, Conn) Journal of Power Sources, vol 1,Sept 1977, p 311-321 16 refs Research supported by the Electric Power Research Institute The effect of mixed anionic and n-type electronic conduction in solid electrolytes on the thermal efficiency of a fuel cell system was analyzed quantitatively The mixed conduction observed when electrolytes based on cena are used in H2/air fuel cell applications lowers the maximum attainable cell thermal efficiency to below 40% Neither the zirconia nor the ceria based solid oxide electrolytes studied to date can be used in a low temperature (700 C) system that meets simultaneously the requirements of power density and thermal efficiency for electric utility power plants The material properties required for an advanced fuel cell power plant solid electrolyte were derived in terms of the ionic conductivity and the Schmalzned parameters (Author) A77-50200 Simplex optimization of carbon electrodes for the hydrogen oxygen membrane fuel cell. J Ceynowa and R Wodzki (Torun, Umwersytet, Torun, Poland) Journal of Power Sources, vol 1,Sept 1977, p 323-331 20 refs A77-50201 Natural convection phenomena in inclined cells with finite side-walls - A numerical solution W Koutsoheras and W W S Charters (Melbourne, University, Melbourne, Australia) (Internationa/ Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug 1, 1975 ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 433-438 5 refs The effects of Rayleigh number, aspect ratio, and angle of inclination on the heat transfer through an inclined air cell are studied via the numerical solution of the relevant two-dimensional governing equations This is done for two side-wall boundary conditions, namely, that of perfectly insulating and infinitely conducting side walls In addition, the effects of a finite-thickness wall with a finite value of thermal conductivity is studied by solving the two-dimensional conduction equation in the wall and matching the values of temperature and heat flux at the common boundaries between the two regions It is shown that the perfectly insulating and infinitely conducting boundary conditions are the two extremes of the real case and, depending on the values of the fluid parameters and the value of the wall thermal conductivity, the two fixed boundary conditions can be either accurate or inaccurate representa- tions of the real case A discussion of the relevance of this work to solar absorbers is mcuded, with the major conclusion being that, depending on the aspect ratio of the cell used, cellular structures can be effective in reducing convective losses in inclined absorbers (Author) A77-50202 On power-generating thermojunctions with radial flow of current K Landecker (New England, University, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia) Solar Energy, vol 19, no. 5, 1977, p 439-443 Research supported by the Australian Research Grants Committee 500 A77-50212 It was shown in a previous publication that in refrigerating thermocouples whose arms are in the form of coaxially arranged thermoelectric disks in which the current flow is radial, the effect of Joule heating on the performance is considerably reduced if the outer and inner radii of the disks are in the ratio of 4 5 It is now shown that if the same couples are used for the generation of power, the performance is enhanced in such a way that the internal resistance appears to be greatly reduced in magnitude It is again found that disks with lateral boundaries in the form of hyperboloids have the most favorable shape The thermojunctions described have been used mainly for research into utilization of solar energy (Author) A77-50203 * Hydrogen quantum yields in the 360 nm photolysis of Eu/2+/ solutions and their relationship to photo- chemical fuel formation P R Ryason (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 445-448 16 refs Contract No NAS7-100 Water decomposition by a cyclic photoredox process is dis- cussed in general terms Thermodynamics determines the wavelength of the charge-transfer band corresponding to electron transfer to or from water of hydration of a cation These relationships indicate that it is unlikely that a photoreduction reaction resulting in water decomposition will occur in the sea-level solar range of wavelengths Such is not the case for photooxidation, and an example is known the photolysis of Eu(2+) in aqueous solution Hydrogen quantum yields have been determined for this reaction They are sufficiently high (about 03) as to offer encourangement for the further exploration of photoredox reactions as a means of solar energy conversion (Author) A77-S0204 On the study of applications of solar thermal energy for mobile homes J, P Chiou (Detroit, University, Detroit, Mich) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 449-466. 26 refs A77-50205 Hydrogen production from water utilizing solar heat at high temperatures T Nakamura (Ministry of Interna- tional Trade and Industry, Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tanashi, Tokyo, Japan) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 467-475 12 refs Possibilities of producing hydrogen and oxygen from water utilizing solar heat at high temperatures are investigated The process of direct thermal decomposition of water is studied using a conceptual model It is shown that the thermodynamic requirements for the direct thermal decomposer are difficult to realize from the structural viewpoint and that existing separation methods are not applicable for such a decomposition process if it is to attain sufficiently high thermal efficiences Feasibilities of realizing simple two-step thermochemical decomposition processes are investigated based on existing thermochemical data It is predicted, as the results of thermochemical as well as thermodynamic analyses, that a two-step thermochemical decomposition process using iron oxide operates efficiently at relatively low temperatures attainable with solar heat and compatible with structural materials (Author) A77-50206 The determination of hourly insolation on an inclined plane using a diffuse irradiance model based on hourly measured global horizontal insolation J_W Bugler (Capricorma Institute of Advanced Education, Rockhampton, Australia) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 477-491 12 refs A77-50207 Heat transfer analysis of a flat-plate solar energy collector G Grossman, A Shitzer, and Y Zvinn (Techmon - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 493-502 13 refs A model is developed for the heat transfer in a flat-plate solar collector with a rectangular channel for water or air flow This two-dimensional geometry offers the maximum area of contact between the fluid and the collecting surface exposed to the sun The analysis yields temperature and heat-flow distributions in both dimensions of the collector Thermal boundary layer development is investigated Overall efficiencies are calculated for uniform solar heat influx with variable heat losses from the plate Thermosyphonic effect due to natural convection is evaluated, and the collector's geometry optimized with respect to this effect (Author) A77-50208 The use of functionalized polymers as photo- sensitizers in an energy storage reaction R R Hautala, J Little, and E Sweet (Georgia, University, Athens, Ga ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 503-508 15 refs NSF Grant No CHE-75-13752, Contract No E (38-1 (-893 Insoluble polymer-bound photosensitizers, useful for the con- version of norbornadiene (1) to quadncyclene (2), have been synthesized An acetophenone analog was produced by Friedel-Crafts acylation of polystyrene resin, while treatment of chloromethylated resin with sahcyladehyde and triethylamme produced an analog of benzyloxybenzaldehyde Reaction of lithio-polystyrene resin with methyl 4-(N,N-dimethylammo)benzoate gave a ketone equivalent to 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzophenone (3) Quantum yields for the conversion of 1 and 2 using the polymer-bound sensitizers were generally comparable to, but slightly lower than, the analogous compound in homogeneous solution The quantum yield of polymer- bound 3 was less solvent dependent than that of the homogeneous counterpart The advantages of isolating the photosensitizer to the photochemical reactor stage of a photochemical solar energy storage device are dicussed Efficient sensitization by polymer-bound photo- sensitizers demonstrates the feasibility of this approach (Author) A77-50209 A design procedure for solar air heating systems S A Klein, W A Beckman, and J A Duffie (Wisconsin, University, Madison, Wis ) (International Solar Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug 1, 1975) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 509-512 9 refs A solar air-heating system incorporating a flat-plate air heater and packed-bed thermal storage is described, and a simulation model for the system is developed The results of many simulations of the air-heating system are used to establish the relationship between system performance and the system design and meteorological variables The results are presented in analytic and graphical form, referred to as an f-chart for solar air-heating systems The results of simulations in several widely different climates suggest that the information presented in the f-chart is location independent Methods of estimating the performance of air-heating systems having a collector air capacitance rate and a storage capacity other than those used to generate the f-chart are included A comparison of the performance of air- and liquid-based systems is afforded by a comparison of their respective f-charts The air system is shown to perform better at high load fractions supplied by solar energy than a liquid-based system with the same collector thermal-performance parameters (Author) A77-50210 Economics of solar heating with homeowner- type financing R L Reid (Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio), E Lumsdame (New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N. Mex ), and L Albrecht (Tennessee, University, Knoxville, Tenn ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 513-517 7 refs. A feasibility study of the present-day economics of solar space and hot-water heating is presented for a region with Tennessee's climate and geographic latitude The economics of solar systems is considered for typical cities across the state representing different weather conditions Financing is considered for conditions likely to be encountered by a homeowner These costs are compared with current fossil fuels and electric power systems, with graphs presented to aid in economic decisions (Author) A77-50212 The solar spectrum at typical clear weather days. K W Boer (Delaware, University, SES, Inc., Newark, Del) Solar Energy, vol 19, no. 5, 1977, p 525-538 29 refs Research supported by SES, Inc A number of typical clear-sky conditions are described which can be used for solar-collector calibration and general testing 501 A77-50213 purposes The spectral distribution of solar flux over the wavelength range from 300 to 1500 nm is given for the typical clear-weather days Attention is focused on the air-mass-zero solar spectrum, effects of Rayleigh and Mie scattering, ozone and water-vapor absorption, and absorption due to other atmospheric molecules Five model spectral distributions are presented which are reasonably close to the distribution of the direct solar component on certain clear-weather days Scattered sky radiation is also taken into account along with solar irradiance at horizontal surfaces and the total irradiance on a surface normal to the direct solar component F G M A77-50213 Solar energy and the residence - Some systems aspects R C Neville (California, University, Santa Barbara, Calif ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 539-548 16refs The feasibility, in an energy-flow sense, of providing heating, cooling, and electrical power for individual homes using some form of solar energy converter on the roof of each residence is considered A model for home power requirements and solar insolation which reflects residence construction, local weather, and geographic loca- tion is developed This is used to demonstrate that 50-90% of the homes in the USA could be self-powered from solar energy, provided sufficient insulation is used and adequate energy-conversion techniques are developed (Author) A77-50214 The effect of non-direct insolation on the radiative performance of trapezoidal grooves used as solar energy collectors R B Bannerot and J R Howell (Houston, University, Houston, Tex ) (International Solar_Energy Society, International Solar Energy Congress and Exposition, Los Angeles, Calif, July 28-Aug 1, 1975) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p. 549-553 11 refs NSF Grants No GI-41003', No AER-73-03357-A01, Contract No E(40-1)-5100 A77-50218 A note of the economics of deep cylindrical mirror concentrating collectors H Tabor (Jerusalem, Hebrew Uni- versity, Jerusalem, Israel) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 573, 574 5 refs / A design program for creating cost-effective cylindrical parabolic reflectors for use in solar concentrating collectors is discussed The program takes into account the geometry of the cylindrical mirrors in defining the maximum optical concentration obtainable with minimum usage of materials Sample problems dealing with two kinds of thermal collector systems, one in which the primary cost is for the energy converter and a second in which the basic cost is relatively low, are given Other factors affecting the design of a collector system, including the necessity for periodic adjustment of the mirror tilt, are also mentioned J.M.B A77-50219 Influence of the direct spectral solar energy distribution on the normal total absorptivity of spectral selective surfaces M van der Leij and C J Hoogendoorn (Delft, Technische Hogeschool, Delft, Netherlands) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 575-577 10 refs. A commercially available solar simulator was used to study the effect of the direct spectral solar energy distribution on the normal total absorptivity of several spectral-selective surfaces The surfaces analyzed included Co304 on nickel, black chrome on nickel, oxidized copper and oxidized steel number 37 Reflectivities and emissivities for the spectral-selective surfaces, recorded under con- ditions of air mass number &|ual to two, were employed to compute normal total absorptivities, the computed data were compared to published standards It was found that for practical engineering purposes the simple solar simulator, which has a continuous spectral curve, could provide an adequate model of the performance of the spectral-selective surfaces J M B A77-50220 The dependence of current output of the TI-TL SnO2/Pt iron-thionme photogalvamc cell on photostationary state composition P D Wildes, K T Brown, M Z Hoffman, N N Lichtm (Boston, University, Boston, Mass ), and D E Hall (Exxon Research and Engineering Co , Linden, N J ) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 579-582 24 refs NSF Grant No AER-72-03579 Photostationary state compositions of totally illuminated thin- layer iron-thionme solutions applicable to photogalvamc cells were determined for a number of illumination intensities The photo- reduction of thionme in the illuminated solutions was measured spectrophotometncally by means of the cross-illumination tech- nique An alternate method of measurement involving calculations based on photochemical reaction equations is also considered In addition, short-circuit currents in Sn02/Pt photogalvamc cells containing the iron-thionme solutions were monitored A simple diffusion model is applied to account for the linear relationship between photostationary composition and the current output of the cells It is concluded that a totally illuminated cell having an effective diffusion length of 25 microns and containing a specified concentra- tion of leucothionine may convert solar light in the thionme band to electrical current with 100% efficiency J M B A77-50221 Effect of angular misorientation on the per- formance of conical, spherical and parabolic solar concentrators N E Wijeysundera (University of Sri Lanka, Perademya, Sri Lanka) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5,1977, p 583-588 6 refs A77-50223 Fundamental research on heat transfer per- formances of solar focusing and tracking collector Y Mori, K Hijikata, N Himeno (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan), and W Nakayama (Hitachi, Ltd , Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory, Tsuchiura, Japan) Solar Energy, vol 19, no 5, 1977, p 595-600 7 refs The components and performance of a focusing solar energy cylindrical collector system are described The mirror is parabolic in cross section with a 50 mm focal distance and is 900 mm long The absorbing pipe is made of copper and has a black oxidized surface which was lined with grooves to increase the absorption, the procedure for producing grooves is explained A discontinuous tracking device was designed to detect the direction of the sun by means of a system of five phototransistors, two of high sensitivity and sharp directional characteristics, and three of low sensitivity and wide directional characteristics The construction and circuitry of the tracking device are examined the tracking device operates with an accuracy of 0 05 deg Performance characteristics of the solar energy system are evaluated M L A77-50255 A technical scale gas generator for steam gasification of coal using nuclear heat H Juntgen and K H. Van Heek (Bergbau-Forschung GmbH, Essen, West Germany) Nuclear Technology, vol. 35, Oct 1977, p 581-590 13 refs Research supported by the Bundesmmistenum fur Forschung und Tech- nologie A fluidized bed coal gasifier into which the reaction heat is transferred from a gas-cooled high-temperature nuclear reactor (HTR) is described New alloys based on Incoloy 800 will meet the specifications required for the heat exchanger A technical scale gasifier will process about 50,000 kg of low volatile bituminous coal/h at 40 bar (4 MPa) Such HTR parameters as helium outlet and inlet temperatures, such coal parameters as ash and water content or reactivity, and other parameters exert an impact on operating data of a combined plant consisting of an HTR and a gas plant (Author) A77-50281 Optical properties of selectively absorbing NI/AI2O3 composite films H G Craighead and R A Buhrman (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY) Applied Physics Letters, vol 31, Oct. 1, 1977, p 423-425. 6 refs NSF-ERDA-supported research Composite films of Ni particles embedded in an AI203 matrix have been produced by controlled coevaporation The optical properties of the Ni/AI2O3 composites measured over the range of the solar spectrum are in good accord with the predictions of Maxwell-Garnett (1904) theory, provided the Ni volume fraction is no more than about 0 2. The composite films have excellent spectral selectivity for the absorption of solar radiation, with a solar absorptivity of 0 94 obtained for a film produced with a composition gradient Low-temperature emissivities of approximately 0 1 have 502 A77-50688 been obtained with composite films evaporated on highly reflecting metal substrates (Author) A77-50287 N-CdS/n-GaAs voltage-enhanced photoanode S Wagner and J L Shay (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, NJ) Applied Physics Letters, vol 31, Oct 1, 1977, p 446, 447 8 refs The letter reports an n-CdS photoanode grown on an n-GaAs substrate The photovoltage at the n-GaAs/n-CdS junction in series with the CdS/electrolyte junction increases the solar-cell efficiency by a factor of about 1 5 relative to a simple n-CdS photoelectro- chemical solar cell (Author) A77-50292 Efficient sprayed In203 Sn n-type silicon heterojunction solar cell J C Mamfacier and L Szepessy (Mont pellier II, Universite, Montpelher, France) Applied Physics Letters, vol 31, Oct 1,1977, p 459-462 15 refs Results are presented concerning an In203 (tin-doped) n-type silicon heterojunction solar cell The transparent and conductive ln2O3Sn layer was made using a very simple, cheap, and quick method Conversion efficiency up to 10 percent is reported. Typical parameters under AMI simulated sunlight are an open-circuit photovoltage of 500 mV, short-circuit photocurrent of 32 mA/sq cm, and fill factors around 0 6-0 65 (Author) A77-50293 Enhancement of diffusion length in EFG ribbon solar cells under illumination C T Ho, R 0 Bell, and F. V Wald (Mobil Tyco Solar Energy Corp, Waltham, Mass ) Applied Physics Letters, vol 31, Oct 1, 1977, p 463-465 6 refs The short-circuit current, efficiency, and minority-carrier dif- fusion length of EFG (edge-defined film fed grown) ribbon silicon solar cells have been measured as a function of illumination level between 0 and 5 suns and found to increase The faster rate of increase of the current in ribbon cells as compared with silicon crystals grown by the conventional Czochralski method is attributed to the enhancement of the minority-carrier diffusion length under illumination A quasi-continuous deep-trap model with a Gaussian distribution of compensated donor states is proposed to account for these observations (Author) A77-50295 Cast polycrystallme silicon Schottky-barner solar cells 0. R Lillmgton and W. G Townsend (Royal Military College of Science, Shrivenham, Wilts, England). Applied Physics Letters,vo\ 31, Oct 1,1977, p 471,472 9 refs Measurements have been made of the electrical and optical properties of polycrystallme metal-msulator-semiconductor Schottky-barner solar cells formed by the evaporation of aluminum onto Wacker-Silso cast p-type silicon substrates Results show that consistently high efficiencies under standard illumination conditions may be achieved using this material and that the voltage-current characteristics are stable over the period of testing The short-circuit current of these devices (about 22 mA per square cm) indicates that grain-boundary recombination is not a serious problem (Author) A77-50350 RF oscillations of a plasma in crossed E x H fields. V T Karpukhm and P G Leonov (Pis'ma v Zhumal Tekhnicheskoi Fiuki, vol 2, Dec 12, 1976, p 1084-1086) Sower Technical Physics Letters, vol 2, Dec 1976, p 427, 428 Trans- lation Experiments were performed to study a helium-cesium discharge in a transverse magnetic field (in MHO generator conditions) in the following conditions a helium pressure of 5-100 torr, a cesium pressure of 001- 05 torr, a current density of 0 5 5 amps/sq cm, and a magnetic field strength of 0-7 kG The longitudinal and Hall components of electric field in the plasma were measured and electron temperature and density were determined from the intensity of the recombination continuum of cesium The dependence of the intensity of high frequency (in the range 80-100 MHz) oscillations on magnetic field was studied B J A77-50433 A large conventional MHD magnet J M Tarrh (Magnetic Engineering Associates, Inc , Cambridge, Mass ) /Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, International Magnetics Conference, Los Angeles, Calif, June 6-9, 1977) IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol MAG 13, Sept 1977, p 1562-1564 A description is presented of a transverse field conventional electromagnet which has been designed and constructed to satisfy the requirements of a large private firm engaged in MHD research The electromagnet has provided a peak central magnetic field of 42 T across a 0 267 m gap The test data demonstrate that water-cooled hollow copper conductors can be used to produce high magnetic fields continuously over large volumes, without requiring extravagant amounts of materials of power This is achieved without the complexity required by cryogenic or superconducting systems Attention is given to details of electromagnetic design, aspects of mechanical design, and thermal design considerations G R A77-50499 Assuring the performance of fossil energy programs S S Canja (ERDA, Washington, DC) In Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa, January 18-20, 1977, Proceedings Piscataway, N J , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc , 1977, p 421-426 In an effort to achieve timely commercialization, ERDA/Fossil Energy has developed the Performance Assurance System (PAS), a technique for reducing uncertainties in the economics of proposed processes and improving plant and component operability PAS aids the decision making functions of ERDA program managers and industrial contractors through systematic application of standardized data collection and exchange procedures, analytical methods, mathe- matical models and information transfer techniques This paper reviews the status of PAS, emphasizing objectives, approach, bene- fits, and implementation B J A77-50651 Development of a turbine rotor of silicon nitride P Walzer, M Langer, and J Siebels (Volkswagenwerk AG, Wolfsburg, West Germany) (US Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Materials Technology Conference on Ceramics for High-Performance Applications, 5th, Newport, R /, Mar 21-25, 1977) Zeitschrift fur Werkstofftechnik, vol 8, Sept 1977, p 294-299 Research supported by the Bundesmmisterium fur For- schung und Technologic Gas turbines could potentially provide automobiles with power plants having very low pollutant emissions. However, at current operational temperatures gas turbines are not competitive with conventional power plants A realization of the potential of the gas turbine for reducing automobile-related air-pollution levels depends, therefore, on the development of gas turbine components made of materials which will permit the elevation of the operational temperatures of the turbine to the required levels A description is presented of a program designed to develop gas turbine components made of ceramics, giving particular attention to the use of silicon nitride The fabrication of a multidensity rotor is discussed, taking into account the strength of prototype rotors, the thermal shock resistance of the components, and the oxidation resistance of the materials. G R A77-50688 Solar energy AUK assessment Research sponsored by the International Solar Energy Society and Wolfson Foundation London, International Solar Energy Society, 1976 379 p 271 refs $1740 Solar energy systems under development in the United Kingdom are discussed, with attention given both to domestic systems, which may supply 10 to 20% of the national energy needs, and to equipment designed for export Studies presented address such technological and theoretical questions as spectral irradiance mea- surement techniques, diurnal variations in solar radiation, solar simulation methods, thermal performance of flat-plate collectors, energy storage techniques, solar cell design and the photochemical conversion of solar energy. Investigations of solar space heating applied to UK environments, agricultural applications of solar 503 A77-51023 energy, capital costs for solar water heating systems, a comparison of diesel and photovoltaic electric generation costs, nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic systems, reductive fixation of carbon dioxide and the photochemical decomposition of water are also reported J M B A77-51023* Where do we locate the moon base. J D Burke Spaceflight. vol 19, Oct 1977, p 363-366 14refs Contract No NAS7-100 Because the lunar polar regions permit continuous solar energy collection and adjacent cryogenic temperature, they may be the preferred sites for early human occupation and use of the moon If permafrost exists in the polar shaded regions, this preference will become dominant Though not ideal from the point of view of all-sky coverage for astronomical observations, and also possibly subject to terminator-plane particle hazes near the surface, polar sites (especially the south polar region) may offer enough advantages (e g , constant cryogenic telescope environments and unlimited tracking time) to be preferred sites for the first lunar observatories B J A77-51126 Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control Edited by K E Noll (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, III ) and W T Davis (Tennessee, University, Knoxville, Tenn ) Ann Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1976 563 p. $27 50 An engineering guide for predicting dispersion of emissions is provided and aspects related to the monitoring of power plant emissions are considered, taking into account a simplified technique used to evaluate atmospheric dispersion of emissions from large power plants, the estimation of downwash effects, the design of air monitoring surveys near large power plants, airborne and mobile ground level measurements of pollutants in the sphere of influence of a coal-fired electric generating station, a calibration procedure for continuous air monitoring instruments, the sampling and analysis of trace metals m the atmosphere, and the monitoring of industrial sulfur scrubbers by flame photometry Attention is also given to intermittent control systems for sulfur dioxide, the removal of sulfur dioxide from stack gases, and the control of particles from power generation G R A77-51128 Eliminate source emission codes for coal- refuse fired power plants. F A Brunner (Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Inc , St Louis, Mo ) In Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control Ann Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1976, p 29-33 9 refs An investigation is conducted regarding the feasibility of an implementation of proposals related to the conversion of coal-fired, steam-electric power plants to operate on both municipal refuse and coal Operational problems concerning such a conversion are partly related to an increase in the storage space required The storage space needed for refuse is about five times as large as the space required for coal Attention is given to differences in the ash content of coal and refuse, methods of handling the associated waste from the con- version, and separate emission regulations for dual-fuel power plants established by some states It is proposed to eliminate the risk of halting operation due to exceeding state emission standards and to give recognition to existing plant limitations by testing each anticipated fuel-converted plant solely according to the limits of the ambient air standards in each specific area plant setting G R A77-51135 Airborne and mobile ground level measure- ments of pollutants in the sphere of influence of a coal-fired electric generating station N T Stephens (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va ), A. N Bird, Jr., and J 0. McCain (Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Ala ) In Power genera- tion Air pollution monitoring and control. [Ann Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc, 1976, p 153-168 7 refs. Research supported by Southern Services A77-51144 Status of sulfur dioxide removal systems for the electric utility industry. T. W Devitt and T C. Ponder, Jr (PEDCO-Environmental Specialists, Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio) In Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control. Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1976, p 307-317 The current state of the art of flue gas desulfunzation (FGD) technology in the U.S is evaluated Fourteen of the 21 FGD systems on utility size boilers which were in operation on Feb 1,1975, were based on a use of lime or limestone Two systems used a magnesium oxide scrubbing process, two employed sodium carbonate, two utilized a double alkali procedure, and one made use of catalytic oxidation The reliability and availability of FGD systems is considered and an operating summary for FGD systems is presented. A brief description is provided of the results of studies which have evaluated the cost of controlling the paniculate and sulfur dioxide emissions from utility boilers G R. A77-51146 Flue gas desulfunzation by fly ash. H I Zeliger In Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control Ann Arbor, Mich, Ann Arbor Science Pub- lishers, Inc , 1976, p 379-390 11 refs A summary is presented of the chemistries of 11 flue gas desulfunzation (FGD) processes and a description is provided of the results of a study concerned with the selection of an FGD process for a power station which uses as fuel a low-sulfur lignite which is site-specific The selected fly ash/lime process is discussed, giving attention to the absorber gas system, the absorber-recycle system, the reagent system, the disposal recycle system, the clanfier system, and the overall material balance G.R A77-51148 Electrostatic precipitator design for western coals. W A Baxter (Environmental Elements Corp, Baltimore, Md ) In Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control Ann Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1976, p 415-425 6 refs The vast reserves of stnppable low-sulfur coal contained in the 17 western states can possibly provide the utility industry with a substantial part of the fuel needed for its operation However, the specific properties of this coal will make it necessary to modify equipment originally designed for eastern and mid-western fuels An overview is presented of the techniques in use today to adapt electrostatic precipitator design for the reliable high-efficiency collection of the fly ash emanating from the burning of western coals Attention is given to the precipitation process, high ac- celeration rapping, high temperature operation, low temperature operation, conditioning, wet precipitation, and precipitation speci- fication G R ->. A77-51152 Air pollution control for industrial coal-fired boilers A H Jones (Joy Manufacturing Co , Los Angeles, Calif ) In Power generation Air pollution monitoring and control vAnn Arbor, Mich , Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc , 1976, p 529-542 The role that sulfur plays in the burning of fossil fuels is examined and a description is presented of the design and the principles of operation of an electrostatic precipitator which sepa- rates dust, fume, or mist from a gas stream by exposing the stream to a high voltage field Cloth baghouses are discussed, taking into account the use of woven cloth, needled felt, glass in the fabric, reverse flow glass fabric filters, shaker-type glass baghouses, and pulse jet-type filters Cyclonic collectors and wet scrubbers are also considered and attention is given to equipment costs and questions of sulfur dioxide removal G R A77-51153 Approaches leading to an efficient use of energy, illustrated with the aid of examples Concerning the rail traffic and low-temperature heat requirement! (Wege zum rationellen Energieverbrauch, gezeigt am Beispiel des Schienenverkehrs und des Niedertemperaturwarmebedarfs) K Bauermeister (Deutsche Bundes- bahn, Frankfurt am Mam, West Germany), C Brecht (Ruhrgas AG, Essen, West Germany), H Schaefer (Munchen, Techmsche Umver- sitat, Munich, West Germany), and B Stoy (Rheimsch-Westfalisches 504 A77-51257 Elektrizitatswerk AG, Essen, West Germany) Brennstoff-Warme- Kraft, vol 29. Sept 1977, p 347-352 In German An improvement of the efficiency of processes involved in obtaining, converting, distributing, and employing energy makes it possible to lower specific energy requirements. An improvement of this efficiency implies in most cases that expenses for increased capital investment take the place of a part of the costs for energy. The economic aspects of such a replacement improve with increases m the cost of fuel. Savings related to lower expenditures for environmental protection m connection with lower energy consump- tion must also be taken into consideration Attention is given to heat conservation approaches employed in the case of new houses and buildings in West Germany, the utilization of solar radiation, the reduction of the heat losses of hot-water storage, the employment of heat pumps, an extended use of electric locomotives, the use of natural gas in gas heat pumps, and various approaches leading to a minimization of traffic-related energy requirements G.R. A77-51154 Improvements in energy conversion technol- ogy (Verbesserungen in der Energieumwandlungstechnik). K Knizia, G Hirschfelder, 0 Schwarz, and K Wemzierl (Veremigte Elektri- zitatswerke Westfalen AG, Dortmund, West Germany). Brennstoff- Warms-Kraft, vol 29, Sept 1977, p 353-360 In German Requirements concerning an improvement of the processes and techniques employed in connection with energy-consuming applica tions are related to the need to enhance the efficiency of energy utilization and to environmental-protection considerations The necessity to replace fuels in short supply with other forms of energy is also an important factor Developments related to an improvement of conventional processes are examined, taking into account an enhancement of steam-turbine efficiency, the significance and the processes of coal gasification, and factors which affect the efficiency of coal gasification installations. Problems and possibilities regarding a use of nuclear installations are also evaluated The vast expen- ditures required for the development of new systems are only justified in the case of great qualitative advantages Such advantages are provided by the fast breeder and the high-temperature reactor OR. A77-51155 Combined heat and electricity generation as a means for saving primary energy (Kombinierte Warme- und Elektri- zitatserzeugung als Weg zur Primarenergieemsparung) H Schulte Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, vol. 29, Sept 1977, p. 366-370 In German It is pointed out that the energy losses in energy-conversion processes in Wen Germany are about 67% An investigation is conducted regarding the approaches which can be used to reduce these losses Energy currently lost in connection with the conversion of fossil and nuclear primary energy into electric energy can be utilized for space heating applications, which, m West Germany, consume about 40% of the total amount of primary energy used Approaches for implementing methods involving such a utilization are discussed, taking into account details of heat transfer, the transportation of the heat from the power plant to the location where it is used, and questions concerning the required investment costs A description is presented of a project designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the considered concepts The construction costs for the required installations are about 175 million DM G R. A77-51156 The future production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons through coal gasification and the long-term prospects of a hydrogen technology (Die zukunftige Bereititellung von flusstgen und gasfdrmigen Kohlenwassentoffen durch Vergasung von Kohle und die langfristigen Aussichten fur eine Wasserstofftechnologie). W. Peters (Steinkohlenbergbauveretn, Essen, West Germany), R Schulten (Kernforschungsanlage Julich GmbH, Julich, West Germany), and P Speich (Rheimsche Braunkohlenwerke AG, Cologne, West Germany). Brennstoff-WSrme-Kraft, vol 29, Sept 1977, p 371-376 21 refs In German A77-S1157 Development of new technologies for energy production in the Federal Republic of Germany (Entwicklungneuer Technologien zur Energieerzeugung in der Bundesrepublik Deutsch- land). W -J Schmidt-Kuster and H f Wagner (Bundesmmistenum fur Forschung und Technology, Bonn, West Germany) Brennstoff- Warm*Kraft, vol 29, Sept 1977,p 377-383 In German The development of new energy technologies is necessary to assure the medium-term and long-term supply of the economy with energy and to aid the countries of the third world in solving their energy problems. Nuclear energy represents currently for West Germany the only available new technology that has the potential to provide energy which can replace on a short-term or medium-term basis a significant part of petroleum-related fuels An enhanced utilization of coal and lignite reserves requires the development of new conversion technologies which are costwise and with respect to environmental considerations acceptable A number of difficulties will have to be overcome before an economic use of solar energy for space-heating and hot-water supply applications will be possible Attention is also given to developments and prospects concerning the utilization of solar energy in its various forms for other applications, technologies for a more efficient use of energy, and studies concerning controlled nuclear fusion G R A77-51161 Optical study of fixed spherical solar col- lectors (Etude optique des capteurt solaires sphe>iques fixes) B Authier (CNRS, Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale, Marseille, France) Journal of Optics, vol 8, Sept-Oct 1977, p 331-337 6 refs In French A procedure is developed for finding radiation (sunlight) incident along the sagittal line of a spherical solar collector The analysis is developed on the basis of geometric optics, for the cases point source on the mirror axis at infinity, single or multiple reflexions, point source off axis at infinity, mobile mirror elements The amount of radiation intercepted is increased via addition of a sun-tracking mobile mirror element, termed boresight ('visiere'), under tropical insolation conditions R D V A77-51169 General Electric prepares the LM5000 for testing. Gas Turbine International, vol. 18, July-Aug. 1977, p 52, 53 The LM5000 dual rotor industrial gas generator is described, along with its full-scale testing program The single-stage low-pressure turbine for the low-pressure compressor and the two-stage high- pressure turbine for the high-pressure compressor and the annular combustor are described briefly. The LM5000 design is derived from the CF6-50 commercial aviation turbofan engine Major modules are completely replaceable subsystems. The LM5000 is rated at 40,000 to 60,000 isentropic gas horsepower. R.D.V. A77-51256 On pressure-work, viscous dissipation and the energy balance relation for geothermal reservoirs S K Garg and J W. Pritchett (Systems Science and Software, La Jolla, Calif) Advances in Water Resources, vol 1, Sept 1977, p 41-47 11 refs NSF Grant No. ENV-75-14492-A01 This article examines the conditions under which the pressure- work and viscous dissipation terms should be retained m the energy balance relation for single (liquid water or vapor) and two-phase (liquid water and vapor) fluid flow through porous media It is shown that if one wishes to retain the pressure-work term, then one must also keep the viscous dissipation term in the energy balance Consideration of steady non-isothermal radial flow demonstrates that both pressure-work and viscous dissipation are liable to have negligibly small effects in single phase liquid water and in two-phase liquid-vapor systems This conclusion is, however, not generally valid for pure vapor systems, in this case, pressure-work and viscous dissipation can produce significant variations in the computed reservoir response (Author) A77-S12S7 A comparison between experimental and nu- merical investigations of the motion of the water surface in a model surge tank. P. W France (University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, Cardiff, Wales). Advances in Water Resources, vol 1, Sept. 1977, p 49-51 SOS A77-51279 This paper describes an investigation into the motion of the water surface in a simple model surge tank, and the relevant factors governing its behaviour The oscillation of the free water surface is an unsteady flow problem, which is amenable to a mathematical solution using a finite difference step-by-step integration procedure For comparison, two such methods are presented (1) a simple initial value method and (2) a predictor-corrector technique Computer programs have been developed linked to a graph plotter to give a visual presentation of the numerical solutions together with the experimental results of the damped oscillation of the water surface in the model surge tank (Author) A77-51279 Water and energy systems - A planning model E D Brill, Jr,S G Vehoglu, and R W Fuessle (Illinois, University, Urbana, III ) American Society of Civil Engineers, Water Resources Planning and Management Division, Journal, vol 103, May 1977, p 17-32 22 refs Research supported by the U S Department of the Interior The implementation of plans regarding the utilization of the vast coal reserves in the Ohio River Basin area in connection with the need for a replacement of petroleum-derived fuels and natural gas would require the use of large quantities of water In considering the withdrawal of the required water, attention must be given to other existing and potential demands for the water resources, including, in particular, the water currently used for electricity generation An investigation is conducted regarding the relationships and inter- actions between the various water-consuming systems The in- vestigation makes use of a planning model which is to serve as a tool for evaluating some aspects of the major policy issues in a large region such as a state The components, constraints, and limitations of the model are discussed G R A77-51284 Pumped storage optimization in generation systems J S Windsor (Natal, University, Durban, Republic of South Africa) American Society of Civil Engineers, Water Resources Planning and Management Division, Journal, vol 103, May 1977, p 99-109 7 refs An investigation is conducted regarding some of the economic fundamentals which have to be considered in power system planning A description is presented of a form of mixed integer programming which can be used to determine the optimal planning policy for an expanding electric power system, with special reference to the integration of pumped-storage schemes into the overall system Mathematically, the problem is a dynamic nonconvex programming problem in which the nonconvexities are caused by economies of scale associated with the cost of building and operating the power facilities G R A77-51366 Technical, economic, and environmental evalu- ation of in situ coal gasification T F Edgar (Texas, University, Austin, Tex) In Situ, vol 1, no 1, 1977, p 75-102 11 refs Research supported by the Atlantic Richfield Co, Continental Oil Co, Dow Chemical Co, Du Pont de Nemours and Co, Enserch, Mobil Oil Corp , Shell Oil Co , Texas Utilities and NSF Underground coal gasification is a process which should be considered as a competitor on an economic basis with shaft mining of coal However, not all coal seams and locations are viable candidates for the application of this technology. The important factors in site evaluation, including coal properties, geological conditions, and operating parameters, as well as the economics of underground coal gasification, are discussed Specific reference to the Soviet system of underground gasification is given (Author) A77-51370 Heating with solar energy (Le chauffage par I'energie solaire) M Caratsch (Sulzer Freres, S A , Division Chauf- fage et Climatisation, Winterthur, Switzerland) Revue Technique Sulzer, vol 58, no 4, 1976, p. 151-157 In French The article describes and compares several types of solar cell panels and heat storage units, conditions favoring profitable exploita- tion of solar energy (economic, meteorological), and describes some existing solar energy installations Effects of water vapor content and dust loading of air, rural air, misty and foggy weather, daily variations of direct and diffuse sunlight, and seasonal variation of insolation are described and plotted Single-pane and double-pane solar cell panels and their performance are compared for various temperature differences and monthly-average insolation data Rural and urban use of solar energy for space heating and cooling, and for hot water supplies, are considered R.D V A77-51372 Hydrogen absorption in Ti3AI P S. Rudman (Techmon - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel), J J Reilly, and R H Wiswall (Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY) . Bunsen-Gesel/schaft fur Physikalische Chem/e, Ber/chte, vol 81, Jan 1977, p 76-80 10 refs. ERDA-sponsored research The reported investigation had the objective to study the effect of aluminum on the fundamental thermodynamic parameters of hydrogen absorption in Ti in connection with the potential signifi- cance of Ti based alloys for hydrogen storage applications Typical absorption/desorption isotherms for hydrogen in Ti3AI at tempera- tures of 450, 550, 650, and 750 C for the hydrogen dissociation pressure range from 0 to 1000 Torr are presented in a graph The obtained results are compared with data for pure Ti compiled by Gallagher and Oates (1969) The effect produced by Al appears to be mterpretable as the blocking of interstitial sites from hydrogen occupancy G R. A77-51390 Past experience - Basis for future advanced power systems for communications satellites B Gohrbandt and J Rath (Telefunken AG, Wedel, West Germany) International Astro- nautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-22 18 p 5 refs. Multi-kilowatt solar power systems for advanced communica- tions satellites are discussed Solar generators with foldable or roll-out blankets and power outputs of 20 kW or greater are described, the power/mass ratios for various configurations of the flexible solar generators are compared Problems associated with solar arrays, such as high initial power outputs and subsequent degradation, the need for advanced nickel-cadmium and nickel- hydrogen storage batteries, and charging of the solar generators by the plasma environment, are also mentioned Modular design of booms, actuators and solar array blankets, as well as development of pulse-width-modulation shunt regulators and a c power distribution systems for satellite applications are considered. J M B A77-51411 Studies of technological processes by solar energy under cosmic simulated conditions I N Frantsevich, V I Trefilov, V S Dvermakov, V V. Pasichny, and I E Kasich-Pilipenko (Academy of Sciences, Intercosmos Council, Moscow, USSR) International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-54 7 p 5 refs Welding was studied in the SGI-5 solar furnace heated with the aid of a 2-m-diameter parabolic mirror The radiant flow ranged from 150 - 1900 W/sq cm The effects of radiant flow efficiency, process speed, and joint type on the size and shape of the weld pool were studied Various alloys in the form of 0 25 - 2 0-mm-thick flat plates (or cylinders) with weld joints were used, and solders are described The appearance and properties of the welds are reported and compared with welds obtained by more common procedures The results can be applied to the development of solar energy welding techniques which can be used in the low-gravity environment of space The desireable features of welds formed in such an en- vironment are summarized M L A77-51415 * Space power stations - Space construction, transportation, and pre-development, space project requirements. R Piland (NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex ) International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-64 45 p 9 refs 506 A77-51533 Several features of solar energy space power stations are discussed An end-to-end analysis of a system using silicon solar cells is reviewed, and the merits of construction in low earth orbit and in geosynchronous orbit are compared A suggested space construction procedure, described in detail, would use a 'beam builder', an automated machine, to fabricate the first sublevel truss structural members from strip stock material that is stored on reels An assembly jig would then be used to position a number of beam builders in the proper location and to support the beams as they are produced to facilitate joining them to form the final space power station structure Space pro|ects for evaluating the construction concept are proposed, and a possible space construction sequence is considered Space transportation that would be required in con- junction with the space power station is described M L A77-51416 Composites for large space structures J F. Ganbotti, R J Reck, and A J Cwiertny (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co, Huntmgton Beach, Calif ) International Astro- nautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-65 37 p 12 refs The use of graphite-polymide or graphite-epoxy truss beams, panels and tubing in large space structures, such as solar power satellites, multibeam lens antenna systems or parabolic radiometers, is discussed Advantages of the advanced composites, including a high degree of stiffness, good thermal stability, as well as high packaging density for the trip to orbit, are considered The design of truss elements and joints is studied, and fabrication techniques, such as pultrusion, braiding and chopped-fiber molding (for joints), are compared Contamination of the composites due to inert gases, lubricants or toxic volatiles from cleaning solutions, is also con- sidered J M B A77-51431 Experimental research of oscillations m the discharge gap of plasma accelerator. V P Shadov and K V Evdokimov (Academy of Sciences, Intercosmos Council, Moscow, USSR) International Astronautical Federation, International Astro- nautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-104 7 p. The amplitude-frequency performance of plasma accelerators in the discharge gap are studied with attention to the electromagnetic oscillations originating in the main and near-electrode zone, the potential oscillations in these zones as well as their spatial-time distributions, and the supply circuit electric oscillations at transient conditions which depend on the discharge current, working fluid flow rate, and cathode temperature A lithium plasma accelerator with tungsten electrodes was used in this study. An autocorrelative function of the fluctuations provides information on the mean spectrum frequency and the mean wave vector over the correlative function period, and the directions of propagation and the mean phase velocity of oscillations The implications of experimental data are discussed M L A77-51444 A new cycle for optimum energy storage in interplanetary missions E Igenbergs (Munchen, Technische Univer- sitat, Munich, West Germany) International Astronautical Federa- tion. International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czecho- slovakia, Sept. 25-Oct ~1. 1977, Paper 77-14! 40 p An investigation is conducted concerning an approach m which a spacecraft on a mission obtains energy from nuclear power plants or by the utilization of solar radiation and stores this energy for an employment in energy-consuming operations to be performed at a later time. In a brief analysis it is demonstrated, in a comparison of various possibilities that, of the considered systems, only a system which stores energy chemically in the form of elementary oxygen and hydrogen, obtained from water, provides a feasible low-weight energy storage method A solar mirror-turbme/generator system and a system obtaining electric energy for the decomposition of water by means of solar cells are considered. The water formed, when the stored energy is withdrawn for use, is retained and can be employed again for additional energy-storage cycles Formulas and graphs are presented which illustrate the suitability of the discussed techniques for a number of spacecraft missions, giving particular attention to interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus G.R A77-51445 Automatic optimization of operating modes in thermionic electrical power generators L M Galkm, B N Petrov, and G. M Ulanov (Institute of Control Sciences, Moscow, USSR) International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-142 17 p 6 refs The characteristics of a spacecraft power supply system con- sisting of thermionic converters which receive heat from a nuclear reactor source are examined Using the experimental Soviet Topaz unit as an example, attention.is given to ways of optimizing the operating mode, conversion efficiency, service life and reliability of a thermionic power system It is decided that an adaptive control system which would maintain the optimal operating mode in the face of wide variations of system parameters is the best choice B J A77-51508 Introductory remarks on space observations of long-term climatic changes produced by escalating energy use S S Penner (California, University, La Jolla, Calif) International Astro- nautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept. 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper A-77-01 6 p 24 refs Additions of C02 to the earth's atmosphere as a result of intensified worldwide economic and industrial activity are assessed for possible long-term climate-altering effects Effects of accumu lated C02 (including greenhouse effects) are considered more serious than effects of atmospheric participate loading or direct heat addition at the present time Mention is made of contributions by volcanic activity to climate alteration, possible use of space- positioned mirrors to moderate the earth's albedo, and laser absorption techniques for measuring mean temperatures in the atmosphere R D V A77-51524 On the active and passive CETI from earth satellite orbit M Subotowicz (Lubl;n, Universytet, Lublin, Polskie Towarzystwo Astronautyczne, Katowice, Poland), J Usowicz (Torun, Uniwersytet, Torun, Polskie Towarzystwo Astronautyczne, Warsaw, Poland), and Z Paprotny (Polskie Towarzystwo Astro- nautyczne, Katowice, Poland) International Astronautical Federa- tion, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czecho- slovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper A-77-48 14 p 7 refs Technical problems involving the antennas considered for use in a communication with extraterrestrial intelligence (CETI) satellite project are discussed The antenna system and monitoring are considered with reference to a search strategy Topics examined include frequency range, thermal noises and deformations, Ooppler shift correction, compensation of the dispersal effects, transmission time and distance, costs, and energy supply by the solar satellite power station Attention is directed to the problems of possible perturbations of the orbit, undesireable motion of the antenna, and antenna mechanical oscillations M L A77-51532 Space solar power versus space communica- tions S K Sarkar (Swiss PTT, Berne, Switzerland) International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-65 8 p 8 refs Since a space solar power station will occupy the same geostationary orbit as communications satellites and will also use the RF spectrum for transmission there must be a tradeoff between the two types of spacecraft m terms of resource allocation of orbit and spectrum This paper briefly reviews design, operating and cost factors for both types of space system and emphasizes resource constraints and comparative benefits The solar power station concept is criticized as being cost-ineffective B J A77-51533 Socio-economic determinants of a program for lunar industrialization m support of space light development Lunetta and Soletta K A Ehricke (Space Global, Inc, La Jolla, Calif ) 507 A77-51561 International Astronaut/cat Federation, Internationa/ Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper A-77-66 59 p 10refs Some ideas for space light facilities are outlined The Lunetta system is for illumination The Powersoletta system is for trans- mission of solar energy to drive terrestrial solar-electric power stations at night in addition to their operation by direct solar energy during the day The Biosoletta system is for transmission of radiation energy for purposes of enhancing photosynthetic (food) production, and of thermal energy for local temperature modification P T H A77-51561 International law and solar energy satellites H Berger International Astronautical Federation, International Astro- nautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper SL-77-52 19 p 27 ref s Articles of the December 8, 1956 Treaty on Principles Govern- ing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies are examined with reference to their bearing on solar energy satellites The first nine articles are considered, these articles deal with subjects such as the exploration of space, the prohibition of national appropriation of space resources, the requirements for conformity with international law, and liability Topics which will require legal clarification include general questions, such as the freedom of use of outer space for transmission of energy to earth, and more specific issues, such as the allocation of frequencies for transmission of energy waves Three other multilateral agreements are also mentioned M L A77-51565 International law and the use of outer space for the production of solar power L I Tenner International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper SL-77-62 28 p 97 refs The paper examines the international legal ramifications of establishing and operating permanent space colonies to construct solar energy collecting satellites which would transmit the energy to earth via microwave The Outer Space Treaty and other present and projected treaties contain provisions directly applicable to this type of project The main issue concerns the ban on appropriation of outer space Placement of a colony in geostationary orbit or at a Lagrange position may or may not be a violation of the Treaty The Treaty also requires that activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out in the interests and for the benefit of all mankind If world-wide sharing of the benefits of a solar energy satellite were required, the program may become economically unfeasible Perhaps the producing state should just be required to make the electrical power or technological information available for purchase by other states on a nondiscrimmatory basis P T H A77-51575 Future space experiments with levitated capac- itor for thermonuclear microexplosions. D Odstrcil International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress, 28th, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Sept 25-Oct 1, 1977, Paper 77-ST-11 12 p 5 refs The use of controlled thermonuclear microexplosions for space propulsion systems is considered An electron beam method would be used for ignition, and a capacitor consisting of a superconducting torus is suggested for energy storage Characteristics of this proposed capacitor are analyzed, and a space test platform that could be used to study the capacitor is described M L A77-51587 Mathematical modelling of coal combustion in fluidized beds with sulphur emission control by limestone or dolomite T-P Chen and S C Saxena (Illinois, University, Chicago, III.) Fuel, vol 56, Oct 1977, p 401-413 32 refs Contract No E(49-18)-1787 A model is developed for the combustion of coal in fluidized beds with sulphur emission control by limestone or dolomite The gas and solid flow analysis is based on multiple gas bubbles of varying sizes which, rccompamed by the cloud and wake, rise through the participate emulsion phase Solids population balance relating the feed, overflow, and elutriation with the physiochemical changes of particles in the bed is carried out for coal and sulphur-absorbent respectively The reactions in the bed are then formulated in terms of the above determined gas velocities and distribution functions for solids Experimental data from various pilot-plant operations are used to assess the validity of the proposed model The observed coal conversion and sulphur retention under various operating conditions are in good agreement with the predicted values (Author) A77-51588 Ignition of droplets of liquid fuels solvent extracted from coal J B Jordan, A Williams (Leeds University, Leeds, England), and G M Kimber (Coal Research Establishment, Cheltenham, Glos, England) Fuel, vol 56, Oct 1977, p 417-421 27 refs A single suspended-droplet technique has been used to study droplet combustion of a range of solvent-refined coal extracts in a furnace at 850 C The small particles of extract are solid at room temperature but they rapidly liquefy on exposure to the hot furnace environment, permitting the size and mass-time combustion histories to be measured Their combustion behaviour is discussed in terms of their high aromaticity and comparison with, the single droplet combustion of fuel oils of different asphaltene content was used to highlight potential solids emissions problems which may arise when firing in large systems (Author) A77-51589 Heavy-fuel flame radiation in 'gas turbine combustors - Exploratory results. E. M. Goodger and Y S. H. Najjar (Cranfield Institute of Technology, Cranfield, Beds , England) Fuel, vol 56, Oct 1977, p. 437-440 6 ref s With lower costs and greater availability, heavy fuel oil appears as an attractive alternative to the conventional gas oil used in industrial gas turbines However, higher levels of radiation and smoke are expected, and this note reports on some preliminary tests made with a combustion chamber burning fuels of different carbon content, ranging from kerosine to a 25% blend of residual fuel oil in gas oil, at a chamber pressure of 10 atm The combustion rig was equipped with a total-radiation pyrometer and black-body furnace capable of measurement at different axial stations along the spray-stabilized flame The presence of the residual fuel oil in the gas oil was found tq promote significant increases in the mean levels of radiation, emissivity and smoke density, with a modest increase in liner temperature (Author) A77-51590 Concurrent carbon gasification and carbon deposition in chars A Linares Solano, 0 P Mahajan, and P L. Walker, Jr (Pennsylvania State University, 'University Park, Pa ) Fuel, vol 56, Oct 1977, p 451, 452 11 refs Contract Wo £(49-181-2030 The paper introduces the concept of the concurrent carbon gasification and carbon deposition in chars and notes that the rates of these two processes are interdependent with an interdependence that can change with the particular char used. In an experimental study, chars were produced from a Montana lignite and Saran (a copolymer of polyvmyhdene chloride and polyvmyl chloride) by heating them to 1000 C and soaking for 2 h in N2 Weight changes produced in the acid-washed lignit char and in the Saran char, both at 900 C in various atmospheres, were observed Results showed effects ranging all the way from the gasification reaction promoting a high rate of carbon deposition from methane, to carbon deposition completely retarding the gasification reaction B J. A77-51611 # Optical measurements of mean particle size in the exhaust of a coal-fired MHD generator. D Holve and S. Self (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif ) Combustion Institute, Fall Meeting, University of California, La Jo/la, Calif, Oct. 18-20, 1976, Paper 76-53 22 p. 8 refs A77-51621 # A 1977 approach to sulfur oxide emissions. F F Ross (Central Electricity Generating Board, London, England) American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Institute of Electrical 508 A77-51627 and Electronics Engineers, Joint Power Generation Conference, Long Beach, Calif, Sept 18-21, 1977, ASME Paper 77-JPGC-Pwr-1. 13 p 35 refs Members, $1 50, nonmembers, S3 00 An appraisal of evidence that sulfur dioxide and the sulfate ion are harmless at the concentrations created by acceptable emission techniques, together with the acceptance of the value to the land of an atmospheric supply of sulfur, leads to the conclusions that there are no problems which the development of flue gas desulfunzation would solve, there is no case for the development of low-sulfur fuels for large installations, the U S consumption of raw coal could be much greater than at present without deleterious effects, there will be a need for the provision, probably from coal, of low-sulfur energy for urban use, and research and development should be diverted from non-existent problems to directions where a real need exists. (Author) A77-51623 # A new approach to planning with gas turbines B. M Kaupang and W. 0. Marsh (General Electric Co , Schenectady, N Y ) American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Joint Power Generation Confer- ence, Long Beach, Calif., Sept 18-21, 1977, ASME Paper 77-JPGC-GT-3 7 p Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $3.00. Gas turbines have traditionally been accepted by most the utility industry as an economic means for serving peak loads In the last few years, rapidly escalating fuel and capacity costs together with uncertainty regarding oil availability have raised questions as to whether gas turbines should still be applied for this purpose This paper will analyze the basic economic and operating principles of peaking generation and discuss how a new approach to the planning process shows why gas turbines still make economic sense in today's environment of tight supplies of capital and oil The techniques, discussed in this paper, for investigating the economic impact of gas turbine participation in utility plans for generation additions should contribute to the understanding and optimum utilization of the gas turbine in the utility industry (Author) A77-51624 # The high temperature water cooled gas turbine in combined cycle with integrated low Btu gasification R K Alff, G B Manning (ERDA, Washington, D C), and R C Sheldon (General Electric Co, Gas Turbine Div, Schenectady, N Y) American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Joint Power Generation Conference, Long Beach, Calif, Sept 18-21, 1977, ASME Paper 77-JPGC-GT-7 9 p Members, $1 50, nonmembers, $3 00 ERDA-supported research A study of turbine subsystem design sponsored by the High- Temperature Turbine Technology Program of ERDA is described, with emphasis on development of a water-cooled turbine for use in a combined cycle plant having integrated fixed-bed gasification In addition to water cooling, air and steam cooling concepts are considered, and various designs of buckets and nozzles applicable to high-temperature conditions are reviewed Fuels evaluated for the turbine system include coal oil and low-Btu gas It is suggested that the water-cooled turbine design could be used for mid-range and baseload operation in plants having outputs on the order of hundreds of megawatts J M.B A77-51627 Critical materials problems in energy produc- tion. Edited by C. Stem (USAF, Weapons Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico Institute of Technology, Socorro, N. Mex ) New York, Academic Press, Inc, 1976. 927 p. $29.50 Materials problems in nuclear power generators are considered along with materials for high temperature applications, solar energy materials, materials for direct solar energy conversion, and materials problems related to coal and other fossil fuels Materials used for energy transmission and for energy storage applications are also discussed, taking into account superconducting materials, super- conductivity, materials problems in rechargeable batteries, solid solution electrodes, solid electrolytes, materials for high-temperature Li-AI/FeS secondary batteries, the materials science of the super- flywheel, and metal hydndes for energy storage G R 509 Page Intentionally Left Blank N77-28327 STAR ENTRIES N77-28211# Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Palo Alto. Calif ELECTROMECHANICAL STABILIZATION SYSTEM V Leontev [1977] 3 p Transl into ENGLISH from Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika (USSR) no 4. 1977 p 35 Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01. National Translation Center. John Crerar Library, Chicago. Ill 60616 Angular stabilization of space vehicles was examined Rotation of an inertial mass, a flywheel is mentioned as an underlying operation principle and is discussed in detail The principle of an electromechanical stabilization system is illustrated and analyzed Results indicate that the application of an angular stabilization system distinguished by high utilizational qualities reliability and accuracy of functioning during a long period with minimal energy expenditure, significantly increases the time of efficient utilization of space vehicles in orbit B B N77-28306# Northwestern Univ , Evanston. Ill BASIC RESEARCH ON CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION SYSTEMS Progress Report. 1 Dec 1975 - 30 Nov 1976 Donald H Whitmore Dec 1976 35 p refs (Contract EY-76-S-02-2564) (COO-2564-2) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Experimental probes for measuring the movement of ionic and electronic charge carriers in ceramic materials suitable for solid electrolyte and electrode applications in high-performance, secondary battery and fuel cell systems were utilized Special emphasis is placed on developing (Da better understanding of the effects of structure, impurities and composition on charge carrier transport mechanisms in such materials, and (2) detailed knowledge of the kinetics and mechanism of reactions occurring (on a microspcopic scale) at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces of energy storage and conversion systems ERA N77-28322*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va ALTERNATE AIRCRAFT FUELS PROSPECTS AND OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS Robert D Witcofski May 1977 44 p refs (NASA-TM-X-74030) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 21D The potential use of coal-derived aviation fuels was assessed The studies addressed the prices and thermal efficiencies associated with the production of coal-derived aviation kerosene, liquid methane andjiquid hydrogen and the air terminal requirements and subsonic transport performance when utilizing liquid hydrogen The fuel production studies indicated that liquid methane can be produced at a lower price and with a higher thermal efficiency than aviation kerosene or liquid hydrogen Ground facilities of liquefaction storage, distribution and refueling of liquid hydrogen fueled aircraft at airports appear technically feasibtle The aircraft studies indicate modest onboard energy savings for hydrogen compared to conventional fuels Liquid hydrogen was found to be superior to both aviation kerosene and liquid methane from the standpoint of aircraft engine emissions Author N77-28323# California Univ. Uvermore Lawrence Uvermore Lab BIOSOLAR PRODUCTION OF FUELS FROM ALGAE T W Jeffries P H Moulthrop, H Timounan. R L Ward, and B J Berger 15 Nov 1976 41 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-52177) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 A design concept is described for the production of methane, hydrogen, and ammonia using solar energy Filamentous, nitrogen fixing blue-green algae are employed as a source of biomass for methane and ammonia generation by anaerobic digestion and as a biological catalyst for the photoproduction of hydrogen from water The resources needed, biomass production and harvest anaerobic digester, the process of biophotolysis. and product separation are discussed The environmental and genetic modifications possible to increase biomass production are indicated Preliminary cost estimates are made for methane and hydrogen production It is concluded that biosynthetic methane is not economically competitive with that derived from coal gasification but that hydrogen production offers a viable long range prospect Author (ERA) N77-28324# Edgerton, Germeshausen and Gner Inc Idaho Falls. Idaho GUIDE FOR THE CONVERSION TO AND MAINTENANCE OF HYDROGEN-FUELED. SPARK-IGNITED ENGINES F B Simpson J H Lofthouse. D R Swope. and D L Hennksen Jan 1977 31 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-07-1570) (TREE-1036) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 A guide to one approach to the conversion of an internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel is presented Safety aspects, conversion, operation and maintenance of the engine are also included ERA N77-28325# Exxon Research and Engineering Co Linden, NJ Government Research Lab EVALUATION OF METHODS TO PRODUCE AVIATION TURBINE FUELS FROM SYNTHETIC CRUDE OILS. PHASE 2. VOLUME 2 Final Report. 24 Jan 1975 - 24 Apr. 1976 Charles D Kalfadelis Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio AFAPL May 1976 365 p (Contract F33615-74-C-2036) (AD-A036190, EXXON/GRU 2PEA 76-Vol-2. AFAPL-TR-75-10-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A16/MF A01 CSCL 07/1 An experimental pilot-plant program is described which has demonstrated that specification JP-4 wide-cut type and Jet A narrow-cut type aviation turbine fuels may be produced from domestic shale oils Three shale oils and two coal-derived liquids were evaluated in the program, which is the second phase in a three phase overall program The original whole crude samples were assayed and fractionated to yield kerosene-boilmg-range feedstocks for catalytic hydrotreatment experiments Three levels of hydrotreatment severity were investigated, using nickel- molybdenum and cobalt-molybdenum catalysts Hydrotreated products were fractionated and reblended to yield finished fuels The experimentally obtained process and analytical information will be used in the third phase of the program to provide a basis for an engineering and and economic evaluation of the effect of the use of synthetic crude oil in a refinery processing both petroleum and synthetic crude Author (GRA) N77-28327# Dartmouth Coll. Hanover. N H Thayer School of Engtneenng LONG-TERM NATURAL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES Annual Report. 15 Sop. 1972 - 16 Sap 1973 Roger F Naill 1973 75 p refs (Grant NSF GI-34808) (PB-265762/5 DSD-9. NSF/RA/N-73-271. AR-1) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 21D A summary of six projects that use computer simulation models to explore the potential role of coal as a transition fuel is presented A dynamic simulation model that explores the 511 N77-28328 interaction between energy availability and economic growth during the transition from fossil fuel energy sources to ultimate energy sources was developed Major areas where policy tests significantly affect the transition to coal were identified The environmental standards study analyzes the nature of the constraint on increased coal use imposed by the problem of air pollution by sulfur dioxide emissions An analysis on energy imports and international politics indicated the sensitivity of the study model to an increased rate of imports and its inability to cope with the strains generated by increased reliance on external sources , GRA N77-28328# Federal Power Commission, Washington. D C Bureau of Natural Gas NATIONAL GAS FLOW PATTERNS 1976 GEOGRAPHIC FLOW PATTERNS AND INTERCOMPANY RE- LATIONSHIPS Feb 1977 659 p (PB-266111/4) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL21D The interrelationships existing in 1975 among the US gas supply areas, the gas market areas, and the interstate natural gas pipeline network are examined The volume of production out of each supply areas which goes into interstate pipelines, the volume going intrastate only the major gas transfers between interstate pipelines, and the volume each pipeline delivers to each state for final consumption are given Estimates of the gas volumes which flowed between any combination of areas and were directly connected are included GRA N77-28329| Stanford Research Inst, Menlo Park. Calif THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY A PRELIMINARY TECHNOL- OGY ASSESSMENT Final Report Edward M Dickson. John W Ryan, and Marilyn H Smulyan Feb 1976 407 p refs (Grant NSF ERP-73-02706. SRI Proj EGU-2836) (PB-266607/1. NSF/RA-760491) Avail NTIS HC A18/MF A01 CSCL 21D Hydrogen must be manufactured from basic energy resources since it is not a naturally occurring energy form The question of the feasibility of the use of hydrogen as a fuel was studied Although it is generally believed that hydrogen might soon become less expensive than petroleum, competition among fuels in the energy marketplace and the need to derive hydrogen from other energy sources will insure that hydrogen does not become less expensive than alternatives for a very long time Transitions involving change in basic infrastructure technologies, systems, and institutions are difficult to effect because new, embryonic systems must compete with established systems, often at a price disadvantage The following are included (1) summary and recommendations. (2) technology assessment and energy in the future. (3) hydrogen technologies, present and projected, (4) competing and complementing technologies, present and projected, (5) economics of hydrogen (6) transition to a hydrogen economy, and (7) consequences of a hydrogen economy GRA N77-28419jjl Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D C ELECTRIC VEHICLE RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY - FOREIGN James D Busi Apr 1976 72 p ref Amendment A to DST-1850S-403-75 (AD-A036458, DST-1850S-403A-75) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 13/6 Current research efforts and a computer analysis of foreign electrochemical traction battery technology utilizing various standardization and simulation techniques support the following ranking of foreign electric vehicle technology United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Federal Republic of Germany, U S S R , France, Italy, and Sweden All-electric vehicle systems (battery-battery or battery-fuel cells) are not presently competitive, on an energy or power density basis, with conventional, fossil-fueled, internal combustion engine systems All-electric vehicle systems, however, offer an alternate or complementary mode of transportation, in major metropolitan areas by reducing atmospheric pollution and fossil fuel consumption Advanced lead-acid, nickel-iron, and nickel-zinc traction batteries offer the greatest promise for urban transit vehicleslcity buses, microbuses, and commuter cars) Commercial application of these electrochem- ical propulsion systems will receive considerable government and public support over the next 10 years in Europe. Japan, and the U S S R High-energy electrochemical propulsion systems such as the sodium-sulfur, lithium-sulfur, and metal-air traction battery systems are theoretically promising Actual utilization of these power sources in small military and domestic vehicles is anticipated by the late 1980s GRA N77-28463jf Joint Publications Research Service. Arlington, Va HEAT TRANSPORTATION BY HOT WATER PIPE-LINES AT 90 DEG C J M Bourguet, H Fischer, and L Lancal Mar 1977 39 p refs Transl into ENGLISH from Tech de I'Energie (France), no 1, 1976 p 14-18 (AD-A038301. CRr EL-TL-576) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 20/13 This report describes the possibility of transporting heat produced by Nuclear Power Plants for urban heating distribution systems by means of water at 90 C Author (GRA) N77-28495# Thermo Electron Corp. Waltham, Mass FEASIBILITY TEST ON COMPOUNDING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES. TASK 2 Final Report 1976 250 p refs (Contract E(11-1 (-2690) (COO-2690-1) Avail NTIS HCA11/MFA01 The most attractive use of the Organic Rankme Cycle System (ORCS) is in large heavy-duty diesel trucks for long distance hauling A conceptual design study of compounding the diesel truck engine with an ORCS was made Based on the results of the conceptual design study which showed a 15 percent fuel economy improvement potential over the duty cycle, an early feasibility demonstration test of the system was initiated The demonstration system used a Mack ENDT 676 diesel engine with existing but nonoptimum ORCS hardware made available from an earlier automotive Rankme cycle program The results of these feasibility demonstration tests, both steady state and transient over the operating range of the diesel engine, are presented ERA N77-28658*# Jet Propulsion Lab . Calif Inst of Tech , Pasadena BOREHOLE HYDRAULIC COAL MINING SYSTEM ANALY- SIS Elmer L Floyd 21 Apr 1977 122 p refs (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-154119, JPL-Publ-77-19) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 08! The borehole hydraulic coal mining system accesses the coal seam through a hole drilled in the overburden The mining device is lowered through the hole into the coal seam where it fragments the coal with high pressure water jets which pump it to the surface as a slurry by a jet pump located in the center of the mining device The coal slurry is then injected into a pipeline for transport to the preparation plant The system was analyzed for performance in the thick, shallow coal seams of Wyoming, and the steeply pitching seams of western Colorado Considered were all the aspects of the mining operation for a 20-year mine life, producing 2.640000 tons/yr Effects on the environment and the cost of restoration, as well as concern for health and safety, were studied Assumptions for design of the mine, the analytical method, and results of the analysis are detailed Author N77-28B69# Institute for Defense Analyses. Arlington. Va Program Analysis Div OPTIMAL DRAWDOWN STRATEGY FOR STRATEGIC PETROLEUM .RESERVES 512 N77-28584 Robert E Kuene. Jerry Blankenship and Paul f McCoy Apr 1977 150 p refs (Contract FEA-CR-02-60857-00) (PB-265838/3 IDA-P-1252. IDA/ HQ-77-19019. FEA/B-77/142) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 21D The problem addressed is if the United States had a reserve of petroleum of a given size to be used in case of an oil embargo, how should that petroleum be drawn from the reserve when an embargo actually occurs The objective is to find a drawdown policy which maximizes the present value of total GNP benefits from petroleum drawn from the reserve minus the opportunity costs of holding the petroleum in storage GRA N77-28673|jf Federal Energy Administration. Washington, D C Office of Oil and Gas Analysis PETROLEUM SITUATION REPORTS 1974-1976 Monthly Petroleum Statistics Report Mar 1977 94 p (PB-265848/2. FEA/B-77/106) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 21D Graphs detailing total imports, crude oil runs-to-stills, apparent demand for motor gasoline, and motor gasoline stocks, tables indicating total demand for petroleum products, imports of refined products, production, imports, demand and stocks of crude oil. motor gasoline, jet fuels, distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil. are presented GRA N77-28576# Battelle Columbus Labs Ohio PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF US TAR SANDS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Final Report N A Frazier D W Hissong. W E Ballantyne, and E J Nazey Dec 1976 92 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1323) IPB-266266/6. EPA-600/7-76-035) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 081 Factors traceable to the increasing shortfall in U S production of natural crude have rekindled interests in U S tar sands as a sources of synthetic fuel Reported are the results of a preliminary study to assess the potential primary environmental impacts of production and processing of U S tar sands bitumen With the possible exception attributable to chemical differences between tar sand bitumen and coal, potential environmental impacts of producing tar sands by mining methods would be similar in type to those of mining coal by the same method and m the same area as the tar sand deposit Processes for extracting bitumen from the mined tar sand would generate solid waste in the form of spent sand Constituents and quantities of emissions to air and water are process dependent but existing control technology and good environmental practices are technically applicable A viable in situ production technology for producing tar sand reservoirs has not yet been demonstrated On the basis of methods tested to date potential environmental impacts of producing tar sands by in situ methods would be very similar to those of conventional oil field production Technical and economic factors will determine if in situ methods, or possibly underground methods, are an alternative to surface mining in environmentally sensitive areas GRA N77-28676|jt Aeronautical Research Labs Melbourne (Australia) HYDROCARBON FUELS FROM SOLAR ENERGY VIA THE ALGA BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNI L W Hillen and D R Warren Jul 1976 47 p refs (ARL/Mech Eng-148) Copyright Avail Issuing Activity The production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from a non- depleting source such as solar energy and algae is investigated The alga Botryococcus braunii. which grows widely in nature. can produce hydrocarbons in amounts up to 75% of its dry mass There is considerable contemporary and geological evidence especially in Australia that it is capable of prolific growth under appropriate conditions Harvesting and processing is relatively simple compared with other energy crops Problems involved in producing solar oil in this way on a large scale are assessed Author N77-28577*+ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center. Langley Station Va AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. VOLUME 1. APPENDIX 2 Sandra J Blow Jul 1977 848 p (NASA-TM-74765 BIB 74-01-Vol-1-App-2) Avail NTIS HC A99 CSCL 05B Abstracts of reports concerning energy are presented The topics reported conclude energy and power, hydrogen and other fuels, waste heat utilization, nuclear, solar, and energy storage F O S N77-28578* + National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Langley Station Va AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY, VOLUME 2. APPENDIX 2 Sandra J Blow Jul 1977 874 p (NASA-TM-74764. BIB 74-01-Vol-2-App-2) Avail NTIS HC A99 CSCL 05B For abstract see N77-28577 N77-28582*# Jet Propulsion Lab Calif Inst of Tech . Pasadena OPTIONS FOR DEMONSTRATING THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA BUILDINGS E S Davis and G Yanow Sep 1976 33 p refs (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-154103 JPL-Publ-77-33) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A Three programmatic options for demonstrating the most economically attractive applications of solar energy to buildings located in California are formulated The unique characteristics of solar energy demonstration programs and the involvement of key decision makers are discussed in detail The demonstration programs are related to specific purposes The priority structure used to select the generic projects making up each program is discussed in relationship to the purposes of the program In addition some implications of the nature of the demonstration program for management are outlined Author N77-28583*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office, Calif A NON-TRACKING SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTOR SYSTEM Patent Application M Kudret Selcuk. inventor (to NASA) Filed 27 May 1977 17 p (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-Case-NPO-13817-1. US-Patent-Appl-SN-801452) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A A solar energy collector system characterized by an improved concentrator for directing incident rays of solar energy on parallel strip-like segments of a flat-plate receiver is described A plurality of individually mounted reflector modules of a common asymmetri- cal triangular cross-sectional configuration is supported for independent reonentation A plurality of asymmetric vee-trough concentrators for deflecting incident solar energy toward the receiver is defined NASA N77-28584*! National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office Calif SOLAR POND Patent Application Charles G Miller and James B Stephens inventors (to NASA) Filed 30 Jun 1977 17 p (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-Case-NPO-13581-2 US-Patent-Appl-SN-811815) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A Narrow elongated trenches, grouped together over a wide area, can be formed by bulldozer type equipment Each trench is lined with a heat-absorbing black liner The liquid in the bottom of each trench, used to absorb the solar energy, may be a brine solution or plain water depending on the means used to remove the thermal energy from the pond The heat-absorbing liquid is kept separate from the thermal energy removing fluid by means such as clear polyethylene material The covenng for the pond may be a fluid or solid if the covering is a fluid fire fighting foam, continuously generated or siloons are used to keep the 513 N77-28589 surface covering clean and insulated If the thermal energy removing fluid is a gas a fluid insulation layer contained in a flat polyethylene tubing is used to cover the pond The side of the tube directed towards the sun is treated to block out ultraviolet radiation and trap infrared radiation Author N77-28689# Wisconsin Univ Madison DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SOLAR AIR HEATING SYS- TEMS S A Klein, W A Beckman. and J A Duffie 1976 9 p refs Presented at the Joint Conf of the Am Section of the Intern Solar Energy Soc and the Solar Energy Soc of Canada, Inc Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada, 15Aug 1976 (Contract EY-76-S-02-2588) (CONF-760842-14) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 A solar air heating system incorporating a flat-plate air heater and packed bed thermal storage is described and a simulation model for the system is developed The results of many simulations of the air heating system are used to establish the relationship between system performance and the system design and meteorological variables The results are presented in analytic and graphical form, referred to as an f-chart for solar air heating systems The results of simulations in several widely different climates suggest that the information presented in the f-chart is location independent Methods of estimating the performance of air heating systems having a collector air capacitance rate and a storage capacity other than those used to generate the f-chart are included ERA N77-28590# Aerospace Corp , Germantown, Md Environment and Energy Conservation Div GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MINI-OVERVIEW SURVEY Jul 1976 134 p refs (Contract E(04-3)-1101) (ATR-77(7518)-1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 A survey is presented in order to determine the technology status, gaps, and needs for research and development programs in the environment and safety areas of this resource The information gathered from a survey of geothermal energy development undertaken to provide background for an environment and safety overview program is summarized A technology assessment for resource development is presented The three specific environmental problems identified as most potentially limiting to geothermal development, hydrogen sulfide control, brine disposal, and subsidence, are discussed Current laws regulations, and standards applying to yeothermal systems are summarized The elements of the environment, health and safety program considered to be intrinsically related to the development of geothermal energy systems are discussed Interagency interfaces are touched on briefly ERA N77-28591# Sandia Labs, Albuquerque, N Mex TOTAL ENERGY SYSTEMS SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM Semi Annual Review. Jul 1976 Robert L Alvis and Robert L SanMartm Jul 1976 186 p refs (Contract EI29-D-789) (SAND-76-5758) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 Reviews are presented on the ERDA-New Mexico irrigation project, total energy program solar total energy campus study solar total energy test facility (including operating experience with parabolic cylindrical collector field), solar total energy project management, and mirror materials and selective optical coat- ings ERA N77-28592# Colorado State Univ , Fort Collins Solar Energy Applications Lab COOLING SUBSYSTEM DESIGN IN CUS SOLAR HOUSE 3 0 S Ward. T Uesaki, and GOG Loef Aug 1976 23 p (Contract EY-76-S-02-2858) (COO-2858-1. Conf-760842-20) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The use of cooling storage in conjunction with lithium bromide adsorption chillers allows for improved operating conditions of the cooling subsystem Significant performance degradation in the absorption cooling capacity is evident whenever the chiller cycles are on and off during periods of low cooling demand The capability of providing storage for the chiller output prevents short-term cycling of the absorption machine and significantly improves the seasonal average coefficient of performance of the cooling subsystems Cool storage can also be utilized to allow for a lower cooling capacity of the absorption unit (lower tonnage), without decreasing the ability of the subsystem to meet the cooling demands of the building ERA N77-28593# California Univ Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab BIOSOLAR SYNFUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION Carl J Anderson 17 Jan 1977 17 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-52208) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 A short review is given of biosolar sources of synthetic liquid fuels (synfuels) for transportation There are a variety of ways to convert potentially large energy crops into fuels suitable for transportation use e g, liquid fuels such as methanol. ethanol. and pyrolytic oils In addition, organic wastes are widely produced, and although they are still generally not considered a resource, there is little doubt that they will increasingly be recycled for their material and energy value Major technical, social, economic environmental, and political questions remain and although the potential for biosolar transportation synfuels is large it is still small compared to transportation energy demand Because of their costs, early implementation of biosolar conversion schemes will likely not be in the area of transportation synfuels ERA N77-28596jf Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington, 0 C Div of Transportation Energy Conservation HYDROGEN VIA-ELECTRICITY A CANDIDATE TRANSI- TIONAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY SYSTEM CONCEPT W J D Escher Sep 1976 89 p refs (ERDA-77-13. TEC-77/001. PT-67) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 There is an expressed need to move transportation off oil However, the stategic alternatives for creating a nonpetroleum energy base for transportation are all long-term, extremely costly systems (hydrocarbon synfuels, electricity, hydrogen energy), each having technical and socio-economic limitations and constraints which will govern their relative contributions To preserve the options while conducting positive steps to obviate the possibility of energy shortfalls affecting transportation in the meanwhile a transitional transportation energy systems approach may be needed A candidate concept Hydrogen-via-Electricity (HVE) is described in terms of criteria for such a system, and also related to each of the strategic alternatives to establish compatibility If implemented, the HVE Concept has the near-term potential for supporting a certain fraction of the energy needs of the following transportation subsectors railroads, intercity trucking, urban and intercity buses, and selected fleet vehicle systems ERA N77-28597jjl Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington. D C Div of Solar Energy NATIONAL PROGRAM PLAN FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING Nov 1976 196 p refs (ERDA-76-144) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 This interim report on a National Program Plan for Research and Development in Solar Heating and Cooling is based on a thorough assessment of the present status of solar heating and cooling technology and presented with the confidence that the emerging solar energy industry will continue to conduct a broad range of R and D activities This plan describes the Federal R and D program plan for solar heating and cooling including those activities to be funded in whole or in part by the Federal Government The program plan is compatible with, but more detailed than, that described in the National Plan for Solar Heating and Cooling. ERDA 23A It is intended that this interim report be circulated widely for review and comment by all those concerned with the R and D aspects of solar heating and cooling ERA 514 N77-28605 N77-28698# Electric Power Research Inst. Palo Alto. Calif ELECTRIC UTILITY SOLAR ENERGY ACTIVITIES. 1976 SURVEY L 0 Deary Jan 1977 83 p (EPRI-ER-321-SR) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The results of a survey to determine the scope and extent of solar energy projects sponsored by electric utilities are presented Brief descriptions of the active operations along with information contacts are listed for each participating utility Included for cross-reference is a list of the utilities involved with projects designated by category and an address list of the utilities ERA N77-28599# Brookhaven National Lab. Upton. N Y BRIEFING BOOK ON THE ENERGY SITUATION IN NEW ENGLAND Joel P Brainard. James S Munson. and Philip F Palmedo Oct 1976 138 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-21918) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 This briefing book is designed to give a concise overview of the facts of the energy situation in New England and of attitudes within the region towards current energy issues Many of the central problems of U S energy policy are manifested in the region in a magnified form The region entered the period of energy shortages and increasing prices in an economically declining condition Energy prices were already high in 1970 30% higher than rest of the country the difference increased to 38% by 1974 With essentially no indigenous energy resources. New England is an energy-importing region For various reasons it is also more dependent on petroleum than other regions of the country and, at the same time, distant from domestic petroleum-producing regions The result is that over 60% of the fuels it consumes are also imported from abroad Although the future supply of energy to the region is critically dependent on energy-resource policies, policies related for example to coal and oil shale development the region's concerns cluster around policies and technologies that are perceived to have a more direct impact on its energy welfare Thus energy conservation, solar energy, nuclear power, offshore oil development and, m general, the price of energy to the region are paramount issues of concern and debate Following the Introductory chapter, these issues are discussed in four additional chapters The Energy Situation in New England Regional Energy Issues, Energy-Related Institutions, and State Legislation ERA N77-28600# Brookhaven National Lab, Upton. N Y HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND STORAGE IN UTILITY SYSTEMS Semiannual Progress Report. Jul. - 31 Dec 1975 F J Salzano Jan 1976 79 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-50590) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 A conceptual design of an electric storage system has been developed Break-even cost data for introducing electric storage devices into the national energy system have been developed Six materials were evaluated as substitutes for asbestos m the alkaline cell for use in 20 to 30 percent KOH at 150 to 160 C Three of these look promising Tests were conducted on the largest hydride test bed (84 Ib granular FeTi) to determine the length of time various flow rates could be sustained In the Hydrogen Technology Advanced Components Test System, design specifications and cost goals based on small-scale tests and analysis have been established for the storage components Design specifications and cost goals have also been established for electrolyzer components Several compositions of the TiFe/sub y/MN/sub z/H/sub x type were investigated These compositions show greatly reduced dissociation and association pressures which subsequently may reduce the electrolysis unit and hydride storage vessel costs ERA N77-28601jjl Argonne National Lab. Ill SOLAR ENERGY AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES: BE INTERFACED? CAN THEY Joseph G Asbury and Ronald 0 Mueller Aug 1976 35 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (ANL/ES-52) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The economics of solar systems that interface with electricity supply systems are discussed First, adopting the implicit assumption of many solar system designers of abundant supplies of low-cost off-peak electricity, systems studies of several of the more important solar energy applications are presented It is shown that much of the electricity supply savings claimed for solar energy systems stem from the storage, rather than the solar, component of the system Second, employing a standard economic representation of the periodic load problem, the general problem of interfacing solar energy and electric utility supply systems is examined The general conclusion is that solar energy systems and conventional electric utility systems represent a poor technological match The basic problem is that both technologies are very capital intensive ERA N77-286O31 Radian Corp . Austin. Tex SAMPLING STRATEGY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL EMISSIONS FROM SYNFUEL PRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM 1976 152 p refs Symp held at Austin. Tex. 8-10 Jun 1976 (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (CONF-760602) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 The rapidly increasing energy demand has brought increased emphasis on the conversion of coal and oil shale to fluid fuels These solid fuels provide a significantly greater pollution potential than petroleum For the conversion program to be successful, effort must be directed toward the establishment of meaningful emissions standards Yet meaningful regulations cannot be established for these processes without reliable emission stream data that are not now available While the need for stream composition data is widely recognized, the complexity of the technology and the absence of representative equipment combined with the need for complex sampling and analytical procedures have limited progress in data acquisition GRA N77-28604| Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington. D C Oiv of Solar Energy NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS Nov 1976 63 p refs (ERDA-76-6) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The National Program presented in this report, reflects the results of continuing assessment of initial plans, additional program planning activities, and experience gained this past year by ERDA and other program participants As a result of these undertakings, strategies and plans for the research, development and demonstra- tion activities outlined in ERDA-23A have been updated The status of those activities funded totally or partially by ERDA is presented This report thus supercedes ERDA-23A ERA N77-28606# Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D C CREATING ENERGY CHOICES FOR THE WESTERN REGION 1976 36 p Presented at 3rd Public Meeting on a Natl Plan for Energy Res, Develop and Demonstration. Denver. 17-18 May 1976 (ERDA-76/1-PM-3. Conf-760597) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Regional meetings to provide the public with an opportunity to exchange information and opinions about Federal energy planning are discussed Topics considered include energy conservation, synthetic and fossil fuels technology development and commercialization, environmental and socio-economic impacts of energy resource development, solar and geothermal energy, and intensive electrification A range of important, and often conflicting, opinions expressed on energy planning, funding priorities, and environmental impacts are summarized ERA 515 N77-28606 N77-28606# ICF. Inc , Washington. D C PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION. VOLUME 6: METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE PRICE SENSITIVITY OF THE PIES OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CURVES Washington FEA Sep 1976 51 p refs (Contract FEA-CO-05-50301-00) (PB-264069/6. FEA/N-76/416-Vol-6) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A A methodology for improving the price sensitivity of the oil and gas supply models used in Project Independence analyses is examined Emphasis is placed on the question of improving the responsiveness of supply from currently existing proved reserves to changes in output prices GRA N77-28607# ICF. Inc . Washington. D C PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION. VOLUME 7: METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING MORE COMPLEX INVESTMENT AND PRODUCTION PROFILES IN THE FEA OIL AND GAS SUPPLY MODEL Sep 1976 24 p ref (Contract FEA-CO-05-50301-00) (PB-264649/5. FEA/N-76/417-Vol-7) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A The possibility of altering the oil and gas supply models to utilize more complex investment and production profiles, especially in frontier oil and gas provinces is investigated The assumptions used in the models with respect to timing of investment and production are acceptable for mature oil and gas provinces, but are less so for frontier production areas Investment leadtimes and rates of production build-up are slower in virgin provinces, which leads to underpnced petroleum and overestimated production in these areas GRA N77-28608jf Joint Publications Research Service. Arlington. Va SOME THOUGHTS ON OPTIMIZING LONG-DISTANCE HEAT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND THEIR STORAGE FACILITIES P Charroppm Dec 1976 37 p Transl into ENGLISH of an unpublished manuscript (France), Nov 1975 46 p (AD-A038253, CRREL-TL-568) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 18/13 This document stems from the study of transport of heat produced in nuclear power reactors with a high enough rating to benefit by scale economy and relying on seasonal storage to flatten the production curve It aims at optimizing such transport systems and is first of all a search for a simple mathematical method for determining immediately the optimal diameters and the corresponding costs Author (GRA) N77-28609# Northwestern Technological Inst, Evanston, ill HEAT EXTRACTION FROM HOT. DRY ROCK MASSES Progress Report. 1 Feb. - 31 Jul. 1976 J Weertman, J D Achenbach. 7. P Bazant. J Dundurs. L. M Keer. T Mura. and S Nemat-Nasser Oct 1976 186 p refs (Grant NSF AER-75-00187) (PB-265116/4. NSF/RA-760395) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 08! Geothermal energy conversion processes are studied The following subjects are treated (1) analytic study of crack growth and shape, (2) finite element solution of geothermal energy extraction. (3) fluid flow through cracks, (4) model experiments, and (5) seismic detection of hydraulically induced fractures GRA N77-28610# Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge Center for Wetlands Resources OIL AND GAS USE CHARACTERIZATION, IMPACTS. AND GUIDELINES W H Conner. J H Stone. L M Bahr. V R Bennett. J W Day, Jr. and R E Turner Jun 1976 160 p refs Sponsored in part by Louisiana State Planning Office. Baton Rouge. Coastal Resources Program. Louisiana Wildlife and Fishenes Commission. Baton Rouge, and Louisiana Coastal Commission, Baton Rouge (PB-265267/5, LSU-T-76-006. NOAA-77021602) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 08J A nontechnical survey of oil and gas activities and their impacts on wetland, and a discussion of preliminary guidelines for optimizing production and minimizing impact are presented GRA N77-28611| Construction Engineering Research Lab (Army), Champaign, III Energy Branch MARKET EVALUATION STUDY SOLAR DOMESTIC WATER HEATERS FOR DOD BARRACKS Final Report Larry Walton Windingland, George Walton, and Douglas Hittle Feb 1977 40 p refs (Contract FEA-CG-05-50083-00) (AD-A036479, CERL-TR-E-102) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13/1 This study assesses the potential market for solar domestic hot water systems in DOD bachelor enlisted and bachelor officer quarters (barracks) The number and locations of existing and planned bachelor enlisted and bachelor officer quarters in the United States are analyzed, and the locations where solar domestic water heating is most feasible are determined Life-cycle costs of providing solar domestic water heating systems are analyzed and the DOD market potential for these systems determined for varying system costs The results of more than 120 one-year solar hot water heating system simulations are presented along with a dimensionless graph and methodology which can be used to estimate solar hot water heater performance for building loads and sites other than those studied The potential markets for solar collectors based on varying system costs are presented Results indicate that at an anticipated future system cost of $9/sq ft ($97/sq m) of collector the probable market for solar collectors is 44 million sq ft (409.000 sq m) Over a 20-year life, the potential savings resulting from application of this collector area is estimated to be 45 million barrels of fuel and $29 million Author (GRA) N77-28613| Arizona Univ. Tucson Optical Sciences Center INVESTIGATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF THIN FILM. SOLAR-THERMAL ENERGY CONVERTORS Summary Report. $0 Jun. 1976 - 29 Jun. 1976 Keith D Masterson and B 0 Seraphin Sep 1976 36 p (Grant DI-G-0254032) (PB-265554/6. BM-OFR-65-77) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10B A high temperature reflectometer was used to determine the high temperature performance of selective surfaces The specular reflectance for nine samples of the absorber-reflector- tandem type with absorber layers of ZrCU)N(y) was obtained for temperatures up to 700C in some cases A diffuse reflectometer of the integrating sphere type was used to characterize several samples that used fine gram texturing to enhance solar absorption Specular reflectance measurements for such samples are unreliable because of the large fraction of light that is scattered out of the beam During the final quarter, stainless steel substrates were coated with chemical vapor deposited molybdenum Although these sample coatings did not have infrared reflectance as high as expected from previously obtained data, they will be useful for initial stability tests with the Bureau of Mines absorbers GRA N77-28614j)l Bureau of Mines, Denver, Colo Intermountam Field Operation Center PROJECTS TO EXPAND FUEL SOURCES IN WESTERN STATES. SURVEY OF PLANNED OR PROPOSED COAL OIL SHALE. TAR SAND. URANIUM, AND GEOTHERMAL SUPPLY EXPANSION PROJECTS. AND RELATED INFRA- STRUCTURE. IN STATES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER (AS OF MAY 1976) John S Corsentmo Sep 1976 222 p refs (PB-265633/8. BM-IC-8719) Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 CSCL 10A A listing is made of fuels-related projects that are presently under construction, planned, or proposed by various companies 516 N77-28644 and organizations in the Western United States The future facilities covered fall into the following categories coal mines and expansions to existing mines, electric powerplants and waste-to- fuel conversion plants, oil shale projects, tar sands projects, potential geothermal facilities, coal slurry pipelines, railroads related to fuels development, uranium mines and enrichment facilities, oil refineries, and natural gas processing plants GRA N77-28616f Federal Energy Administration, Washington. D C Office of Finance and Environment FEA ENERGY FINANCING WORKSHOPS SECTION 1. SUMMARIES OF PROCEEDINGS SECTION 2: BACK- GROUND PAPERS Jan 1977 701 p refs (PB-265706/2, FEA/G-77/011) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 10A During 1976, the Federal Energy Administration sponsored a series of workshops on the financing of different energy sources The workshops are (1) Eastern Coal, (2) Western Coal, (3) Socio-economic Impacts of Western Energy Development. (4) Electric Utilities. (5) Supplemental Gas Projects This combined collection of Summaries and workshop background papers provides a significant compilation of background and views concerning several of the most important energy finance issues currently facing the Nation GRA N77-28616jj! Federal Energy Administration. Washington. D C Office of Policy, Program Development and Environment QUARTERLY REPORT TO US HOUSE AND SENATE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS (3RD) Quarterly Report. Jun. - Sap 1976 Jan 1977 40 p refs (PB-265490/3, FEA/D-77/027. QR-3) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A The process of the Federal Energy Administration's (FEA) energy conservation programs and short- and long-term accom- plishments are reported to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations GRA D I Tchernev 1 Feb 1977 99 p (Grant NSF AER-74-09038) (PB-266055/3. NSF/RA-770017) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 13A The usefulness of molecular sieve zeolites for solar sorption heating and cooling has been investigated Two different approaches have been used one in which the temperature of the zeolite is uniform, the other in which a temperature gradient is established across the zeolite With one-square-foot test panels using the uniform temperature approach overall engineering efficiencies as high as 75% for heating with a condenser temperature of 60C (140F) were obtained Cooling efficiencies as high as 45% were obtained for a condenser temperature of 50C (120F), the maximum temperature expected for an air-cooled condenser GRA N77-28828# Systems Applications. Inc. San Rafael, Calif THE CHEMISTRY. DISPERSION. AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA DATA ANALYSIS AND EMIS- SION IMPACT MODEL Final Report Mei-Kao Liu. Dale Durran. Pravin Mundkur, Mark Yocke, and Jody Ames 15 Sep 1976 336 p refs (Contract ARB-4-258) (PB-264822/8, EF76-18R, ARB-R-4-258-76-54) Avail NTIS HC A15/MF A01 CSCL 04A Mathematical models developed to study the effects on air quality of using high-sulfur fuels in power plants are described The Reactive Plume Model (RPF), adopting a trajectory approach, accommodates variations in wind speed, plume spread, and ambient concentrations The Buoyant Plume Model (BPM) predicts plume rise and effluent dispersion near the stack It invokes the Navier-Stokes equation with the Boussmesq approximation, and allows for plume-generated turbulent diffusion The Plume Dispersion Model (PDM) simulates pollutant distributions far downwind, PDM solves the three-dimensional atmospheric diffusion equation, and incorporates variations in wind speeds GRA N77-28618# Southern Methodist Umv, Dallas. Tex DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST THIN FILM POLYCRYSTAL- LINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS FOR TERRESTRIAL APPLICA- TIONS Final Report. 1 Jun 1973 - 30 Nov. 1976 Ting L Chu Jan 1977 107 p refs (Grant NSF AER-73-07843) (PB-266057/9) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10B The purification of metallurgical silicon has been investigated in detail Using chemically treated metallurgical silicon recrystal- lized on graphite as a substrate, epitaxial silicon films and solar cell structures have been depositied and characterized Large area (30 sq cm) cells have AM 1 efficiencies of up to 5 5%. and small area (5 sq cm) cells have AM1 efficiencies higher than 6%. GRA N77-28619# National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, D C Committee on Measurement of Energy Consumption ENERGY CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENT DATA NEEDS FOR PUBLIC POLICY 1977 120 p refs (Contract FEA-CO-03-50343-00) (PB-266039/7. FEA/B-77/159) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10A The need for improved data on energy consumption and some general methods of collecting and organizing data for use in designing and evaluating public policy are analysed GRA N77-28620# Lincoln Lab. Mass Inst of Tech. Lexington EXPLORATION OF MOLECULAR SIEVE ZEOLITES FOR THE COOLING OF BUILDING WITH SOLAR ENERGY Report. 1 Sep. 1974 - 31 Aug 1976 Final N77-28642# Aerotherm Acurex Corp, Mountain View. Calif EVALUATION OF MOLTEN SCRUBBING FOR FINE PARTICULATE CONTROL Final Report. Dec 1976 - Feb 1976 G G Poe L R Waterland. and R J Schreiber Mar 1977 39 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1318) (PB-266092/6, EPA-600/2-77-067) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 07A The results of an evaluation of molten scrubbing for paniculate control are given Application of the concept to fine paniculate clean-up in advanced energy processes seems possible Molten scrubbing is especially well-suited to processes where simultane- ous removal of sulfur compounds is desired GRA N77-28644# Mitre Corp , McLean. Va METREK Div EPA AND ERDA HIGH-TEMPERATURE/HIGH-PRESSURE PARTICULATE CONTROL PROGRAMS Final Report R A Kennedy. H Dhillon. and J B Truett Feb 1977 60 p refs (Contract EPA-68-01-3539) (PB-266231/0. EPA-600/7-77-013) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 07A The report describes and compares current projects sponsored by EPA and the US Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). relating to the control of paniculate matter in fuel gas streams at high temperatures (1000 to 2000 F) and high pressures (5 atm and greater) The descriptions document each project and provide a narrative statement of objectives and technology involved Project descriptions provide bases for identifying overlap or duplication, and indicate areas not addressed by either Agency Comparison of EPA and ERDA activities for possible overlap and omissions is summarized in the conclusions which indicate that there is little evidence of any overlap or 517 N77-28645 duplication No projects are dedicated exclusively to characteriza- tion and study of aerosol mechanics, however, one such EPA-sponsored study was completed recently Some characteriza- tion work is done at ERDA, incident to advanced energy systems development Development of instrumentation is limited and does not extend to the expected 1000-psig operating range GRA N77-2864B# Monsanto Research Corp, Dayton, Ohio DESIGN OF MINIMUM-WEIGHT DIFFUSION BATTERIES Final Report. Sep 1973 - Sep 1974 A L Marcum, L E Dresner, A Wojtowicz, and W H Medley Jan 1977 37 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1320) (PB-266217/9 MRC-DA-452, EPA-600/2-77-001) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 14B Participates in the atmosphere and in the industrial exhaust gases are being monitored extensively in the field Field work is often seriously hampered by equipment that is heavy or bulky The diffusion batteries currently in use weigh in excess of fifty pounds and are often the heaviest piece of equipment in a test setup For this reason, it was felt that the possibility of optimizing the dimensions of the battery for minimum weight should be investigated The objectives of this study were first, to analyze the relationship between the physical dimensions of the battery and operational parameters to determine if an optimum configura- tion exists, and second, to design a series of optimum weight batteries based upon the results of the study The technical discussion which follows is limited to the first of these objec- tives GRA N77-28689# National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder. Colo Wave Propagation Lab SOLAR RADIATION ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION RESEARCH. PHASE 1 Final Report G M Lerfald. V E Derr. R F Pueschel and R L Hulstrom (Martin Marietta Corp. Denver) Jan 1977 162 p refs (PB-266010/8, NOAA-TM-ERL-WPL-18. NOAA-77031804) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 04A Part 1 reviews the overall work program and states conclusions and recommendations Part 2 is a detailed analysis of solar photometric data collected on two days, a summer day with relatively large amount of atmospheric water vapor and some aerosol content, and a winter day, which had clear dry conditions Results demonstrate the utility of using spectral data to differentiate between absorbing components and the import- ance of having additional data (cloud condition data) when attempts are made to estimate direct irradiance values from total hemispherical (pyranometer) data GRA N77-28933* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office Calif LIGHTWEIGHT REFLECTOR ASSEMBLY Patent Maurice J Argoud (JPL) Jack Jolley (JPL). and Walter L Walker inventors (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 12 Jul 1977 9 p Filed 24 Sep 1975 Supersedes N75-32894 (13-23, p 2979) Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-13707-1 US-Patent-4 035,065. US-Patent-Appl-SN-617202 US-Patent-Class-350-310. US-Patent-Class-350-288. US-Patent-Class-350-320) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 20F An inexpensive lightweight reflective assembly member having good optical quality and particularly adaptable to accommodating temperature variations without providing destructive thermal stresses and reflective slope errors is described The reflective assembly consists of a thin sheet of glass with appropriate reflective coating and a cellular glass block substrate bonded together The method of fabrication includes abrading the cellular substrate with an abrasive master die to form an appropriate concave surface An adhesive is applied :o the abraded surface and a lamina reflective surface is placed under a uniform pressure to conform the reflective surface onto the desired abraded surface of the substrate Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-28948# Florida Univ, Gainesville Dept of Engineering Sciences TWO-PHASE HARTMANN FLOWS IN THE MHD GENERA- TOR CONFIGURATION Annual Report. Dec 1976 - Dec 1976 E R Lindgren, U H Kurzweg R E Elkms, and T A Trovilhon Jan 1977 35 p refs (Contract N00014-76-C-0410, NR Proj 099-412) (AD-A036452) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 20/9 Two-phase Hartmann flows in an MHD generator duct of rectangular cross-section are examined and numerical values for the velocity fields and induced current streamlines for fluids of spatially-dependent electrical conductivity are determined as a function of load factor, Hartmann number and channel aspect ratio This study is of considerable practical interest in connection with some experimental work on two phase liquid metal-gas MHD generators and the results presented herein may enhance the understanding of the operating characteristics of such devices Results indicate that conductivity gradients can produce inflected velocity profiles which may be hydrodynamically unstable, that for larger load factors the shunt current in the Hartmann boundary layers become considerable and that two-phase MHD flows of moderate void fractions have sound speeds considerably lower than in its components Turbulent effects are not considered in these studies since turbulent fluctuations are expected to be suppressed for the high Hartmann number flows of interest in two-phase MHD generators GRA N77-29001# Massachusetts Inst of Tech Cambridge Energy Lab OPEC AND THE MONOPOLY PRICE OF WORLD OIL (WORLD OIL PROJECT) Jacques Cremer and Martin L Weitzman Apr 1976 22 p refs (Grant NSF SIA-75-00739) (PB-265015/8. MITEL76-015WP NSF/RA-760476) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL21D A dynamic model is presented of the behavior of OPEC viewed as a monopolist sharing the world oil market with a competitive sector In order to study the influence of long term considerations on the price of oil a dynamic model of the capital theoretic type was built GRA N77-29003*# Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech Pasadena COSTS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF A DUAL-MODE SYSTEM R C Heft Apr 1977 76 p refs (Contracts UMTA-RD-CA-06-0088 DOT-AT-60008) (NASA-CR-154251. JPL-77-34 UMTA-RD-CA-06-0088-76-2) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 05C The life cycle costs of a dual mode system for both public and semipnvate ownership are examined and the costs in terms of levehzed required revenue per passenger mile are presented The energy use of the dual mode vehicle is analyzed by means of a detailed vehicle simulation program for the control policy and guideway system Several different propulsion systems are considered Author N77-29007# Stanford Research Inst Menlo Park Calif Center for Resource and Environmental Systems Studies THE POTENTIAL FOR REUSABLE HOMOGENEOUS CONTAINERS Interim Report Richard L Goen, Robert V Steele Laszlo P Somogyi and Norman Fishman Feb 1977 56 p refs (Grant NSF AER-76-02396 SRI Proj EGU-5674) (PB-265100/8. SRI /CRESS-17 NSF/RA-770030) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL13B The feasibility of reusable containers for food products (excluding beverages) is examined The conclusions of the many studies of reusable beverage containers are reviewed along with the food packaging share of the packaging market the contribution of food packaging to the generation of solid waste and the quantities of food used in the food service industry Concepts 518 N77-29441 for reusable food containers-glass or plastic are presented including two types of systems for the return of the containers after use The total energy use for a glass reusable container system, and for one configuration and size of a plastic reusable container system is derived GRA N77-29026# Wendell Associates. McLean. Va FEDERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT-IMPACTED MUNICIPALITIES Washington FEA Feb 1976 112 p refs (Contract FEA-CO-04-60431-00) (PB-265804/5. FEA/D-77/039) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 13B Federal assistance programs which do or could provide aid for small communities impacted by major energy development are identified It is also intended to analyze other programs of assistance to local governments to show why they are not presently suitable for use by these communities and to indicate what kinds of changes would be necessary to make them useful to such communities GRA N77-29269|j/ Case Western Reserve Univ. Cleveland. Ohio Dept of Metallurgy and Materials Science HYDROGEN SULFIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN MATERIALS FOR GEOTHERMAL POWER R F Hehemann, A R Troiano, B Abu-Khater. and S Ferngno 1976 34 p refs Presented at the Electrochem Soc Meeting. Las Vegas, Nev. 17 Oct 1976 (Contract EY-76-S-02-2576) (COO-2576-3. Conf-761057-2) Avail NTIS The performance of alloys used in geothermal power systems is evaluated Alloys which are commercially available and those which have modified metallurgical structures and/or composition modifications were tested to determine the corrosive effects of the H2S and thermal environments in geothermal fluids Hydrogen embnttlement and sulfide stress corrosion cracking were tested Test results showing the effects of alloy composition, tempering temperatures, fluid temperature and salt content and ageing on sulfide stress cracking are tabulated ERA N77-29318# Midwest Research Inst Kansas City. Mo SYSTEM STUDY OF FUELS FROM GRAINS AND GRASSES Quarterly Progress Report. Jul. - Oct. 1976 W Benson R Athey. and A McElroy 15 Nov 1976 70 p (Contract EI29-2I-3729) (DSE/3729-1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The current and potential USA production capability for gram and grass crops was determined A preliminary screening of conversion processes was performed, and as well as preliminary technical and economic feasibility analyses The results obtained to date on biomass production, conversion processes, and data management are reported Author (ERA) N77-29320# Loughborough Univ of Technology (England) Dept of Transport Technology ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF THE LIQUEFIED PETROL- EUM GAS (LPG) ENGINE IN STAGE CARRIAGE SERVICE VEHICLES G G Lucas Jul 1976 37 p refs (TT-7605) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 An assessment has been made into the viability of replacing the usual diesel engine in a public service vehicle with a spark ignition engine designed to operate on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The advantages of the LPG engine are less smoke, less noise, less odor, greater power for acceleration and less initial cost The disadvantages are an increased fuel consumption in terms of miles per gallon and slightly higher emissions of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons The former may be alleviated however if the cost of LPG to the consumer is proportionately less than that of diesel fuel In this the excise duty and rebate system is very important The availability of LPG is good at present and is expected to increase over the next ten years Author (ESA) N77-29323# Federal Power Commission Washington D C NATIONAL GAS SURVEY REPORT TO THE FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION BY THE SUPPLY-TECHNICAL ADVISORY TASK FORCE ON THE REGULATORY ASPECTS OF SUBSTITUTE GAS Dec !976 344 p refs 2 Vol IPB-265877/1) Avail NTIS HC A15/MF A01 CSCL 21D Regulations and legislation pertaining to gas production primarily from coal gasification production primarily from coal gasification plants in the U S and Canada are discussed Topic areas cover water and air pollution, safety and land use considerations GRA N77-29324| Federal Power Commission Washington D C NATIONAL GAS SURVEY REPORT TO THE FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION BY THE SUPPLY-TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE STUDY SUBGROUP ON RE- SERVES AND RESOURCES CLASSIFICATIONS Dec 1976 162 p refs 2 Vol (PB-265878/9) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 210 Definitions and classifications pertaining to reserve resource terms are discussed along with a survey of natural gas resources GRA N77-29325# ICF Inc Washington DC PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION VOLUME 9 ALLOCATION OF EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY TO OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN THE FEA OIL AND GAS SUPPLY MODEL Sep 1976 70 p refs (Contract FEA-CO-05-50301-00) (PB-265772/4 FEA/N-76/419-Vol-9) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A The methodology used to associate the finding of oil or gas with specific exploratory drilling activity is described Numerous price specific drilling profiles are included Each of these drilling profiles is constructed on the basis of the economics of the particular hydrocarbon and its relationship to the drilling effort GRA N77-29326# ICF, Inc . Washington, D C PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION VOLUME 13 COAL AND ELECTRIC UTILITY CONVENTIONS FOR PIES Sep 1976 60 p (Contract FEA-CO-03-60466-00) (PB-265824/3. FEA/N-76/423-Vol-13) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A A detailed annotated listing of the assumptions made in PIES regarding coal supply and electric utility operation is provided The data included price assumptions for coal mines of different types and capacity figures by fuel and load type for electric utility plants GRA N77-29327# Federal Energy Administration. Washington, D C PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION VOLUME 2 PIES ECONOMETRIC DEMAND MODEL Sep 1976 47 p (PB-265822/7. FEA/N-76/412-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A The structure of the energy demand model of the Project Independence Evaluation System is described The demand model consists of several econometric submodels which describe regional final demand for various refined petroleum products natural gas, electricity, and coal The overall organization of the demand model is examined, and both the econometric results and the simulation conventions are discussed GRA N77-29441 Tulsa Univ . Okla DRAG REDUCTION IN COCURRENT HORIZONTAL NATURAL GAS-HEXANE PIPE FLOW PhD Thesis Russell Hugh Cowling 1976 144 o Avail Univ Microfilms Order No 77-6689 519 N77-29451 The drag reduction and degradation characteristics were studied as a function of pipe diameter, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and additive concentration for the Conoco CDR and Shell PEP-4 polymers and the Dowell APE micellar type formulation It was found that drag reduction behavior in annular-mist flow was analogous to single-phase liquid flow increasing friction velocity resulted In decreasing levels of drag reduction, and higher concentrations gave higher drag reductions. Furthermore, as the liquid/gas ratio increased so did the level of drag reduction up to 34% drag reduction was observed for the Dowell APE formulation at the highest liquid rates, whereas drag increases were found for liquid/gas ratios on the order of 10 B/MMscf or less Drag reduction in two-phase annular-mist flow, which is limited to the contnbution of the liquid phase to the overall two-phase pressure drop, was shown to depend on pipe size as well as liquid/gas ratio Dissert Abstr N77-29451*# Rockwell International Corp. Downey. Calif Space Div FLEXIBLE CRYOGENIC HEAT PIPE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Final Report Jul 1976 147 p refs (Contract NAS2-8830) (NASA-CR-152027. SD-77-AP-0088) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 20D A heat pipe was designed for operation in the 100 - 200 K temperature range with maximum heat transport as a primary design goal, another designed for operation in the 15 - 100 K temperature range with maximum flexibility as a design goal Optimum geometry and materials for the container and wickmg systems were determed The high power (100 - 200 K) heat pipe was tested with methane at 100 - 140 K. and test data indicated only partial priming with a performance limit of less than 50 percent of theoretical A series of tests were conducted with ammonia at approximately 280 K to determine the performance under varying fluid charge and test conditions The low temperature heat pipe was tested with oxygen at 85 - 95 K and with methanol at 295 - 315 K Performance of the low temperature heat pipe was below theoretical predictions Results of the completed testing are presented and possible performance limitation mechanisms are discussed The lower-than- expected performance was felt to be due to small traces of non-condensible gases which prevented the composite wick from priming Author N77-294551 Los Alamos Scientific Lab, N Mex GAS-INTERFACE STUDIES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL HEAT PIPES J E Deverall Jan 1977 16 p (Contract W-7405-eng-36) (LA-6646-MS) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 A series of tests was made with a large diameter, horizontal heat pipe to study the feasibility of maintaining cool zones at the ends with inert buffer gases for metal vapor laser applications Studies were made of the slope and stability of the gas interface with both water and mercury as the working fluids Successful operation was achieved using a buffer gas mixture for water vapor and a convection baffle system for mercury vapor Results indicated that there is a critical heat pipe diameter, which if exceeded requires a definite gas density to establish an effective interface, but for smaller diameters, operation was indenpendent of gas density ERA N77-29519*# Engelhard Minerals and Chemicals Corp. Edison. NJ DURABILITY TESTING AT ONE ATMOSPHERE OF AD- VANCED CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SUPPORTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMBUSTORS. PART 1 Final Report R M Heck. M Chang. H Hess, and R Carrubba Jun 1977 231 p refs Sponsored in part by EROA (Contract NAS3-19416) (NASA-CR-135132. CONS-9416-1) Avail NTIS HC A11/MF A01 CSCL 218 The durability of catalysts and catalyst supports in a combustion environment was experimentally demonstrated A test of 1000 hours duration was completed with two catalysts, using diesel fuel and operating at catalytically supported thermal combustion conditions The performance of the catalysts was determined by monitoring emissions throughout the test, and by examining the physical condition of the catalyst core at the conclusion of the test. The test catalysts proved to be capable of low emissions operation after 1000 hours diesel aging, with no apparent physical degradation of the catalyst support Author N77-29697| Federal Energy Administration, Washington. D C Strategic Petroleum Reserve Office STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE. SUPPLEMENT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT WEST HACK- BERRY SALT DOME Apr 1977 350 p refs (PB-265796/3. FEA/S-77/114-Suppl, FES-76/77-4-Suppl) Avail NTIS HC A15/MF A01 CSCL 21D The system assessed involves construction of a temporary surface pipeline from the site to the Amoco dock and use of the dock for interim fill, and construction of a permanent buried pipeline from the site to the Sun Terminal This report assesses the environmental impacts caused by the construction and operation of the new components of the system GRA N77-29698| TRW, Inc . McLean. Va Energy Systems Planning Div THE STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES Final Report R J Fink. B A Bancroft, and T M Palmien 15 Feb 1977 83 p (Contract FEA-CR-04-60918-00) (PB-265488/7. FEA/S-77/123) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 21D The impact which would be caused by an LNG embargo alone and a simultaneous LNG and oil embargo is analyzed GRA N77-29602 Purdue Univ. Lafayette. Ind APPLICATIONS OF A DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION MACHINE IN A LARGE FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM Ph.D. ThMis Kongkun Hemmaplardh 1976 115 p Avail Univ Microfilms Order No 77-7466 A doubly-feed induction machine is analyzed The power and torque expressions are obtained By introducing a change in the machine parameter, the possibility of constant power operation of the machine over a wide speed range is estab- lished Steady state stability of the machine is investigated Steady state operation of the machine over a wide speed range with no additional control involves a region of instability Dissert Abstr N77-29604*# Spectrolab. Inc, Sylmar. Calif DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATIONS FOR SILICON SOLAR CELLS Final Contractor Report John A Scott-Monck Aug 1977 83 p refs (Contract NAS3-19440) (NASA-CR-135233, Rept-380-6240) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A A space silicon solar cell assembly (cell and coverglass) specification aimed at standardizing the diverse requirements of current cell or assembly specifications was developed This specification was designed to minimize both the procurement and manufacturing costs for space qualified silicon solar cell assemblies In addition, an impact analysis estimating the technological and economic effects of employing a standardized space silicon solar cell assembly was performed Author N77-29606# Committee on Science and Technology (U S House) POLAR ENERGY RESOURCES POTENTIAL 520 N77-29613 Washington GPO 1976 192 p refs Rept for Subcomm on Energy Res , Development and Demonstration and the Subcomm on Energy Res . Development and Demonstration Fossil Fuels of the Comm on Sci and Technol, 94th Congr. 2d Sess . Sep 1976 Prepared by Library of Congr Congressional Res Service (GPO-76-187) Avail Subcomm on Energy Res, Development and Demonstration Of the vast known resources contained in the Arctic only the oil and gas deposits are undergoing, and are expected to continue to undergo, large scale exploitation This activity will provide incentives for continued development and refinement of polar oil and gas exploration production, and transportation technology Other polar energy resources such as coal, hydro- power, uranium, and geothermal energy while often present in enormous quantity will be utilized only locally and on a small scale Ultimate utilization of polar energy resources will be determined by the economic and energy supply conditions in temperate areas and by the degree of success of the technological advancement needed to develop resources in such remote and inhospitable regions Author N77-29606*# Ball State Univ. Muncie, Ind Dept of Physics and Astronomy THE LINEAR FRESNEL LENS SOLAR CONCENTRATOR TRANSVERSE TRACKING ERROR EFFECTS Robert M Cosby Washington Aug" 1977 55 p refs (Contract NCA8-00121) (NASA-CR-2889 M-228) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A The solar concentration performance of a line focusing flat base Fresnel lens in the presence of small transverse tracking errors was analyzed Solar transmittance of the lens and focal plane imaging characteristics were evaluated Transmission losses by reflectance and material absorption were also studied Author N77-29607*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio ANALYSIS OF REGENERATED SINGLE-SHAFT CERAMIC GAS-TURBINE ENGINES AND RESULTING FUEL ECON- OMY IN A COMPACT CAR John L Klann and Roy C Tew Jr Washington Aug 1977 23 p refs INASA-TM-X-3531. E-9103) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10B Ranges in design and off-design operating conditions of an advanced gas turbine and their effects on fuel economy were analyzed The assumed engine incorporated a single stage radial flow turbine and compressor with fixed geometry Fuel econom- ies were calculated over the composite driving cycle with gasoline as the fuel At a constant turbine-inlet temperature, with a regenerator sized for a full power effectiveness the best fuel economies ranged from 111 to 102 km/liter (262 to 22 5 mpg) for full power turbine tip speeds of 770 to 488m/sec (2530 to 1600ft/sec) respectively Author N77-29608# Hittman Associates Inc , Columbia, Md ENERGY UTILIZATION INDEX METHOD FOR PREDICTING BUILDING ENERGY USE VOLUME 2 PROPOSED SUPPLEMENT TO TB ENG 529 Interim Report L M Windmgland Barry K Hinkle, and James E Piper May 1977 165 p refs 2 Vol (Contract DACA23-76-C-0001 DA Proj 4A7-62719-AT-41) IAD-A040344 CERL-IR-E-105-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13/13 This report describes development of the Energy Utilization Index (EUI) method for manually calculating monthly and annual energy consumption for buildings on military installations The method uses basic building parameters such as U-factors, dimensions, occupancy, type of HVAC equipment and average monthly weather conditions to arrive at a prediction for a buildings monthly and annual energy use Procedures for aggregating individual building consumption data into facility and installation consumption predictions are provided The method for correcting the predictions to account for actual weather conditions is also described GRA N77-29609# Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs , Richland Wash MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS USING THE BINARY FLUID CYCLE R A Walter Sep 1976 148 p refs (Contract E(45-11-1830) IBNWL-2112) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 A computer simulation of a binary fluid cycle power plant for use with geothermal energy sources and the subsequent optimization of this power plant type over a range of geothermal source conditions are described The optimization technique employed for this analysis was based upon the principle of maximum use of geothermal energy ERA N77-29610# Grumman Aerospace Corp Bethpage N Y Fluid Dynamics Lab DIFFUSER AUGMENTATION OF WIND TURBINES K M Foreman, B Gilbert, and R A Oman 1976 13 p refs Presented at the Joint Conf of the Am Sect of the Intern Solar Energy Soc and the Solar Energy Soc of Canada Inc Winnipeg, Canada, 15 Aug 1976 (Contract Ell 1-D-2616) (CONF-760842-6) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Wind tunnel investigation of models of two diffuser design concepts is directed toward unconventional, very short, cost- effective configurations One approach uses the energetic external wind to prevent separation of the diffuser's internal boundary layer Another method used high lift airfoil contours for the diffuser wall shape Diffuser model tests have indicated almost a doubling of wind power extraction capability for DAWTs compared to conventional turbines Economic studies of DAWTs have used these test data and recent (1975) cost projections of wind turbines with diameter ERA N77-29611# Applied Physics Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ Laurel Md INTERNAL HEAT TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS IN A SIMU- LATED OTEC EVAPORATOR TUBE H L Olsen P P Pandolfmi and J L Rice Nov 1976 68 p refs (Contracts E(49-26H030. N00017-72-C-4401) (APL/JHU/AEO-76-066) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Internal heat transfer tests have been conducted for ammonia in two phase flow inside a nearly horizontal aluminum tube This tube simulates one pass of a multipass evaporator tube for use in a low cost ocean thermal energy conversion plant-ship concept The tests covered mass flows, heat fluxes qualities up to 20% vapor by mass, and tube angles Stratified, wavy or intermittent flow occurred in all tests The results indicate that overall internal heat transfer coefficients essentially equivalent to the prior predictions for this heat exchanger concept are obtained in evaporators using horizontal tubes ERA N77-29612# Sandia Labs , Albuquerque, N Mex APPLICATION OF LAMINATED WOODEN BLADES TO A TWO-METER DARRIEUS TYPE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE B L Butler and Bonnie F Blackwell Dec 1976 21 p refs (Contract £(29-11-789) (SAND-75-0284) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The use of laminated Lauan plywood in a 2-meter-diameter 3-bladed Darneus wind turbine is described The manufacture testing and tensile stress analysis of laminated wooden blades are described The thin NACA 0012 blade was excited into resonance well below the peak power rpm and constrained the turbine to low power output The 2-meter wind turbine model tests indicated that, with appropriate blade design wood has potential for small vertical axis wind turbines ERA N77 29613# Sandia Labs Albuquerque N Mex SANDIA VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE PROJECT Technical Quarterly Report. 1 Apr - 30 Jun 1976 R C Reuter, Jr ed and Robert E Sheldahl. ed Jan 1977 78 p refs (Contract E(29-1)-789) (SAND-76-0581) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 521 N77-29614 Highlights for the quarter and status reports on activities in areas of systems studies aerodynamics electrical systems structures, and mechanical design are presented Subheadings in each section 'cover general development activities and activities related to the 17-meter turbine and the 5-meter turbine ERA N77-29614# Southern California Gas Co Los Angeles PROJECT SAGE SOLAR ASSISTED GAS ENERGY PROJECT UNITED STATES SPECIAL FORMAT REPORT Aug 1976 84 p refs Sponsored by ERDA (DSE/4691-76/1) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The purpose is to give a preliminary description of Project SAGE, the solar assisted gas energy (SAGE) water heating system currently being tested and evaluated in Southern California A statement of the goals and objectives of the SAGE water heating program a general description of the project in addition to system performance data, evaluations and economic analyses of the various pilot studies and field test installations are reported ERA N77-29615# Brookhaven National Lab Upton. N Y ENERGETICS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AN ATLAS F R Drysdale and C E Calef Sep 1976 444 p (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-50501) Avail NTIS HC A19/MF A01 A description of the United States energy system is presented in the form of thirty-one maps and eight major tables The county has been chosen as the basic um» for reporting estimations of many energy demographic and economic variables The variables include production of all fuels (including hydroelectncity) use of fuels and electricity broken down by sector and end use existing and planned electricity generation capacity refinery capacities and emissions of air pollutants from fuel use Calculations and assumptions used to make county-level energy estimates are described in detail ERA N77-29616# California Univ Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab OPTIMAL DESIGN OF ANISOTROPIC (FIBER- REINFORCED) FLYWHEELS R M Chnstensen and E M Wu 2 Nov 1976 16 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-52169) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 An analysis is given of the kinetic energy storage capacity of amsotropic flywheels Using a uniform strain failure criteria the optimal shapes of flywheels are determined as a function of the degree of anisotropy Within this spectrum of shapes, practical design considerations are shown to favor the case where there is equal reinforcement in the radial and circumferential directions Comparisons are made between the present solid-wheel-type design and the ring design and also between candidate materi- als ERA N77-29619# Wormser Scientific Corp, Stamford Conn SOLAR HOUSE HEATING SYSTEM USING REFLECTIVE PYRAMID OPTICAL CONDENSING SYSTEM Progress Report, 1 Jun 1975 - 1 Jun 1976 Jul 1976 48 p (Contract Ed 1-D-2769) (COO-2769-4 WSC-101-4, PR-101-4) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The effectiveness of pyramidal optics for concentrating solar energy in the heating and cooling system of a newly constructed house is assessed The installation instrumentation and operation of the self-adjusting panel is described ERA nl77-29620# Maschmenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A G Munich (West Germany) ENERGY ACCUMULATION THROUGH STATIONARY FLY WE EL SYSTEMS Final Report Otto Brandstaedter Bonn Bundesmin fuer Forsch u Technol Dec 1976 205 p refs In GERMAN ENGLISH summary Sponsored by Bundesmin fuer Forsch u Technol (BMFT-FB-T-76-58) Avail NTIS HCA10/MFA01 ZLDI Munich DM 4290 General conditions for the economic use of stationary (targe scale) flywheel plants were investigated Problems of construction and technical use were clarified It appears that a storage capacity of up to 10 MWh per unit may be achieved Possibilities for application exist for bulk-customers and railways The economics and financial effectiveness of a storage unit of a virtual test plant with less than 1 MWh storage capacity is demonstrated The most important result according to the state of the art, is tnat only the flywheel offers the possibility to store electrical energy that is consumer oriented instead of oriented only to power-plants Author (ESA) N77-29623# Applied Physics Lab . Johns Hopkins Univ Laurel Md ENERGY PROGRAMS AT THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVER- SITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY Quarterly Report, Oct - Dec 1976 Dec 1976 37 p refs Sponsored by ERDA (Contract N00017-72-C-4401) (AD-A038096, APL/JHU/EQR/76-4) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10/1 This volume contains a record of the activities of the Applied Physics Laboratory in the development of energy sources and energy storage methods The larger number of articles describe APL activities that assist the Planning Office of the Division of Geothermal Energy (DGE) of ERDA Efforts in this field are concentrated on resource assessment and utilization in DGE Region 5 (the states east of the Rocky Mountains excluding Texas and Louisiana) The other sections describe three efforts (1) design of a Community Annual Storage Energy System (2) developmental work on polycrystalhne silicon solar cells and (3) design and experimental work on a system to use ocean thermal energy Author (GRA) N77-29624# Tetra Tech, Inc Arlington Va ENERGY FACT BOOK, 1977 Apr 1977 437 p refs Supersedes TETRAT-A-642-76-254 (Contract N00014-76-C-0239) (AD-A038802. TETRAT-A-642-77-306) Avail NTIS HC A19/MF A01 CSCL 10/1 The Energy Fact Book-1977 summarizes the present U S Energy situation. Energy R and D Legislation Federal Government Energy R and D, and International Energy R and D It includes a brief description of the various processes and developments related to hydrocarbon fuels, synthetic fuels, non-hydrocarbon energy sources and energy conservation Author (GRA) N77-29625# State Univ of New York at Buffalo Amherst Dept of Electrical Engineering HIGH POWER STUDY - POWER CONDITIONING Final Report. Jun 1975 - Jan 1976 A S Gilmour. Jr Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio AFAPL Jan 1976 174 p refs (Contract F30602-75-C-0122 AF Proj 3145) (AD-A038724. AFAPL-TR-76-101) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 10/2 This paper summarizes the power conditioning portion of the high power study that was performed for the Air Force Aero-Propulsion Laboratory by the State University of New York at Buffalo This effort defines the power conditioning system and critical component developments which will be required to interface the airborne 10 MW to 50 MW sources defined under separate study efforts with certain loads Power conditioning systems are considered for use with magnetohydrodynamic generators and turbine driven alternators, both conventional and superconducting The critical components required for each of the power conditioning systems are identified and then analyzed The component analyses include estimations of development efforts necessary and of specific weights and volumes of components The primary components considered are transformers (for alternator as well as for inverter use), switches, capacitors and inductors Weight algorithms are developed for each of the components Following the component analyses, subsystems such 522 N77-29635 as inverters and rectifier and filter packages are considered The data for the various components and subsystems are then utilized for a comparison of the power conditioning techniques to be used with the various power sources The weights and volumes of power conditioning systems for 8 point designs (8 variations of power, voltage, duty cycle and total run time) are derived Finally, a development program is outlined for the critical components and subsystems Author (GRA) N77-29626jjf Department of Health. Education, and Welfare. Washington. D C THE MARKETABILITY OF INTEGRATED ENERGY/UTILITY SYSTEMS Dec 1976 45 p Sponsored in part by NBS. Experimental Technology Incentives Program (PB-266042/1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A A marketing guide acquaints the prospective marketplace with the potential and underlying logic of the generic Integrated Utility System (IUS) concept A sizeable number of educational and medical facilities may well be compatible with the IUS concept and appropriate implementation of an IUS would bring about the realization of startlmgly substantial annual dollar savings for the institution along with impressive energy savings GRA N77-29627fj! Department of Health. Education, and Welfare. Washington, D C Office of Facilities Engineering and Property Management INTEGRATED UTILITY SYSTEMS FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Oct 1976 170 p refs Sponsored in part by NBS Experimental Technology Incentives Program (PB-266043/9) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13A The technical feasibility and the economic benefits of'an Integrated Utility System (IUS) at the University of Florida are addressed, as are the environmental and institutional factors The recommended IUS alternates include select energy systems wherein one fourth to three fourths of the required electrical power is generated on-site with full utilization of the waste heat from the process for heating and cooling purposes Full integration of the systems is achieved through incineration of solid waste for its heat content, and partial reuse of the effluent from the existing sewage treatment plant for equipment make-up water and for irrigation GRA N77-29628# Department of Health Education and Welfare, Washington. D C Office of Facilities Engineering and Property Management INTEGRATED UTILITY SYSTEMS- FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AT CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY Dec 1976 120 p Sponsored in part by NBS (PB-266044/7) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 13A The technical feasibility and the economic benefits of an Integrated Utility System (IUS) at Central Michigan University are addressed, as are the environmental and institutional factors The recommended IUS incorporates a Total Energy system wherein all of the required electric power is generated on-site with full utilization of the waste heat from the power cycle for heating and cooling purposes System integration is achieved through incineration with heat recovery of solid waste from both the University and the City of Mount Pleasant GRA N77-29629# Federal Energy Administration. Washington, D C Office of Data Analysis PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION. VOLUME 16 STANDARD DATA TABLES FOR PIES Sep 1976 288 p (PB-265195/8. FEA/N-77/116) Aval! NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10A The standard tables given are an adjunct to the documentation of the Project Independence Evaluation System The standard tables provide a rigid format for the presentation of data to be used in generation of the linear program matrix The tables are the synthesis of all raw data used in the matrix after arithmetic operations have been performed In general, there are three categories of standard tables facilities, materials, and transporta- tion Units for each entry are in standard PIES physical quantities GRA N77-29B30f ICF, Inc Washington. D C PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EVALUATION SYSTEM (PIES) DOCUMENTATION VOLUME 8 METHODOLOGY FOR ENABLING THE PIES OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CURVES TO RESPOND TO NON-CONSTANT PRICES Sep 1976 42 p (Contract FEA-CO-05-50301-00) (PB-265086/9. FEA/N-76/418) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF AOl CSCL 10A The possibility is discussed of increased capability of the FEA oil and supply modelling system to respond to non-constant price trajectories rather than constant, instantaneous patterns More specifically it investigates the efficacy of enabling the FEA oil and gas supply models to respond to prices that are ramped, especially in the short run GRA N77-29632# Environmental Protection Agency Washington. D C Office of Energy, Minerals and Industry WESTERN ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT MONITORING STUDY- PLANNING AND COORDINATION SUMMARY Gregory J Dalessio Mar 1977 25 p (PB-266256/7, EPA-600/7-77-024) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF AOl CSCL 10A The planning coordination and implementation mechanisms which provide the framework for the Western Energy/Environment Monitoring Study are summarized This study is a segment of the Interagency Energy/ Environment Research and Development Program administered by EPA GRA N77-29633# Commerce Dept Washington D C Domestic and International Business Administration FORECAST OF LIKELY US ENERGY SUPPLY/DEMAND BALANCES FOR 1985 AND 2000. AND IMPLICATIONS FOR US ENERGY POLICY Joseph F Gustaferro 20 Jan 1977 174 p refs IPB-266240/1 DIBA/EAD-77/1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF AOl CSCL 10A Future U S energy balances based on a 1 2% per capita energy growth rate are projected These balances take into account declining U S and world oil and gas reserves and limitations on fuel substitutability GRA N77-29634# California Univ , Los Angeles Dept of Chemical, Nuclear, and Thermal Engineering A PARAMETRIC UTILITY COMPARISON OF COAL AND NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION Kenneth M Maurer Feb 1977 72 p refs (Grant NSF OEP-75-20318) (PB-266064/5. UCLA-ENG-7719, NSF/RA-770056) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10B The advantages and limitations of an explicit quantitative model for decision making are discussed Several different quantitative models are presented, noting that the use of an expected utility maximization decision rule allows both the direct incorporation of multidimensional descriptions of the possible outcomes, and considerations of risk averse behavior A broad class of utility functions, characterized by linear risk tolerance was considered and extended to a multidimensional form GRA N77-29636# Westmghouse Research Labs/, Pittsburgh. Pa THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS FOR TERRESTRIAL APPLICA- TIONS Final Report. 1 Aug 1974 - 31 Jul 1976 F A Shirland W J Biter. E W Greeneich. A J Simon, and T P Brady Feb 1977 103 p refs (Grant NSF AER-74-14918-A01) (PB-265983/7. Rept-77-9F9-TFSOL-RI) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10B A design has evolved from an earlier space cell which is promising for large scale terrestrial use This is a front wall cell 523 N77-29636 on zinc plated copper foil substrate with an evaporated grid and an integral glass cover formed by r f sputtering This cell is suitable for low cost mass fabrication Though it has not been fully proven it combines the constructional features that showed maximum stability in operation in the past A standard process laboratory line was operated with fixed process parameters for 14 months Over this period cell efficiency averaged 49% with an 81% yield Earlier space cells were encapsulated to protect them from the atmosphere and subjected to accelerated life tests They showed no loss of output after 20 month of 50% daily duty cycles at operating temperatures of 40C, and 60C, and 80C Cells operated at 100C showed an 11% loss of output over the 20 months of accelerated use which is attributed to diffusion of copper from the Cu2S into the CdS GRA N77-29636# Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Univ and Coll, Washington D C ENERGY CONSERVATION ON CAMPUS VOLUME V GUIDELINES Dec 1976 42 p 2 Vol (Contract FEA-CO-04-50247-00) (PB-266211/2. FEA/D-76/229) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A The development of a campus energy management program including policy elements, formation of an energy management committee, appointment of an energy management officer, and measuring and evaluating the energy use of campus buildings is discussed Various areas in which reductions in energy consump- tion are possible are noted Checklists of specific energy conservation actions to be taken in the major areas are presented along with samples of various energy information and survey forms GRA John G Leigh Feb 1977 80 p refs (Contract DOT-FH-11-9209) (PB-266419/1, MTR-7455) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A Current energy models and projections are surveyed Four are analyzed in detail to provide a basis for projecting infrastructure and highway development needs associated with energy production GRA N77-29656# Argonne National Lab, III THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING COAL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY C D Brown. E H Dettman, R A Hmchman. J D Jastrow, and F C Kornegay May 1977 227 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (PB-267237/6, NUREG-0252) Avail NTIS HC A11/MF A01 CSCL 138 The identification of health and ecological impacts of using coal for generating electrical power requires an understanding of the entire coal cycle, which can be described chronologically as extraction - processing - transportation - combustion - waste Each segment of the cycle is described, with emphasis placed on those topics where potential health and ecological impacts may occur Underground and surface mining, coal processing, and transportation including rail, barge, slurry pipeline, truck, and conveyor are described The combustion, combustion wastes, and airborne combustion emmissions are predicted for a model 1000-MWe coal-fired power plant The description of this plant includes ancillary structures, daily and annual fuel requirements assuming a 70% capacity factor, coal storage piles, and wastes generated GRA N77-29637# Association of Physical Plant Administrators of Univ and Coll, Washington, D C ENERGY CONSERVATION ON CAMPUS VOLUME 2 CASE STUDIES Dec 1976 35 p 2 Vol (Contract FEA-CO-04-50247-00) (PB-266212/0, FEA/D-76/230) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A Case studies covering examples of various energy conservation actions taken on college and university campuses across the country and in Canada along with the resulting costs savings are reported GRA N77-29638# Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Huntsville, Ala HEAT PUMPS. SUBSTITUTES FOR OUTMODED FOSSIL- FUELED SYSTEMS Final Report. Apr - Jun. 1976 E A Picklesimer Apr 1977 39 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1331) (PB-266218/7. LMSC-HREC-PR-D496880. EPA-600/7-77-035) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A The state-of-the-art is reviewed relative to development, capacity, and adequacy of the heat pump as a potential replacement for outmoded fossil-fueled heating and cooling systems in the residential and commercial sector Projections are made of the rate at which heat pumps need to be manufactured and installed in the commercial and residential sectors as the projected service life of fossil-fuel equipment expires The conclusion is reached that the heat pump is economical only as a total space comfort system Based on January 1. 1976. fuel prices, the heat pump is about 25% more expensive to operate than comparable fossil-fuel heating systems If the trend of increasing fuel prices continues, the heat pump will be more economical to operate than comparable fossil-fueled heating systems by 1980 GRA N77-2964O# Mitre Corp , McLean, Va Metrek Div ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PROJECTIONS FOR INFRASTRUC- TURE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS Final Report N77-29770*# Martin Marietta Corp, Denver, Colo THE ASSEMBLY OF LARGE STRUCTURES IN SPACE George W Smith and Shepard B Brodie In JPL The 2nd Conf on Remotely Manned Systems (RMS) Jun 1975 p 43-44 Contracts NAS9-14319, NAS3-17835 Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 05H Techniques developed for orbital assembly of the support structure for a 1000 meter diameter microwave power transmis- sion system antenna are described The operation is performed in two phases using the shuttle remote manipulator system in low earth orbit, and a mobile assembler in geosynchronous orbit Author N77-2994€*# Ball State Univ, Muncie. Ind Dept of Physics and Astronomy SOLAR CONCENTRATION BY CURVED-BASE FRESNEL LENSES Ronald M Cosby Aug 1977 68 p refs (NCA8-00127) (NASA-CR-2890, M-229) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 20F The solar concentration performance of idealized curved base line focusing Fresnel lenses is analyzed A simple optical model was introduced to study the effects of base curvature and lens f-number Thin lens ray tracing and the laws of reflection and refraction are used to develop expression for lens transmittance and image plane intensity profiles The intensity distribution over the solar spectrum, lens dispersion effects, and absorption by the lens material are included in the analysis Model capabilities include assessment of lens performance in the presence of small transverse tracking errors and the sensitivity of solar image characteristics to focusing Author N77-30027# Brookhaven National Lab. Upton. NY INPUT-OUTPUT CAPITAL COEFFICIENTS FOR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES R G Tessmer. Jr Dec 1976 32 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-50608) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Input-output capital coefficients are presented for five electric and seven nonelectnc energy technologies They describe 524 N77-30276 the durable goods and structures purchases (at a 110 sector level of detail) that are necessary to expand productive capacity in each of twelve energy source sectors. Coefficients are defined in terms of 1967 dollar purchases per million Btu of output from new capacity, and original data sources include Battelle Memorial Institute, the Harvard Economic Research Pro/ect. The Mitre Corp. and Bechtet Corp The twelve energy sectors are coal, crude oil and gas. shale oil. methane from coal, solvent refined coal, refined oil products, pipeline gas. coal combined-cycle electric, fossil electric, LWR electric, HTGR electric, and hydroelectric ERA N77-30161*# McDonnell-Douglas Astronautics Co . Huntmgton Beach. Calif SPACE STATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY PART 3 DOCUMENTATION. VOLUME 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jul 1977 47 p refs (Contract NAS9-14958) (NASA-CR-151503, MDC-G6922-Pt-3-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 22A The space stations systems analysis study is summarized A cost efffective system concept capable of meeting a broad spectrum of mission requirements was developed Candidate objectives were reviewed and implementation requirements were 'defined Program options for both low earth and geosynchronous orbits were examined Space construction concepts were analyzed and defined in detail B B N77-30255# Battelle Columbus Labs Ohio EVALUATION OF THE CALCIUM ALUMINATE BOND PHASE IN REFACTORY CASTABLES AS RELATED TO THEIR USE IN SYNTHANE GASIFIER D R Lankard. J H Peterson, and C W Kistler Dec 1976 72 p refs (Contracts Di-BM-JO-155086, E(49-18)-2219) (PB-266854/9. BM-OFR-85-77) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 11B The effects of exposing a dense, high alumina castable and a low iron insulating castable to a simulated coal gasification reactor environment for up to 100 hours and at temperatures up to 2.000F are described The castables were characterized by chemical analyses. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and strength measurements Changes m the castables were related to mineralogical and microstructural changes GRA N77-30259 Wayne State Univ. Detroit. Mich AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY SUPPORTED BY A COMPUTER SIMULATION IN A PRECHAMBER CFR DIESEL ENGINE LEADING TO A MODIFIED CETANE SCALE FOR RATING LOW IGNITION QUALITY FUELS Ph.D Thesis Nabil Youssef Elias 1976 319 p Avail Univ Microfilms Order No 77-9392 The current ASTM cetane scale was investigated as a criterion to rate low ignition quality diesel fuels An evaluation of the effect of raising compression ratio on gas temperature indicated that while the increase in compression ratio beyond a critical ratio greatly affects the pressure, it has an insignificant effect on gas temperature A study of the effect of gas pressure and temperature on ignition delay period showed that the effect of increasing the gas temperature on ignition delay was much more than the effect of increasing the gas pressure It was concluded that raising compression ratio does not extend the current cetane scale for C N below 15 Dissert Abstr N77-30261# RAND Corp. Santa Monica. Calif THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODIFICA- TIONS AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN ALLEVIATING AIR FORCE ENERGY PROBLEMS Interim Report J R Gebman. W L Stanley. J P Weyant. and W T Mikolowsky Dec 1976 170 p refs (Contract F49620-77-C-0023) (AD-A039597, R-1829-PR) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 This report examines short- and long-term measures to reduce the consumption of petroleum jet fuels by the Air Force Engine retrofits and aerodynamic modifications to existing aircraft can save significant quantities of jet fuel, however, savings in fuel expenditures are not enough to offset high initial costs of engine retrofits If accomplished early in an aircraft's life cycle, relatively lower costs of modest aerodynamic modifications may be recoverable through savings in fuel expenditures Synthetic JP fuels derived from oil shale or coal appear to be the most attractive future alternatives to petroleum jet fuels If the foreign oil cartel maintains its price-setting effectiveness and synthetic fuels industry develops in the United States, development of an Air Force capability to interchangeable use fuels derived from crude oil. oil shale, or coal could be economically attractive and enhance the Air Force's position in the jet fuel marketplace Author (GRA) N77-30273*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASPE/MSFC SYMPOSIUM ON ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM SPACE TECHNOLOGY May 1977 279 p Conf proc held at Huntsville. Ala 11-12 May 1977 (NASA-CP-2019) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 05A Aerospace technology findings were examined in regard to nonaerospace applications Studies of energy generation, materials and processes earth observation as well as advances and benefits of electronics are included N77-30274*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala ERDA/NASA-MSFC SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM John M Price In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gains from Space Technol May 1977 p 9-17 Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10A The role of the Manned Space Flight Center (MSFC) in the National Solar Heating and Cooling program is evaluated The responsibilities of the MSFC within this program are (1) to manage the development and testing of solar heating and cooling systems leading to marketable products, (2) to develop data acquisition equipment supporting a national data program and (3) to manage and collect data from commercial demonstration sites MSFC test facilities and demonstration sites are described J H N77-30275*# Alabama Power Co. Birmingham IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FORMS ON PUBLIC UTILITIES F W Keith. Jr In NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gains from Space Technol May 1977 p 19-31 Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10A The investigation of alternative energy sources by the electric utility industry is discussed Research projects are reviewed in each of the following areas, solar energy, wind energy conversion photosynthesis of biomass ocean thermal energy conversion geothermal energy fusion, and the environmental impact of alternative energy sources J H N77-30276*|jl General Electric Co Philadelphia Pa Space Div WIND ENERGY A RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTION James S Zimmerman In NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gams from Space Technol May 1977 p 33-68 Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10A Wind turbine generator research programs administered by the Energy Research and Development Administration are examined The design and operation of turbine demonstration models are described Wind assessments were made to determine 525 N77-30277 the feasibility of using wind generated power for various parts of the country J H N77-30277*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY BY ERDA/NASA LERC James N Deyo In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Syrup on Eng and Productivity Gains from Soace Technol May 1977 p 69-85 Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL 10A Application development activities were designed to stimulate the market fot photovoltaics so that as costs are reduced there will be an increasing market demand to encourage the expansion of industrial solar array production capacity Supporting these application development activities are tasks concerned with (1) establishing standards and methodology for terrestrial solar cell calibration (2) conducting standard and diagnostic measurements on solar cells and modules and (3) conducting real time and accelerated testing of solar cell modules and materials of construction under outdoor sunlight conditions J H N77-30278*# Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington D C Ocean Systems Branch OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) Abrahim Lavi In NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gains from Space Technol May 1977 p 87-94 Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL 10A Energy Research and Development Administration research progress in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is outlined The development program is being focused on cost effective heat exchangers ammonia is generally used as the heat exchange fluid Projected costs for energy production by OTEC vary between $1000 to $1700 per kW JH N77-30279*# Martin Marietta Corp . Denver Colo ERDA'S CENTRAL RECEIVER SOLAR THERMAL POWER SYSTEM STUDIES Lester J l-ippy and Thomas R Heaton In NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gams from Space Technol May 1977 p 95-123 refs Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL 10A The utilization of solar energy for electrical power production was studied Efforts underway on the central receiver solar thermal power system are presented Preliminary designs are included of pilot plant utilizing large numbers of heliostats in a collector field Safety hazards are also discussed, as well as the most beneficial location of such a plant within the United States B LP N77-30286*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala PROCESSING ON HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLA® COLLECTOR COATINGS Marion Roberts In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gams from Space Technol May 1977 p 171-176 Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL11D Wavelength selective coatings for solar collectors are considered Substrates with good infrared reflectivity were examined along with their susceptibility to physical and environ- mental damage Improvements of reflective surfaces were accomplished through buffing, chemical polishing and other surface processing methods B L P N77-30289*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Inst for Space Studies, New York SPACE TECHNOLOGY IN THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOP- MENT OF MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES Paul D Lowman In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gains from Space Technol May 1977 p 197-199 refs Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 08G Space technology, applied to the discovery and extraction of mineral and energy resources, is summarized Orbital remote sensing for geological purposes has been widely applied through the use of LAND SAT satellites These techniques also have been of value for protection against environmental hazards and for a better understanding of crustal structure B L P N77-30293*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville Ala USE OF HEAT PIPES IN ELECTRONIC HARDWARE James R Graves In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gains from Space Technol May 1977 p 249-255 Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL 09C A modular multiple output power converter was developed in order to reduce costs of space hardware in future missions The converter is of reduced size and weight and utilizes advanced heat removal techniques in the form of heat pipes which remove internally generated heat more effectively than conventional methods B L P N77-30294*jjf National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala SPACE POWER TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO THE ENERGY PROBLEM J L Miller and J R Morgan In its Proc of the ASPE/MSFC Symp on Eng and Productivity Gams from Space Technol May 1977 p 257-269 refs Avail NTIS HCA13 /MFA01 CSCL 10A A solution to the energy problem is suggested through the technology of photovoltaic electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen Efficient solar devices are discussed in relation to available solar energy and photovoltaic energy cost It is concluded that photovoltaic electrolytic generation of hydrogen will be economically feasible in 1985 B LP N77-30314*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio STATISTICS OF THE RADIATED FIELD OF A SPACE-TO- EARTH MICROWAVE POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM Grady H Stevens and Gary Lemmger (Toledo Univ Ohio) [1976] 39 p refs (NASA-TM-X-73684 E-9217) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 20N Statistics such as average power density pattern, variance of the power density pattern and variance of the beam pointing error are related to hardware parameters such as transmitter rms phase error and rms amplitude error Also a limitation on spectral width of the phase reference for phase control was established A 1 km diameter transmitter appears feasible provided the total rms insertion phase errors of the phase control modules does not exceed 10 deg amplitude errors do not exceed 10% rms, and the phase reference spectral width does not exceed approximately 3 kHz With these conditions the expected radiation pattern is virtually the same as the error free pattern and the rms beam pointing error would be insignificant (approximately 10 meters) Author N77-30373# Army Electronics Technology and Devices Lab Fort Monmouth N J A HALF MEGAWATT PULSE FORMING NETWORK (PFN) J E Creedon and R A Fitch (Maxwell Labs San Diego, Calif) Apr 1977 9 p (DA Proj 1L7-62705-A-1194) (AD-A039709, ECOM-4494) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10/3 A lightweight half megawatt average power pulse forming network (PFN) designed a store 4 kilojoules (kJ) at 40 kilovolts has been developed The energy storage system produces a 10 microsecond pulse at a repetition rate of 125 hertz and has a one ohm impedance It is designed to operate adiabatically for durations of 60 seconds A lifetime capability of over 400 000 pulses has been demonstrated Author (GRA) 526 N77-30598 N77-30415*# Dynatherm Corp Cockeysville. Md PEVELOPMENT OF A JET PUMP-ASSISTED ARTERIAL HEAT PIPE Final Report Walter B Bienert Amon S Ducao, and Donald S Trimmer 6 May 1977 55 p refs (Contract NAS2-9233) (NASA-CR-152015. DTM-77-2) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 20D The development of a jet pump assisted arterial heat pipe is described The concept utilizes a built-in capillary driven jet pump to remove vapor and gas from the artery and to prime it The continuous pumping action also prevents depriming during operation of the heat pipe The concept is applicable to fixed conductance and gas loaded variable conductance heat pipes A theoretical model for the get pump assisted arterial heat pipe is presented The model was used to design a prototype for laboratory demonstration The 12m long heat pipe was designed to transport 500 watts and to prime at an adverse elevation of up to 1 3 cm The test results were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions The heat pipe carried as much as 540 watts and was able to prime up to 19 cm Introduction of a considerable amount of noncondensible gas had no adverse effect on the priming capability Author N77-30531*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland Ohio CONSIDERATION OF DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE SOLAR CELLS V G Weizer In its Terrest Photovoltaic Meas 2 1976 p 203-222 refs Avail NTIS HC A17/MF A01 CSCL 10A A discussion is presented on the problems encountered in the design of a reference cell that meets basic criteria starting with basic design considerations and proceeding with the precautions taken to ensure a global monitoring capability The effects of the variations in atmospheric conditions on the calibration and use of reference cells are presented along with a discussion of the simplifications brought about by the use of spectrally matched test and reference cells Finally, a method of matching test modules and arrays to reference cells by a red/blue response ratio technique is described Author N77-30534*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio SENSITIVITY OF SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE TO ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES 1 SINGLE CELL Thomas M Klucher In its Terrest Photovoltaic Meas . 2 1976 p 247-258 refs The short circuit current of a typical silicon solar cell under direct solar radiation was measured for a range of turbidity, water vapor content, and air mass to determine the relation of the solar cell calibration value (current-to-intensity ratio) to those atmospheric variables A previously developed regression equation was modified to describe the relation between calibration value, turbidity water vapor content and air mass Based on the value of the constants obtained by a least squares tit of the data to the equation, it was found that turbidity lowers the value, while increase in water vapor increases the calibration value Cell calibration values exhibited a change of about 6% over the range of atmospheric conditions experienced Author N77-30637*# Laboratoires d'Electromque et de Physique Apphquee, Pans Limeil-Brevannes (France) CELL AND MODULE TEST PROCEDURES SEEN FROM THE MANUFACTURER AND THE USER POINT OF VIEW Henry Durand In NASA Lewis Res Center Terrest Photovoltaic Meas. 2 1976 p 301-308 Avail NTIS HC A17/MF A01 CSCL 10A The problems encountered by manufacturers and users of solar modules are summarized Related measurement of the rated power of the module is included, and a temperature test is suggested to define the actual performance of a module Other suggestions are given for environmental module and array tests BB N77-30539*| Royal Aircraft Establishment. Farnborough (England) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE RATING OF FLAT PLATE TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANELS F C Treble In NASA Lewis Res Center Terrest Photovoltaic Meas 2 1976 p 323-336 refs Avail NTIS HC A17/MF A01 CSCL 10A A review of recommendations for standardizing the perform- ance rating of flat plate terrestrial solar panels is given to develop an international standard code of practice for performance rating Required data to characterize the performance of a solar panel are listed Other items discussed are (1) basic measurement procedures (2) performance measurement in natural sunlight and simulated sunlight (3) standard solar cells (4) the normal incidence method. (5) global method and (6) definition of peak power B B N77-30540*# Sandia Labs. Albuquerque N Mex SILICON SOLAR CELL TESTING IN CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT AND SIMULATED SUNLIGHT E L Burgess and K W Mitchell In NASA Lewis Res Center Terrest Photovoltaic Meas. 2 1976 p 337-354 refs Sponsored by ERDA Avail NTIS HCA17/MFA01 CSCL 10A A method is described for testing silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight and simulated sunlight Concentrated sunlight is obtained by using an acrylic Fresnel lens the simulated sunlight source is a short arc Xenon lamp Average illumination levels during the tests are inferred from an assumed linear relationship between short circuit current and illumination The linearity assumption is investigated for 0 3 alpha cm base resistivity silicon cells and found to be valid Some typical results are presented to illustrate the type of information obtained during the testing Author N 77-30589$ Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh. Pa Mining and Safety Research Center METHODS OF DETERMINING THE ORIENTATIONS OF BEDROCK FRACTURE SYSTEMS IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA AND NORTHERN WEST VIRGINIA B M Bench W P Diamond, and C M McCulloch 1977 52 p refs (PB-266769/9. BM-RI-8217) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 081 Photolmeaments from stereoscopic examination of vertical aerial photographs and those found by the Ronchi grating study of aerial photomdex sheets are described and discussed They are compared with the trends of oriented fracture systems procured by measuring the compass direction of joints in bedrock The relative reliability of the methods is shown, and the results are presented in graphical, tabular and written form Analyses of field measurements of strikes of bedrock joints in the project area indicate for the most part two intersecting sets of major joints oriented N 76 degrees W - N 15 degrees E and N 57 degrees W - N 27 degrees E The analyses of lineaments determined by stereoscopic examination of aerial photographs show dominant trends of lineament zones of weakness to be an average on N 65 degrees W - N 20 degrees E Analysis of lineaments found by Ronchi grid viewing of aerial photomdex sheets indicate dominant trends of N 70 degrees W - N 27 degrees E GRA N77-30598*| National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio EVALUATION OF PHASE 2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS AND IMPLEMENTATION ASSESSMENT RESULTING FROM THE ENERGY CONVERSION ALTERNATIVES STUDY (EGAS) Apr 1977 605 p refs (Contract E(49-18)-1751) (NASA-TM-73515 E-8596) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 10B Advanced systems using coal and coal-derived fuels for base-load electric power generation were compared The study 527 N77-30599 was conducted in two phases Phase 1 consisted of a parametric analysis From these results 11 concepts were selected for further study in Phase 2 For each of the Phase 2 systems and a common set of ground rules, the performance, cost environmental intrusion and natural resource requirements were estimated In addition, the contractors defined the state of technology, identified advances required, and prepared preliminary research and development plans and an implementation assessment The systems studied in Phase 2 include steam systems with atmospheric-and pressunzed-fluidized-bed boilers combined gas turbine/steam systems with inteq-ated gasifiers or fired by a semiclean coal-derived fuel a potassium/steam system with a pressunzed-fluidized-bed boiler, a closed-cycle gas turbine/organic system with a high-temperature, atmosphenc-fluidized-bed furnace, a direct-coal-fired open-cycle magnetohydrodynamic/ steam system and a moltencarbonate fuel cell/steam system with integrated gasifier The Phase 2 results are summarized and compared and presented together with NASA analysis and evaluation The common ground rules specified for the study are presented The sensitivity of the results to changes in the ground rules and the impact of uncertainties in capital cost estimates are examined Author N77-30599*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio DYNAMIC BLADE LOADING IN THE ERDA/NASA 100 kW AND 200 kW WIND TURBINES D A Spera D C Janetzke, and T R Richards Aug 1977 16 p refs Presented at the Natl Conf of the Am Wind Energy Assoc Boulder Colo. 11-14 May 1977 (Contract E(49-26)-1004) (NASA-TM-73711. ERDA/NASA-1004-77/2 E-9242) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A Dynamic blade loads, including aerodynamic, gravitational, and mertial effects, are presented for two large horizontal-axis wind turbines the ERDA-NASA 100 kW Mod-0 and 200 kw Mod-OA wind power systems Calculated and measured loads are compared for an experimental Mod-0 machine in operation Predicted blade loads are also given for the higher power Mod-OA wind turbine now being assembled for operation as part of a municipal power plant Two major structural modifications have been made to the Mod-0 wind turbine for the purpose of reducing blade loads A stairway within the truss tower was removed to reduce the impulsive aerodynamic loading caused by the tower wake on the downwind rotor blades Also, the torsional stiffness of the yaw drive mechananism connecting the turbine nacelle to the tower was doubled to reduce rotor-tower interaction loads Measured reductions in load obtained by means of these two modifications equaled or exceeded predictions Author N77-30604*# Solarex Corp , Rockville, Md ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SILICON SOLAR ARRAYS Quarterly Report. 21 Mar - 20 Jun 1977 Joseph Lmdmayer. Manfred Wihl, Alan Schemne. and Andrew Morrison Jul 1977 61 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100. JPL-954606) (NASA-CR-153409 ERDA/JPL-954606-77/1. SX/111/2Q. QR-2) Avail NTIS CSCL 10A Photovoltaics is subject of an extensive technology assessment in terms of its net energy potential as an alternate energy source Reduction of quartzite pebbles refinement, crystal growth, cell processing and panel building are evaluated for energy expenditure compared to direct indirect, and overhead energies Author N77-30605*# Sensor Technology. Inc. Chatsworth, Calif DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST. HIGH ENERGY PER-UNIT AREA SOLAR CELL MODULES Quarterly Report. 1 Apr. - 30 Jun 1977 Gregory T Jones and Sanjeev Chitre Jun 1977 59 p Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100, JPL-954605) (NASA-CR-153977. ERDA/JPL-954605-77/2. QR-2) Avail NTIS HCA04/MFA01 CSCL 10A Work on the development of low cost high energy per unit area solar cell modules was conducted Hexagonal solar cell and module efficiencies module packing ratio, and solar cell design calculations were made The cell grid structure and interconnection pattern was designed and the module substrates were fabricated for the three modules to be used It was demonstrated that surface macrostructures significantly improve cell power output and photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency Author N77-30606*# Dow Corning Corp , Hemlock Mich Solid-State Research and Development Lab SOLAR SILICON VIA IMPROVED AND EXPANDED METALLURGICAL SILICON TECHNOLOGY Quarterly Report. Apr - Jun 1977 L P Hunt V D Dosaj and J R McCormick Jul 1977 87 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100 JPL-954559) (NASA-CR-153415 ERDA/JPL-954559-77/2 QR-4) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A A completed preliminary survey of silica sources indicates that sufficient quantities of high-purity quartz are available in the U S and Canada to meet goals Supply can easily meet demand for this little-sought commodity Charcoal, as a reductant for silica, can be purified to a sufficient level by high-temperature fluorocarbon treatment and vacuum processing High- temperature treatment causes partial graphitization which can lead to difficulty in smelting Smelting of Arkansas quartz and purified charcoal produced kilogram quantities of silicon having impurity levels generally much lower than in MG-Si Half of the goal was met of increasing the boron resistivity from 0 03 ohm-cm in metallurgical silicon to 0 3 ohm-cm in solar silicon A cost analysis of the solidification process indicate $3 50-7 25/kg Si for the Czochralski-type process and $1 50-4 25/kg Si for the Bndgman-type technique Author N77-30608*| Barry (Theodore) and Associates Los Angeles Calif A REVIEW OF THE SOLAR ARRAY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY COSTING STANDARDS Jul 1977 134 p Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contract NAS7-100, JPL-954800) (NASA-CR-153401 ERDA/JPL-954800-77/1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 10A The solar array manufacturing industry costing standards model is designed to compare the cost of producing solar arrays using alternative manufacturing processes Constructive criticism of the methodology used is intended to enhance its implementation as a practical design tool Three mam elements of the pro- cedure include workbook format and presentation theoretical model validity and standard financial parameters Author N77 30609*# Bechtel Corp , San Francisco Calif ENGINEERING STUDY OF THE MODULE/ARRAY IN- TERFACE FOR LARGE TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAYS Final Report Jun 1977 165 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100. JPL-954698) (ERDA/JPL-954698-77/1) Avail NTIS HCA08/MFA01 CSCL 10A Three major areas-structural, electrical and maintenance- were evaluated Efforts in the structural area included establishing acceptance criteria for materials and members, determining loading criteria, and analyzing glass modules in various framing system configurations Array support structure design was addressed briefly Electrical considerations included evaluation of module characteristics, intermodule connectors, array wiring, converters and lightning protection Plant maintenance features such as array cleaning, failure detection and module installation and replace- ment were addressed Author 528 N77-30628 N77-30610*# Energy Research Corp, Danbury, Conn FABRICATION AND TESTING OF LARGE SIZE NICKEL- ZINC CELLS Martin Klein Apr 1977 62 p ref (Contract NAS3-19415) (NASA-CR-135200) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL IOC The design and construction of nickel zinc cells, containing sintered nickel electrodes and asbestos coated morginic separator materials were outlined Negative electrodes were prepared by a dry pressing process while various inter-separators were utilized on the positive electrodes consisting of non-woven nylon non-woven polypropylene, and asbestos Author N77-30611*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio DRIVE TRAIN NORMAL MODES ANALYSIS FOR THE ERDA/NASA 100-KILO WATT WIND TURBINE GENERA- TOR T L Sullivan, D R Miller and D A Spera Jul 1977 34 p refs (Contract £(49-261-1028) (NASA-TM-73718 E-9266, ERDA/NASA-1028-77/1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10B Natural frequencies as a function of power were determined using a finite element model Operating conditions investigated were operation with a resistive electrical load and operation synchronized to an electrical utility grid The influence of certain drive train components on frequencies and mode shapes is shown An approximate method for obtaining drive tram natural frequencies is presented Author N77-30613*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Ala HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED SOLAR COLLECTOR Patent Application Dolphus H Black, inventor (to NASA) Filed 9 Aug 1977 18 p (NASA-Case-MFS-23349-1, US-Patent-Appl-SN-82306i1) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A A horizontally mounted solar collector for collecting solar energy utilizing a vertical deflector assembly, a stationary reflector and a collector is described The deflector assembly contains a plurality of vanes which change the direction of the solar energy to the vertical while constantly keeping the same side of the deflector facing the sun The vertical rays are then reflected off the stationary reflector and are then absorbed by the collector NASA N77-30617*jjl National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville Ala AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A 1 8 BY 37 METER FRESNEL LENS SOLAR CONCEN- TRATOR Leon J Hastings Steve L Allums, and Warren S Jensen Aug 1977 77 p refs (NASA-TP-1005, M-224) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A Line-focusing acrylic Fresnel lenses with application potential in the 200 to 370 C range are being analytically and experimentally evaluated Investigations previously conducted with a 56 cm wide lens have been extended by the present study to experimentation/ analyses with a 1 8 by 3 7 m lens A measured peak concentration ratio of 64 with 90 percent of the transmitted energy focused into a 50 cm width was achieved A peak concentration of 61 and a 90 percent target width of 45 cm were analytically computed The experimental and analytical lens transmittance was 81 percent and 86 percent, respectively The lens also was interfaced with a receiver assembly and operated in the collection mode The collection efficiency ranged from 42 percent at 100 C to 26 percent at 300 C Author N77 30620# Mitre Corp . Bedford. Mass WIND MACHINES Frank R Eldndge Oct 1975 81 p refs (Grant NSF AER-75-12937) (NSF/RA/N-75-051) Avail NTIS MF A02 SOD HC $225 Present status of the viability, history taxonomy, and future potential of various types and sizes of wind machines that might be used to help meet future U S energy demands was outlined Various possible applications of wind machines, as well as siting problems also performance characteristics and system designs for such machines were also discussed Author N77-30621| Defense Documentation Center, Alexandria, Va SOLAR CELLS AND SOLAR PANELS Report Bibliography. Oct 1958 - Sep 1976 Apr 1977 268 p refs Supersedes DDC-TAS-73-51 (AD-A039100. DDC/BIB-76/04. DDC-TAS-73-51) Avail NTIS HCA12/MFA01 CSCL 10/2 This bibliography is a selection of unclassified and unlimited distribution references on Solar Cells and Solar Panels These citations of reports present information on performance character- istics fabrication, development of power levels degradation studies of solar cells, and systems for orienting solar panels continuously toward the sun Corporate Author-Monitoring Agency. Subject, Title and Personal Author are provided Author (GRA) N77-30623# Tetra Tech. Inc , Arlington. Va US NAVY ENERGY R AND D Progress Report. Oct. 1976 - Mar 1977 Apr 1977 141 p refs (Contract N00014-76-C-0239) (AD-A039546. TT-A-872-77-316) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 10/1 This U S Navy Energy R and D Progress report summarizes the progress and accomplishments of the Navy Energy R and D Program for the period from October 1976 through March 1977 This report complements the U S Navy Energy R and D Program Plan. FY 1977-FY 1982 published in October 1976 Author (GRA) N77 3O626# UOP. Inc Des Plames. Ill OPTIMIZATION OF PLATIUM-DOPED KOCITE ELEC- TRODES IN H3PO4 FUEL CELLS Interim Progress Report. Sep - Dec 1976 L B Welsh and R W Leyerle Mar 1977 88 p refs (Contract DAAG53-76-C-0014. DA Proj 1G7-62708-AH-78) (AD-A039242 IPR-3) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 09/1 The use of UOP platinum impregnated Kocite materials as low-cost air and/or fuel electrocatalysts in phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells has been optimized with respect to some of the electrocatalyst and electrode structure parameters Kocite materials are composite structures consisting of pyropolymers chemically bonded to refractory substrates Fuel cell electrodes were fabricated from these materials and tested as anodes or cathodes in model fuel cells with Teflon-bonded platinum-black counter electrodes GRA N77 3O628# Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn SAVINGS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY RESIDENTIAL HEAT PUMPS. THE EFFECTS OF LOWER INDOOR TEMPERATURES AND OF NIGHT SETBACK R D Ellison Jan 1977 32 p refs (Contracts W-7405-eng-26. FEA-CG-04-75-012-0) (ORNL/CON-4) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The energy saving potential of reduced indoor temperatures and of night setback is examined for residential heat pumps A computer program was used to calculate heating loads to modify and to evaluate the heating capacity energy consumption, and running time of heat pumps on an hourly basis as a function of outdoor dry bulb temperature and to simulate the use and energy consumption of auxiliary resistance heaters Annual heating loads. 529 N77-30629 energy consumption percentage savings and seasonal COP s Coefficients of performance are presented for several indoor temperature regimes and a variety of climatic conditions Hourly profiles of these quamties give some insight into the energy savings found ERA N77-30629# Data Resources, Inc Lexington, Mass RESIDENTIAL DEMAND FOR ENERGY, VOLUME 1 Final Report Lester D Taylor (Arizona Univ, Tempe) Gail R Blattenberger. ana Philip K Verleger Jr Jan 1977 148 p refs (EPRI Proj 431-1) (EPRI-EA-235-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 Residential demand for energy over the period 1956 to 1972 with principal emphasis on the residential demand for electricity is examined Decreasing block pricing in the sale of electricity in a manner that is appropriate theoretically and sound economet- ncally was studied A price data set was constructed derived from actual residential rate schedules ERA N77-30631jjl Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab Hanover N H DEMONSTRATION OF BUILDING HEATING WITH A HEAT PUMP USING THERMAL EFFLUENT Special Report Peter W Sector May 1977 30 p refs IAD-A041024. CRREL-SR-77-11)' Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13/1 This report describes efforts made to recover waste heat and to reuse it to heat a building A heat pump, which is a refrigeration device, was operated to provide building heat and to demonstrate both economic benefits and energy savings possible with this type of heating system Heat pump fundamentals and system design considerations supplement the report of this demonstration project Operational characteristics were monitored and are reported A 25% reduction in heating costs was observed compared with an oil-fired system The author recommends that the minimum coefficient of performance should be 3 4 for a cost effective energy-conservative heat pump heating system Author (GRA) N77-30632# Colorado Springs Dept of Public Utilities. Colo ASSESSMENT OF A SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM IN A SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT SETTING PROJECT PHOENIX Final Report. 1 Jul 1974 - 1 Jul 1976 J D Phillips Jul 1976 180 p refs (Grant NSF GI-44210) (PB-263192/7. NSF/RA-760192) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 13A The Phoenix Project is an indepth investigation into a fluid-to-air solar optimized heat pump The approach used was to construct a house heated by a solar optimized heat pump The house and heating system were tested under actual operating conditions for a period of two years The major conclusion is that a solar optimized heat pump system for residential application is now a viable alternative to conventional fuel sources GRA N77-30633# Federal Energy Administration, Washington. D C Office of the Administrator ENERGY SITUATION Jul 1976 23 p (PB-266836/6 FEA/T-77/177) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 21 D Energy consumption rate in the United States is evaluated Even with sharp increases in energy prices following the Arab embargo, the use of energy per dollar GNP has remained relatively stable Domestic oil production, which has been declining since 1970 will continue to do so but at a rate less than that experienced prior to the 1973-1974 embargo Production will stabilize and then increase in the next few years as approximately 1 6 million barrels per day of Alaskan oil is transported to the lower 48 states GRA N77-30635# California Polytechnic State Univ, San Luis Obispo RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO THE FOOD DRYING INDUSTRY Final Report Thomas Lukes 31 Dec 1975 118 p refs (Grant NSF ERT-74-19063) (PB-267210/3, NSF/RANN/SE/ERT-74-19063/FR-75 NSF/RA/N-75-294) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10A Several solar collector configurations were investigated as to their suitability for drying food crops Various fruits and vegetables were dried using a mixture of solar energy and steam heat or solar energy alone Cost estimates (based on initial construction material costs only) indicate that when the price of oil delivered to this country reaches $17 per barrel, then solar energy becomes competitive GRA N77-30636# Federal Energy Administration, Washington, D C Office of Regulatory Programs x CONTINUATION OF THE ADJUSTMENT AS A PRODUC- TION INCENTIVE TO THE MAXIMUM WEIGHTED AVERAGE FIRST SALE PRICE FOR DOMESTIC CRUDE OIL (ENERGY ACTION NO 11) 15 Mar 1977 150 p refs (PB-266841/6. FEA/H-77/176) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 21D Energy consideration measures dealing with amendment to the regulations historical sumrrary of the implementation of section 8 of the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973 and projects prices for domestic crude oil with and without the adjustment as a production incentive aie presented GRA N77-30637# California Univ Davis Inst of Ecology LAND USE. ENERGY FLOW AND POLICY MAKING IN SOCIETY SIMPAC HANDBOOK A GUIDE TO THE MODELING OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PHENOMENA Peter J Hunter, Nancy J Mosman and John L Mitchmer 1975 291 p (Grant NSF GI-27) (PB-267134/5, NSF/RA/E-75-057) Avail NTIS HC A12/MF A01 CSCL 10A This handbook can be applied to a variety of socio-economic models It provides a documented package of computer programs that are used to implement the methodology and describes in detail the mechanics of transforming a conceptual model like SPECULATER in computer code GRA N77-30645# California Univ Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION IN THE US VOLUME 1 SOURCES, TRENDS AND COSTS OF CONTROL Herbert W Newkirk. comp 1 May 1976 481 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-51930-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A21/MF A01 Sources of pollution (what the emissions are and where they come from), trends (quantities of emissions and their dispersion with time) and costs of control (what it takes in time energy, and money to meet minimum standards) are considered Sections dealing with the atmosphere, water land, and social activities are included ERA N77-30667# Bureau of Mines. Spokane Wash Spokane Mining Research Center PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WESTERN COAL WASTE MATERIALS R R Backer, R A Busch, and L A Atkins 1977 36 p refs (PB-266724/4, BM-RI-8216) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 08! The relatively cleaner product from the predominance of surface mining and occurrence of thicker seams in the West reduces the amount of coal preparation required and the size of the waste piles Because of the abundance of land available for waste disposal, many of the piles are low and extended over large areas New concepts relating statistical shear strength data to liquifaction potential are presented GRA 530 N77-31141 N77-30680*# Kanner (Leo) Associates Redwood City. Calif THE RELATION BETWEEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF ARGON AND CARBON IN NATURAL GASES Y Y Gavrilov. Yu A Zhurov, and G I Teplmskiy Washington NASA Jul 1977 10 p refs Transl into ENGLISH from Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, Geokhimiya (USSR), v 206. no 2. 1972 p 448-451 (Contract NASw-2790) (NASA-TM-75134) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 08G The methods and results of determination of the argon and carbon isotope compositions of hydrocarbon gases of Mezozoic complexes of Western Siberia are presented Based on the Ar-36, Ar-40, C-12. C-13 content of the various deposits and on the presumed mechanisms of entry of these isotopes into the deposits, it is concluded that formation of natural gas in some deposits included vertical migration from a lower complex Author N77-30841# Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Miami Fla CLASSIFICATION OF OILS BY THE APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES TO INFRARED SPECTRA Final Report James S Malison Mar 1976 49 p refs (Contract DOT-CG-81-75-1364) (AD-A039387 USCG-D-6-77) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 11/8 The classification of multicomponent petroleum oils (crude oils lubricants distillate and residual fuels) solely by their infrared absorption spectra is a difficult task Crude oils alone include a phenomenal variety of systems, from heavy asphaltic crudes to light crudes that are similar to a No 2 fuel oil Furthermore the distinctions between classes of fuel oils d e Nos 124 5 and 6 fuels) are based upon ASTM specifications for continuous properties such as flash point and viscosity In South Florida for example local fuel oil suppliers meet requests for Nos 4 or 5 fuel oils by blending together appropriate proportions of Nos 2 and 6 fuels In order to reduce the amount of sampling required in the event of an oil pollution incident it would be useful to be able to initially classify the pollution sample into one of the above groups Infrared spectroscopy has been promoted as a useful analytical technique for oil classification and identifications, since it does provide some information on the aliphatic aromatic polynuclear aromatic carbonyl and organosulfur composition of an oil Infrared spectra have been used in previous efforts to distinguish asphalts from residual fuels and to provide a tool for fingerprinting' oils Kawahara et al applied linear discriminant function analysis (LDFA) to their infrared data to make the binary distinction between asphalts and residual fuels Author (GRA) N77-31019# National Bureau of Standards, Washington. D C DIMENSIONS. VOLUME 61. NUMBER 3 Monthly Report Mar 1977 37 p refs (PB-266997/6, NBS-DIM-61-3) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 058 Short summations of major technical developments, highlights of work in progress, major speeches and statements by Bureau management, and a listing of NBS publications are presented Topics discussed include (1) incentives for solar heating systems. (2) smoke detectors, (3) mechanisms for removal of hydrocarbons from lower atmosphere. (4) electrically tuned far infrared lasers, and (5) air pollution standard reference materials Author N77-31024# Massachusetts Inst of Tech , Cambridge Opera- tions Research Center OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR PLANNING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Silvia Pariente Apr 1977 64 p refs (Contract N00014-75-C-0556 NR Proj 347-027. MIT Proj OSP-82491) (AD-A039165 TR-130) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 05/3 In recent years, more and more countries have experimented with quantitative methods as a way to design short term and long term plans, and to evaluate the impacts of investment and other policies on the future development of their economies Optimization models have proved useful in several fields of economics, such as economic growth and development planning, urban and regional economics, agricultural and energy economics, etc The purpose of this paper is to formulate optimization models that can be applied fruitfully for economy-wide planning sectoral planning and project evaluation It is an attempt at synthesizing the different models encountered in the literature and at describing some of the difficulties inherent to this approach Author (GRA) N77-31040*# Chemtnc Inc Rosemont, III DEVELOPING AND TESTING OF A WASTEWATER RE- CYCLER AND HEATER Victor J Guanno and Robert A Bambanek Dec 1976 106 p Sponsored in part by NASA Army Med Res and Develop Comm HUD. and Coast Guard (Contract EPA-68-03-0436) (NASA-CR-154846. PB-266961/2. EPA-600/2-76-289) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 13B The feasibility of an automatic and self-contained appliance that can recover and store usable hot water from waste laundry water, using essentially the same amount of energy as an equivalent-capacity water heater was demonstrated It was shown by extended evaluation tests with a waste stream of real laundry water that this unit is capable of recovering sterile hot water at a steady state rate of 22 7 liters/hour with a specific energy draw of 79 watt-hours/hters without the use of any expendable chemicals Author (GRA) N77-31046# Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md Metallurgy Research Center AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF A PROCESS TO SEPA- RATE RAW URBAN REFUSE INTO ITS METAL. MINERAL. AND ENERGY COMPONENTS Thomas A Phillips 1977 32 p refs (PB-267629/4, BM-IC-8732) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13B An economic assessment of the Bureau of Mines process for the separation and recovery of ferrous metal mixed nonferrous metals, aluminum, mixed-color glass cullet, and refuse derived fuel products from raw refuse was made for a plant capable of processing 1,000 tons per day of raw urban refuse operating 2 shifts, 6 days per week The fixed capital cost, based on second quarter 1976 equipment costs is $14,529,600 excluding land and shipping facilities Credit for the products is not included in the estimated operating cost of $7 96 per ton of refuse processed, nor are taxes or fees for tipping, dumping, transportation or financing GRA N77-31141rfl Boeing Aerospace Co, Seattle. Wash Military Airplane Development INNOVATIVE AIRCRAFT DESIGN STUDY (IADS) TASK 2. VOLUME 1 Final Report E A Barber, D G Blattner, R C Sutton, and M J Mailhiot Jun 1977 186 p refs (Contract F33615-76-C-0122) (AD-A041234) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 01/3 The study was concerned with the conceptual design and evaluation of military heavy logistics transport aircraft entering service in the 1990-2000 time period . Design paylaods of 200.000-600.000 Ib and design ranges of 3600-7200 nm were considered Takeoff field length was 8.000 ft in most cases Suitability for commercial usage was a major objective Comput- er aided design techniques were employed extensively for airplane synthesis and analysis The study was accomplished in two phases Phase I included parametnc design and analysis of transports in the payload/range categories cited above An advanced technology review, including evaluations and sensitivity analyses, was accomplished These studies indicated that substantial gams were possible in reducing operating costs by incorporating both the 531 N77-31207 low risk technology and innovative designs available in 1985. and advanced technology such as composite structures available at a later time Additional effort is required to identify this increased cost of higher risk advanced technology to determine its cost effectiveness In Phase II, a baseline mission requiring 3600 nm radius and 400.000 Ib payload was selected GRA N77-31207*# Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif Inst of Tech , Pasadena DSN Engineering Section COMPARATIVE THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SOME RANKINE/BRAYTON CYCLE CONFIGURATIONS FOR A LOW-TEMPERATURE ENERGY APPLICATION F L Lansing In its The Deep Space Network 15 Aug 1977 p 156-167 Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 CSCL 10A Various configurations combining solar-Rankine and fuel- Brayton cycles were analyzed in order to find the arrangement which has the highest thermal efficiency and the smallest fuel share A numerical example is given to evaluate both the thermodynamic performance and the economic feasibility of each configuration The solar-assisted regenerative Rankme cycle was found to be leading the candidates from both points of energy utilization and fuel conservation Author N77-31226# PRC Systems Sciences Co, Los Angeles. Calif SURVEY OF SATELLITE POWER STATIONS Charles E Bloomquist Sep 1976 342 p refs (Contract EX-76-C-01-2071) (DSE/2071-1) Avail NTIS HCA15/MFA01 The appropriate role of satellite power station research and development in ERDA's overall program is reviewed A task group requested the support to consist of (1) consolidating the relevant documentation, (2) providing summary descriptions of the major systems and subsystems, (3) delineating the status of key technologies, (4) preparing brief summaries of the key econom- ic and environmental issues, and (5) assisting the task group in preparation of specified documentation Supporting efforts are also investigated Author N77-31269jjl California Univ. Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley Lab CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ADSORPTION AND DIFFUSION IN A BIDISPERSED POROUS SOLID P G Boisvert and E E Petersen Sep 1976 116 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (LBL-5273) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 Mass transfer within a well defined bidispersed solid structurally similar to coal, namely 5A molecular sieves, was studied The diffusion and adsorption of nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide were studied using a chromatographic technique A monodispersed pore model was used to describe the bidispersed pore system of the 5A molecular sieve This model was an accurate representation of the 5A pore system since negligible mass transfer resistance was measured in the micropores Much larger solid-adsorbate interactions occur with carbon dioxide than with argon or nitrogen possibly due to the higher polanzibility and linear molecuar geometry of carbon dioxide Extrapolation of these results to coal suggests that highly polar solvents may exhibit better penetrabilty into coal due to the higher surface interactions This should yield more efficient coal liquefaction processes by increasing the amount of internal surface area contacted by the solvent ERA N77-31271# Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn Analytical Chemistry Div APPROACHES TO CHEMICAL CLASS ANALYSES OF FOSSIL DERIVED MATERIALS Bruce R Clark. C-h Ho. and A Russell Jones 1977 19 p refs Presented at 173d Natl Meeting of the Am Chem Soc. New Orleans, 20-25 Mar 1977 Sponsored in part by EPA (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (CONF-770301-5) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Techniques used to isolate two specific classes of compounds are outlined as well as a general class separation method for coal liquids, shale oils, or crude petroleum The specific methods aim for the isolation of an alkane or a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon enriched fraction ERA N77-31308* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office. Calif OIL AND FAT ABSORBING POLYMERS Patent Harold E Marsh. Jr. inventor (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 2 Aug 1977 6 p Filed 7 Apr 1976 Supersedes N76-26345 (14 - 17, p 2174) Contmuation-m-part of abandoned US Patent Appl SN-228229. filed 22 Feb 1972 Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-11609-2. US-Patent-4,039-489. US-Patent-Appl-SN-674700. US-Patent-Class-260-2 5A, US-Patent-Class-210-40. US-Patent-Class-210-DIG 27. US-Patent-Class-260-2 SAM. US-Patent-Class-260-2 SAY. US-Patent-Class-260-77 SAP. US-Patent-Appl-SN-228229) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 07C A method is described for forming a solid network polymer having a minimal amount of crosshnking for use in absorbing fats and oils The polymer remains solid at a swelling ratio in oil or fat of at least ten and provides an oil absorption greater than 900 weight percent Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-31323# Argonne National Lab. Ill Material Science Div CERAMIC COATINGS FOR COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO COAL-GAS ENVIRONMENTS A REVIEW R Swaroop Dec 1976 34 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (ANL-76-124) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The corrosive and erosive environments at high temperatures and pressures in coal gasifiers impose severe requirements on the alloys of fabrication A concise review of the application of ceramic coatings to resist coal-gas environments was conducted This review attempts to explore suitable ceramic or cermet materials that may resist or retard the degradation of metal components and to summarize the state of the art of various methods of producing such coatings ERA N77-31334# RAND Corp. Santa Monica. Calif AN EVALUATION OF VERY LARGE AIRPLANES AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS Interim Report W T Mikolowsky, L W Noggle, W F Hederman. and R E Horvath Dec 1976 401 p refs (Contract F49620-77-C-0023) (AD-A040532. R-1889-AF) Avail NTIS HC A18/MF A01 CSCL 01/3 Very large airplanes using alternative fuels are examined in the context of existing and possible future Air Force missions Synthetic jet fuel (JP). liquid methane, liquid hydrogen, and nuclear propulsion are the fuel alternatives selected for detailed analy- sis Conceptual designs of airplanes using each of these fuels were developed and estimates were made of their life-cycle cost and life-cycle energy consumption Mission analyses were performed to determine the effectiveness of the alternative airplanes in strategic airlift specifically and in the station-keeping role in general Results indicate that for most military applications airplanes with gross weights in excess of one million pounds promise to be superior to any comtemporary airplanes in terms of cost-effectiveness and energy-hydrocarbon jet fuel, whether manufactured from oil shale, coal or crude oil, remains the most attractive aviation fuel for future Air Force use Policy recommendations are made pertaining both to alternative fuels and to advanced-technology large airplanes Future research and developments are also identified Author (GRA) N77-31336jjf Kentucky Umv , Lexington TECHNOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE THER- MONUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN Final Report 532 N77-31595 James E Funk Dec 1976 180 p refs Prepared in cooperation with CE-Lummus. Bloomfield, NJ (EPRI Proj 467) (EPRI-EM-287) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 Capital and operating costs and overall process efficiency are presented for a four-reaction thermochemical process which produces hydrogen from water These results were obtained from a detailed preliminary plant design which was made after the selection of a suitable process and the establishment of a design basis Selection of an appropriate process involved the evaluation of estimated process efficiency, materials problems, and availability of data for known thermochemical cycles This initial screening resulted in the identification of four, cycles which appeared promising in terms of low cost and efficient hydrogen production A more detailed analysis of these four cycles included the preparation of mass and energy balances including the interface with the nuclear heat source and the specification of separation techniques, operating conditions, etc Process thermal efficiency was re-estimated and the problems involved in the design of a large-scale plant were evaluated in more detail ERA N77-31337# Westmghouse Electric Corp . Pittsburgh. Pa Advanced Ene'rgy Systems Div HYDROGEN GENERATION PROCESS Quarterly Technical Progress Report, 17 May - 16 Aug. 1976 G H Farbman and L E Brecher Sep 1976 63 p refs (Contract EX-76-C-01-2262) (FE-2262-3) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid electrolytic- thermochemical hydrogen generation process based upon the electrolysis of sulfurous acid is examined The operating character- istics of key process steps in the hydrogen generating cycle are determined and engineering and economic analyses performed to evaluate the system 'fere described Emphasis is placed on finding alternate sources of energy as well as methods to prolong the lifetime of remaining fossil fuels J M S N77-31339| Exxon Research and Engineering Co, Linden. NJ Government Research Lab DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH STABILITY FUEL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Technical Report. 16 Dec. 1969 - 30 Nov 1976 William F Taylor and John W Frankenfeld Feb 1977 12 p refs (Contract N00140-74-C-0618) (AD-A039977. EXXON/GRU 18GAHF 77) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 This report contains an Executive Summary of the work done on the Development of High Stability Fuel program which was carried out by the Government Research Laboratories of Exxon Research and Engineering Company for the Department of the Navy The overall program consisted of an initial analytical study entitled, 'Investigation and Analysis of Advanced Hydrocar- bon Fluids' followed by an extended experimental effort entitled 'Development of High Stability Fuel.- The Executive Summary discusses the following areas (1) General Background. (2) Program Background. (3) Program objective and Approach, (4) Major Features of the technology Which Was Developed, (5) Present Significance of This Technology. (6) Significance of This Technology for High Speed Aircraft, and (7) Significance in Relation to Future Synthetic Fuels Author (GRA) N77-31428f Los Alamos Scientific Lab. N Mex METHODOLOGY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION IN THE WEST A Ford and H W Lorber Jan 1977 27 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-36) (LA-6720-PR) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The project objective is to design a computer-based tool to help decision makers analyze some of the crucial environmental, social, and economic impacts-particularly the following impacts which involve conditions that are unique to the West the boom town impacts that result from the contruction and operation of power plants near small, isolated towns in the sparsely populated West, and the reduction in visibility caused by the fossil-fuel emissions from per plants, operating in the pristine West Additional impacts that were addressed include public health effects from fossil-fuel pollutants, occupational health and safety, and the risk of accidental release of radioactive pollutants from nuclear power plants The scale along which most of these varied impacts are compared is dollars As an example, the report used to calculate impacts associated with the 1985 exoansion plan of the electric utilities belonging to the Western Systems Coordinating Council ERA N77-31444# Universal Energy Systems. Inc. Dayton. Ohio FLUID DYNAMIC ENERGY CONVERSION AND TRANSFER PROCESSES Final Report, 18 Mar 1973 - 30 Jun 1976 Ernest F Fretter. Knshan K Joshi. and Russell W Griffith Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio AFFDL Oct 1976 241 p refs (Contract F33615-73-C-4053. AF Proj 1929) (AD-A040589. AFFDL-TR-76-96) Avail NTIS HC A11/MF A01 CSCL 20/4 This is the final report of research performed on Contract F33615-73-C-4053 The research which included three different work areas. Electrofluid Dynamics (EFD), Multi Component Flows (MCF). and Thrust Augmentation (TA) This report presents the experimental rigs designed and built, experiments performed, and the results of this project's experiments during the contract period GRA N77-31496# Polytechnic Inst of New York. Brooklyn Dept of Electrical Engineering and Electrophysics HEAT-PIPE BISMUTH LASER: EXAMINATION OF LASER ACTION AT 4722 A IN BISMUTH VAPOR Final Report. 1 May 1973 - 31 Jan 1976 William T Walter and Nicholas Solimene Nov 1976 69 p refs (Contract N00014-67-A-0438-001S) (AD-A039568. POLY-EE/EP-76-022) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 20/5 The possibility of producing efficient pulsed laser action at 4722A in the neutral atomic vapor of bismuth has been examined The presence of a substantial fraction of dimers (Bi2 molecules) in the vapor of bismuth could prevent laser action by absorption of the 3067A Bi resonance line This would not only reduce radiation trapping but would also produce dissociation of the dimers leaving one Bi atom in a metastable proposed lower laser level Heat pipes were used to create a two temperature zone apparatus and thermally dissociate bismuth dimers Double-pulses were used to produce discharge dissociation of bismuth dimers The pressure and composition of bismuth vapor has been critically evaluated A radial discharge was used to reduce the nsetime of the excitation current pulse to approximately 25 nsec which is much shorter than the reciprocal of 5,300.000 sec. the best value for the 4722A transition probability Absence of laser action at 4722A is believed due to competing processes within the bismuth atom GRA N77-31589# Bureau of Mines, Denver. Colo Mining Research Center GDIST A COMPUTER CODE FOR ANALYSIS OF STATISTI- CAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF PHYSICAL DATA J R Alldredge and D D Bolstad 1977 63 p refs (PB-266762/4 BM-IC-8731) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 08G A computer code has been developed for describing and testing the statistical distribution of general continuous data sets The statistical distributions used include the normal, lognormal exponential chi square, gamma, and uniform Histograms for observed and expected values are plotted for each distribution An example using geologic data obtained from a study of the geometric properties of natural fractures in oil shale rock illustrates the use of the computer program. GDIST GRA N77-31695| National Materials Advisory Board. Washington. D C A SCREENING FOR POTENTIALLY CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR THE NATIONAL STOCKPILE 533 N77-31601 1977 67 p refs Sponsored m part by Bureau of Mines and Dept of Commerce (Contract GS-00-DS(P>-94008) (PB-267214/5. NMAB-329) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 081 Inorganic and organic source materials were reviewed in an attempt to identify potentially indispensable materials Primary cnticality was based upon short-term stockpiling needs other aspects such as the impact of new energy developments, alternate sources alternate materials or design, and conservation were considered Surprisingly few additional materials could be identified clearly as being critical on a worldwide basis however, after screening a broad spectrum of source materials, chromium, geranium, indium rhenium, vanadium, and zirconium and hafnium were identified for a more detailed examination Of these commodities, chromium stands out in importance on the basis of cnticality GRA N77-31601* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio SOLAR CELL SHINGLE Patent Amenco F Forestien. Anthony F Ratajczak, and Leroy G Sidorak. inventors (to NASA) Issued 9 Aug 1977 5 p Filed 24 Aug 1976 Supersedes N77-10645 (15 - 01. p 0091) (NASA-Case-LEW-12587-1, US-Patent-4.040867, US-Patent-Appl-SN-717319, US-Patent-Class-136-89P. US-Patent-Class-52-173 RUS-Patent-Class-52-518, US-Patent-Class-136-89-AC) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 10A A solar cell shingle was made of an array of solar cells on a lower portion of a substantially rectangular shingle substrate made of fiberglass cloth or the like The solar cells may be encapsulated in flounnated ethylene propylene or some other weatherproof translucent or transparent encapsulant to form a combined electrical module and a roof shingle The interconnected solar cells were connected to connectors at the edge of the substrate through a connection to a common electrical bus or busses An overlap area was arranged to receive the overlap of a cooperating similar shingle so that the cell portion of the cooperating shingle may overlie the overlap area of the roof shingle Accordingly, the same shingle serves the double function of an ordinary roof shingle which may be applied in the usual way and an array of cooperating solar cells from which electrical energy may be collected Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-31603# Joint Economic Committee (U S Congress) THE ECONOMICS OF SOLAR HOME HEATING William D Schulze (New Mexico Umv) Washington GPO 1977 90 p refs Study for Joint Economic Comm, 95th Congr, 1st Sess, 13 Mar 1977 (GPO-85-329) Avail SOD HC $1 35 The feasibility of residential use of solar energy is presented Its extensive application as a result of energy pnee decontrols or in areas of natural gas shortages is discussed The economic incentive for solar energy conversion through low interest loans is outlined G D H N77-31604j|l Grumman Aerospace Corp. Bethpage. NY Material and Structural Mechanics A NON-AEROSPACE APPLICATION OF PLANS: PRE- LIMINARY STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE DIFFUSER J Crouzet-Pascal Mar 1977 88 p refs (Contract EUD-2616) (RM-629) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 A baseline design for a lightweight diffuser. its calculated weight, and the method employed to calculate the specific sizes in the design are described Formulas are presented that permit the straightforward assessment of the effect on the diffuser weight, and the related cost of power generation, of changes in dimensions, material, or allowable deflections It was established that for a scale vanation in the over-all size of the diffuser. the cost of power generation attributable to the diffuser varies linearly with the diffuser front radius It was also established that as compared to using aluminum, the cost'would actually go up with standard strength steel but down with higher strength steel Allowing the structure to be more flexible cannot yield a reduction in cost unless a change in material properties is allowed Author N77-31605*| National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field Calif SOME STUDIES ON A SOLID STATE SULFUR PROBE FOR COAL GASIFICATION SYSTEMS K T Jacob (California Univ, Berkeley). D Bhogeswara Rao, and Howard G Nelson Aug 1977 22 p refs (NASA-TM-78428. A-7162) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 210 Measurements on the solid electrolyte cell (Ar + H(2) + H(2)S/CaS + CaF(2) + (Pt)//CaF(2)//(Pt) + CaF(2) + CaS/H(2) + H(2)+Ar) show that the emf of the cell is directly related to the difference in sulfur potentials established at the Ar + H(2) + H(2)S/electrode interfaces The electrodes convert the sulfur potential gradient across the calcium fluoride electrolyte into an equivalent fluorine potential gradient Response time of the probe varies from approximately 9 hr at 990 K to 2 5 hr at 1225 K The conversion of calcium sulfide and/or calcium fluoride into calcium oxide is not a problem anticipated in commercial coal gasification systems Suggestions are presented for improving the cell for such commercial applications Author N77-31606| Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (U S House) FEA FINAL REPORTS ON OIL AND GAS RESOURCES. RESERVES. AND PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES Washington GPO 1977 80 p refs Hearing before Subcomm on Oversight and Investigations of the Comm on Interstate and Foreign Commerce 94th Congr 2d Sess. 6 Aug 1976 (GPO-80-748) Avail Subcomm on Oversight and Investigations The ability of the FEA to produce information unaffected by political considerations and produced independently of industry is examined Emphasis is placed on estimates of natural gas and oil reserves J M S N77-31607# Committee on the Budget (U S Hpuse) ECONOMIC AND BUDGET IMPACT OF THE PRESIDENT'S ENERGY PROPOSALS Washington GPO 1977 167 p refs Hearing before Comm on the Budget. 95th Congr, 1st Sess. 29 Jun 1977 (GPO-93-689) Avail Comm on the Budget Conservation incentives in the form of tax credits, new taxes on gas guzzling cars, a crude oil equalization tax. taxes in industrial and utility use of natural gas and oil, and changes in natural gas pricing are discussed in terms of the impact on the American economy and the Federal budget Although testimony is provided on the long-term budget and economic effects, primary focus \s placed on the immediate impact for FY 1978 J M S N77-31608# Committee on Interstate and' Foreign Commerce (U S House) COMPILATION OF ENERGY-RELATED LEGISLATION. VOLUME 1: OIL GAS. AND ELECTRIC POWER Washington GPO 1977 291 p refs Rept by Comm on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 95th Congr, 1st Sess, Mar 1977 (GPO-80-323, Prmt-95-2) Avail SOD HC $2 75 Legislation dealing with oil, gas, and electric power is presented Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973, Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline. Natural Gas Act. Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Act of 1976. Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 are a few of the pieces of legislation presented J M S N77-3160S]jl Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (U S House) COMPILATION OF ENERGY-RELATED LEGISLATION VOLUME 2 OTHER ENERGY LEGISLATION 534 N77 31620 Washington GPO 1977 335 p refs Rept by Comm on Interstate and Foreign Commerce 95th Congr 1st Sess Mar 1977 (GPO-80-324. Prmt-95-3) Avail SOD HC $3 05 Legislation emphasizing energy policy 'and conservation as well as environmental protection is presented without discus- sion J M S N77-31610*|jl National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Ala ALUMINUM OR COPPER SUBSTRATE PANEL FOR SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF SOLAR ENERGY AND THE METHOD OF PRODUCING SAID PANEL Patent Applica- tion Marion L Roberts, Max H Sharpe, and Albert C Krupnick, inventors (to NASA) Filed 31 Aug 1977 23 p (NASA-Case-MFS-23518-1 US-Patent-Appl-SN-829390) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A Panels for selectively absorbing solar energy were developed An a.ummum substrate a layer of zinc thereon, a layer of nickel over the zinc layer and an outer layer of solar energy absorbing nickel oxide comprise one panel A copper substrate with a layer of nickel thereon and a layer of solar energy absorbing nickel oxide distal from the copper substrate compose a second panel A method for making aforesaid panels is disclosed NASA N77-31611*jjf National Aeronautics and Space Admm.stration Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala STAINLESS STEEL PANEL FOR SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF SOLAR ENERGY AND THE METHOD OF PRODUCING SAID PANEL Patent Application Marion L Roberts Max H Sharpe and Albert C Krupnick inventors (to NASA) Filed 2 Sep 1977 17 p (NASA-Case-MFS-23518-2, US-Patent-Appl-SN-830382) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A A panel for selectively absorbing solar energy comprises a stainless steel metal substrate coated by a natural oxide of the metal The panel is made by heating a cleaned stainless steel substrate in an oxygen-containing gas at 1500 - 1700 F NASA N77-31612*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland Ohio NASA THERMIONIC-CONVERSION PROGRAM James F Morris 1977 9 p refs Presented at the 12th Intersoc Energy Conversion Eng Conf Washington D C 28 Aug - 2 Sep 1977, cosponsored by the IEEE the Am Inst of Chem Eng the Am Nucl Soc the Soc of Automotive Eng the Am Chem Soc . the AIAA and the ASME (NASA-TM-X-73644, E-9150) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10A Technological processes in out-of-core thermionic energy conversion are described The emphasis was on high temperature electrode materials and system engineering of converter geometries to produce practical power densities I M N77-31614*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio INVESTIGATION OF EXCITATION CONTROL FOR WIND- TURBINE GENERATOR STABILITY Vernon D Gebben Aug 1977 16 p refs (NASA-TM-73745 E-9313. ERDA/NASA/1028-77/3) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10B High speed horizontal axis wind turbine generators with blades on the downwind side of the support tower require special design considerations to handle disturbances introduced by the flow wake behind the tower Experiments and analytical analyses were made to determine benefits that might be obtained by using the generator exciter to provide system damping for reducing power fluctuations Author N77-31615j|l Boston Univ. Mass Dept of Chemistry PHOTON ENERGY STORAGE IN ORGANIC MATERIALS THE CASE OF LINKED ANTHRACENES Techi.ical Report. 1 Nov 1976 - 31 Dec 1976 Guilford Jones II William R Bergmark and Thomas E Remhardt 15 Mar 1977 32 p refs (Contract N00014-76-C-0442) (AD-A039702 TR-6) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 07/4 Criteria for the photochemical storage of solar energy as latent heat are outlined Energy storing valence isomenzations which may be driven by irradiation and which may be reversed by heating with or without a catalyst are described Data for photoisomenzations which utilize 300-500 nm radiation with storage capacities of 50-250 cal/g and with storage efficiencies of 5-10% are summarized New data concerning linked anthra- cenes which photosiomenze with phi = 0 20 4 are provided A photocalonmeter for the measurement of storage enthalpies is described New systems for the practical conversion of solar energy are suggested GRA N77-31618# Argonne National Lab III DESIGN ANk> PERFORMANCE OF U-AI/IRON SULFIDE CELLS FOR UTIUT- ENERGY STORAGE AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES R 0 Ivms, E C Gay, W J Walsh, and A A Chilenskas 1976 27 p refs Presented at 27th Power Symp Atlantic City, 21 Jun 1976 (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (CONF-760617-3) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Results of testing the laboratory-scale cells of prismatic configuration having electrodes fabricated by hot-pressing, electrochemical formation, or vibratory loading are presented Prismatic cells were operated with specific energies of 115 V-h/kg at the 10-h discharge rate and specific powers of 140 W/kg at full charge and 100 W/kg at 50 percent discharge Higher performance can be expected from improved cell designs which increase the ratio of electrode and active material weight to total cell weight, replacement of the ceramic fabric separators presently used by ceramic paper separators, and development of cells with lower electrical resistance The choice of electrode fabrication techniques and cell designs for the second round of industrial contracts are described The design and performance testing of the cells to date suggest that the technical program goals for both applications can be met ERA N77-31619/J/ Sandia Labs, Albuquerque N Mex SOLAR COLLECTION MODULE TEST FACILITY. INSTRU- MENTATION FLUID LOOP NUMBER ONE T D Harrison W R Dworzak, and C A Folkner, Jr Jan 1977 40 p (Contract E(29-1)-789) (SAND-76-0425) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 While data on mechanical, electrical instrumentation and fluid loops are not sufficient to enable complete planning for every possible test they are judged adequate to enable initiation and completion on interface specifications with a minimum of additional data and e'fort Fluid loop number one is designed to evaluate collectors and components of collectors using Ther- minol 66 as a heat transfer fluid Fluid loop number one will deliver heat transfer fluid to the test item at temperatures from 20 C to 315 C (70 F to 600 F) at flow rates from 0 1 gpm to 100 gpm at pressures up to 051 MPa (75 psig) Fluid loop number one has a W3ather station and an HP 2116 minicomputer which is capable of directing the test acquiring data, and performing calculations ERA N77-31620J General Electric Co , Schenectady NY DEMONSTRATION OF AN INDUCTOR MOTOR/ ALTERNATOR/FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM Quarterly Progress Report. 28 Jun - 28 Sep 1976 28 Sep 1976 52 p (Contract EY-76-C-02-4010) (COO-4010-1. PR-1) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Vehicle propulsion concepts utilizing flywheel energy are described Analyses are presented for sizing an inductor motor/alternator/flywheel for application to a 3000 pound vehicle Component tradeoffs are included for the inductor motor/ alternator drive, the solid state inverter/rectifier, the control circuit, and a composite flywheel Design specifications for the machine are established and a test plan defined ERA 535 N77-31626 N77-31626# United Engineers and Constructors, Inc. Philadel- phia, Pa PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMICS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY ZnSe THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE Sep 1976 239 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-13711, UEC-LLL-760920) Avail NTIS HC A11/MF A01 The ZnSe H2 Process is a multi-step thermochemical cycle which involves novel selenium-based chemistry and offers, in principle, the possibility of higher energy efficiency than competi- tive processes based on water electrolysis A high temperature heat source such as provided by a gas-cooled nuclear reactor is required The process in the 60000 Ib/hr reference plant design is 26 percent efficient The H2 cost is about S28/MM Btu This amount is considerably above the S5-8/MM Btu estimate for other reported processes for hydrolysis of water The bulk of the product cost is in capital cost fixed charges The conceptual capital cost estimate is $3 100 million, consisting of $900 million for the UHTR (Ultra High Temperature Reactor) heat source, and $2.200 million for the ZnSe H2 process Selenium and molybdenum availability may be limitations on full scale implemen- tation of the process ERA N77-31627# Mitre Corp , McLean. Va METREK Div ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER AND SPACE HEATING Nov 1976 312 p refs (Contract EX-76-C-01-2322) (DSE/2322-1-Suppl) Avail NTIS HC A14/MF A01 Based on comparison with conventional energy costs, solar water heating and solar space heating installed at an equivalent system cost of $20 per square foot of collector is competitive today against electric resistance systems throughout most of the U S If the system cost is reduced to $15 per square foot, solar systems become competitive against oil hot water heating and/or oil and electric heat pump space heating in many cities Finally if the cost should be reduced to $10 sq ft by 1980 through a combination of technical innovations and incentives, solar hot water and heat would be economically competitive against all residential fuel types Solar system designs for 13 cities were optimized so as to minimize the life cycle cost over the assumed 20 year life time of the solar energy systems The major assumptions regarding the solar system, type and use of buildings, financial considerations, and economic environment used in the design optimization are given ERA N77-31628# California Umv, Livermore Lawrence Uvermore Lab Energy and Planning Resource Group OIL. GAS. URANIUM. AND THORIUM SUPPLY AND DEPLETION. WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALIFOR- NIA I Y Borg, Randolph Stone and Kenneth P Puchlik 24 Dec 1976 239 p refs Sponsored in part by State Energy Resources and Develop Comm (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCRL-52180) Avail NTIS HC A11/MF A01 The assessment of global resources of gas, oil uranium, and thorium with emphasis on California is presented The forecasting of depletion is presented for the resources from the historical production data, the estimate of future production, and the size of the total resource available Detailed data are provided under the following chapters methodology, oil supplies oil depletion forecasts, natural gas supplies natural gas depletion forecast, uranium supplies uranium depletion thorium supply and depletion and finally a chapter on new work new appraisals of reserves and undiscovered resources and new studies on pipeline routes that promise to affect national and state planning ERA N77-31629# Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington. D C MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY VOLUME 1: PROGRAM STRATEGY Feb 1977 158 p refs (ERDA-77-15/1-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A16/MF A01 Development of the base, selection of the five major classes of possible ERDA strategies for analysis, identification of technical and geographical targets for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) initiatives, determination of the feasible set of EOR programs, and pnoritization of the candidate EOR programs and develop- ment of a recommended 5 year EOR budget are outlined ERA N77-31630f Sandia Labs. Albuquerque. N Mex NATURAL GAS MASSIVE HYDRAULIC FRACTURE RESEARCH AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROJECT Quarterly Report, Aug - Oct 1976 C L Schuster, ed Jan 1977 27 p (Contract EY-76-C-04-0789) (SAND-76-0723) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 A massive hydraulic fracture experiment was conducted in West Virginia that was one of the field demonstrations of the Eastern Devonian Shale Program It was the largest gelled water and proppant fracture conducted to date in the eastern United States The system performed according to design goals after some minor revisions Data analysis of the results are not very definitive for fracture orientation and some improved techniques are being planned for the follow-on experiments ERA N77-31631# Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Quarterly Progress Report. Jul - Sep 1976 H W Hoffman and R J Kedi 31 Jan 1977 23 p (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (ORNL/TM-5795) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 At ORNL research efforts were continued to (a) develop a time-dependent analytical model that will describe a TES system charged with a phase-change material, (b) measure thermophysical properties and melt-freeze cyclic behavior of interesting PCM s and (c) determine crystal lattice structures of hydrated salts and their nucleators A report on TES subsystems for application to solar energy sources was completed and is being reviewed In the area of program management subcontracts were signed Detailed reviews were completed for ten unsolicited proposals related to TES Industries research institutions, universities, and other national laboratory participation in the TES program, for which ORNL has management responsibilities are listed ERA N77-31632# Battelle Columbus Labs. Ohio HEAT SOURCE COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Quarterly Report. Oct - Dec 1976 William M Pardue ed Jan 1977 81 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-92) (BMI-X-676) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 Components for advanced radioisotope heat source applica- tions to be used in advanced static and dynamic power conversion systems are outlined The specific component development efforts which are described are improved selective and nonselective vents for helium release from the fuel containment, and improved reentry members, and an improved impact member, singly and combined The unitized reentry-impact member under development is to be used as a bifunctional ablator Finally, thermodynamic supporting studies are reported ERA N77-31633# Electric Power Research Inst, Palo Alto, Calif PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON ANALYSIS OF 1974 AND 1975 POWER GROWTH Milton F Searl and Albert N Halter Dec 1976 323 p refs Conf proc held at Chicago, 19-20 May 1976 (EPRI-EA-318-SR, Conf-760595 WS76-52) Avail NTIS HC A14/MF A01 The causes of the low rate of growth in electric power output in 1974 and 1975 are examined The subject is examined at various levels of aggregation by persons with various institutional affiliations including individual electric utilities Perspective on national and regional growth in these years is provided by paper industry by power equipment manufacturers with a major stake in the growth of the industry, by a regional electric reliability council representative, by a member of the 536 N77-31644 staff of the Federal Energy Administration, and by an econometri- cian from the Electric Power Research Institute The relationship between electricity output and the index of industrial production is discussed ERA N77-31635# Brookhaven National Lab. Upton, N Y Oept of Applied Science HYDROGEN-HALOGEN ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM PREUMINARY FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC ASSESS- MENT S Snnivasan. R S Yeo. and A Beaufrere 1976 7 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-22164) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The hydrogen-chlorine (He-CI2) cell has been suggested as an electric energy storage battery Recently, this system was proposed for energy storage applications in electric utilities with the following advantages over the batteries and the hydrogen- oxygen (H2-02) system which is being considered for the same purpose (1) since the electrode reactions of H2 and CI2 are quite reversible, one can expect an overall efficiency (electric yields electric) of over 75 percent (2) the same electrodes can be used as electrocatalysts in both modes (chemical and electricity generation) Therefore, the same electrochemical cell can be used for both functions, which reduces the capital costs, and (3) the reactants for chemical and electricity generation are stored outside the cell which appears beneficial for a weekly cycle A preliminary technical and economic feasibility assessment of the hydrogen-halogen battery as an electric energy storage system was undertaken and results are presented ERA N77-31636# Public Service Electric and Gas Co Newark. N J ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS SUITABLE FOR USE BY ELECTRIC UTILITIES. VOLUME 3 Final Report Jul 1976 112 p refs (Contract E(11-D-2501) (EPRI-EM-264-Vol-3) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 The current state of development for conventional and underground pumped hydroelectric power was investigated Hydroelectric pumped storage was found to be a mature technology, easily implemented where suitable sites are available for two surface reservoirs It was stated that underground reservoirs extend areas where hydroelectric pumped storage can be used and further development of high head equipment is necessary for use in high head underground plants ERA N77-31637# Lewm and Associates, Inc. Washington. D C RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PART 1: OVERVIEW Final Report Washington 0 C ERDA Dec 1976 132 p refs 3 Vol (Contract EX-76-C-01-2294) (ERDA-77-20/1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 Petroleum dependence and enhanced oil recovery, approach to the analysis, industry's plans for enhanced oil recovery, publicly sponsored R and 0 in enhanced oil recovery (total estimated production), and analyses for decision making are discussed ERA N77-31638# Battelle Columbus Labs. Ohio SURVEY OF THE APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TO INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT. VOLUME 3. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF RELATED NONTECHNICAL ISSUES Final Report Jan 1977 268 p refs Prepared in cooperation with Honeywell. Inc (Contract W-7405-eng-92) (TID-27348/3-Vol-3) Avail NTIS HC A12/MF A01 The application of solar thermal energy systems to industrial process heat is presented The details and results of the analysis of the expected performance of solar thermal energy systems designed to supply industrial process heat are presented The results of a preliminary assessment of nontechnical issues related to the use of solar energy for process heat le. economic institutional, legal and environmental aspects are also dis- cussed ERA N77-31639# Battelle Columbus Labs. Ohio SURVEY OF THE APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TO INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT. VOLUME 2' INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEAT SURVEY Final Report Jan 1977 539 p refs Prepared in cooperation with Honeywell Inc 2 Vol (Contract W-7405-eng-92) (TID-27348/2-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A23/MF A01 The detailed results of a survey of the process heat requirements in 20 industries are presented On the basis of detailed process analysis, a total process heat requirement of 7 87 x 10 to the fifteenth power Btu/year has been identified Not all of industry is covered by these extrapolations hence these quantities represent minimum values rather than totals for all of industry Growth projections for each of the industries applied to the extrapolated 20 industry data lead to total process heat quantities of 124 x 10 to the fifteenth power and 168 x 10 to the fifteenth power Btu/year for 1985 and 2000, respectively and to 4 3 and 59 x 10 to the fifteenth power Btu/year for the same years for the quantities used below 350 F ERA N77-31642# Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST GEOTHERMAL. ENERGY FROM THE EARTH John W Shupe 1976 68 p Workshop held in San Francisco, 21 Sep 1976 (TID-27431) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Some of the following topics were discussed at the workshop on geothermal energy (1) geothermal sources in Hawaii. (2) the philosophy of geothermal energy as an exotic alternative energy soruce, (3) geothermal development in the Imperial Valley, (4) legal impediments to geothermal development with special comments on the Geothermal Steam Act 1970 B B N77-31643# Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST CAN THE INDIVIDUAL'S VOICE BE HEARD. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENERGY PLANNING Sylvia Siegel 1976 96 p Workshop held in San Francisco 21 Sep 1976 (TID-27433) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The activities and duties of T U R N . a consumer representa- tion group are reported Several views of various agency heads are presented in relation to consumer influence on energy supply and conservation measures as a part of ERDA's decision making process B B N77-31644# Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST THE FOSSIL OPTION 1976 46 p Workshop held in San Francisco 21 Sep 1976 (TID-27430) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The environmental impact of increased coal usage was examined, as well as the problems encountered by coal companies in recent years Research was presented on alternate energy sources especially that regarding the bituminous sandstones prevalent in California A coal desulfunzation project being conducted using powdered iron, coal and fuel oil was examined and the space shuttle project and a methane-dnven-automobile project were briefly mentioned The direct use of coal was predicted as reaching 24 quads by the year 2000. with coal gasification and liquefaction moving to perhaps 14 quads shale oil production could reach 7 quads The results of a study on manufacturing gas or generating electricity were presented in which coal is used specifically for both processes The efficiency from an energy 537 N77-31645 standpoint, cost to the consumer and capital requirements were emphasized ERA N77-31645# Energy Research and Development Administration Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST WHAT IMPACT COULD ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT HAVE ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE David 0 Rankm 1976 71 p Workshop held in San Francisco, 22 Sep 1976 (TID-27428) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Religion versus science was discussed in terms of the quality of life Other tooics covered relating to this mam theme included the impact, jt technological development, social processes, the need for education, and also human consciousness ERA N77-31646# Energy Research and Development Administration Washington D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST GENERAL SESSION. VOLUME 2 Paul Valentine 1976 205 p Workshop held in San Francisco 21 Sep 1976 (TID-27427) Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 Twelve presentations were made divided into three subses- sions Session 1 Public Input to Energy Policy Session 2 Energy Demand, and Session 3, Energy Supply Panel discussions following each presentation are reported ERA N77-31647# Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST FISSION AS AN OPTION Roger Griffin 1976 84 p Workshop held in San Francisco 21 Sep 1976 ITID-27432) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The ERDA-76 energy plan was discussed and criticized It was emphasized that few options exist-specifically nuclear and coal, in the near- and mid-term however, concern was voiced regarding irreversible effects commitments and choices Problems of U S energy policy planners with nuclear technology and finances were considered In addition the Colombo Resolution was discussed a plan which would suspend debt payments to the International Monetary Fund and replace that with a development bank for emergency fusion power and agriculture- related industry ERA N77-31648# Energy Research and Development Administration Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY William Hogan 1976 98 p Workshop held in San Francisco 21 Sep 1976 (TID-27429) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The implementation and operation of formal models and analyses applied to energy problems were described demonstrat- ing the relationship between economic growth and energy demand and supply Questions of energy supply and conservation practices were reviewed the shortage of natural gas was seen as the most pressing issue in California Comments were made regarding electric energy growth in the western states giving attention to the energy consumption/GNP relationship A group study was then presented which compares the economics of coal-fired and nuclear power plants ERA N77-31649# Utlle (Arthur D ). Inc Cambridge Mass NATIONAL BENEFITS/COSTS OF ENHANCED OIL RE- COVERY RESEARCH Final Report Aug 1976 75 p (Contract EX-76-C-01-2021) (FE-2021-4) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The primary type of benefit quantified is the national savings to be realized as a result of having cheaper supplementary oil available from enhanced recovery than would be otherwise available under uncertain alternative futures Alternative types of benefits are also reviewed including those associated with avoiding more expensive re-entry of stripper wells at a later time, with the balance of payments value of enhanced re- covered oil and with enhanced recovered oil becoming part of a national emergency stockpile Other benefits unquantified are those associated with insurance and portfolio values Sensitivity of the benefit/cost ratios to alternative assumptions is illustrated through a number of sensitivity analyses These analyses indicate that the expected benefits from the development of enhanced oil recovery technology substantially exceed Federal program costs ERA N77-31650# Lewm and Associates, Inc Washington D C RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PART 2 THE PROGRAM Final Report Dec 1976 296 p (Contracts EX-76-C-01-2294. E(49-181-2294) (ERDA-77-20/2) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 Steam drive, in-situ combustion carbon diox1de miscible flooding, surfactant/polymer flooding and polymer augmented waterflooding are discussed ERA N77-31651# Lewm and Associates Inc Washington, D C RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PART 3 THE METHODOLOGY Final Report Dec 1976 337 p (E(49-18>-2294) (ERDA-77-20/3) Avail NTIS HC A15/MF A01 The criteria and procedures used in classifying the reservoir targets reflecting their technological status are discussed The categories include assumptions used in analyzing the sensitivities of the results to alternate price/tax contingencies results of the interviews with government officials and industry representatives models used in the analysis to estimate incremental recovery and economics and the development and use of the technologi- cal screening guide ERA N77-31653# Environmental Protection Agency Washington D C Div of Solar Energy PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION PROGRAM Nov 1976 109 p (ERDA-76-161) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 A brief but comprehensive overview of ihp ERDA Photovoltaic Conversion Program is presented It includes the program s goals and objectives strategy program plan and abstracts of individual projects that comprise the program ERA N77-3"364# Oak Ridge National Lab Tenn Engineering Technoloy, Div SUMMARY REPORT AN EXPLORATOPY STUDY OF COST TARGETS FOR SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER I-LA NTS T D Anderson, H I Bowers, J G Delene L C Fuller, S I Kaplan, and J V Wilson Mar 1977 34 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (ORNL/TM-5787) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 A preliminary evaluation was made of the economic goals that need to be achieved in the solar-electric R and D and demonstration programs so that solar can become a viable component of our national electric energy production system Solar electric technologies considered are solar thermal conver- sion solar photovoltaic wind energy conversion, and ocean thermal Target costs were developed for selected applications of solar by comparison with known means of accomplishing the same end results The known technologies were assumed to be fossil and nuclear energy sources ERA N77-31655jf National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Washington D C NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COV.MITTEE ON NUCLEAR AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS Interim Report 538 N77-31666 Jan 1977 56 p (Contract EX-76-C-10-3784) (TID-27435) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The need for and direction of nuclear power development the various nuclear options being considered in detail, including breeder reactor and associated fuel-cycle technologies were studied But decisions regarding nuclear energy cannot be made in a contextual vacuum the time scale and the context in which these decisions should be made depend not only on the technical social and economic status and impacts of other energy-supply technologies, but also on assumptions concerning future levels of demand for energy and the possibilities for energy conservation through changes in consumption patterns and improved efficiency of the supply and end-use systems The study, therefore seeks to relate the many important factors that impinge on ERDA s and the nation s energy decisions and thereby on the ultimate role of nuclear power ERA N77-31656# Mathematica, Inc. Princeton N J COMPARATIVE STATE-OF-THE-ART ASSESSMENT OF GAS SUPPLY MODELING Final Report Robert Ciliano. D R Limaye, and S D Hu Feb 1977 643 p refs Sponsored by ERDA and EPRI (EPRI-EA-201) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 A state-of-the-art comparison of twelve major gas-supply- modeling efforts is described As categorized into three general classifications, namely (1) structural models of resource econom- ics (2) pure econometric models, and (3) resource base-geologic models In addition model-by-model assessments are presented ERA N77-31658# Army Electronics Command Fort Monmouth, NJ A SOLAR POWER RADIACMETER Joseph C Nirschl Apr 1977 28 p refs (AD-A039995. ECOM-4495) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 18/4 A solar power radiacmeter (breadboard) design is described, based on a miniature (18 cc) lonization chamber and low power, solid-state (Field Effect Transistor. FET) electrometer Power demand for this instrument, including DC converter, is ap- proximately 5 mW Preliminary experiments with a 20 sq cm silicon solar cell panel and pen light (AA size) rechargeable (NiCd) battery suggest feasibility of this approach Solar power intake and dissipation is discussed for experiments conducted Author (GRA) N77-31660# Massachusetts Inst of Tech Cambridge Energy Lab A USER'S GUIDE TO THE MIT WORLD ENERGY DEMAND DATA BASE PART 2: DATA INDEX May 1976 172 p (Grant NSF SIA-75-00738) (PB-266830/9, MIT/EL-76/011WP-Pt-2. NSF/RA-760474-Pt-2) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 10A This data base is assembled as part of an econometric study of world energy demand The work is part of a project to develop analytical models of the world oil market The data description listing is designed to be used both as a general index and as a reference key to the data base It is concise enough to serve as an overview for an individual who wishes to determine what data is present, and it is indispensable to the on-line user who requires a guide to the mnemonics and abbreviations GRA N77-31661# Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D C Office of Energy Information and Analysis FEDERAL ENERGY INFORMATION LOCATOR SYSTEM . ENERGY INFORMATION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 30 Nov 1976 384 p (PB-262331/2, FEA/B-76/492) Avail NTIS HC A17/MF A01 CSCL 058 This 1976 update has been prepared from a source survey conducted between August and November 1976 FEILS allows the user to identify Federal agencies collecting specific kinds of energy data and, therefore, to locate that data The system itself does not contain the data available in the Federal Government, it is a directory for that data GRA N77 31663# AIA Research Corp . Washington, D C EARLY USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BUILDINGS A STUDY OF BARRIERS AND INCENTIVES TO THE WIDESPREAD USE OF SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS Aug 1976 195 p refs (Grant NSF APR-75-18339) (PB-267832/4, NSF/RA-760578) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 13A The use of the technology and implementation of the knowledge in the building process is analyzed A summary structure of incentives is also presented The results of life cycle cost analyses of fifteen selected solar heating projects, as well as a general overview of the various economic factors relating to the commercialization of solar technology are evaluated A regulatory analysis of sun rights and land use, building codes, warranties of performance, rights to energy, and the implications of these rights are discussed GRA N77-31664# Idaho Umv, Moscow Dept of Civil Engineer- ing PUMPED STORAGE POTENTIAL OF THE HELL'S CANYON AREA M S Thesi* Larry Douglas Coupe Apr 1977 143 p refs (Contract Dl-14-31-0001-5070, OWRT Pro) B-037-IDA(1)) (PB-267722/7. W77-08196) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 10B The potential for pumped storage hydroelectric development of the Hells Canyon area is reviewed with conclusions drawn from preliminary investigation Background information covers the concept and application of pumped storage Hells Canyon's physical characteristics and history and its status as a National Recreation Area Of eighteen potential storage sites noted, the three most promising are analyzed in detail For each, preliminary designs were developed as well as computer analyses of the reservoir water level fluctuations that would result from such operations Each is also analyzed for economic feasibility Conclusions are that pumped storage in the area is too expensive to be competitive now, but it may be more feasible in the future GRA N77-3166B# Nationa'l Bureau of Standards, Washington. D C COMPARISON OF COMPUTER-PREDICTED AND OB- SERVED ENERGY USES IN A MULTI-FAMILY HIGH-RISE APARTMENT BUILDING Final Report James P Barnett and Stanley T Liu Jun 1977 38 p refs Sponsored by HUD (PB-267829/0, NBSIR'76-1177) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A A comparison was made of the results of two computer programs, in predicting the energy consumption of a multi family high rise apartment building located in Omaha, Nebraska Results are given on a monthly basis for the computed energy values and compered with average monthly values of metered data obtained over a five year period GRA N77-31666# New York State Assembly Scientific Staff, Albany SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS AND RELATED LEGISLA- TION Donald A Mongitore May 1975 39 p refs Sponsored in part by NSF (PB-267901/7, SS-503) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A Areas in which there is the greatest potential for state legislative action which would promote the use of solar energy in New York state are presented Solar energy systems which have the greatest potential for use in New York state are described The problems facing widespread implementation of these systems are enumerated, and legislative proposals which address these problems are detailed in light of existing legislation in other states and their impact on solar energy use in the state GRA 539 N77-31667 N77-31667# Water Purification Associates Cambridge. Mass Science,and Public Policy Program WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND SYNTHETIC FUEL PLANTS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Final Report. May - Aug 1976 H Gold. D J Goldstein. R F Probstem, J S Shen and D Yung Apr 1977 280 p refs (Contract EPA-68-01-1916) (PB-268067/7, EPA-600/7-77-037) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10B Procedures are described for the detailed determination of the water consumed for mining and processing coal and oil shale, and for determining the residuals generated The processes considered are Lurgi Synthane and Synthoil for coal conversion, TOSCO II for shale conversion, coal-fired steam electric power generation and slurry pipeline In addition, determinations are also made of the water consumed for process cooling, flue gas desulfunzation. revegetation of mined land solids disposal and by evaporation and other uses within the mine-plant complex GRA N77-31671# Energy Research and Development Administration, Pittsburgh, Pa Energy Research Center CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATES M Mentser and A G Sharkey. Jr Mar 1977 53 p refs (PERC/RI-77/5) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 High resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze the organic material associated with diesel exhaust particulates in order to detect hazardous compounds Diesel fuels and respirable coal mine dusts were also surveyed Mass spectra were obtained on approximately 50 samples of particulates from diesel engine tests The tests involved precombustion chamber and direct injection engines operating in different modes of speed and load using three grades of diesel fuel Distribution of hydrocarbons changed in a characteristic manner as the speed and loading of the engines increased from idle to rated speed and full load The composition profiles were little affected by engine or fuel type The composition of diesel particulates was investigated as a function of particle size from less than 0 2 to greater than or approximately equal to 3 0 micrometers ERA N77 316720 California Umv . Davis Radiobiology Lab HEALTH EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH FOSSIL-FUEL POWER GENERATION. AN INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS J Azevedo, K Berding, and S A Book Apr 1976 189 p (Contract E(04-3)-0472) (UCD-472-500) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 Approximately 900 references are contained in this bibliogra- phy prepared as part of a risk assessment program Health hazards associated with pollutants generated from fossil fuel combustion for electrical power production are evaluated The articles listed comprise the first major section of a continuing literature review ERA N77-31673# Center for Energy and Environment Research. Caparra Heights (Puerto Rico) ECOLOGICAL REVIEW OF HYDROELECTRIC RESERVOIRS IN PUERTO RICO William R Jobm, Frederick F Ferguson, and Raymond Brown Oct 1976 84 p refs Sponsored by ERDA (CEER-1) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 Published literature and available data on the ecology of hydroelectric reservoirs and other lakes in Puerto Rico was reviewed Various studies on unrelated elements in the aquatic ecology were examined The majority of the island wide studies pertained to surveys on snails related to the parasitic disease bilharzia A survey of 28 major lakes in 1976 showed that Biomphalana glabrata was gradually displaced from most of the lakes by Marisa cor nu a net is and Tarebia gramfera, two foreign snails which do not transmit bilharzia Of the 17 lakes contain- ing B Glabrata m 1956. only 8 remained infested in 1966 and only 5 m 1976, twenty years after the introduction of Marisa cornuanetis Although the trend indicates that the lakes may be safe from transmission, a monitoring system is necessary before the lakes are used for recreation Author N77-31674# Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland, Wash PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL ASSESSMENT PRO- GRAM Annual Report. 1976 Jun 1976 40 p refs (Contract EI45-11-1830) (BNWL-2084) Avail NTIS An integrated analytical assessment program was established for evaluation of potential changes that may result from various energy development or conservation scenarios Such scenarios may themselves result from Federal development policies and programs, from regionally specific actions by the states and energy industries, or from actions taken by international factors currently importing energy resources into the region After consideration of a variety of approaches to integrated assessment at a regional level, dynamic simulation techniques were developed to provide the best available approach to evaluating the issues pertinent to the Northwest ERA N77-31676| Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. Richland. Wash CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSTANCES IN PRODUCTS EFFLUENTS AND WASTES FROM SYNTHETIC FUEL PRODUCTION TESTS Quarterly Progress Report M R Petersen. J S Fruchter. and J C Laul Sep 1976 27 p (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2131) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A02 An up-to-date information on the status of these characteriza- tion efforts, both to those concerned with techniques and abatement process development and to the biological and environmental scientists working in this area is presented ERA N77-31676# Pennsylvania Umv , Philadelphia Dept of Regional Science REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Walter Isard. T Reiner. R Vanzele, and J Stratham Aug 1976 151 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-50562) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 The economic and social impacts of nuclear power facilities are compared in the Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania area IM N77-31686# Environmental Protection Agency. Ann Arbor. Mich Emission Control Technology Div AUTOMOBILE EMISSION CONTROL THE DEVELOPMENT STATUS. TRENDS. AND OUTLOOK AS OF DECEMBER 1976 Apr 1977 650 p refs (PB-267865/4) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 136 Significant development trends are highlighted in the following areas 3-way catalysts, improved fuel metering, electronic controls, non-catalytic emission control technology, vehicle space requirements for emission controls, turpochargmg. and diesel engine developments A review of each manufacturer's emission control development efforts is included GRA N77-31725jjf Montana Dept of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena ALLUVIAL VALLEY FLOORS IN EAST-CENTRAL MONTANA AND THEIR RELATION TO STRIPPABLE COAL RESERVES. A RECONNAISSANCE REPORT Jack Schmidt Jan 1977 148 p refs (PB-267280/6, EPA-908/4-77-001) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 081 540 N77-32009 The chief purpose of the protect was the preliminary assessment of the impact of a prohibition against mining alluvial valley floors on the coal resources of portions of Oawson. Garfield. McCone and Richland Counties Montana A secondary purpose was the assessment of some of the physical and land use characteristics of these areas, and their importance to the local farming and ranching economy Field work, data compilation and report preparation were accomplished in less than five months GRA N77-31814# Brookhaven National Lab. Upton, N Y ENERGY MODEL DATA BASE (EMDB) USING SYSTEM 2000 P H Newhouse Sep 1976 22 p Presented at Assoc of System 2000 Users for Tech Exchange Meeting Toronto. 29 Sep 1976 (Contract EI30-D-16) (BNL-21854, Conf-760989-1) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The Energy Model Data Base (EMDB) at BNL is discussed It contains high-quality, documented numeric data describing the technological processes which comprise the United States Energy System The EMDB was designed as a collection of energy data to be used in an array of energy systems modeling tasks The history and use of the EMDB are explained in a nontechnical way ERA N77-31823# California Umv, Berkeley Dept of Chemistry LARGE SCALE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTATION VIA MIN- ICOMPUTER Final Report, 1973-1976 William H Miller Sep 1976 100 p refs (Grant NSF GP-39317) (PB-267575/9) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 07D A program of research designed to test the suitability of minicomputers for large scale scientific computations is described The problems attacked are those traditionally done on the largest and fastest commercially available electronic computers the calculation of potential energy surfaces and the subsequent evaluation of the dynamics of chemical reactions Cost effective- ness, practical limitations and advantages, and implications of their experience for present and future large scale scientific computations are discussed, not only for minicomputers but also for large computers GRA N77-31824# Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa Eastern Field Operation Center COMPUTER GRAPHICS DEMONSTRATION: AREA COAL AVAILABILITY STUDIES John R Bitler and John D Martin 1977 22 p refs (PB-267923/1. BM-IC-8736) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 081 A computerized mapping system was developed by the Bureau of Mines to provide procedures for the rapid and inexpensive display of coal reserve data Mapping system output consists of two types of maps, point distribution and contour (isopleth). which can be produced for data (coal analyses) associated with a point location (outcrop, drill core, or mine samples) The primary advantage of this system is that it enables the display of a rapidly changing data base and computerized map generation without the intermediate steps of digitizing and overlaying to produce base maps The mapping system is applicable to any regional mineral reserve or resource study for which point location data are available Included are example maps of the distribution of data points and contouring for sulfur content of the Upper Freeport coalbed in the western Pennsylvania demonstration area GRA N77-31945# Little (Arthur D ). Inc . Cambridge. Mass GAS COOLED REACTOR ASSESSMENT, VOLUME 1 Report. 9 Feb. - 30 Jun. 1976 Final Aug 1976 143 p refs Prepared in cooperation with United Constructors and Engrs . Inc , Philadelphia (Contract EY-76-C-02-2885) (TID-27424/1-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 The development and commercialization of the following four reactor types were studied high temperature gas-cooled reactor-steam cycle, direct conversion high temperature reactors, very high temperature reactors, and gas-cooled fast breeder reactors The areas of research were as follows (Da technical and economic assessment of the status of the different reactor types was performed (2) a spectrum of scenarios was developed projecting the performance of the reactor types, their areas of potential application and schedule of commercial availability, (3) alternative scenarios were developed Jor providing required electrical energy within the United States, and (4) commercial deployment strategies for gas-cooled reactors were provided ERA N77-31969# Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland Wash DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERI- ALS FOR OPEN CYCLE MHD Quarterly Report. Apr. - Jun 1976 J Lambert Bates 1976 29 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2004-3) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Activities performed in support of the U S /U S S R magnet- ohydrodynamic power generation program are described Progress is reported in characterizing and evaluating materials from the phase 1 U-02 test, and developing and fabricating electrodes and insulator materials for the phase 2 test Procedures were developed for fabricating three MgAI204 Fe304 electrodes with controlled microstructures Methods for fabricating applying metal current leadouts to high temperature MHD electrodes were examined ERA N77-31981# Association Euratom-CEA. Fontenay-aux-Roses (France) Groupe de Recherches sur la Fusion Controlee REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART WITH TOKAMAKS IN USSR S V Mimov, V S Mukhovatov. V S Strelkov. and V D Shafranov Jul 1976 35 p refs Transl into FRENCH from Fiz Plazmy (USSR), v 2, 1976 p 348-360 In FRENCH (EUR-CEA-FC-839-TR) Avail NTIS (US Sales Only) HC A03/MF A01 The U S S R Tokamak programm is realized with some fifteen different devices that may be distnbuted in five groups according to the aim of the research the T-4. T-10. T-20 Tokamak line is intended for enhancing the plasma parameters due to the increase in the dimensions of the apparatus The small sized, noncircular section T-8, and T-9 Tokamaks are intended for the search of new configurations, the decrease in the impurity influx is studied on T-12. TO-2. TM-4. TB-0, and the supplementary heating and stabilization are studied on TM-3. Tuman-2 T-11. TF-1, TM-1-HF. TO-1. and Tuman-3 New principles of creating magnetic systems are investigated on T-7 Among these devices seven are now operating T-4, TM-3, T-9. Tuman-2. TO-1, TF-1. and TM-1-HF Experiments on T-10, T-8. and T-11 are about to start, T-12. TO-2. TM-4. T-7. and Tuman-3 are in course of construction, and TB-0 and T-20 are still in contemplation ERA N77-32009# DCS Associates. Inc . Washington. D C THE REPORTING OF FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOP- MENT RESOURCES APPLIED TO INNOVATION Final Report Dave G Soergel 18 Apr 1977 32 p ref (NSF Order 77-SP-0443) (PB-266765/7) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL OSA A system of reporting Federal funding of research and development (R&D) which is based on the design progression phases of the innovative process is presented The study is limited to investigation of federally funded R&D resource expenditures in hardware production areas The conceptual approach to 541 N77-32016 design progression reporting is based on six supply-oriented design progression phases within the innovative process and a demand- oriented category of mission needs and goals which is delineated through six mission levels Current Federal R&D resource data for the solar electric technology mission is realigned to this conceptual framework GRA Present and planned programs for basic scientific exploration and applications of practical technology in space are explored in testimony presented by representatives of various organizations and NASA offices Field hearings at Rockwell International, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, McDonnell Douglas and the Boeing Aerospace Co are included ARM N77-32016# Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland Wash ENFORM AN ENERGY INFORMATION SYSTEM C M Heeb, W L Purcell and B M Cole Mar 1977 59 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2195) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The ENFORM system of computer codes can be used to calculate the amount of fuel material in the nuclear fuel cycle as a function of time The material amounts are determined by an input schedule of installed electric energy generation capacity In addition to the amount of uranium and plutomum in the fuel cycle, the system also accounts for 175 radionuchdes The chemical effluents released to the environment are modeled by using simple release factors All release factors and dose coefficients are specific for each type of plant in the nuclear fuel cycle The material logistics and effluent accounting features of the ENFORM system are supplemented by a fuel cycle economics package This module provides fuel cycle processing costs and the levelized cost of power The ENFORM system also provides means of estimating the effect of changing nuclear growth scenarios and changing environmental control technologies on nuclear fuel cycle effluents, economics and logistics ERA N77-32027j|l National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D C DIMENSIONS. VOLUME 61. NO 6 Monthly Report May 1977 35 p refs (PB-267321/8, NBS/DIM-61/5) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 14B This monthly magazine features short summaries of major technical developments, highlights of work in progress major speeches and statements by Bureau management, and a listing of NBS publications The table of contents for the current issue is Going to extremes in the study of sound Things your mother never told you about spinach, liquefied natural gas. NBS issues landmark study on privacy in health records. Resource conservation and recovery. Standards for law enforcement, measurements of earth's motion agree with general relativity theory. Limits of hydrogen liquefier efficiency defined, NBS microcopy resolution test chart SRM accepted for international use. polyethylene proposed for biocompatibility studies. Reference data report, Telecommunications technology and libraries conferences, ACM/NBS systems and software symposium, New SRM price list available from NBS, is hydrogen safe, Thermophysi- cal properties data published GRA N77-32031f Committee on Science and Technology (U S House) NASA AUTHORIZATION. 1978. VOLUME 1, PART 2 Washington GPO 1977 1224 p refs Hearings on H R 2221 (superseded by H R 4088) before Subcomm on Space Sci and Applications of the Comm on Sci and Techno!, 95th Congr, 1st Sess, 2. 4-7, and 9 Feb 1977 (GPO-92-082) Avail Subcomm on Space Sci and Applications NASA's Office of Space Flight programs are described in support of funding requests and appropriations for FY-1978 Testimony given in field hearings at the Kennedy, Johnson, Marshall and Michoud facilities is documented A R H N77-32032# Committee on Science and Technology (U S House) / NASA AUTHORIZATION. 1978, VOLUME 1. PART 3 Washington GPO 1977 933 p refs Hearings on HR 2221 (superseded by H R 4088) before the Suncomm on Space Sci and Applications of the Comm on Sci and Technol, 95th Congr, 1st Sess. 16-17, 23 Feb and 4-6, 7 Mar 1977 (GPO-92-294) Avail Subcomm on Space Sci and Applications N77-32033*# Detroit Diesel Allison. Indianapolis Ind STUDY AND PROGRAM PLAN FOR IMPROVED HEAVY DUTY GAS TURBINE ENGINE CERAMIC COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT Final Report H E Helms May 1977 161 p refs Sponsored by ERDA (Contract NAS3-20064) (NASA-CR-135230 EDR-9068 ERDA/NASA/3-20064/77/1) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13F Fuel economy in a commercially viable gas turbine engine was demonstrated through use of ceramic materials Study results show that increased turbine inlet and generator inlet temperatures, through the use of ceramic materials, contribute the greatest amount to achieving fuel economy goals Improved component efficiencies show significant additional gams in fuel economy Author N77-32034| Defense Intelligence Agency. Washington, D C ELECTRIC VEHICLE RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. FOREIGN James D Busi and Lawrence R Turner May 1977 207 p refs (AD-A040526 DST-1850S-403-77) Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 CSCL 13/6 The development and production of electric drive vehicles have been successful in the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, USSR, and, to a lesser degree, in France, Italy and Sweden These vehicles are basically designed for commercial or industrial application, and. in general, a typical vehicle of this type has a maximum range of 95 to 200 km and a maximum speed of 27 km/h Military applications of electric drive vehicles for transportation and combat are significant because they offer a number of advantages over more conven- tional drive systems GRA N77-32036# Oak Ridge National Lab Tenn Regional and Urban Studies Section TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA BOOK. SUPPLEMENT 2 D B Shonka Feb 1977 79 p refs Supplement to ORNL-5918 (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (ORNL-5247-Suppl-2) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 Tables, graphs, and other visuals are used to present statistical data on energy use and related activity of the transportation sector Data in this supplement concentrate on personal travel characteristics and fuel economy options for automobiles A list of references is provided and an annotated bibliography and glossary is included ERA N77-32051# Little (Arthur D ), Inc , Cambridge. Mass DESTROYING CHEMICAL WASTES IN COMMERCIAL SCALE INCINERATORS. FACILITY REPORT NO. 2. SURFACE COMBUSTION DIVISION, MIDLAND-ROSS CORPORATION Final Report J W Adams, J C Harris, P L Levins, J L Stauffer. K E Thrun, and L Woodland Dec 1976 162 p Prepared for TRW Systems, Inc, Redondo Beach, Calif (Contract EPA-68-01-2966) (PB-268232/6 EPA-530/SW-122c 2) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13B The effectiveness of pyrolysis was determined for treatment of three selected chemical wastes petroleum refinery wastes styrene production wastes, and rubber manufacturing wastes The average conversion of organic material in the waste to organic material in the gaseous pyrolyzer effluent was 70 percent for refinery waste. 60 percent for styrene waste, and 80 percent 542 N77-32435 for rubber waste In each case the vapor stream contained a wide variety of organic compounds from methane and acetylene to high boiling aromatic liquids and tars, including appreciable concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons The residual ash in each case was 80 percent inorganic material Technical and economic feasibilities were discussed GRA of up to 1.300 mg/cu m are also removed No measureable interference results from the presence of carbon oxysulfide. ethene. dimethyl sulfoxide. or thiophene Acetaldehyde and acetone are observed to interfere at the 2.400 and 48.000 mg/cu m level, respectively ERA N77-32092*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Langley Station, Va AN OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS FOR AIRCRAFT DRAG REDUCTIONS Jerry N Hefner and Dennis M Bushnell In AGARD Spec Course on Concepts for Drag Reduction Jun 1977 30 p refs Avail NTIS HCA13/MFA01 CSCL 01A A current overview of aerodynamic drag reduction concepts which have potential for reducing aircraft fuel consumption is presented The discussion shows where the greatest percentages of aircraft fuel is burned and what areas have the greatest potential for fuel conservation The paper deals with aerodynamic improvements and touches only briefly on structural and propulsion improvements Concepts for reducing pressure drag d e, roughness wave, interference, and separation drag) drag due to lift/induced drag, and skin-friction drag at subsonic and supersonic speeds are emphasized Author N77-32229*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md THE ATS-6 POWER SYSTEM HARDWARE IMPLEMENTA- TION AND ORBITAL PERFORMANCE Thomas A LaVigna and Franklin L Hornbuckle Sep 1977 49 p refs (NASA-TP-1023. G-7703X10) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10C The Applications Technology Satellite-6 power system, a shunt-boost configuration, uses partial shunt regulation of the solar array and a boost regulator for control of battery power Regulation is provided for three different operating modes shunt, charge, and boost This configuration achieves the highest efficiency of power transfer from the solar array to the loads The excellent dynamic regulation and low output impedance of the power system virtually eliminated the problem of subsystem interactions on the power bus due to. conducted interference from load current fluctuations The performance of the power system continues to be excellent The solar array degradation (185 percent) was less than the specified 20 percent m two years in spite of extreme cycling from -160 C to 60 C A unique batten/ cycling regime of discharges varying from 5 percent to 60 percent daily is being encountered During the second year noneclipse discharges have occurred twice a day to depths of 35 percent and 45 percent Battery performance was good with only a small decrease in end-of-discharge voltage A recent test to evaluate capacity gave 124 AH (83% of the nominal capacity of 15 AH) after over 1400 battery discharge cycles A small increase in the end-of-charge voltage has recently occurred necessitating a change m the charge regime to achieve full charge conditions Author N77-32295jj! Kentucky Univ Lexington Inst for Mining and Minerals Research METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS OF A PLAIN CARBON-STEEL PLATE AFTER LONG-TERM SERVICE IN A COAL GAS- IFIER J R Fischer r, J DeAngehs, P P Gillis and 0 J Hahn Apr 1977 58 p refs (PB-268106/2, IMMR27-PD16-77) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 11F A steel inner liner which was directly exposed to a coal gasification reaction for 20 years was examined The microstruc- ture was observed, the mechanical properties measured, and the chemical composition analyzed as functions of position in the vessel Evidence of corrosion embnttlement and carbunzation was sought Microstructural variations were nationalized, and a correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties was attempted The initial properties of the steel were estimated and compared to the final measured properties Certain conclusions were reached concerning the operating conditions of the vessel, and the suitability of the material for its design environment GRA N77-32336jjl Federal Power Commission. Washington, D C Bureau of Power SUMMARY OF COST AND QUALITY OF ELECTRIC UTILITY PLANT FUELS. 1976 May 1977 164 p (PB-267368/9) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 21D Tables are presented showing the 1976 annual cost and quality data for electric power plant fuels Contents include information on origin-by-destination, destination-by-ongm, and quantity of coal complying with sulfur regulations Author (GRA) N77-32422 Stanford Univ . Calif NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HEAT CONDUCTION WITH PHASE CHANGE IN CYLINDRICAL SYSTEMS Ph.D. Thesis Mustafa Sengul 1977 221 p Avail Univ Microfilms Order No 77-12697 Solutions were generated for the range of values of the three parameters typically found in Alaska's North Slope It is found that the relationship between the dimensionless radius of the thawed permafrost region and dimensionless time can be expressed by a simple power law equation containing two constants The relationships among these two constants and the three dimensionless parameters are given in two correlating curves These correlations can be used to forecast the radius of the thawed permafrost region and its temperature distribution at any given time Dissert Abstr N77-32277jfl Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab. Research Triangle Park. N C DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIOE IN REFINERY FUEL GASES Final Report Joseph E Knoll Jan 1977 40 p refs (PB-268240/9. EPA-600/4-77-007) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 07D Test methods for the todimetnc measurement of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases are known to suffer from serious thiol interferences An absorbing solution consisting of 0 16 M cadmium sulfate/sulfuric acid at pH 3 0 is shown to be effective for the collection of hydrogen sulfide in the 70-700 mg/cu m range and to be essentially free from interference by up to 1800 mg/cu m of methanethiol When combined with a single 3 percent hydrogen peroxide impinger. sulfur dioxide interferences N77-3243B*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio MAGNETIC HEAT PUMPING Patent Application Gerald V Brown, inventor (to NASA) Filed 31 Aug 1977 21 p (NASA-Case-LEW-12508-2. US-Patent-Appl-SN-829319) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 200 A method of magnetic heat pumping'is provided which is applicable at room temperature and below The method employs a ferromagnetic or fernmagnetic element whose state, as represented on a temperature-magnetic entropy diagram, repeatedly is caused to traverse a loop This method operates as a result of temperature and magnetic field control A regenerator is utilized to enhance desired cooling or heating effects NASA 543 N77-32508 N77-32508# Environmental Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, Mich Emission Control Technology Div AUTOMOBILE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TOWARD IMPROVING IN-USE VEHICLE EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE Final Report Sep 1976 45 p lPB-267537/9) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 21G Currently available data sources are employed in ascertaining the cause(s) for differences in emission-related state-of-tune Potential technical solutions are explored and evaluated Technological approaches to improving in-use performance of vehicles are divided into two classes those involving technological changes to the vehicle, and those involving technological changes in areas other than to the vehicle GRA N77-32577# Utah Univ. Salt Lake City Dept of Geology and Geophysics THERMAL GRADIENT AND HEAT FLOW DRILLING. VOLUME 6 Final Report J A Whelan Jan 1977 55 p (Grant NSF AER-74-01043) (PB-268422/3, NSF/RA-770094) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 08! The drilling of nine drill thermal gradient/heat flow holes during the summer of 1975 by the Department of Geology and Geophysics is discussed Three of these were heat flow holes, two were alteration study holes and two were temperature gradient holes Drilling methods, hole depths and drill types are outlined GRA N77-32664*jC National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala INTRODUCTION MAN AND HIS TOTAL ENVIRONMENT In its NASA Workshop on Solar-Terrest Studies from a Manned Space Station 1977 Sp Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13B Environmental changes and the utilization of finite resources •re analyzed Beyond the satisfaction of basic physical needs the advancement of civilization toward an ever-improving quality of jife is likewise dependent upon man s interaction with his entire environment This larger system is controlled externally by electromagnetic and particle energy from the sun and internally by the dynamic interchange of energy between the solid earth. oceans, the atmosphere, and the magnetosphere This exchange of energy that determines the structure of the earth s environemen- tal system is evaluated Author N77-32678# Utah Univ Salt Lake City Dept of Geology and Geophysics GRAVITY AND GAOUND MAGNETIC SURVEYS OF THE CENTRAL MINERAL MOUNTAINS. UTAH. VOLUME 6 Final Report. M.S Thews Terry J Crebs and K Cook Dec 1976 149 p refs (Grant NSF AER-74-01043) (PB-268423/1, NSF/RA-760753-Vol-6) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 08! Data from gravity and ground magnetic surveys made over the central part of the Mineral Mountains and vmcinity. Utah, were compiled as a terrain-corrected Bouguer gravity anomaly map Gravity features include generally northward trending gravity contours with gradients along the margins of the Mineral Range, and a northward-trending gravity high along the western flank of the Mineral Range GRA N77-32663# Geological Survey, Washington. D C MINERAL RESOURCES POTENTIALS AND PROBLEMS Walden P Pratt and Donald A Brobst 1974 23 p refs (USGS-Orc-698) Avail NTIS USGS The resources of 27 mineral commodities of major importance to our industrial civilizations (based on dollar value) are sum- marized The problems involved in the utilization of these resources of the 10 most important nonferrous metals the 11 principal ferrous metals and the six principal fossil and nuclear fuels are discussed Author N77-32674# Utah Univ. Salt Lake City Dept of Geology and Geophysics EARTHQUAKE SURVEYS OF THE ROOSEVELT HOT SPRINGS AND THE COVE FORT AREAS. UTAH. VOLUME 4 Final Report T L Olson and R B Smith Oct 1976 94 p refs (Grants NSF AER-74-01043) (PB-268421/5 NSF/RA-760752) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 081 Forty-nine days of earthquake monitoring around the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA during 1974 and 1975 indicates little earthquake activity and no correlation with the Hot Springs area Marked earthquake activity, however, was located 25 km east within the Cove Fort-Sulphurdale KGRA A total of 163 earthquakes were localed from the two surveys Focal depths for the Cove Fort area were shallow with 75% of the activity less than 5 km in depth The maximum calculated depth was 16 km Composite fault plane solutions in the Cove Fort area showed normal faulting with generally east-west trending T-axes A high b-value of 1 27 and a statistical analysis using the Kolomogorov model of event occurrence imply swarm-like activity near Cove Fort Consistently positive P-wave residuals of up to 010 sec and detectable S-wave attenuation of ray paths across the Mineral Range are suggestive of the possibility of an upper-crjstal zone of high attentuation that is perhaps related to the source of heat of the Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA GRA N77-32679# Dow Chemical Co Freeport. Tex ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF GEOPRE8SURED WATERS AND THEIR PROJECTED USES Final Report J S Wilson, J R Hamilton, J A Manning, and P E Muehlberg Apr 1977 99 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1329) (PB-268289/6, EPA-600/7-77-039) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 08! Potential uses of the deep geopressured reservoirs of Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast sedimentary basins are considered along with environmental aspects Also taken into account are the projected resulting emissions of such uses other impacts upon the land, the present stage of development and projections of future developmental plans Author N77-32580* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office, Calif SOLAR PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER Patent Porter R Ryason. inventor (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 30 Aug 1977 6 p Filed 13 Feb 1976 Supersedes N76-18680 (14 - 09. p 1154) Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-13675-1, US-Patent-4,045.315. US-Patent-Appl-SN-658132. US-Patent-Class-204-157 1R. US-Patent-dass-250-527) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 10B Hydrogen is produced by the solar photolysis of water in a first photooxidation vessel with a transparent wall in the presence of a water soluble photooxidizable reagent and an insoluble hydrogen recombination catalyst Simultaneously oxygen is produced in a second photoreduction reactor with a transparent wall in the presence of an insoluble photoreduction reagent catalyst When spent, the solution from the first reactor is fed into the second reactor A reaction occurs in the dark in which the redox reagents are regenerated, and the regenerated photooxidatiofi reagent solution is recycled to the first reactor The photoreduction-catalyst is a bifunctional reagent catalyst including a transition metal salt together with a hydroxyl or chlorohydroxyl decomposition catalyst of high area Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office 544 N77-32588 N77-32581* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office. Calif LOW TO HIGH TEMPERATURE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM Patent Charles G Miller, inventor (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 30 Aug 1977 9 o Filed 27 Dec 1974 Supersedes N75-16972 (13 - 08. p 0£-05) Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-13510-1 US-Patent-4.044,821 US-Patent-App|-SN-536786 US-Patent-Class-165-2, US-Patent-dass-62-4. US-Patent-Class-126-263. US-Patem-dass-165-107) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 10A A method for converting heat energy from low temperature heat sources to higher temperature was developed It consists of a decomposition chamber in which ammonia is decomposed into hydrogen and nitrogen by absorbing heat of decomposition from a low temperature energy source A recombination reaction then takes place which increases the temperature of a fluid significantly The system is of use for the efficient operation of compact or low capital investment turbine driven electrical generators, or in other applications, to enable chemical reactions that have a critical lower temperature to be used The system also recovers heat energy from low temperature heat sources, such as solar collectors or geothermal sources, and converts it to high temperatures Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-32682* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office, Calif SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION SYSTEM Patent M Kudret Selcuk, inventor (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 30 Aug 1977 8 p Filed 28 Apr 1976 Supersedes N76-26691 (14 - 17. p 2218) Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-13810-1. US-Patent-4.044,753. US-Patent-App|-SN-681096 US-Patent-Class-126-271, US-Patent-Class-126-270. US-Patent-Class-60-641. US-Patent-Class-52-117) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 10A An improved solar energy collection system, having enhanced energy collection and conversion capabilities is delineated The system is characterized by a plurality of receivers suspended above a heliostat field comprising a multiplicity of reflector surfaces, each being adapted to direct a concentrated beam of solar energy to illuminate a target surface for a given receiver A magnitude of efficiency, suitable for effectively competing with systems employed in collecting and converting energy extracted from fossil fuels, is indicated Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-32583* National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pasadena Office Calif THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRACKING SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATOR AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME Patent Charles G Miller (JPL) and Jens G Pohl. inventors (to NASA) (JPL) Issued 6 Sep 1977 6 p Filed 28 Apr 1976 Supersedes N76-26689 (14 - 17, p 2218) Sponsored by NASA (NASA-Case-NPO-13736-1. US-Patent-4,046.462, US-Patent-Appl-SN-681017, US-Patent-Class-350-295. US-Patent-Class-350-320, US-Patent-dass-427-130. US-Patent-dass-427-47. US-Patent-dass-52-2) Avail US Patent Office CSCL 10A A three dimensional tracking solar energy concentrator, consisting of a stretched alumimzed polymeric membrane supported by a hoop, was presented The system is sturdy enough to withstand expected windage forces and precipitation It can provide the high temperature output needed by central station power plants for power production in the multi-megawatt range Official Gazette of the U S Patent Office N77-32B84| Stanford Umv . Calif EVALUATION OF THE CdS/CdTe HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELL Ph D. Thesis Kim W Mitchell 1977 151 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-12670 A vanety of CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells have been prepared by the vacuum evaporation of n-CdS films onto single-crystal p-CdTe substrates Comparisons have been made between cells prepared using different substrate resistivities substrate surface preparations and CdS film resistivities The mechanisms controlling the dark junction current photocarner collection, and photovaltaic properties with junction interface states present are modeled The cells prepared on CdTe surfaces etched with methanolbromme are significantly better than those prepared on mechanically polished surfaces Dissert Abstr N77-32686 Texas Umv . Austin NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF UNITED STATES GULF COAST GEOTHERMAL GEOPRESSURED RESERVOIRS Ph.D. Thesis Ombo Ferguson Isokran 1976 312 p Avail Unrv Microfilms Order No 77-11531 Multiphase fluid flow equations and constitutive relationships describing deformable. anise-tropic, heterogeneous, and nomsother- mal reservoirs such as the Gulf Coast geopressured geothermal aquifers were derived This mathematical model has been numerically solved using a computer program Reservoir drive mechanisms considered include fluid and rock matrix compressibili- ties, formation compaction, shale water influx, fluid expansion and natural gas in solution Gravity, capillarity, and pressure and temperature dependence of fluid densities viscosities, natural gas solubility in water, and gas deviation factors have been considered The computer program was used to analyze the reservoir drive mechanisms of fluid and rock matrix compressibili- ties, formation compaction, shale water influx, natural gas dissolved in geopressured waters, and fluid expansion Long-term forecasts of performance using various extraction strategies were made Permeability, multiple wells, and thermal sensitivity analyses were made Dissert Abstr N77-32B86 Texas Umv Austin AN INVESTIGATION OF PERISTALTIC PUMPING PHENOM- ENA WITH WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS PhD Thesis Dennis Eugene Wilson 1976 201 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-11608 An analytical investigation of peristaltic transport by means of a transverse traveling, or bending wave imposed on the boundary of a circular cylinder is conducted to determine the efficiency of this mode of mass transport An analytical study is made to determine what aerodynamic force and system parameters are responsible for an unstable bending wave (galloping) in a flexible hollow circular cylinder supported at both ends and filled with a fluid Dissert Abstr N77-32687jf Minnesota Umv. Austin RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF METALLIC PARTICLE COATINGS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SELECTIVE SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS Ph D Thesis Chong-Won Lee 1976 331 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-12830 Optically selective solar collector coatings were theoretically and experimentally investigated A particular type of selective surface consisting of small metallic particles in a transparent dielectric matrix was studied using mathematical modeling and analysis Results indicated gold and copper show favorable optical characteristics and can be produced easily, however mechanical strengths of these films was extremely low Dissert Abstr N77-32688 Alabama Umv. University UNIT COMMITMENT IN LARGE POWER SYSTEMS ECONOMIC PRIORITIES OF STEAM UNITS AND APPLICA- TIONS OF PUMPED-STORAGE GENERATION Ph D. Thesis Ralph McFarland Bums 1976 104 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-12173 The use of an economic priority ranking of generating units called a priority list is considered The way in which use of the priority list reduces the number of possible combinations ol generating units is shown Several methods for obtaining priontv lists are presented and compared Comparison is based on the production costs obtained with unit commitment solutions in which the various priority lists are employed in computing the 545 N77-32589 respective solutions Based on these comparisons, the dynamic priority list is found to give the least-cost unit commitment solutions An algorithm is given which can be used to obtain a dynamic priority list Pumped-storage hydroelectric generation examined in detail Its use in a large power system along with other types of generation is considered, with emphasis on peaking generation and system operating economics Dissert Abstr N77-32589+ Laboratoires d'Electronique et de Physique Appliquee, Pans Limeil-Brevannes (France) INSTALLATION IN DAKAR Of A PUMP POWERED BY SOLAR CELL PANELS Final Report [MISE EN PLACE A DAKAR D'UNE POMPE AUMENTEE PAR DES PANNEUX DE CELLULES SOLAIRES] C J Naaijer Jun 1976 44 p ref In FRENCH (Contract DGRST-75-7-1302) Avail NTIS HC A03 The installation of a solar-powered water pumping system in Dakar (Franch Sahara) is described The interrelation of the various constraints is detailed together with the reasons for choosing photovoltaic cells The solar collector pump, engine, buffer battery, and control unit are discussed The functional characteristics for the automation of the system are elaborated upon ESA N77-32690*# Spectrolab. Inc . Sylmar, Calif AUTOMATED FABRICATION OF BACK SURFACE FIELD SILICON SOLAR CELLS WITH SCREEN PRINTED WRAP- AROUND CONTACTS Final Report J W Thornhill Aug 1977 49 p (Contract NAS3-20029) (NASA-CR-135202. Rept-380-5313) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A The development of a process for fabricating 2x4 cm back surface field silicon solar cells having screen printed wraparound contacts is described This process was specifically designed to be amenable for incorporation into the automated nonvacuum production line Techniques were developed to permit the use of screen printing for producing improved back surface field structures, wraparound dielectric layers, and wraparound contacts The optimized process sequence was then used to produce 1852 finished cells Tests indicated an average conversion efficiency of 11% at AMD and 28 C, with an average degradation of maximum power output of 1 5% after boiling water immersion or thermal shock cycling Contact adherence was satisfactory after these tests, as well as long term storage at high temperature and high humidity Author N77-32592*# Thermo Electron Corp. Waltham. Mass HIGH EFFICIENCY THERMIONIC CONVERTER STUDIES Technical Report. 1 Jul 1976 - 30 Apr. 1977 F N Huffman. A H Sommer C L Balestra. T R Bnere. D P Lieb. P E Oettinger. and D B Goodale Jul 1977 98 p refs (Contract NAS3-20302) (NASA-CR-135263. TE-4233-152-77) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A Research in thermionic energy conversion technology is reported The objectives were to produce converters suitable for use in out of core space reactors, radioisotope generators, and solar satellites The development of emitter electrodes that operate at low cesium pressure, stable low work function collector electrodes, and more efficient means of space charge neutralization were investigated to improve thermionic converter performance Potential improvements in collector properties were noted with evaporated thin film barium oxide coatings Experiments with cesium carbonate suggest this substance may provide optimum combinations of cesium and oxygen for thermionic conversion Author N77-32B93*# Jet Propulsion Lab . Calif Inst of Tech . Pasadena EVALUATION OF BATTERY MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE H A Frank and A M Phillips 1 Aug 1977 67 p (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-155045. JPL-Publ-77-29) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10C Three analytical models for predicting electric vehicle battery output and the corresponding electric vehicle range for various driving cycles were evaluated The models were used to predict output and range and then compared with experimentally determined values determined by laboratory tests on batteries using discharge cycles identical to those encountered by an actual electric vehicle while on SAE cycles Results indicate that the modified Hoxie model gave the best predictions with an accuracy of about 97 to 98% in the best cases and 86% in the worst case A computer program was written to perform the lengthy iterative calculations required The program and hardware used to automatically discharge the battery are described Author N77-32694*# Jet Propulsion Lab . Calif Inst of Tech , Pasadena AN INITIAL COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORBITAL AND TERRESTRIAL CENTRAL POWER SYSTEMS Final Report Richard Caputo 15 Mar 1977 158 p refs (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-1 55042 JPL-Publ-77-44) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 10B A silicon photovoltaic orbital power system which is constructed from an earth source of materials, is compared to likely terrestrial (fossil, nuclear, and solar) approaches to central power generation around the year 2000 A total social framework is used that considers not only the projection of commercial economics (direct or in internal costs), but also considers external impacts such as research and development investment, health impacts, resource requirements, environment effects, and other social costs Author N77-32596# National Bureau of Standards Washington, D C Inst for Applied Technology TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION Final Report. Dec 1976 - Mar 1977 Jun 1977 404 p refs (AD-A041668, NBSIR-77-1238, AFCEC-TR-77-12) Avail NTIS HCA18/MFA01 CSCL 10/1 This report provides detailed technical material on various energy conservation actions for existing Air Force facilities and utility systems It is specifically tailored to serve as a working document for Base engineers and technical personnel The report covers energy conservation for Air Force facilities including the equipment for providing hot water space heating and cooling. lighting, and humidification It also covers central plant systems and underground distribution systems (hot water, steam, and chilled water) This volume includes the following topics Energy Conservation Measures for Exterior Building Envelopes. Modifying Mechanical Systems and Operating Practices for Energy Conservation. Conducting the Building Survey, Measurements for identifying Energy Conservation Potential. Economic Analysis and Appendices-- Heat transfer fundamentals. Solar energy systems for Air Force applications. Heat and Chilled water distribution systems, and Survey of computer programs for evaluating building and system performance GRA N77-32597jf Army Construction Engineering Research Lab . Champaign. Ill MARKET EVALUATION STUDY: SOLAR HEATING AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER HEATING IN DOD BUILDINGS Final Report L M Wmdmgland and C Martel Jul 1977 32 p refs (FEA Order CG-05-50083-00( 1 )) (AD-A042178. CERL-TR-E-1 14) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10/1 This study assesses the potential market for combined solar space heating and domestic hot water heating in Department of Defense (DoD) buildings The study considers eight building categories family housing, bachelor enlisted quarters bachelor officers quarters, administration, training, operational, community support, and recreational, which together contain 683 million sq 546 N77-32609 ft (61 5 million sq m) or 40 percent of the DoD inventory All buildings were assumed to be oil heated The buildings were grouped by climatological/solar regions, and the loads for each building type were determined by using the Energy Utilization Index (EUI) method Solar system performance in each region was obtained by using the U S Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory universal curve method The life-cycle costs of providing solar space heating and domestic hot water heating were analyzed, and the OoD market potential for installed solar system costs of $9 $15. and $20 per square foot was determined The study shows that at an estimated initial fuel cost of $3 50 MBtu for oil heating, a 10 percent cost of money, and an 8 5 percent overall fuel inflation factor, solar systems for space heating and domestic hot water heating become economically feasible when installed system costs are $ 14/sq ft (150/sq m) When installed system costs reach $ 9/sq ft ($ 97/sq m ). the market potential becomes 172 million sq ft (15 5 million sq m ) of solar collectors The study also shows the largest potential market at these economic conditions to be family housing which contains a total of 102 million sq ft(9 2 million sq m) Author (GRA) N77-32599# Air Force Aero Propulsion Lab. Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio DEMONSTRATION TESTING OF A VUILLEUMIER CRYO- COOLER WITH AN INTEGRAL Final Report. Sep - Dec. 1976 Jerry E Beam and Tom Mahefkey Jun 1977 69 p refs (AF Pro] 2126. AF Proj 0310) (AD-A042786. AFAPL-TR-77-10) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10/3 The performance of heat pipe/thermal energy storage unit (HP/TESU) powering a Vuilleumier (VM) cryocooler during simulated orbital eclipse periods was demonstrated Operation with the HP/TESU was shown to have no significant cold stage performance penalty on the VM The power consumption rate of the VM was determined to be approximately one-half the nominal design value (750 wt) due probably to high first stage heat leaks VM cold stage performance was stable over large hot cylinder temperature variations (50-100 C) No thermo- mechamcal or integration problems were incurred Operation of HP/TESU as a combined thermal storage medium and hot cylinder heating mechanism is feasible Author (GRA) N77-32601jjl Resources for the Future. Inc. Washington. D C WORKSHOP TO REVIEW PEA'S 1976 NATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK Final Report Hans H Landsberg Mar 1977 342 p refs (Grant NSF PRA-76-80248) (PB-268149/2) Avail NTIS HC A15/MF A01 CSCL 10A An evaluation of National Energy Outlook. 1976 was evaluated and subjected to discussion in papers commissioned from 10 expert analysts and in a- 2-day workshop attended by knowledgeable participants from industry, research organizations, including universities, and government GRA N77-32603# Texas A&M Univ, College Station Dept of Chemical Engineering FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPRESSED-FILM FLOATING-DECK SOLAR WATER HEATER R R Davison Apr 1977 84 p (Grant NSF AER-73-03172-A01) (PB-268514/7. NSF/RA-770099) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 13A This heater with integral storage and low heat capacity solves many of the problems typical of large horizontal pillow type solar heaters Two highly instrumented, small-scale models of the Compressed-Film Floating-Deck heater were built and tested Operation was satisfactory and results typical of flat plate collectors Design specifications for large-scale floating-deck collectors were developed, and a 500 sq ft unit was built and tested GRA N77-32«O4| Rutgers - The State Univ. New Brunswick. N J SILICON SCHOTTKV PHOTOVOLTAIC DIODES FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION Wayne A Anderson May 1977 23 p (Grant NSF AER-73-03197) (PB-268457/9. NSF/RANN/SE/AER73-03197/PR-77. NSF/RA-770098) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 108 Processing variables are studied using substrate heating, substrate biasing and sputtered-top metal layers The Schottky process is also applied to ribbon silicon and polysilicon to investigate the efficiency as applied to continuous fabrication techniques The mterfacial insulating layer is made to correlate layer thickness and composition with solar cell performance Scanning electron microscope and Auger spectrographic analysis is used with electronic tests to investigate this effect GRA N77 32605# Nevada Legislative Counsel Bureau! Carson City Legislative Commission STUDY OF ELECTRIC AND GAS UTILITIES AND THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF NEVADA Sep 1976 114 p (PB-268481/9. Bull-77-2) Avail NTIS HCA06/MFA01 CSCL 108 A partial listing of contents includes alternative sources of energy utility industry financing requirements, study of environ- mental laws, study of Public Service Commission of Nevada, and energy conservation GRA N77-3260*# Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington, D C IMPROVING REGULATORY EFFECTIVENESS IN FEDERAL/ STATE SITING ACTIONS ALTERNATIVE FINANCING METHODS Final Report Daniel J Evans Jun 1977 36 p refs (PB-269390/1 NUREG-0204) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10B The elements of a rational national energy policy are reviewed An exp!6ration of alternative financing methods for energy planning follows Recommended basic financing follows from a Federal Energy Tax coupled with tax credit provisions for State efforts A tax of no more than 0 1 mill per kilowatt hour enacted at the national level could produce ample funds for an equivalent tax on other fuels based on BTU equivalents, tax credit provision that would transfer up to two-thirds mill per kilowatt hour from the Federal government to States, a bonus incentive for regional planning, and a conservation tax that would encourage a more significant response to conservation GRA N77-32607# George Washington Univ . Washington. D C Energy Policy Research Project TRENDS IN WORLD OIL PRICES AND PRODUCTION Final Report William A Johnson Oct 1974 16 p (Grant NSF OEP-75-01111) (PB-268411/6. NSF/PRA-7501111/1/5) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 21D The decision made by OPEC members in 1974 to change the method by which world oil prices were determined is examined The probable impact of the lowenng of differentials between equity and participation oil pnces was analyzed GRA N77-326O9# Edgerton. Germeshausen and Gner. Inc. Idaho Falls. Idaho BENEFICIAL USES OF GEOTHEMMAL,ENERGY DESCRIP- TION AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR PHASE 1 OF THE RAFT RIVER IRRIGATION EXPERIMENT R C Schmitt and S G Spencer Jan 1977 64 p (Contract EY-76-C-07-1570) (TREE-1048) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 An experiment using geothermal water for irngation is describ- ed and preliminary results are discussed The water from a moder- ate temperature well, having salinity of about 2000 ppm. is considered characteristic of the types of geothermal fluids that will be obtained from the young volcanic/young sediment formations of the northern mtermountam west About 125 acres 547 N77-32612 in southern Idaho were subdivided by crops and irrigation practices for investigation with the geothermal water and a control comparison water from the Raft River The experiment addresses heavy metal uptake in plants, plant fluoride retention and damage, plant tolerances to salts, soil alterations and other behavior as a result of the geothermal fluids First results indicate no apparent difference between the geothermal watered crops and those obtained using the fresh water control ERA N77-32612f Honeywell, Inc. St Paul. Minn Systems and Research Centei NORTH VIEW JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SOLAR ENERGY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT Quarterly Program Report. 1 Dec. 1974 • 28 Fab 1976 G L Merrill 10 Apr 1975 151 p (Contract NSF C-870) (PB-267447/1 NSF/RA/N-75-109) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13A The operation of a solar energy demonstration project during the winter in Minneapolis is reported Snow accumulating on the collectors caused a marked drop in their efficiency In spite of some melting new accumulations eventually covered about 30% of the collectors The operation of the system through this penod of snow, cold weather, and some other mechanical problems was studied Insolation, collected energy, efficiency, inlet temperature, outlet temperature, and ambient temperature were plotted for each day of operation during the months of Decem- ber. January, and February GRA N77-32613fjf Radian Corp . Austin. Tex IN-SITU COAL GASIFICATION STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT Exhibit A Report. Oet 1976 - Fab. 1977 Nancy P Phillips and Charles A Muela May 1977 184 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-2147) (PB-268S76/6, EPA-600/7-77-045) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 081 Results of a literature review and personal contacts to ascertain m-situ coal gasification and to collect existing environ- mental data are presented A general description of the chemistry, technology, and technological problems, along with detailed descriptions of the technical objectives, approaches, and results of ongoing projects are reviewed This presentation is used as a basis for summarizing the current state of knowledge regarding environmental issues GRA N77-32614| Drexel Univ. Philadelphia. Pa Energy Sources and Systems Inst THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AN OIL RECLAMATION PROCESS Kamlesh R Jhawar. Ehhu D Grossman, Harry L Brown, and Bernard B Hamel Jan 1977 200 p refs (Grant NSF GI-36598) (PB-268524/6. EIR-77/1. NSF/RA-770068) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 07A Quantitative methodology for characterizing the energy utilization efficiency of waste oil reclamation processes is provided A simple, reasonably accurate approach was taken to predict the thermodynamic availability, enthalpy, and entropy of petroleum fractions, water, and stack gas Thermodynamic analysis was based on an availability balance including a lost work term associated with each unit of equipment Efficiency based on the ideal work of the process and the total process lost work was defined as a means to measure the energy utilization efficiency of the process GRA N77-32615jjf Esso Research Center, Abmgdon (England) CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUID-BED PROCESS FOR SUL- PHUR REMOVAL DURING GASIFICATION OF HEAVY FUEL OIL PHASE 3 Progress Report. Jul. 1973 - Sap. 1976 J W T Craig. G L Johnes. 2. Kowszun. D Lyon. and L S Malkm Sep 1976 607 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-1359) (PB-268492/6. EPA-600/2-76-248) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 07A The third phase of studies on the CAFB process for desulfunzation/gasification of heavy fuel oil in a bed of hot lime is described Major conclusions relating to process performance and operability are (1) water has a strongly adverse effect on desulfunzmg efficiency. (2) good desulfunzmg efficiencies are obtainable at very low stone replacement rates, (3) process performance can be expressed as a statistically derived equa- tion, (4) a bumback burner is feasible for coke removal. (5) S02/stone disposal by sulfation is not feasible, but deadburnmg looks promising, and (6) most trace elements are retained in the bed GRA N77-32616# Texas Univ , Austin Center for Energy Studies ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR TEXAS COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Jerold Jones. Richard Bywaters. and Philip Schmidt 1976 169 p refs Sponsored by the Texas Governor's Energy Advisory Council (PB-268409/0) Avail NTIS MF A01 CSCL 10A The need for energy planning is outlined Basic ingredients of an energy management program are reviewed and energy conservation in buildings, industry and manufacturing is discussed Management of energy resources is also included GRA N77-326170 Idaho Univ. Moscow Coll of Forestry and Engineering UNCONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Final Report Leonard R Johnson 1977 278 p refs Sponsored by Northwest Energy Policy Project (PB-268301/9, NEPP-III-B) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10A Available literature and current state-of-the-art on unconven- tional energy sources are reviewed Geothermal, biomass. ocean, wind, and solar energies are included The report estimates quantities of energy available to the Pacific Northwest and the costs of recovering and utilizing energy from these sources Projections of the contribution of unconventional sources to Northwest energy needs are summarized An annotated bibliogra- phy is included GRA N77-32618jjl General Electric Co. Schenectady, N Y RESEARCH INTO THE IMPACT ON ELECTRICAL EQUIP- MENT FROM VARIABLE SPEED OPERATION OF PUMPED- STORAGE PLANTS Final Report T A Lipo Apr 1977 182 p refs (Contract DI-6-07-DR-50090) (PB-268323/3. SRD-77-063) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL IOC The effect of operating electrical equipment of pumped-storage plants over a variable frequency range of 30 to 81 Hz was studied The motivating factor behind the study was the desire to improve pumped-storage hydro efficiency The electrical equipment considered included the generator/motor, excitation equipment, switchgear and bus, metering, surge protection, relaying, and power transformer Converter harmonics and the converters effect on system power factor were analyzed for the operator/motor A simulation study was conducted on a hybrid computer to identify potential system problems which arise from variable speed operation GRA N77-32619fjl Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D C NATIONAL ENERGY PROJECTIONS AND PLANS OF THE USA 1977 9 p Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel Cycles. Salzburg. Austria, 2-13 May 1976. sponsored by IAEA (IAEA-CN-36/397. Conf-770505-331) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The development and evolution of the ERDA's National Plan for Energy Research. Development, and Demonstration is reviewed and basic goals and strategies are discussed U S energy projections to the end of this century are estimated and ways of meeting them assessed Options are then considered for the introduction of new technologies designed to lessen the na- tion's 75 per cent dependence on oil and gas fuels while 548 N77-32914 simultaneously creating alternative energy choices for the future The plan singles out energy efficiency technologies for increased attention, identifies the major near and midterm supply technolo- gies, outlines initial program steps to overcome technological barriers to the large-scale implementation of these technologies, and reviews longer-range energy programs and prospects ERA N77-32638f Pacific Environmental Services Inc , Santa Monica. Calif STUDY OF 6A8OUNE VAPOR EMISSION CONTROLS AT SMALL BULK PLANTS Final Report R J Bryan W 0 Jacobson. R R Saakaida. and P S Bakshi Oct 1976 288 p refs (Contract EPA-68-01-3156) (PB-267096/6) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL21D An independent evaluation of the impact of hydrocarbon emission controls on bulk plants was conducted A data base from a survey of bulk plants in three Air Quality Control Regions was developed The data base was used to define a typical bulk plant operation and estimate the uncontrolled hydrocarbon emissions Results indicate that the typical bulk plant is small (15.000 liters per day) and that breathing and fugitive emissions are significant factors in addition to transfer emissions Available hydrocarbon emission control techniques were surveyed for cost, efficiency, development status and bulk plant applicability GRA N77-32681# Peat. Warwick. Mitchell and Co . Anchorage, Alaska ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM. LITERATURE SURVEY Apr 1977 495 p refs Prepared in cooperation with Dames and Moore Anchorage Alaska (Contract DI-AA550-CT6-61) (PB-269244/0. BLM/SE-77-04) Avail NTIS HC A21/MF A01 CSCL 081 The Literature Survey is the second of six reports comprising the first year of the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program, and establishes the basic information context for the project s other components The literature reviewed has a broad relevance to OCS development in Alaska and four petroleum development regions the Beaufort Sea region, Bering Sea region. Southwest region, and the Gulf of Alaska region Sixteen chapters discuss the most relevant literature, current research and data gaps Each subject chapter includes a bibliography listing cited literature GRA N77-32888jfl Argonne National Lab. Ill COST ESTIMATION FOR A THETA-PINCH REACTOR T A Coultas. J M Cook. P Cmkovich, and P Dauzvardis Feb 1976 28 p refs Presented at the 6th IEEE Symp on Eng problems of Fusion Res. San Diego. Calif. 18-21 Nov 1975 (Contract W-31 -109-eng-38) (ANL/CTR-TM-40. Conf-751125-149) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 A simulation of a theta-pinch fusion power plant has been completed to the point where economic feasibility can be examined A cost subprogram is presented for interfacing with a computer code This code is then used to obtain a first approximation of the costs for the reactor Independent geometrical and plant design parameters are varied over a wide range with simultaneous variation of magnetic field, minor first wall radius, and plasma maximum compression The study indicates that the plant energy balance must be favorable, availability must be high, and major component costs must be low to achieve economical results Although costing uncertainties remain, it is clear that development of easy and rapid replacement methods for reactor components is essential and that new staging concepts to reduce the implosion energy requirements must be pursued ERA N77-32893I Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. Richland. Wash ENVIRONMENTAL COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR FUSION POWER PLANTS J R Young Nov 1976 73 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2028) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 A cost/benefit analysis of use of fusion power plants early in the 21st century is presented The first section describes the general formulation of the analysis Included are the selection of the alternatives to the fusion reactor, selection of the power system cases to be compared, and a general comparison of the environmental effects of the selected alternatives The second section compares the cumulative environmental effects from 2010 to 2040 for the primary cases of the power system with and without fusion reactors The third section briefly illustrates the potential economic benefits if fusion reactors produce electricity at a lower unit cost than LMFBRs can The fourth section summarizes the cost/benefit analysis ERA N77-328S4| Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. Richtand. Wash CURRENT FUSION POWER PLANT DESIGN CONCEPTS B F Gore and E S Murphy Sep 1976 177 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2013) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 Current U S designs for fusion power plants were used to define an envelope of fusion power plant characteristics which formed the basis for definition of reference first commercial fusion power plant design Primary plant features are described and tabulated These tables summarized in side-by-side fashion, plant parameters, processes, combinations of matenals used, require- ments for construction materials, requirements for replacement materials during operation, and production of wastes ERA N77-32896| Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington. D C ROLE OF FUSION AS A FUTURE POWER SOURCE E E Kmtner 1977 18 p refs Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel Cycles, Salzburg (Austna) 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/428, Conf-770505-1) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 International cooperation in the development of fusion power as an inexhaustible energy source that is safe, economical, and with acceptable environmental effects is considered Specific topics discussed include (1) magnetic fusion power. (2) plasma physics. (3) laser and electron beam fusion, and (4) alternative fusion devices and the Tokamak configuration Emphasis is placed on the United States programs J M S N77-32910# Royal Inst of Tech . Stockholm (Sweden) Dept of Plasma Physics and Fusion Research POWER LOSS PROBLEMS IN EXTRAP COIL SYSTEMS Research and Training Programme on Controlled Thermonucle- ar Fusion and Plasma Physic* (EUR-NE) B Lehnert Feb 1977 17 p refs Sponsored by EURATOM (TRITA-PFU-77-02) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The ohmic power loss in the coils of external ring traps is minimized with respect to the thermonuclear power production In the case of the DT-reaction this leads to dimensions and power densities being relevant to full-scale reactors Not only superconducting or refrigerated coil windings can thus be used, but also hot-coil systems which are operated at several hundred C and form part of a steam cycle and power extraction system For hot coils the problems of void formation and tritium regeneration have to be further examined The high beta value leads to moderately large coil stresses Finally, replacement and repair become simplified by the present coil geometry Author (ESA) N77-32914# Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (Belgium) JET PROJECT (DESIGN PROPOSAL) Mar 1976 615 p Revised (EUR-5516) Avail NTIS (US Sales Only). HC A99/MF A01. ERDA Depository Libraries A large Tokamak experiment, which aims to study plasma behavior in conditions and dimensions approaching those required 549 N77-32958 in a fusion reactor is described The maximum plasma minor radius is 1 25m and the major radius is 2 96m An important feature is the flexibility to study, for plasma currents in the 1 yields 3MA range, a wide range of aspect ratios toroidal magnetic fields minor radii and elongation ratios The design proposal provides an introduction to the field of fusion research and relates JET to European and international programs The objectives of research with JET, and the apparatus are discussed as well as the cost and construction schedules, the proposed experimental program and the possible modes of operation of the device A detailed account of the engineering design and the staff and cost estimates is included ERA N77-32958# Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs. Richland, Wash PROJECTED THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCIES OF FUSION POWER PLANTS M A McKmnon Sep 1976 15 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-06-1830) (BNWL-2017) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Estimated thermal efficiencies of proposed fusion power plant concepts are compared to the efficiencies of nonfusion power plants Present trends in electrical power generation are also discussed The fusion reactor system designs have the same thermal efficiencies as power plants using steam if these designs require the collection of thermal energy at the blanket and the transfer of that energy to a heat exchanger or boiler using the current technology Methods should be developed for increasing the temperatures of the reactor coolants since the maximum attainable thermal efficiency of systems using coolants can be increased only by increasing the coolant temperatures Advanced power recovery systems such as potassium topping turbines, MHO, and direct conversion should be developed since such systems avoid the limits on steam systems due to excessive operating pressures at high temperatures ERA N77-32996 Stanford Univ . Calif HEAT TREATMENT OF REFUSE FOR INCREASING ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADABIUTY Ph D Thesis James Michael Gossan 1977 222 p Avail Univ Microfilms Order No 77-12640 Heat-treatment methods for altering the normal association of hgnm with cellulose in municipal refuse were investigated with the aim of improving anaerobic digestibility Increases in biodegradabihty were determined by a rapid bioassay procedure using a Warburg respirometer to measure increases in gas production by an anaerobic methane-producing mixed culture The maximum increase in biodegradabihty was found near pH 13, where the biodegradability of the previously-digested material was doubled after treatment for one hour at 200 C A simple model is presented which somewhat successfully predicts resulting biodegradabihties using the biodegradabihty of the untreated material and the measured or estimated chemical compositions of treated and untreated samples as inputs A key assumption of the model is that the biodegradabihty of remaining solid-phase carbohydrate is a linear function of the extent of dehgnification Dissert Abstr N77-33164| RAND Corp. Santa Monica. Calif AN EVALUATION OF VERY LARGE AIRPLANES AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL*: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Interim W T Mikolowsky Dae 1976 41 p reft (Contract F49620-77-C-0023) (AD-A042112, R-1889/1-AF) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 Candidate applications of very large airplanes include strategic airlifter. tanker, missile launcher, tactical battle platform, maritime air cruiser, and C3 platform This report summarizes AD-A040632 which explored the military utility of very large airplanes (over 1 million pounds gross weight) and examined several alternative fuels that could be used by such airplanes GRA N77-3326B*# Martin Marietta Corp . Denver. Colo TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED EARTH- ORBITAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: SUMMARY REPORT Final Report Rudolph C Haefeli. Ernest G Littler. John B Hurley, and Martin G Winter Washington NASA Oct 1977 62 p (Contract NAS1-13916) (NASA-CR-2867) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 22B Areas of advanced technology that are either critical or offer significant benefits to the development of future Earth-orbit transportation systems were identified Technology assessment was based on the application of these technologies to fully reusable, single-state-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle concepts with horizontal landing capability Study guidelines included mission requirements similar to space shuttle, an operational capability beginning in 1995, and main propulsion to be advanced hydrogen-fueled rocket engines The technical and economic feasibility of this class of SSTO concepts were evaluated as well as the comparative features of three operational take-off modes, which were vertical boost, horizontal sled launch, and horizontal take-off with subsequent inflight fueling Projections of both normal and accelerated technology growth were made Figures of merit were derived to provide relative _ rankings of technology areas The influence of selected accelerated areas on vehicle design and program costs was analyzed by developing near-optimum point designs Author N77-33347*f Spnngborn Labs. Inc . Enfield Conn INVESTIGATION OF TEST METHODS. MATERIAL PROPER- TIES AND PROCESSES FOR SOLAR CELL ENCAPSULANTS Annual Report P B Willis and B Baum Jul 1977 164 p Sponsored in part by ERDA Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100. JPL-954527) (NASA-CR-155158. ERDA/JPL-954527-77/2) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 11C The potentially useful encapsulating materials for Task 3 of the Low-Cost Silicon Solar Array project were studied to identify, evaluate, and recommend encapsulant materials and processes for the production of cost-effective, long-life solar cell modules Materials for study were chosen on the basis of existing knowledge of genenc chemical types having high resistance to environmental weathering The matenals varied from rubbers to thermoplastics and presented a broad range of mechanical properties and processing requirements Basic physical and optical properties were measured on the polymers and were redetermmed after exposure to indoor artificial accelerated aging conditions covering four time periods Strengths and weaknesses of the various materials were revealed and data was accumulated for the development of predictive methodologies To date, silicone rubbers, fluorocarbons, and acrylic polymers appear to have the most promising combination of characteristics The fluorocarbons may be used only as films, however, because of their high cost Author N77-33370# National Bureau of Standards. Washington. D C Inst for Matenals Research ESTIMATION OF NET ENTHALPIES OF COMBUSTION OF SOME AVIATION FUELS EXPRESSED IN THE INTERNA- TIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) Final Report Ralph L Nuttall and George T Armstrong Apr 1977 64 p refs (NBS-TN-937) Avail SOD HC $1 30 as Ep46 937 Correlating equations, using SI units, which are linear in each of the vanables, (1) aniline point in deg C (2) reciprocal density in grams per cubic centimeter, and (3) sulfur mass percent, are presented for five classes of aviation fuels These equations fit the observed values at least as well as the previous aniline point-gravity product equations An equation which is quadratic in aniline point and reciprocal density was found to fit all the data with a standard deviation of 25 4 Btu/lb = 0 05904 MJ/kg This equation can be used to predict the net heat of combustion of the fuels considered to within 50 Btu/lb or 0 11808 MJ/kg at a 95 percent confidence level Author 550 N77-33479 N77-33372|jl Acurex Corp. Mountain View. Calif Aerotherm Drv ALTERNATE PETROLEUM BASED FUELS FOR NAVAL FLEET USAGE: POTENTIAL AVAILABILITY. COST. AND SYSTEM IMPACT L M Cohen. G R Offen. and L M Schalit Jun 1977 147 p refs (Contract N00014-76-C-0707) (AD-A041980 Aerotherm-FR-77'247) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 In recent years, particularly since the Oil Embargo of 1973. all major fuel consuming sectors in the United States Navy have become increasingly aware of the limited supply and high cost of petroleum fuels Fuel is currently consumed by the Navy at the rate of 230.000 barrels per day Energy conservation is one method to reduce this demand on petroleum resources and the resulting high annual expenditures for fuel In addition, conserva- tion is in the long-term interests of the country, since it assists nationwide efforts to stretch' our remaining oil reserves Alternatives to petroleum-based fuels are another option One of these, shale oil, is being evaluated by the Navy in their 100.000 barrel oil shale experiment Yet another option could be the use of fuels which do not meet all the requirements of military specifications (MILSPECS) for fuels, but which could be burned without significantly impairing naval operations This approach could increase fuel availability and reduce costs to the Navy To assess the feasibility of using non-MILSPEC fuels in Navy combustion equipment, the David W Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center engaged the Aerotherm Division of Acurex Corporation to perform a study with the following objectives (1) determine whether there exists a large supply of fuel beyond that currently being procured for the Navy which meets or nearly meets, military specifications, (2) determine whether any such comparable nonspec' fuel is less expensive than the currently approved product, and (3) assess, using all available information, the viability of storing, handling, and burning comparable 'nonspec' fuels in naval systems, even if only on a limited basis GRA N77-33374| Texaco. Inc. Montebello. Calif Research Lab HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM COAL LIQUEFACTION RESIDUES Final Report Allen M Robin Dec 1976 71 p (EPRI Pro) 714-1) (EPRI-AF-233) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 High ash H-coal residues from the liquefaction of coals were gasified in a synthesis gas generator The synthesis gas produced consisted of over 92 percent volume carbon monoxide and hydrogen on a dry basis Approximately 40 tons of each residue was gasified at 24 atmospheres pressure at residue feed rates up to 1/2 ton per hour No major operating problems were experienced Cold gas efficiencies averaged between 83 and 84 percent Steam and oxygen requirements were comparable to those of heavy oil gasification Enough data were obtained to verify existing computer correlations and establish informa- tion needed to provide a commercial plant design for these two. and other similar, coal liquefaction residues ERA N77-33377)jl Bonner and Moore Associates. Inc . Houston. Tex OVERVIEW AND REVIEW OF MOTOR GASOLINE DE- SULFURIZATION. VOLUME 1 Dec 1976 80 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0041) (BERC/RI-76/17-Vol-D Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 The general technology for desulfuruing motor gasoline is described and prior studies reviewed The removal of additional sulfur from motor gasoline may be required because catalytic converters on 1975 and later model cars may convert the sulfur into potentially environmentally undesirable compounds, sulfunc acid mist and sulfate particles, when the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter While other methods of solving this environmental issue are available, only the removal of additional sulfur from gasoline is considered ERA N77-33378f Bonner and Moore Associates. Inc. Houston. Tex MOTOR GASOLINE DESULFURIZATION STUDY. VOLUME 2 Dec 1976 164 p (Contract EY-76-C-02-0041) (BERC/RI-76/17-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 For abstract, see N77-33377 N77-33426# Brookhaven National Lab . Upton, N Y Accelerator Dept POWER TRANSMISSION PROJECT Progress Report through FV 1976 27 Dec 1976 273 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016, Gram NSF AG-381, EPRI Proj 78-441) (BNL-22202) Avail NTIS HC A12/MF A01 A year's work on the development of helium cooled niobium tin superconducting cables for 550 kV or higher power transmis- sion lines is summarized Information is included on (1) conductor research involving the fabrication, materials testing, and perform- ance testing of Nb3Sn tapes (2) design, materials testing and performance testing of cable insulation, (3) mechanical and cryogenic engineering of transmission line components and of test facilities, and (4) accumulated data on the design and testing of existing helium-cooled transmission lines in the Pennsylvania study Author (ERA) N77-33430jjf Westmghouse Electric Corp. Pittsburgh. Pa ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBU- TION SYSTEM MATERIALS VOLUME 3 APPENDIX Final Report C G Love 23 Aug 1976 311 p refs (Contract E<49-181-2050) (CONS/2050-1-Vol-3-App) Avail NTIS HC A14/MF A01 These appendixes contain the detailed electrical distribution equipment requirements and input material requirements forecasts Forcasts are given for three electric energy usage scenarios Also included are data on worldwide reserves and demand for 30 raw materials required for the manufacture of electrical distribution equipment ERA N77-33464# Selskapet for Industriell og Teknisk Forsknmg Trondheim (Norway) Div of Structural Engineering A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WATERFLOOD PERFORMANCE Vilgeir Dalen 5 Nov 1975 62 p refs Sponsored by Norweg Council for Sci and Ind Res (STF71-A75036. ISBN-82-595-0654-8) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 A mathematical model for waterflood performance is described and a numerical solution method is applied This method is based on spatial discretization by the finite element formulation of the Galerkm method and a semi-implicit formulation in time A computer program is briefly described and several example problems are solved The various alternatives included in the formulation of the solution method are compared and guidance is given as to how the model is most efficiently applied Author (ESA) N77-33479*# Shaker Research Corp Ballston Lake N Y UNDERGROUND COAL MINE INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST Final Report R F Burchill and W D Waldron [1976] 129 p rets (Contract NAS8-31668) (NASA-CR-150045) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 14B The need to evaluate mechanical performance of mine tools and to obtain test performance data from candidate systems dictate tl-at an engineering data recording system be built Because of the wide range of test parameters which would be evaluated, a general purpose data gathering system was designed and assembled to permit maximum versatility A primary objective 551 N77-33512 of this program was to provide a specific operating evaluation of a longwall mining machine vibration response under normal operating conditions A number of mines were visited and a candidate for test evaluation was selected, based upon manage- ment cooperation, machine suitability, and mine conditions Actual mine testing took place in a West Virginia mine Author N77-33612# Stanford Research lost, Menlo Park, Calif Molecular Physics Center FIELD IONIZATION FOR LASER ISOTOPE SEPARATION Final Report T F Gallagher. R M Hill, and S A Edelstem Dec 1976 70 p refs (EPRI Proj 506-3) (EPRI-NP-334) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Research into an aspect of the uranium fuel cycle', the separation of the fissionable U235 fuel from the more abundant, stable U238 is discussed It was demonstrated by laboratory experiments that by using electric field lomzation of atoms excited by lasers, the efficiency of atomic laser isotope separation can be improved a thousandfold over the direct photoionization method Both atomic and molecular laser isotope separation processes are reviewed Technical journal articles which further describe the work and its implications are provided ERA N77-33619*# Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech. Pasadena COMPENDIUM OF CRITIQUES OF JPL REPORT SP-43-17- AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS PROJECT A Nash Williams 18 Jul 1977 644 p refs Sponsored by ERDA (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-155180 JPL-Pub-77-40) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 13F Almost 50 critiques of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory report SP-43-17 are presented together with the JPL responses Author N77-33596 Houston Umv Tex AN ECONOMIC MODEL OF NEW CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS SUPPLIES IN THE LOWER 48 STATES Ph D Thesis Young Yuel Kim 1977 207 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-19565 An economic model is developed to show how reserve additions and economics of oil and gas will be affected by wellhead prices tax provisions finding rates, and drilling capacity availabili- ties The range of reserve additions estimated by the model where government pricing and taxing policies are varied is much greater than the range of reserve additions estimated by the U S Geological Survey where government pricing and taxing policies are not varied Results of the model show how supplies of crude oil and natural gas from new resources in the lower 48 states and Texas will be affected by different price relationships tax provisions finding rates and time horizons High priority in future research should be given to extending the economic analysis for the lower 48 states to include the Alaskan and Offshore areas Dissert Abstr N77-33598 California Umv Riverside ENERGY IN AN OASIS GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE IMPERIAL VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA Ph D Thesis Martin Joseph Pasqualetti 1975 422 p Avail Umv Microfilms Order No 77-20330 Attention is given to the Imperial Valley best known as an agricultural oasis it is a large hot water geothermal resource as well The difficulties of developing such a resource within a totally artificial yet highly profitable environment are discussed Most obstacles to geothermal development are related to protection of the agricultural economy The mam concerns are for subsidence, induced seismicity water supply blowouts the effect of air pollution on crops and the possible socioeconomic changes in an established way of life The Imperial Valley offers an abundant labor pool huge nearby markets transportation networks, a snow free climate, and energy which together constitute most of the important considerations in industrial location Dissert Abstr N77-33599# Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 'U S Senate) THE PRESIDENT'S ENERGY PROGRAM Washington GPO 1977 176 p refs Compilation of documents for Comm on Energy and Natural Resources (GPO-88-556. Publ-9516) Documents presented include the Presidents address to the Nation on the energy problem his speech on the National Energy Program before the joint session of Congress the fact sheet on the President s program the transcript of his news conference and the text of the National Energy Plan A R H N77-33600*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B Johnson Space Center Houston Tex SOLAR POWER SATELLITE CONCEPT EVALUATION ACTIVITIES REPORT VOLUME 2 DETAILED REPORT Progress Report, Jul 1976 - Jun 1977 Jun 1977 1166 p refs (NASA-TM-74942. JSC-12973-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A99/MF A01 CSCL 10A Comparative data are presented among various design approaches to thermal engine and photovoltaic SPS (Solar Power System) concepts to provide criteria for selecting the most promising systems for more detailed definition The major areas of the SPS system to be examined include solar cells, microwave power transmission transportation, structure rectenna energy payback, resources and environmental issues Author N77-33601*# Boeing Aerospace Co , Seattle Wash Electric Power Technology Div REVIEW OF ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPREGNATION FOR NICKEL CADMIUM CELLS Sidney Gross Aug 1977 116 p refs Prepared for JPL (Contracts NAS7-100. JPL-953984) (NASA-CR-155155) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10A A method of loading active material within the electrodes of nickel cadmium cells is examined The basic process of electrochemical impregnation of these electrodes is detailed citing the principle that when current is applied reactions occur which remove hydrogen ions from solution making the interior of the plaque less acidic Electrodes result which are superior in energy density stability and life The technology is reviewed and illustrated with typical performance data Recommendations are made for additional research and development Author N77-33603*# RCA Advanced Technology Labs. Camden N J Government Systems Div DESIGN DEFINITION OF A MECHANICAL CAPACITOR Final Report. Jun 1976 - Apr 1977 T D Michaelis, E W Schheban, and R D Scott May 1977 292 p refs (Contract NAS5-23650) (NASA-CR-152613) Avail NTIS HC A13/MF A01 CSCL 10B A design study and analyses of a 10 kW-hr 15 kW mechanical capacitor system were studied It was determined that magnetically supported wheels constructed of advanced composites have the potrntial for high energy density and high power density Structural concepts are analyzed that yield the highest energy density of any structural design yet reported Particular attention was paid to the problem of friction' caused by magnetic and I to the second power R losses in the suspension and motor- generator subsystems, and low design friction levels have been achieved The potentially long shelf life of this system and the absence of wearing parts, provide superior performance over conventional flywheels supported with mechanical bearings Costs and economies of energy storage wheels were reviewed briefly Author 552 N77-33613 N77-336O4*| Jet Propulsion Lab Calif Inst of Tech Pasadena Control and Energy Conversion Oiv ELECTRICAL 2 OMEGA cm 0046-cm THICK SILICON SOLAR CELLS AS A FUNCTION OF INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE P A Berman, T F Miyahara and B E Anstaugh 15 Aug 1977 37 p Revised (Contract NAS7-100) (NASA-CR-155166 . JPL-Pub-77-27-Rev-1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL IDA Electrical characteristics of Manner 71 type silicon solar cells are presented in graphical and tabular format as a function of intensity and temperature Author N77-33606*# General Electric Co Wilmington Mass Aircraft Equipment Div SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE (SPE) FUEL CELL TECH- NOLOGY PROGRAM. PHASE 1/1A Final Report 17 Oct 1975 92 p (Contract NAS9-14345) (NASA-CR-151506 TPR-015) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell was studied for the purpose of improving the characteristics of the technology Several facets were evaluated, namely (1) reduced fuel cell costs, (2) reduced fuel cell weight (3) improved fuel cell efficiency and (4) increased systems compatibility Demonstrated advances were incorporated into a full scale hardware design A single cell unit was fabricated A substantial degree of success was demon- strated Author N77-33606*# General Electric Co . Wilmington Mass Aircraft Equipment Div SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE I SPE) FUEL CELL TECH- NOLOGY PROGRAM. PHASE 2/2A Final Report 15 Dec 1976 96 p (Contract NAS9-14345) (NASA-CR-151507. TPR-028-4) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 10A Test evaluations were performed on a fabricated single solid polymer electrolyte cell unit The cell operated at increased current density and at higher performance levels This improved performance was obtained through a combination of increased temperature, increased reactant pressures improved activation techniques and improved thermal control over the baseline cell configuration The cell demonstrated a higher acid content membrane which resulted in increased performance Reduced catalyst loading and low cost membrane development showed encouraging results Author N77-336O8*# Exxon Research and Engineering Co Linden N J Government Research Labs REDOX BULK ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME 1 Final Report. 18 Feb. 1976 - 30 Jan 1977 G Cipnos W Erskine Jr and P G Grimes 10 Feb 1977 200 p refs 2 Vol (Contract NAS3-19776) (NASA-CR-135206-Vol-1 EXXON/GRU 1BH-77-Vol-1> Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 10B Opportunities were found for electrochemical energy storage devices in the U S electric utility industry Application require- ments for these devices were defined including techno-economic factors A new device the Redox storage battery was analyzed The Redox battery features a decoupling of energy storage and power conversion functions General computer methods were developed to simulate Redox system operations These studies Showed that the Redox system is potentially attractive if certain performance goals can be achieved Pathways for reducing the cost of the Redox system were identified Author N77-33609*# Exxon Research and Engineering Co Linden N J Government Research Labs REDOX BULK ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME 2 Final Report. 18 Feb 1976 - 30 Jan 1977 G Cipnos W Erskine Jr and P G Grimes 10 Feb 1977 549 p refs (Contract NAS3-19776) (NASA-CR-135206-Vol-2 EXXON/GRU 2BH 77-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A23/MF A01 CSCL 108 For abstract, see N77-33608 N77-33610# RAND Corp Santa Monica Calif EUROPE'S CHANGING ENERGY RELATIONS Horst Mendershausen Dec 1976 121 p refs (Contract DAHC15-67-C-0158) (R-2086-ISA) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 In considering Western Europe s changing energy relations, the present study (1) projects likely changes during the decade ahead in the energy structures of OECD-Europe and for comparison the United States (2) examines current developments now under way in the oil natural gas coal, and nuclear energy situations of the principal Western European countries and (3) discusses international political economic and security issues related to these developments and to possible emergency disruptions of international oil supply Author N77-33612# Air Force Aero Propulsion" Lab. Wright-Patterson AFB. Ohio INVESTIGATION OF GaAi SOLAR CELL POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE AND COST Final Report. Jun. 1976 - Dec. 1976 Cecil Stuarke Feb 1977 23 p refs (AD-A040736. AFAPL-TR-76-100) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 10/2 This report describes the results of a study which investigated GaAs solar cell potential performance and cost The study included a literature survey, analyses of cell performance, cost and weapon hardness, and limited cell testing From the completed study came an Air Force interpretation of the present development of GaAs solar cells and an assessment of their potential performance and cost GRA N77-33613# Xerox Electro-Optical Systems. Pasadena. Calif THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEMONSTRATION UNIT FOR VUIUEUMIER CRYOGENIC COOLER Interim Report. 2 Jun. 1976 - 31 Aug. 1976 Robert flichter Feb 1977 157 p (Contract F33615-75-C-2045) (AD-A040895. Rept-2340-1-1. AFAPL-TR-76-110) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 10/2 This report covers the work performed under the Thermal Energy Storage Demonstration Unit Program The report presents the analysis, design, fabrication, and testing of a thermal energy storage demonstration unit which was to be mated to an existing Vuilleumier cooler (AFUR) to demonstrate the concept of powenng such a device directly with stored thermal energy The Thermal Energy Storage Demonstration Unit was to be sized for delivering 1000 wans thermal power for one hour at a temperature of 1250 + or - 25 F The ternary eutectic 64 MgF2 - 30 UF-6 KF, which has a eutectic temperature of 1310F, was selected as the thermal energy storage matenal The report presents the approach and the assumptions underlying the design of the unit which incorporates a heat pipe for the transfer of energy from the thermal energy storage matenal to the not cylinder of the Vuilleumier cooler Details of the fabrication and the testing of the Thermal Energy Storage Demonstration Unit are presented The analysis of the test data led to the conclusion that the basic design satisfied all requirements that were established for a TES unit The thermal energy storage matenal. however, was found to apparently release its latent heat of fusion over a wider temperature range than had been anticipated This (act can be attributed to nonisothermal phase transformation or a bulk thermal conductivity that is lower than had been assumed for the salt Author (GRA) 553 N77-33614 N77-33614jC National Bureau of Standards. Washington. O C AN APPROACH FOR MANAGING AN ENERGY CONSERVA- TION PROGRAM Final Report. Dec 1976 - Jan. 1977 Jan 1977 61 p (AD-A041086. NBSIR-77-1204. AFCEC-TR-77-11) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10/1 General and specific guidelines to be followed by USAF management personnel have been developed and tabulated in this report These guidelines include, for example, establishing management structures to implement the detailed energy conservation programs, analyzing alternative energy conservation options for most of the Air Force Base facilities family housing units, and special buildings The guidelines are to be helpful for establishing and implementing short- and long-range plans for energy management, gaining support of all Base and tenant personnel, ancrmonitoring program progress Author (GRA) N77-336161 Bechtel Corp. San Francisco. Calif COAL GASIFICATION STUDY Final Report Apr 1977 114 p refs (Contract N68305-76-C-0009, ZF57571001) (AD-A041860. EL-CH-77 013) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 The general problem of providing fuel gas for Navy base facilities is studied The intent is first to provide designs of a coal gasification plant producing 6x 10 to the 9th power Btu/day reactor output, based on two types of reactors, second, to conduct parametric studies leading to means for the costing of similar plants operating on different feedstocks, and third, to provide a method for estimating the change in boiler rating which must follow the substitution of fuel gas for either oil or coal finng The performance and economics given are based on conceptual design methods The economic results allow comparison of fuel-gas and fuel-oil costs on the basis of the Navy's method of analyzing costs using the 'Economic Analysis Handbook.' NAVFAC P-442, 1975 The costs are the sum of all future outlays discounted to the present but allowing escalation at different rates for utilities and feedstock over a 25-year production period Author (GRA) N77-33616jjf National Bureau of Standards. Washington. D C TRANSPIRATION HEAT TRANSFER IN THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES B A Peavy and W E Dressier May 1977 32 p (PB-267281/4. NBSIH-77-1237) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 13A Sensible heat transfer that takes place in a thermal storage device composed of a porous material with a fluid transpiring through it was investigated Expenments were performed on a prototype thermal storage device and results were compared to numerical values computed from an analytical model GRA N77-33817| Institute for Defense Analyses Arlington, Va Science and technology Div DoD ENERGY R AND D PART 2. MILITARY FUEL OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE AND R AND D IMPLICA- TIONS Final Report. Apr 1976 - Sap. 1976 F R Ridded. R C Oliver and R E Reichenbach Mar 1977 104 p refs (Contract DAHC15-73-C-0200) (AD-A042272. P-1116-Pt-2) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 21/4 The questions addressed and the conclusions reached in this study are (1) What range of multrfuel capability may be desirable in military engines to relieve possible fuel supply problems The conclusion is that it would be advantageous for military aircraft to be able to use all types of jet fuels and for ground vehicles and ships to be able to use all types of diesel fuels as safeguards against short-term shortages of military specification fuels (2) What liquid hydrocarbon fuel options may be considered without incurring major performance degradation or severe maintenance problems The conclusion is that with appropriate modifications to fuel supply and starting systems, the range of fuels defined in (1) could be used However, R and O is needed to determine exactly what modifications are required and how fuels may be field-tested More R and D is also needed to assemble handbooks of information on operating envelope and maintenance changes that may result from use of off-specification fuels Current information is far from complete Fuels from syncrudes should be included in this R and D work (3) In the long-term, what alternatives to liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be considered In the long-term (beyond 2000) the only possibilities appear to be (a) more extensive use of nuclear power in Navy ships and (b) use of liquid hydrogen in long-range aircraft For all land and air tactical combat vehicles however, any change from liquid hydrocarbon fuels would involve major performance changes which are probably unacceptable Author (GRA) N77-33618j? AIA Research Corp. Washington. D C EARLY USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BUILDINGS A STUDY OF BARRIERS AND INCENTIVES TO THE WIDESPREAD USE OF SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS Aug 1976 195 p (Grant NSF APR-75-18339) (PB-267832/4 NSF/RA-760578) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 13A The principal findings the methodology, and the results of a national survey of the early users of the technology are outlined The results of life cycle cost analyses of fifteen selected solar heating projects as well a general overview of the various economic factors relating to the commercialization of solar technology are presented A regulatory analysis of sun rights and land use building codes, warranties of performance, rights to energy, and the implications of these rights are also described GRA N77-33619# Martin Marietta Corp . Baltimore Md BIOLOGICAL SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AP- PROACHES TO OVERCOME YIELD. STABILITY AND PRODUCT LIMITATIONS Progress Report. 1 Oct 1976 • 31 Mar 1977 Bessel Kok, C F Fowler. H H Hardt and R J Radmer Mar 1977 28 p refs (Grant NSF AER-73-03291) (PB-267937/1, MML-TR-77-27c, PR-4. NSF/RA-770063) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 06A The chloroplast aging and rate limitations in the photosynthet- ic electron transport system were studied It was confirmed that the photosystem II acceptor, phenylenediamme. accepts electrons from two sites in the electron transport chain, one of which is uncoupler insensitive These two sites have approximately equal rate constants and contribute about equally when photochemistry operates with maximum rates Therefore, it was concluded that when uncoupler is present, the primary rate limitation precedes the uncoupler-msensitive transport to phenylenediamme Fluores- cence measurements have confirmed the results showing that chloroplast storage at high pH inhibits only the oxygen evolution system and not the functioning of the trap GRA N77-33620jj( New Mexico Univ. Albuquerque Dept of Economics SOLAR ENERGY POLICY AND PROSPECTS William D Schulze. Shaul Ben-David. Roberta Katson. Scott Noll. and Fred Roach Jul 1976 187 p (Grant NSF APR-75-18249) (PB-267986/8. NSF/RA-760577) Avail NTIS HC A09/MF A01 CSCL 13A The economic feasibility of near-term solar energy sources, decontrolled energy prices for the United States on a state-by-state basis near-term feasibility for solar residential space heating, for the full application of solar energy to a mixed load community in the Southwest, and application of solar process heat to industry are analyzed GRA 554 N77-33630 N77-33621jjl Pennsylvania Oept of Community Affairs. Harrcsburg RECLAMATION OF ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- THEORY AND PRACTICE A SELECTED. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PENNSYLVANIA LOCAL GOVERN- MENT OFFICIALS Nov 1976 33 p (PB-267800/1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A Methods of reclaiming energy from solid waste are considered as possible solutions to community solid waste disposal problems GRA N77-33822jjf Boeing Co Seattle, Wash ADVANCED THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (TES) SYSTEMS Interim Summary Report Nov 1976 35 p refs (Pro) 788-1) (EPRI-EM-256-SY) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Research in high temperature gas cooled central receivers for solar energy and for receiver conceptual design of energy storage systems compatible with higher temperature gas turbine systems was examined The technical feasibility of high tempera- ture thermal energy storage was studied in detail The two advanced systems are a phase change energy storage with inorganic salts and a reversible thermochemical reaction energy storage system A third system a sensible heat pebble bed energy storage system was investigated as a near term benchmark The phase change concept offers the most economic incentive primarily as a result of its high storage density Major technical barriers involve storage media and container material compatibility testing The thermo-chemical concept is the most attractive from a plant control flexibility standpoint The major technical uncertainty is the required catalytic S03 dissociation reactor ERA N77-33624| Naval Research Lab. Washington. D C ' GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS BACKGROUND FOR OCEAN THERMAL POWER PLANTS S A Piacsek. J Toomre. and G 0 Roberts (Science Applications Inc La Jolla. Calif) 1976 67 p refs (Contract E(49-26)-1005) (DSE/1005-1 NRL-GFD/OTEC-11-75) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 Background material and brief assessments in several areas of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) which bear directly on problems of the ocean thermal power plant operation are provided Relevant GFD research areas discussed include turbulence and thermal wakes, ocean circulation and the permanent thermoclme, air/sea interaction and thermoclme variation, weather and climate modeling, and marine ecosystems The relationships of each GFD area to specific ocean thermal power plant problems are illustrated and multiple disciplines in GFO that must be considered are emphasized ERA N77'33626jjl Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. Palisades. N Y MARINE PASTURES: A BY-PRODUCT OF LARGE (100 MEGAWATT OR LARGER) FLOATING OCEAN- THERMAL POWER PLANTS Final Report S Laurence and O A Roels 31 Aug 1976 225 p (Contract EY-76-S-02-2581) (COO-2581-3) Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 the potential biological productivity of an open-sea manculture system utilizing the deep-sea water discharged from an ocean- thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant was investigated In a senes of land-based studies, surface water was used to inoculate deep water and the primary production of the resultant blooms was investigated Each cubic meter of deep water can produce approximately 2 34 g of phytoplankton protein, and an OTEC plant discharge deep water at a rate of 4 5 x 10 to the fourth power cu m mm to the -1 power could produce 53 x 10 to the seventh power kg of phytoplankton protein per 350-day year A senes of land-based shellfish studies indicated that, when fed at a constant rate of 1 83 x 10 to the 3 power g of protein per second per 70-140 g of whole wet weight, the clam. Tapes laponica. could convert the phytoplankton protein-nitrogen into shellfish meat protein-nitrogen with an efficiency of about 33 per cent Various factors affecting the feasibility of open-sea manculture are dicussed ERA N77-33626f Franklin Inst Research Labs. Philadelphia. Pa TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR AUGMENTATION FOR BOILER FEEDWATER HEATING IN STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS Nov. 1976 94 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-2864) (COO-2864-1. F-C4362) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 Results of a study on the technical and economic feasibility of augmenting heating of boiler feedwater/m steam electric power plants by solar energy are presented The possibility of retrofitting existing oil or gas fired steam plants with solar collection systems was investigated The use of four solar collectors in connection with drr>srent methods of single degree of freedom sun following motions was examined For all collectors, daily sun following without seasonal adjustment of tilt was found to be cost-effective Conclusions indicate solar augmentation of boiler feedwater heating does not constitute a cost-effective method of fossil fuel conservation ERA N77-33828I Maine Univ. Orono Coll of Engmeenng and Science PROCEEDINGS OF THE ERDA SEMIANNUAL SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PROGRAM REVIEW MEETING 1976 488 p Meeting held at Orono. Maine. 3-6 Aug 1976 (Contract £(49-181-2477) , / (CONF-760837-P2) Avail NTIS HC A21/MF A01 Separate abstracts were prepared for 28 papers presented on solar photovoltaic systems Topics covered include conceptual design and systems analysis for solar photovoltaic systems. GaAs materials and devices, semiconductors, and polycrystallme silicon materials and devices Also discussed were concentration systems and low cost silicon solar arrays ERA N77-3362SJ Sandia Labs, Albuquerque. N Mex SANDIA LABORATORIES ENERGY PROGRAMS C D Lundergan. ed. P L Meady. ed, and R S Gillespie, eo Mar 1977 55 p (Contract EY-76-C-04-0789) (SAND-77-0034) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 An overview is provided of energy programs being conducted in the development of economical and environmentally acceptable alternative energy sources About 75 percent of the resources of this laboratory are applied to research and development for national sacunty programs having to do primanly with nuclear weapons The remaining 25 percent are applied to energy programs and energy-related activities, particularly those requmng resources that are also used in nuclear weapon and other national security programs Examples of such energy programs and activities are research into nuclear fusion, protection of nuclear matenals from theft or diversion, and the disposal of radioactive waste Instruments developed to detect, measure, and record the detonation of nuclear devices underground are now being used to support the development of in-srtu processing of coal and oil shale ERA N77-3363Of Energy Research and Development Administration. Washington. D C PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER Jamas L Overman 1977 16 p refs Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel Cycles. Salzburg (Austna) (IAEA-CN-36/607. Conf-770505-79) Avail. NTIS HC A02/MF A01 A number of actions have been taken in the United States to prevent and to delay installation and development of nuclear technology These actions are reviewed and analyzed with emphasis on the 1976 California nuclear moratorium referen- dum and other more recent actions at state and national levels They are compared with the status and outcome of similar actions in other nations as is possible Additionally. ERDA's current 555 N77-33631 approaches to public involvement in the decision making process is discussed, including the value of comprehensive analyses of health, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects of alternative energy sources in responding to public needs U S plans for providing such analyses for all installed and developing energy technologies are presented with special reference to areas which require international cooperation for implementation The value of international analysis and internationally accepted environmental control strategies for all energy technologies is also addressed ERA N77-33631 |P TRW Systems Group, McLean, Va CONSUMER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE COSTS FOR RESIDENTIAL HOT WATER. SPACE HEATING AND SPACE COOLING SYSTEMS 30 Nov 1976 47 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (ANL-K-76-3364-1) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The cost of household thermal energy storage (TES) in four utility service areas that are representative for hot water, space heating, and space cooling systems in the United States is presented A technology characterization of commercially available and developmental/conceptual TES systems is given Consumer cost of the three TES systems is then evaluated, based on typical designs in four utility service areas ERA N77-33632f ACE-Federal Reporters. Inc. Washington. D C ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE WEST: POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ON LAND. WATER. AND AIR RESOURCES 1976 81 p Workshop held at San Francisco. 21 Sep 1976 Sponsored by ERDA (TID-27444) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 By the year 2000. a water deficiency of about 2,250,000 acre-feet will exist in California, therefore, many agencies will not indefinitely commit supplies of fresh water for power plant cooling Legislation for siting power plants along the coastline is summarized A report is given on a program to investigage the energy required to develop water, or in short, to move water to where it is to be used, water which may be associated with the use and conservation of water, the energy associated with waste-water treatment, and waste-water reuse The potential of geothermat resources is reviewed It is believed the Lake County government can, with the state and Federal government, plan geothermal development It is also believed the Geysers should be considered as a payoff area An extensive question and answer session completed the workshop ERA N77-33634| Westmghouse Electric Corp. Pittsburgh. Pa STUDY OF THE AUXILIARIES FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERY SYSTEMS FOR PEAKING POWER Final Report, period ending Oct. 197S Dec 1976 274 p refs (Contracts EX-76-C-01-2114. £(49-181-2114) (CONS/2114-3) Avail NTIS HC A12/MF A01 Areas addressed are hardware shanng with the power converter gear, system reliability, impact of cooling and ventilation systems, effects of system rating on auxiliaries costs, and the effects of advances of technology in monitoring and protection devices with the use of large-capacity cells It was found that the most economic choice for a 10-MW. 40-MWh peaking power battery system using 5-kWh cells consists of a 1620 Vdc. 10-stnng design The total cost per kW was found to be a steadily decreasing function of system rating, it was $325/kW at a 10 MW rating Water cooling of the battery is the most economic choice for virtually every climate ERA N77-33635jj( Yardney Electric Corp, Pawcatuck, Conn DESIGN AND COST STUDY OF A ZINC/NICKEL OXIDE BATTERY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE PROPULSION Final Report Oct 1976 118 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (ANL-K-76-3543-1, Rept-2033-76) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 A preliminary design and cost study of a zinc/nickel oxide battery suitable for electric vehicle propulsion was conducted A state-of-technology four-cell zinc/nickel oxide battery module is specified having the following principal characteristics Capacity (C/2 rate), 310 Ah, Voltage. 6 4 V , Total energy content (C/2 rate). 1 98 kWh. Weight, 26 4 kg. Specific energy (C/2 rate). 75 Wh/kg. Specific power (sustaining, peak), 68 W/kg, 250 W/kg. Cycle life (60 percent depth at C/2 rate). 500 Battery manufacturing processes and costs are defined for initial pilot production of the state-of-technology zinc/nickel oxide battery Production of the advanced technology battery in a highly automated dedicated facility is then defined for plant capacity Preliminary test procedures and standards for cells and batteries are defined including evaluation of basic performance, environmen- tal effects and safety, by means of a comprehensive test matrix ERA N77-33636| United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford. Conn PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF COM- PRESSED AIR STORAGE POWER SYSTEMS. VOLUME 1 Final Report. Jun 1975 - Dae. 1976 Dec 1976 318 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA 2 Vol (Grant NSF AER-74-00242) (CONS/NSF/42-1) Avail NTIS HC A14/MF A01 A preliminary technical, economic, and environmental feasibility evaluation of generating peak power with a compressed air power system incorporating a modified state-of-the-art gas turbine and an hydraulically compensated, mined, hard rock cavern was conducted Results are presented covering the siting potential and economics for hard rock storage caverns, the types of aboveground equipment which could be used with suitable modifications, system performance and economics, and the potential for electric utility application The technical approach was based on technology currently available, although in some cases not yet reduced to commercial practice ERA N77-33637# Atomics International. Canoga Park. Calif SUBSEA NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING STATIONS FOR OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION OPERATIONS. PRE- LIMINARY SAFETY AND LICENSING INFORMATION DOCUMENT 15 Feb 1977 48 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-03-0701) (AI-ERDA-13193) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Preliminary safety and licensing information is presented relating to the manufacture installation, and operation of small subsea nuclear generating stations in remote offshore locations, and the associated onshore base-site activities of reactor refueling and system refurbishment at four-year intervals The purpose of the proposed facilities is to provide a subsea power capability for off- shore oil production operations in areas where surface conditions, water depths, or other environmental constraints may preclude the use of surface mounted power sources This will provide the capa- bility to achieve the maximum recovery of petroleum resources from the U S frontier areas Summary descriptions of a typical subsea nuclear generating station and a typical base site-facility are presented General safety and licensing considera- tions are discussed, and a representative schedule of licensing activities is outlined ERA N77-33638# Brookhaven National Lab. Upton. N Y ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES P F Palmedo 10 Jan 1977 11 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-02-0016) (BNL-22311) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Some of the implications of the choice between renewable, decentralized technologies and nonrenewable. centralized technol- ogies as applied to developing countries are presented In order to clarify the significance of the distinction between renewable and depletable resources, two qualifications are made The resource and its feasible system to use that resource is of primary interest The second qualification is that some resources that are finite have such large abundance that they can be considered 556 N77-33649 renewable Some specific steps that can be taken to give renewable energy resources an opportunity to compete on a more equal footing with conventional fossil and nuclear technolo- gies are stimulate and support energy planning in developing countnes, include appropriate technology in developed country R and 0 programs and develop and demonstrate technologies ERA N77-33639jjf California Univ . Uvermore Lawrence Uvermore Lab US ENERGY FLOW IN 1976 William J Ramsey 24 Mar 1977 8 p (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (UCID-17443) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 An energy flow diagram for the US for 1976 is presented, and one for 1975 is included for comparison Some significant differences between 1975 and 1976 are total energy use increased 48 percent, almost reaching the record use of 1973. oil imports increased significantly to IS 5 quads, more than 20 percent above 1975. and almost 44 percent of our total oil use. coal and natural gas remained more or less constant, the industrial sector was unique in that its energy use decreased somewhat due to conservation efforts, delivered nuclear power increased by 109 percent and a trend toward electrification continued with distributed electrical energy increasing by 6 1 percent ERA N77-33640)C California Univ. Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley Lab ANALYSIS OF THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY INDUSTRY J Sathaye, H Ruderman. R Sextro. P Benenson. L Kunm. P Chan. J Kooser. Y Bendov, B Green, and R dear Jan 1977 169 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (LBL-5928) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 Energy policy is discussed in relation to the energy supply system for California, an integral part of the state's economy Some of the questions to be addressed are if the energy system is to expand, by how much, and in what particular areas of supply, what are the policy ramifications of certain changes as opposed to others, and what are the major economic effects of changes in energy supply system plans The California energy industry and its relationship to the California and U S economies is described The analytic capability for determining the direct and indirect employment and income impacts resulting from a given energy future for California is provided Methodology with scenarios that embody varying combinations of conventional energy technologies, new energy technologies and energy conservation measures is described and tested ERA N77-33643# Exxon Enterprises. Inc. New York APPLICATION OF THE ALSTHOM/EXXON ALKALINE FUEL CELL SYSTEM TO UTILITY POWER GENERATION Final Report E R Elzmga, J G Bannochie. R J Bellows. J H Correa, H H Horowitz, and C W Snyder Jan 1977 247 p refs (EPRI-EM-384) Avail NTIS HCA11/MFA01 An evaluation of Alsthom/Exxon alkaline fuel cell technology was made for application to utility power generation It was determined how close the technology could come to EPRI efficiency, investment, and related targets The program consist- ed pnmanly of a systems analysis to explore the effect of major variables such as fuel cell operating temperature fuel type and degree of carbon oxides preremoval on efficiency and cost Most of the effect centered around minimizing cost and heat rate by selecting the most appropriate process techniques and by heat integrating the vanous parts of the process ERA N77-33644fjl Oak Ridge National Lab Tenn Energy Div IMPROVED ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL ENERGY USE Eric Hirst. Jane Cope. Steve Conn. William Lin. and Robert Hoskms Apr 1977 68 p refs Sponsored in part by Federal Energy Admin (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (ORNL-CON-8) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 An improved version of the ORNL residential energy use model was developed to simulate energy use in the residential sector from 1970 through 2000 The model provides considerable detail on annaul energy uses by fuel, end use, and housing type, and also estimates annual equipment installations and ownership, equipment energy requirements, structural thermal integrities, fuel expenditures, equipment costs, and costs for improving thermal integrities on new and existing housing units Thus, the model provides considerable detail on residential energy uses and associated costs These details are useful for evaluat- ing alternative energy conservation policies, programs and technologies for their energy and economic effects during the next quarter century ERA N77-33646# Michigan Technological Univ , Houghton ENERGY AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION FROM PULP MILL WASTES Progress Report. 15 S«p. - 16 Dec. 1976 M F Jurgensen and J T Patton '15 Dec 1976 8 p refs (Contract EY-76-S-02-2983) (COO-2983-2) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Significant progress was made in establishing the operability and reliability of major pieces of equipment needed for the production of protein and methane from spent sulfite liquor (SSL) Batch ozonations of SSL were conducted at times varying from 1 to 6 hours at pH's in the range, of 10 to 2 These screening experiments consistently indicate ,that low pH's favor the breakdown of SSL into organic fragments which are more easily assimilated by microorganisms Approximately 23% of the organics oxidized at all pH levels indicated that pH has no effect on the total oxidation of SSL Total sulfur content of SSL was not measurably altered by ozonation The intense brown color of SSL was appreciably removed during ozonation The con- tents of the reactor assumed a light brownish-yellow hue during the course of a 4 hour ozonation treatment ERA N77-33646f Los Alamos Scientific Lab. N Mex ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION R J Barrett and M Becker Nov 1976 10 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-36) (LA-6569-MS) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 It was found that existing methods of accounting for energy consumption are not well suited to the analysis of energy conservation programs A thorough discussion is presented of what the characteristics of an energy conservation data base ought to be A data base (GADFLY) is suggested, which would be designed for analysis of conservation policies Using New Mexico as an example, the difference between GADFLY and the Federal Energy Administration's STRAWMAN data base is detailed ERA N77-33648| Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington. D C PROGRAM PLAN FOR ERDA'S PARTICIPATION IN THE IEA WORKING PARTY ON ENERGY CONSERVATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Feb 1977 118 p (ERDA-77-571 Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 The Fiscal Year 1977 program plan for ERDA's participation in the Working Party on Energy Conservation research and development is presented The purposes of this program plan are to (1) provide guidelines for United States participation in the Working-Party program for use by ERDA and other Federal agencies interested in cosponsormg research and development activities, (2) identify the Working-Party project areas in which ERDA and other Federal agencies are presently participating specifying financial commitments, and (3) identify the Working- Party project areas in which ERDA and other Federal agencies are planning to participate, specifying financial commitments The plan outlines specific goals and criteria for United States participation in the Working Party, and presents the current and planned participation of ERDA and other Federal agencies ERA N77-336490 Argonne National Lab. Ill STRATEGIES FOR COMMERCIALIZING CUSTOMER THERMAL-ENERGY STORAGE 557 N77-33650 S H Nelson Dec 1976 80 p refs (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (ANL-ES-55) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 Strategies for commercializing customer thermal storage are presented Storage techniques evaluated are space heating, air conditioning, hot water heating, and interruptible hot water heating Storage systems involved store off peak electric energy for thermal applications dunng peak load hours Analyses of both storage techniques and principal parties affected by storage indicate four barriers the absence of commercially available air conditioning storage devices, appropriate rates, information on both rates and devices, and widespread utility support Develop- ment of appropriate rates is the key to commercialization The cntena used to evaluate rate types are maximum combined utility and customer benefits, ease of commercialization, and practical feasibility Rate types include demand charges, time of use rates, and two forma of load management rates, and the possibility of utility ownership is considered ERA N77-3366Of Institute of Gas Technology. Chicago. Ill EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEAT GASIFICATION Interim Report. 10 Feb. - 30 Jim. 1976 30 Jun 1976 21 p (Contract EI49-181-2469) (FE-2469-3. IR-1) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The physical structure and chemical composition of peat were studied and found to be significantly different from those of coal It was found that drying and gnndmg peat decreases its liquid absorption capacity Toluence was the least absorbed, of fire potential slurry media, followed by acetone, propanol, ethanol. and water Results show that the total liquid absorbed was only slightly less when it was first soaked briefly m water and then in toluene than in the reverse order Slurnability tests show that about 67 weight percent toluene is required to make a pumpable slurry Results of thermobalance tests show that initial devolatilization in nitrogen slows the gasification in hydrogen ERA N77-33662JI Princeton Univ. N J Dept of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAILWING WINDMILL ROTOR Final Report 1 Feb. 1976 - 31 Jan. 1976 M D Maughmer 31 Jan 1976 86 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA (Grant NSF GI-41891) (NSF/RANN/GI-41891/FR/75/4) Avail NTIS HC A05/MF A01 A detailed accounting of the development and operational techniques of the Pnnceton moving vehicle windmill testing facility is presented Also presented is a complete documentation of the performance build-up of a 12 foot diameter, two bladed Sailwmg rotor An examination of an exploratory research effort directed toward using a small, first stage, co-axial rotor to augment windmill performance is included Finally considered are the results and conclusions of an extensive wind tunnel test program aimed at a quantitative determination of the aerodynamic penalties associated with numerous simplifications of the basic double membraned Sailwmg cross section ERA N77-33654jff Sandia Labs. Albuquerque, N Mex SOLAR RADIATION AVAILABILITY FOR NEW MEXICO E C Boes Feb 1977 18 p (Contract EY-76-C-04-0789) (SAND-77-0004) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 An elementary description is given of the basic geometric considerations and background information on solar radiation availability In addition, tables giving both average and clear day solar energy availabilities in the four seasons are presented The solar energy available to a collector depends on the collector type and its orientation The availabilities are presented for a wide variety of possible surface orientations, including orientations for focusing collectors, tracking collectors, and fixed collectors ERA N77-336S6| California Univ. Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley Lab ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SOLAR ALTER- NATIVES Mark Davidson. Donald Grether. and Kenneth Wilcox Feb 1977 48 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (LBL-5927) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The main solar technologies are considered including solar thermal power, photovoltaic cells, ocean thermal power, wind energy, solar heating and cooling, bioconversion. and agricultural and process heat The direct and indirect ecological and environmental impacts of these technologies are discussed ERA N77-336S7jfl TRW Defense and Space Systems Group. Redondo Beach, Calif Environmental. Power and Facilities Dept PLANNING AND DESIGN OF ADDITIONAL EAST MESA GEOTHERMAL TEST FACILITIES. PHASE 1B. VOLUME 2: PROCUREMENT PACKAGE R 0 Pearson 15 Oct 1976 375 p refs (Contract EY-76-C-03-1140. EI04-3)-1140) (SAN/1140-1/2-Vol-2) Avail NTIS HC A16/MF A01 Procurement packages of technical specifications and construction drawings for eleven test facilities are presented Each of the specifications includes all of the technical requirements needed for procurement and construction The information is presented under the following subject headings injection pump system injection pipeline, control and instrumentation spools, calibration test bench, test pad modifications, test pad piping headers, production and injection wells, well 5-2 modifications, well 8-1 down-hole pump, well 6-1 down-hole pump, and well 8-1 booster pump ERA N77-336M># TRW Systems Group. McLean. Va SYSTEMS STUDIES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION METHANE PRODUCED FROM COALSEDS. VOLUME 1 Jan 1977 164 p refs 2 Vol (Contract E(46-1)-8042) , (MERC/CR-77/4-Vol-1) Avail NTIS HC A08/MF A01 Utilization of coalbed methane gas in/a practicable and economically favorable manner was studied/The drainage method decreases the quantity of methane released into the environment, reduces ventilation requirements, and enhances mining safety Legal problems and possible litigations may result 'when coalbed methane gas is recovered and utilized in a profitable venture since coal right agreements do not imply the right to recover gas released in conjunction with mining requirements Systems engineering and legal problems are analyzed in detail I M N77-33M2| Mitre Corp. McLean. Va METREK Div INTERAGENCY ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: STATUS REPORT 3 Richard Laska Apr 1977 62 p (Contract EPA-68-01-3188) (PB-267443/0. M77-19) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A The EPA-planned and coordinated Interagency Energy/ Environment R&D Program is presented The introduction describes the history, purpose, and scope of the Interagency Program The second section describes project activity in the five Process and Effects categories The third section deals with projects underway in the nine Control Technology categones GRA N77-33664# Federal Energy Administration. Washington. D C Office of Coal. Nuclear and Electric Power Analysis SOLAR COLLECTOR MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY Semian- nual Report. Jul. - Dec. 1976 Richard D Stoll Apr 1977 27 p (PB-266985/1. FEA/B-77/135) Avail NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10A A survey of pnvate firms that have manufactured and sold solar collectors dunng the second half of calendar year 1976 558 N77-33675 was conducted for the purpose of obtaining descriptive statistics on economic activity in the solar heating and cooling area and identifying production growth in this industry Results show that production during the second half of 1976 was 73 percent greater than during the first half of 1976, total production for 1976 was 168 percent greater than that of 1975 GRA N77-33M7jft Massachusetts Inst of Tech Cambridge Aeroelas- tic and Structures Research Lab WIND ENERGY CONVERSION Final Report. Fab. 1976 - Oct. 1976 R H Miller M Martinez-Sanchez. J Dugundji. E E Larrabee. 1 Chopra, T Humes S Y Chung. J C Gohard, and J T Edwards Oct 1976 "431 p refs Sponsored in part by ERDA (Grant NSF AER-75-00826) (PB-268718/4. ASRL-TR-184-3 NSF/RA-760569. ERDA/NSF-00826-75/3) Avail NTIS HC A19/MF A01 CSCL 10B Various problems associated with the design of horizontal axis, low solidity, and high performance wind turbines are investigated Wind turbine performance as determined from various elementary and more refined momentum theories, aerodynamic vortex theories for blade loadings including unsteady effects and wind shear velocity gradients, and nonlinear dynamic response of rotor blades including gravity and wind shear excitation were studied GRA N77-33M8| Michigan Governor's Commission on Electric Power Alternatives Lansing REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMISSION ON ELECTRIC POWER ALTERNATIVES Final Raport 2 Sep 1976 104 p (PB-268479/3) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10A The general trends in the rates of growth of the demand for electric energy both in the nation and in Michigan are examined The accuracy of utility industry and state government projections of such electric energy demand growth is assessed, and alternatives that will provide the consumers of Michigan with an adequate supply of electric power are discussed GRA N77-33669j)f National Bureau of Standards. Washington. 0 C Architectural Research Section WINDOW DESIGN STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE ENERGY Final Raport S Robert Hastings and Richard W Crenshaw Jun 1977 207 p refs Sponsored in part by HUD (Contract EI49-11-3800) (PB-269297/8. NBS-BSS-1O4) Avail NTIS HC A10/MF A01 CSCL 13M Design strategies for energy efficient windows are pre- sented The physical phenomena responsible for each strategy s energy performance is explained, and energy and non-energy advantages and disadvantages are summarized Aesthetic considerations cost approximations, example installations, and laboratory studies are presented The overall purpose is to draw attention to the wide range of options currently available to conserve energy with windows Author N77-33670jfl Baker (Michael. Jr) of New York. Inc . N Y DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY CONSERVING SYSTEMS Final Report A Salim Qureshi. Gnswold L Moeller. and Eugene Gore Mar 1977 131 p refs (Contract V-101C-266) (PB-268989/1. VA-99-R070-2) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 10A Analysis of design guidelines and design limitations for the selection, evaluation and design of solar energy systems, total energy and selective energy systems, continuous duty standby systems, engine dnven chiller/heat pump systems, and solid waste boiler systems are preserved GRA N77-33671# General Accounting Office. Washington. D C Energy and Minerals Div ENERGY POLICY DECISIONMAKING. ORGANIZATION. AND NATIONAL ENERGY GOALS 24 Mar 1977 55 p refs (PB-269299/4. EMD-77-31) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A A number of gaps in the energy policy decisionmaking process which show the need for better coordination among agencies carrying out energy functions and for establishing a system of priorities among energy goals are identified In addition, energy reorganization and several issues which the Congress should address in enacting legislation to reorganize the Federal energy structure are discussed GRA N77-33672jfl Transportation Systems Center. Cambridge, Mass ENERGY STATISTICS: A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SUMMARY OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS Annual Report. 1948 - 1975 William F Gay Aug 1976 144 p refs (PB-269301/8. DOT-TSC-OST-76-30) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 CSCL 10A Selected time series data describing the transportation, production, processing, and consumption of energy are presented The revenues and expenses of oil pipeline, companies number and capacities of U S tank ships, and the total crude oil transported in the U S by method of transportation, growth over time of the U S oil and natural gas reserves, refinery capacity, and yields, and trends in the demand for fuel and power are included GRA N77-33673f(l National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D C Office of Building Standards and Codes Services BUILDING ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAMS. A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF REGULATORY ACTIVI- TIES AT THE STATE LEVEL Final Report Patrick W Cooke and Robert M Eisenhard Jun 1977 124 p refs Sponsored in part by Federal Energy Admin and ERDA (PB-268873/7, NBSIR-77-1259) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 10A Background information on the current regulatory status and degree of implementation of building energy conservation programs at the state level are described including those programs dealing with solar energy This data base can be drawn upon to promote utilization of building thermal efficiency standards on a uniform basis throughout the country From information collected in a survey of twenty-one states, the report presents the current state-of-the-art on common problems experienced at the state level in the promulgation and implementation of building energy conservation regulations Based on these findings, several types of assistance that could facilitate the orderly adoption and implementation of uniform standards are identified GRA N77-33674| Mitre Corp , McLean. Va METREX Div PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENERGY RELATED DECISION MAKING, EDITED TRANSCRIPTS Herbert Bemngton Jan 1977 413 p Workshop held at McLean. Va, 21-22 Sep 1976 Prepared in cooperation with the National Academy of Public Administration, Washington, D C (Contract NSF C-1044 Grant NSF PRA-75-21960) (PB-268781/2, MTR-7367. NSF/PRA-7521960/3/7) Avail NTIS HC A18/MF A01 CSCL 10A Edited transcripts of presentations and discussion of plenary sessions of a workshop on public participation in energy related decision making are given The emergency core cooling system rule making, the consideration of energy parks in Pa and the Seabrook. New Hampshire nuclear station decisions are sum- marized and the process of public participation in each decision is analyzed by participants in the respective cases Also summanzed are the North Anna decision, the Sears Island decision and the Big Rock Point decision The focus of the workshop is on the processes of public participation and how it may be improved G RA N77-3367KJ National Energy Information Center, Washington. D C ENERGY INTERRELATIONSHIPS A HANDBOOK OF TABLES AND CONVERSIONS FACTORS FOR COMBINING AND COMPARING INTERNATIONAL ENERGY DATA 559 N77-33677 Nathaniel B Guyol Jun 1977 64 p refs (PB-269034/5. FEA/B-77/166) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 10A Facts about the nature measurement ,comparison and utilization of energy commodities are provided Precise factors for moving from one system of measurement to another are described Particular energy commodities and their energy values are indicated A set of tables is given for reducing different energy commodities, measured in their customary units, to any one of the ten units commonly employed in combining or comparing energy data GRA N77-33677jjf Atomic Industrial Forum. Inc Washington D C ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN MEETING FUTURE US ENERGY NEEDS E A Wiggm 1977 14 p Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel Cycles, Salzburg, Austna, 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/396, Conf-770505-272) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The likelihood of the U S industry's further commitment to nuclear power vis-a-vis comparable commitments in other parts of the world is considered Those commitments may be contingent upon closing the nuclear fuel cycle The extent to which such commitments will be influenced by government policy and regulation, financing and manpower requisites, and the challenge of the cntics is also addressed Finally, this paper points out ways in which nuclear power is already a de facto key to a U S national energy policy and how it can further contribute to the goal of energy independence ERA N77-3387Sjjl Oak Ridge National Lab, Tenn TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES OF SMAL1 REACTORS FOR SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY AND STEAM I Spiewak 1977 17 p refs Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel Cycles, Salzburg (Austna). 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/398, Conf-770505-269) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Several nuclear steam supply systems in the small and intermediate size range were studied Detail studies are reported of the Consolidated Nuclear Steam Generator, a 313 MW(t) pressurized water reactor, as applied to industrial energy needs, Both conventional and barge-mounted nuclear steam supply systems are considered Conceptual studies have been started of pressurized and boiling water reactors in the range of 1000 MW(t). which are envisioned for utility operation for supply of electnc power and steam Design studies of a 500 MW(t) high temperature reactor are also reported The small reactors are expected to have higher unit costs than the large commercial plants, but to have compensating advantages in high plant availability, shorter construction schedule and greater siting flexibility Studies are also reported of power cycle parameters and cost •(locations for extraction of steam from steam turbine plants ERA implications of various environmental considerations, specifically those that are global in nature, are considered Several scenanos for the buildup of future energy systems are studied Energy storage and transportation, capital and foreign currency con- straints, and various degrees of centralization respectively decentralization are evaluated ERA N77-336S00 Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Pans (France) WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER U Jjntzto 1977 15 p Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel. Cycles. Salzburg (Austna) 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/S83. Conf-770505-339) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD's) world energy outlook analyzed projected trends in energy demand and supply for the OECD area and other major global regions to 1985 It provides a brief discussion of trends after 1985 OECD energy consumption is projected to grow more slowly than in the past Conservation effects will increase efficiency of energy use per unit of economic growth All domestic energy supplies in the OECD are projected to expand faster than in the past The relative share of non-fossil energy sources in total production will be almost doubled Assuming moderate economic growth, existing energy policies, and a constant real price for oil. the outlook's reference case projects OECD oil import at 35 million barrels a day by 1985 This level of import demand when combined with the import needs of other oil importing areas, could approach the limit of availability of world oil supplies and as a result cause severe disequilibrium in world energy markets ERA N77-33681)jf Atomic Reactor Centre, Bandung (Indonesia) NUCLEAR POWER ASPECTS IN AN OIL AND COAL PRODUCING COUNTRY J lljas 1977 24 p refs Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel cycles. Salzburg (Austria). 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/175. Conf-770505-254) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Known energy reserves and their potential in the Indonesian Archipelago are described Resources comprise, next to oil, a significant amount of bituminous coal, natural gas. some hydro and geothermal power and some radioactive minerals The possible use of solar and wind energy on the eastern Indonesian islands is discussed A number of studies have suggested the use of coal and nuclear power as the most economical resources to replace oil A number of constraints, for both coal and nuclear power, are discussed A comparison study is made of coal versus nuclear power under the present local conditions The prospects of nuclear power are reviewed including the initial steps leading thereto, which have already been taken In this connection the role of a domestic nuclear industry is being discussed, and also the accelerating effect it may have in the distant future on the growth of electncity from nuclear energy ERA N77-33879f International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Laxenburg (Austna) ENERGY OPTIONS OPEN TO MANKIND BEYOND THE TURN OF THE CENTURY W Haefele 1977 15 p refs Presented at Intern Conf on Nucl Power and its Fuel cycles. Salzburg. Austna 2 May 1977 (IAEA-CN-36/538) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The implications of nuclear waste disposal schemes, the releases of large amounts of conversion heat losses as well as security considerations make it necessary to establish also a broad, long range global context for assessments of nuclear energy The leading consideration is the evolution of the global energy demand The growth rate in the industrialized nations, the development of the developing nations, and the population growth are considered in some detail Also, long range trends from labor intensive economies that are mostly agnculture-onented to energy and/or capital intensive economies are analyzed The availability of enery reserves and the potential of energy resources is the second line of analysis Investment requirements and N77-33688# Naval Civil Engineering Lab, Port Hueneme, Calif THE BIODEGRADATION OF OIL IN SEA WATER FOR NAVAL POLLUTION CONTROL Final Report. 1974 - 1876 Thomas B ONeill 1 Jul 1977 15 p refs (AD-A042375) Avail NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 06/1 The report describes the isolation and utilization of pure and mixed microbial cultures for experiments on the biodegradation of crude oil Bunker C fuel and marine diesel Many microbial species were found that had hydrocarbonoclastic activity When pure cultures were combined in mixtures the activity was much greater 91% oxidation in seven days, than the activity of any one of the component species when used in a pure culture Author (GRA) N77-33700| Pacific Environmental Services. Inc. Santa Monica. Calif RELIABILITY STUDY OF VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS AT SERVICE STATIONS 560 N77-34058 R J Bryan. L G Wayne, and R L Norton Mar 1976 102 p (Contract EPA-68-02-1405) (PB-267613/8. EPA-450/3-76-001) Avail NTIS HC A06/MF A01 CSCL 13B A study was conducted of the operational reliability of vapor recovery systems at gasoline service stations in San Diego County. California Penodic inspections at 24 stations were conducted to examine the condition of these systems, to determine their operational status, and to check for detectable gasoline vapor losses from control equipment The study demonstrated that capture of vapors at the vehicle was more effective with vacuum-assisted systems than with vapor balance systems However, the rehabilty of the vacuum-assisted systems was not good in general although there was substantial venation depending upon the type of unit GRA N77-339S8# Oak Ridge National Lab. Tenn Engmeenng Technology Div SURVEY OF NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ECONOMICS: 1970 - 1986 B E Prince. J P Peerenboom. and J G Delene Mar 1977 142 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-26) (ORNL-TM-5703) Avail NTIS HC A07/MF A01 Factors are presented that may affect nuclear fuel cycle economics through about 1985 The nuclear fuel cycle was surveyed as to past trends, current problems, and future considerations Unit costs were projected for each step in the fuel cycle Nuclear fuel accounting procedures were reviewed, methods of calculating fuel costs were examined, and application was made to Light Water Reactors (LWR) over the next decade A method conforming to Federal Power Commission accounting procedures and used by utilities to account for backend fuel-cycle costs was described which assigns a zero net salvage to discharged fuel LWR fuel cycle costs of from 4 to 6 mills/kWhr (1976 dollars) were estimated for 198S These are expected to reach 6 to 9 mills/kWr if the effect of inflation is included ERA savings and costs are intended only as trend information and for use in relative comparisons Alternate heating, ventilation, and air conditioning concepts are considered in the appendix Author N77-34O68/J/ Little (Arthur D ) Inc , Cambridge. Mass EVALUATION OF THE DISPOSAL OF FLUE GAS DESULFUR- IZATION WASTES IN MINES AND THE OCEAN- INITIAL ASSESSMENT Progms Report Jul 1976 - Jul. 1976 R R Lunt C B Cooper, S L Johnson. J E Oberholtzer G R Schimke. and W I Watson May 1977 318 p refs (Contract EPA-68-03-2334) (PB-269270/5 EPA-600/7-77-051) Avail NTIS HC A14/MF A01 CSCL 13B Environmental, technical, regulatory, and economic aspects of the use of disposal sites were evaluated Available data on chemical and physical properties of both treated and untreated sludges generated in ongoing environmental and privately funded sludge1 characterization programs were also collected and summarized GRA N77-34O49*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D C SPINOFF 1977: AN ANNUAL REPORT James J Haggerty Jan 1977 117 p Original contains color illustrations (NASA-TM-74908) Avail NTIS MFA01. SOD HCS310 CSCL OSB Direct and indirect benefits of space technology are re- viewed Applications in medicine, agriculture, solar energy technology, transportation, and other fields are discussed JLH N77-34060*f National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex PREUMINARY DESIGN STUDY OF A BASELINE MIU8 Barry M Wolfer. Vemon E Shields. James 0 Rippey. Harmon L Roberts. Richard C Wadle. Steven P Wallm. William L Gill. E H White (Heimsath (Louis) Associates), and R Monzingo (Boeing Co. Seattle. Wash) Apr 1977 262 p refs (NASA-TM-X-58193. JSC-11625) Avail NTIS HC A12/MF A01 CSCL 13B Results of a conceptual design study to establish a baseline design for a modular integrated utility system (MIUS) are presented The system concept developed a basis for evaluating possible projects to demonstrate an MIUS For the baseline study, climate conditions for the Washington. D C. area were used The baseline design is for a high density apartment complex of 496 dwelling units with a planned full occupancy of approximately 1200 residents Environmental considerations and regulations for the MIUS installation are discussed Detailed cost data for the baseline MIUS are given together with those for design and operating venations under climate conditions typified by Las Vegas. Nevada. Houston. Texas, and Minneapolis, Minnesota In addition, results of an investigation of size venation effects, for 300 and 1000 unit apartment complexes, are presented Only conceptual aspects of the design are discussed Results regarding energy 561 SUBJECT INDEX ENERGY//! Continuing Bibliography (Issue 16) JANUARY 1978 Typical Subject Index Listing | SUBJECT HEAPING | | PAGE NUMBER^ -Ea rly operation experience on the El wind turbine rotor blade loads rNASA-TH-X-71601] 13 P 1 TITU OH TITU AND TITLE EXTENSION L REPORT NUMBER . r= ISSUE NUMBER r DA/BASA 100 k« >086 H77-10640 NASA ACCESSION NUMBER _J The subject heading cs a key to the subiect content of the document The title or title and title extension provides the user with a brief description of the subject matter The report number helps to indicate the type of document cited (e g NASA report translation NASA contractor report) The issue page and accession numbers are located beneath and to the right of the title e g 13 pOOSB N77-10640 Under any subject heading the accession numbers are arranged in sequence with the IAA accession numbers appearing first IBIOGEKESIS Chemical evolution of photosynthesis 13 pOOTl A77-18898 ABSOEBENTS Solar-powered refrigeration by intermittent solid, absorption systems 13 p0078 A77-19106 Oil and fat absorbing tclyiers [SASA-CASE-HPO-11609-2] 16 p0532 S77-31308 ABSOBBEBS (EQrjIPBEHT) Optimization of absorption air-conditioning for solar energy applications [HASA-CB-150176] la p0210 H77-17560 JBSOSBBfiS (H1TESI4LS) Survey of selective absorber coatings for solar energy technology 1« p0199 A77-29067 Temperature dependence of the 10.6-microns reflectivity of ITO-coated silicon selective absorber for solar energy conversion application 11 p0200 A77-29206 Absorption of sulfur dioxide into aqueous sodiam hydroxide and sodium sulfite solutions 16 p0412 A77-42407 Collector with cosplike coipound parabolic concentrator and selective absorber 16 pO«74 A77-48955 ABSOBPTA1CE Applications of thin graded-index films to solar absorbers 15 p0260 177-31214 Fermi function model absorption profile for solar-thernal conversion 16 p0483 A77-49035 ABSOBPTIOH Survey of absorption refrigeration systems 13 p0078 A77-19105 ABSOBPTI01 SPZCT81 Study and materialization of a selective surface designed for direct therial conversion of solar energy - Application to medium temperature range 13 p0069 A77-18496 Infrared extinction spectra of seme common liquid aerosols 15 p0290 A77-34561 Upper limit of efficiency for photovoltaic solar cells 16 p0399 A77-40568 ABSOBPTIOH SPECTBOSCOPI Measurements of Sc I gf-valnes absorption spectroscopy using heat pipe oven 13 p0058 A77-16270 ABSORPTIVITY. The effect of non-direct insolation on the radiative performance of trapezoidal grooves used 3S solar energy collectors 16 p0502 A77-50J14 Influence of the direct spectral solar energy distribution on the normal total absorptivity of spectral selective surfaces 16 p0502 A77-502t9 Solar absorption characteristics of several coatings and surface finishes for solar energy collectors [HASA-TH-X-3509] 14 p0229 H77-20567 iBSTSACTS Abstracts: 1976 4POS8 contractors' meeting on HHD Pover Generation and Lasers [AD-A027654] 13 p0133 B77-15845 Vertical-axis wind turbine technology workshop [SAHD-76-5586 ] 11 p0250 B77-21688 Solar energy environmental and resource assessment program [EBDA-76-138] 15 p0344 H77-22621 Photovoltaic conversion program [BBDA-76-161] 16 p05J8 B77-3165J Federal energy information locator system: Energy information in the federal government [PB-262331/2] 16 p0539 B77-31661 Health effects of pollutants associated with fossil-fuel power generation: An indexed bibliography with abstracts [DCD-472-500] 16 p0540 H77-31672 AC GEHEBATOBS Alternating photoelectrochemical converters 13 p0077 A77-1909J Air Force applications of lightweight superconducting machinery 14 p0144 A77-21J60 High speed superconducting generator 14 p0144 A77-21J8J Superconducting a.c. generators - Progress on the design of a 1300 B8, 3000 rev/Din generator 14 p0144 A77-21J86 Armature of the HIT-EPBI superconducting generator 14 p0157 &77-2257b Besearch and development of cryoalternators for large-electrical power systems 14 p0190 A77-26536 High-power systems with ac generators and inertial storage banks for electrophysical devices 15 p0261 A77-31426 Exact 60 cycle power generation at any speed for windmill applications 16 p0450 A77-48759 Demonstration of a Free-Piston Stirling Linear Alternator power conversion system 16 p0465 A77-48880 High power study - power conditioning for nagnetohydrodynamic generators and turbine driven alternators CAD-A038724] 16 p0522 B77-29625 Demonstration of an inductor motor/alternator/flywheel energy storage system [COO-4010-1] 16 p0535 877-31620 ACCELERATED LIFE TESTS Test and evaluation of the Davy half-watt BTG Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator 13 p0042 A77-12853 Accelerated heat-aging studies on flnororunber in various media 15 p0264 A77-31750 ACCEIBBATIBG AGBHTS SDBJECI INDEX contribution to procedures for testing Silazan resin coatings fcr solar concentrators 16 p0443 A77-48522 ACCEIEBATISG AGEHTS Tbe use of fonctionalized polymers as photosensitizers in an erergy storage reaction 16 p0501 A77-50208 ACCEtEBATORS Hass driver retrievals of earth-approaching asteroids earth orbit capture for mining purposes [ A I A A PAPEB 77-528] 15 p0265 477-32053 ACCIDENT PREVENTION Hydrogen safety problems fael systems hazard prevention 15 p0283 477-33402 Hydrogen safety problens 14 p0245 B77-21640 ACBTILEHB conductivity of seeded combustion products of acetylene systems 15 p0288 177-34039 ACIDITY Evolution of atmospheric pollution /high acidity and black fumes/ in France during 1975 13 p0002 A77-10670 JCIDS Surface research for development of new electrocatalysts for acid electrolyte fuel cells [AD-A026053] 13 p0131 H77-15517 Investigation of acid-resistant electrocatalysts for fuel cells [NASf-TT-F-17367] 14 p0207 B77-16444 Study of the auxiliaries for lead-acid battery systems for peaking power [CONS/2114-3] 16 p0556 B77-33634 ACOUSTIC HEASUBBHEBTS exothermal exploration: An evaluation of the microseismic groundnoise method [PB-262575/M 15 OQ343 B77-22603 ACOUSTIC PBOPEBTIES Acoustic properties of subsonic HHD channel 13 p0054 A77-15668 ACOUSTIC VELOCITY. Study of the properties of heat pipes with liquid-metal heat-transfer agents in low-temperature regimes 13 p0046 A77-13243 ACOUSTICS Advances in engineering science, volume 3 [BASA-CP-2001-VOI-3] 13 p0084 S77-10305 ACTHOBBTEBS Basis for developing a sclar energy inventory 14 p0179 A77-25360 Fundamentals of solar-energy survey development 16 p0409 A77-41910 ACTIVATED CABBOH Hdlti-stage activation of crown-coal chars with oxygen 16 p0401 A77-41319 ACTIVITI (BI010GI) Biological sclar energy converson: Approaches to overcome yield, stability and product limitations [PB-261910/4] 15 p0350 N77-22688 ADAPTIVE COITEOl Automatic optimization of operating modes in thermionic electrical power generators [IAF PAPEE 77-142] 16 p0507 A77-51445 ADDITIVES Study of the icnization of the additive in HBO installations 13 p0002 477-10424 New potentials for conventional aircraft when powered by hydrogen-enriched gasoline 15 p0281 A77-33392 Synthetic additives for S02 removal from combustion gas in a flnidized-bed coal combustor 15 p0293 A77-35168 Fuels and fuel additives for highway vehicles and their combustion products. Guide to evaluation of their potential effects on health fPB-254088/8] 13 p0084 N77-10222 Optimization of PT-doped Recite (trademark) electrodes in H3 PO4 fuel cells [AD-A025326] 13 p0107 B77-12529 ADSOBBBHTS On the storage of hydrogen by use of cryo-adsorbents 15 p0283 A77-33408 Dse of adsorbent beds for energy storage in drying of heating systems 16 p0405 477-11577 Chromatographic determination of adsorption and diffusion in a bidispersed porous solid [LBI-5273] 16 p0532 N77-31269 ADSOBPTIOS Hydrogen absorption in Ti3Al 16 p0506 A77-51372 Cooling subsystem design in CDS solar house 3 [COO-2858-1] 16 p0514 B77-28592 Chromatographic determination of adsorption and diffusion in a bidispersed porous solid [LBL-5273] 16 p0532 N77-31269 AEOLIAH TONES Evaluation of wind-energy sites from aeolian geomorpbologic features mapped from LANDSAT imagery. First results [ERDA/BSF-00598/75/T1] 14 p0218 B77-1B667 AEBIAL PBOTOGBilHT Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park p0001 477-10121 Dse of radar in geology 13 pOOIS 477-12256 The uses of air photography /2nd edition/ --- Book 15 p0295 477-35675 Regional energy availability from conversion of solid waste 15 p030M 477-364JJ Construction and interpretation of a digital inertia image --- of Pisgah Crater and Lavic Lake in Southern California 16 p0421 A77-44464 Methods of determining the orientations of bedrock fracture systems in southwestern Pennsylvania and northern west Virginia [PB-266769/9] 16 p0527 B77-J0589 4ERODTHAHIC CBABACTEBISTICS Potential aerodynamic analysis of horizontal-axis [AIAA PAPEB 77-132] 14 p0135 477-19848 The technical concept of the IL-62H. II - Fuel system 1'4 pOISb 477-22120 Engineering development status of the Darrieus wind turbine lit p0166 A77-2J365 Analysis of the wind-driven reciprocator 14 p0183 477-26088 Aerodynamic design of a conventional windmill using numerical optimization 14 p0199 477-29070 Potential application of radial splitter diffnser to shrouded wind turbines 14 p0199 477-29071 Fundamentals of aerodynamic design: Propellers /2nd enlarged edition/ --- Serbo-Croatian book 15 p0317 477-37949 Compact shrouds for wind turbines 16 p0416 477-42891 The effect of aerofoil characteristics on windmill performance 16 p0438 477-47880 Two general methods for the unsteady aerodynamic analysis of horizontal-axis windmills 16 p0467 477-48896 Some contributions to aerodynamic theory for vertical axis wind turbines 16 p0467 477-48897 Experimental data and theoretical analysis of an operating 100 ko wind turbine 16 p0467 477-48898 Fluid dynamics of diffnser augmented wind turbines 16 p0467 477-48899 Study of unconventional aircraft engines designed for low energy consumption [HASA-CB-135136] 13 p0127 S77-15043 A 100-kS wind turbine blade dynamics analysis, weight-balance, and structural test results [BASA-CB-134957] 14 p0236 B77-21468 AEBODIBABIC COBFFICIBBTS Aerodynamics of the Darrieus rotor 13 pOOSO A77-14559 AEBODTIAUC COHFI6UB4TIOBS Layout and flight performance of a hypersonic transport /BST/ [DGLB PAPEB 76-198] 13 p0060 477-16575 A-2 SUBJECT IHDBI 1IB The opt imum configuration cf rotor blades for horizontal wind energy converters [NASA-TT-F-17379] 11 p0210 H77-17562 AEBODYBABIC EBA6 Hind tunnel investigation of devices to reduce bus aerodynamic drag [ A I A A PAPEB 77-307] 13 p0066 A77-18232 Flight test evaluation cf a method to determine the level flight performance of a propeller-driven aircraft [ S A B P A P I B 77C470] 15 p0310 A77-37088 An overview of concepts for aircraft drag reductions 16 p0543 H77-32092 AEBODTBABIC LOADS Early operation experience on the EBBA/HASA 100 k« wind turbine rotor blade loads [NASf-TH-X-71601] 13 pOC86 N77-10640 AEBODIHAHICS Aerodynamics as a subway design paraaeter 13 p0070 A77-18721 Sandia vertical-axis wind turbine project [SAND-76-0581] 16 p0521 N77-29613 AEBOELASTICITY Segmented and self-adjusting wind turbine rotors 16 pOU68 A77-48902 W i n d energy conversion [PB-268718/4] 16 p0559 N77-33667 ABBOBA0TICAL EHGIBEEBIBG Aircraft fuel conservation technology. Task force report, September 10, 1975 [HASA-TH-X-74295] 13 p O C 9 3 H77-11055 Technology requirements for advanced earth-orbital transportation systems: Summary report single stage to orbit vehicles [HASA-CB-2867] 16 p0550 N77-33255 AEBOHAOTICS National fleeting on Air and Space Law, 7th, Oniversidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba and La Falda, Argentina, Angast 13-16, 1975, Proceedings 13 p0053 A77-15050 AEEOSOLS Aerosol formation during coal combustion - Condensation of sulfates and chlorides on flyash 13 p0054 A77-15778 Raman scattering and the characterisation of atmospheric aerosol particles 15 p0262 A77-31487 Infrared extinction spectra of some common liquid aerosols 15 p0290 A77-34561 Chemical and physical characterization of automotive exhaust particulate matter in the atmosphere [PB-253375/0] 13 p0092 H77-10715 Aerosol research and development related to health hazards analysis [LA-6539-PB] 15 p0385 B77-26703 Design of liiimnm-veight diffusion batteries [PB-266217/9] 16 p0518 H77-286I15 AEBOSPACE EBG1BEEBIIG OTEC - Aerospace and ocean engineering in partnership Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion [ A I A A PAPEE 77-296] 13 p0066 A77-18227 Energy and aerospace /Sixty-fifth lilbnr and Orville Wright Memorial lecture/ aerospace contributions to energy conservation 15 p0304 A77-36H34 The roles of aerospace organizations in energy developnent or can aerospace success bring success in energy [ A I A A PAPEB 77-1001] 16 pO«08 A77-41855 Space solar power systems 1" p0213 877-17690 Applications of aerospace technology to petroleum exploration. Volume 1: Efforts and results [HASA-CB-15269B] 15 B77-22741 Applications of aerospace technology to petroleum exploration. Volume 2: Appendices [HA5A-CB-152693] 15 p0351 N77-22742 Space benefits: The secondary application of aerospace technology in ether sectors of the economy [HASA-CB-152685] 15 p0352 H77-23010 Proceedings of the ASPE/HSIC Symposium on Engineering and Productivity Bains from Space Technology [HASA-CP-2019] 16 p0525 877-30273 Space power technology applied to the energy problem 16 p0526 H77-30294 AEBOSPACB EHIBOBHEHTS Environmental iopact of space manufacturing [AIAA P4PEB 77-539] 15 p0266 A77-J2062 AEBOSPACE IBDOSIBY Legal and economic prerequisites to space industrialization [IAP PAPEB ISL-76-29] 13 p0004 A77-10S68 Energy - An emerging role for aerospace 14 p0166 A77-2JJ6J The roles of aerospace organizations in energy development or can aerospace success bring success in energy [ilAA PAEEB 77-1001] 16 p0408 A77-41855 Creating a welcome for aerospace energy technology 16 p0413 A77-4.i561 Domestic and world trends (1980 - 2000) affecting the future of aviation [BASA-CB-144838] 13 p0126 H77-14981 AEBOSPiCB STSTEBS Gas turbine electric powerplants [AIAA PAPEB 77-346] 13 p0066 A77-182b4 Powersat - An astronantical energy solution 11 p0176 A77-245y chemiluainescence analyzer 13 p0062 477-17541 a-27 CHILE SUBJECT ISDEX CHILE LANDSAT (EETS) used as a basis for geological volcanolcgical mapping in the central Andes [NASA-TB-75024] 15 p0390 S77-27474 CHINESE PEOPLES BEPDBLIC China claims lead in biogas energy supply 15 p0297 A77-36050 CHLORIDES Aerosol formation during coal combustion - Condensation of sulfates and chlorides on flyash 13 p0054 A77-15778 Engineering design and cost analysis of chlorine storage concepts for a zinc-chlorine load-leveling battery [PB-262016/9] 1<1 p0252 N77-21727 CHLOBIHE A hydrogen-halogen energy storage system for electric utility applications 16 p0457 A77-48818 Evaluation of a 1 kHh zinc chloride battery system [PB-260683/8] 14 p0236 N77-21356 Feasibility studies of chemical reactions for thermochemical water splitting cycles of the iron-chlorine-, iron-sulfur- and manganese-sulfur families 14 p0238 H77-21572 Environmental considerations of selected energy conserving manufacturing process options. Voluse 12: Chlor-alkali industry report [PB-261278/3] 15 p0385 N77-26689 CHLOBOPLASTS Biological solar energy converson: Approaches to overcome yield, stability and product limitations [PB-261910/4] 15 p0350 N77-22688 Biological sclar energy conversion: Approaches to overcome yield, stability and product limitations [PB-267937/1] 16 p0554 N77-33619 CBEOHATOGEAPHT Chromatographic determination of adsorption and diffusion in a bidispersed porous solid [LBL-5273] 16 p0532 H77-31269 CHHOHIOS A new Chrome Black selective absorbing surface for solar radiation 16 p0406 A77-H1585 Fundamental studies of black chrome for solar collector use 16 p0498 A77-49160 CHBOBIOH BUOYS Hetal dusting corrosion in coal gasification environments 15 p0337 A77-40042 CHBOBIOB OXIDES Selective black absorbers using EF-sputtered Cr2o3/Cr cermet films 15 p0265 A77-31951 The optical properties of chromium oxide films and the high temperature stabilization of silver films for photothermal sclar energy conversion 13 p0128 N77-15484 CIBCOH BBLUBILITY Cooling arrays of circuit cards using heat pipes and forced air diffnsers 13 p0031 A77-12766 Research and development of cryoalternators for large-electrical power systems 11 p0190 A77-26536 CISLOHAB SPACE Environmental impact of space manufacturing [AIAA PAPF.E 77-539] 15 p0266 A77-32062 CITIES Evolution of atmospheric pollution /high acidity and black fumes/ in France during 1975 13 p0002 A77-10670 Assessing the relationship between urban form and travel requirements: A literature review and conceptual framework [PB-254S88/9] 13 p0102 H77-11923 Improved engineering-economic model of residential energy use [OBHL-COS-8] 16 p0557 H77-33644 CIVIL AVIATION Our amazing air transportation system /AIAA-SAE William littlewood Bemorial Lecture/ civil aviation aircraft historical overview [AIAA PAPEE 77-356] 13 p0067 A77-18260 The seat belt light is on airline industry economic assessment and forecasts 13 pOOSO A77-19175 The competitive market for commercial 7STOL [AIAA 77-573] 15 p0290 A77-J49J3 Energy utilization factor in civil transport aircraft 15 p0307 A77-36788 A view of the future - Constraints and opportunities aviation effects on world structure 16 pOMIO A77-41944 Future aircraft requirements: A notebook of airline thoughts 13 p0117 N77-1JS76 Air transport propulsion for the 1980's 13 p0117 N77-1JS80 Aviation economics commercial airlines [GPO-73-830] 15 pOJ52 H77-2J008 CLASSIFICATIONS Classification of oils by the application of pattern recognition techniques to infrared spectra [AD-A039387] 16 pOSJI N77-30841 CLEAB EHEBGI Low-sulfur coal obtained by chemical desulfurization followed by lignefaction 13 pOOOS A77-11242 Evaluation of coal liquefaction efficiency based on various ranks 13 p0009 A77-11244 The influence of the properties of coals on their conversion into clean fuels 13 p0009 A77-112U5 Solids gasification for gas turbine fuel 100 and 300 Btu gas 13 p0022 A77-126St> Low-Btu gasification of coal by Atomics International's molten salt process 13 p0023 A77-12687 Hind energy for human needs 14 pOIUS A77-21400 Direct and indirect economics of wind energy systems relative to fuel based systems 1<» p0165 A77-23358 Balancing power supply from wind energy converting systems It p0166 A77-2JJ61 Clean fuels from biomass 14 p0167 A77-2J390 Fuel cells - A sleeper in the energy race 14 p0170 A77-23647 »hy solar energy advantages over fossil fuel and nuclear energy 14 p0170 A77-2J654 Energy from the wind 14 p0179 A77-2bi75 Coal gasifier projects gather momentum 14 p0184 A77-26290 Dnderground gasification offers clean safe route to coal energy 14 p0184 A77-26292 Applicability of the Beyers Process for desulfnrization of o.s. coal /A survey of 35 coal mines/ 14 p0191 A77-27278 S02 control technologies - Commercial availabilities and economics 14 p0191 A77-27279 A new concept for the manufacture of low sulfur fuels and chemicals from coal 14 p0192 A77-27295 Prospects for pipeline delivery of hydrogen as a fuel and as a chemical feedstock 14 p0200 A77-2S4J7 Hydrogen energy - Its potential promises and problems 15 p0284 A77-3J410 Clean energy from Alaskan coals 1b p0301 A77-J6JJJ The 1ST low-Btu gas process - Design and economics clean fuel gas from coal 15 p0301 A77-36J35 Binkler technology for clean fuels from coal 15 pOJOl A77-36J37 Preliminary economic analysis - Oil and power by COED-based coal conversion 15 p0301 A77-363J8 Clean fuels from biomass, sewage, urban refuse, agricultural wastes; Proceedings of the Symposium, Orlando, Fla., January 27-30, 1976 15 p031J A77-37652 A-28 SUBJECT IHDBI COGAS status report coal processing for clean liquid and gas fuels 15 p0317 A77-38100 The prospects for renewable energy sources 16 pO-12764 The commercial production of hydrogen by the K-T process 13 p0032 A77-12769 Hydrogen separation and compression through hydride formation and dissociation by low-level heat 13 p0032 A77-12770 Dndergronnd gasification of coal: A Rational coal Board reappraisal. 1976 Book 13 pOOHI A77-12926 Combination power plants for improved utilization of fossil fuels 13 p0045 A77-12939 Combined cycles and refined coal gasification plant using high temperature gas turbines 13 pOOSS &77-16249 Rater requirements for an integrated SHE plant and mine operation 13 p0060 A77-16651 Superalloys for advanced energy systems 13 p0061 177-16820 Differential scanning calorimetry studies on coal. II - Hydrogenation of coals 13 p0070 &77-18583 A-30 SUBJECT IBDEI COAL GASIFICATION COBTD Coal gasification and its relation to tested power plants 150» Hot and dry char let down system for the Synthane demonstration plant, phase 1 [PEBC-0058-4] 13 p0130 H77-15S05 Fuel gas environmental impact [PB-257134/7] 14 p0209 H77-16470 Recover; of inaccessible coal reserves by in situ gasification [COBF-760906-5] 14 p0224 B77-19636 Production of ammonia using coal as a source of hydrogen [PB-259388/7] 14 p0233 B77-2061J The manufacture of hydrogen from coal 14 p0237 B77-^156b The K-T process: Koppers coaaercially proven coal and multi-fuel gasifier for synthetic gas production in the chemical and fertilizer industries 14 p0237 B77-21567 Hydrogen production from coal using a nuclear heat source 14 p0238 N77-21S.68 The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels fro* coal 14 p0243 H77-J16J7 Hydrogen production from coal liquefaction residues [PB-261734/8] 15 pOJSO H77-2379 H77-26632 Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), phase 2. Volume 2: Advanced energy conversion systems - conceptual designs. Part 2; Closed turbine cycles [HASA-CH-134999-yoL-2-PT-2] 15 pfl379 S77-26633 Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), phase 2. Volume 2: Advanced ebergy conversion systems - conceptual designs. Part 3: Open cycle gas turbines and open cycle HHD [NASA-CR-13<49U9-VOL-2-PT-5] 15 p0379 H77-26634 Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), phase 2. Volume 2: Advanced energy conversion systems: Conceptual designs. Part 1: Summary of results [NASA-CB-1309U9-VOL-2-PT->18 A77-43009 COHHODITIES I summary of the D A B P A energy and naterials shortages programs, fiscal years 1972-1976 [AD-A038021] 15 p0375 1177-25677 COHBOHICATIOH SATELLITES power source requirements of electric propulsion systems used for north-south stationkeeping of communication satellites 13 pOOllO 477-12833 The nuclear spinner for Satcon applications comparing nuclear and solar power supplies 13 pOCKH A77-12838 OK, T5 ion engine thrust vector control considerations [ A I A A PAFEB 76-1064] 13 p0045 A77-13030 Status of development and application of gas-stabilized heat-pipe radiators [DGLB PAPEB 76-192] 13 p0060 A77-16557 space: A resource for earth - An AIAA review Book 15 p0269 A77-32440 New themes for space: Rankind's future needs and aspirations; Proceedings of the Bicentennial Space Symposium, Washington, D.C., October 6-8, 1976 16 pO»30 A77-46627 past experience - Basis for future advanced power systems for communications satellites [IAF PAPEB 77-22] 16 p0506 A77-51390 On the active and passive CETI fron earth satellite orbit communication with extraterrestrial intelligence [IM PAPBB i-77-48] 16 p0507 A77-51524 Space solar power versus space communications [IAF PAPEB 8-77-65] 16 p0507 A77-51532 COHBOHICATIOHS T8CBHOLOGY SATELLITE preliminary report on the CTS transient event counter performance through the 1976 spring eclipse season [HASA-TB-X-13487] 13 pOQ83 S77-10116 Test program for transmitter experiment package and heat pipe system for the communications technology satellite [HASA-TB-X-3455] 13 p0095 H77-11268 Transmitter experiment package for the communications technology satellite [NASA-CB-135035] 15 p0360 H77-24332 COBHOBTTIBS Feasibility of heating domestic hot water for apartments with solar energy [AD-A028418] 1* p0209 H77-16461 Economic stud; of solar total energy [SAHD-76-5291] 11 p0216 H77-18574 summary description of the BOOH1 model simulating power plant impact on isolated communities [LA-6424-BS] 15 p0369 H77-25010 Weather, climate and human settlements [WBO-448] 15 p0387 H77-27038 Santa Clara, California, community center, commercial solar demonstration legal alternatives, implications, and financing of solar heating and cooling by a municipal corporation [SAH/1083-76/1] 15 p0394 H77-275II9 COHPiBISOI A parametric utility comparison of coal and nuclear electricity generation [PB-26606"4/S] 16 p0523 B77-29634 COBPITIBILITT Beat pipe materials compatibility [HASA-CB-135069] 13 p0103 H77-12182 COBPLEI SISTBBS Principles and application of systems in engineering as rational aid for economy, state, and research; fleeting, Bonn, West Germany, Bovember 9, 10, 1976, Communications 14 p0191 A77-27032 Idealization of complex dynamic systems with examples involving electrical energy systems Bussian took 16 pO»34 A77-47331 COBPOSITB BiTEBIALS Software aspects of super composites composition selection to meet user requirements 1J p0053 A77-15301 Survey of selective absorber coatings for solar energy technology 14 p0199 A77-29067 Composite technology - The boom is under way rotorcraft materials 15 p0287 *77-33b1b The use of composite flywheels for braking energy recovery in road transport vehicles 16 p0401 A77-41351 Energy storage - An interference assembled nultiring snperflywheel 16 p0450 A77-48761 Cost/benefit assessment of the application of composite materials to subsonic commercial transport engines [NASA-TB-X-73557] 13 pOIII N77-1J064 A study of the failure of joints ID composite material fuel cells due to hydraulic ram loading [AD-A027258] 13 p0117 877-14016 Composite material structures for theroophotovoltaic conversion radiator [AD-A026859] 13 p0132 S77-15519 Design development of advanced composite flywheels [AD-&030712J 14 p0214 B77-18230 Composite fiber flywheel for energy storage [OCBL-78085] 14 p0225 H77-19645 Fiber composite program for flywheel applications COCBL-50033-76-1) 15 p0345 S77-22633 COHPOSITE STBOCTUBBS High-speed flywheels as possible energy storage devices in the future 13 p0056 A77-15B56 Advanced low-mass solar array technology [AIAA PAPEB 77-488] 14 p0173 A77-2J908 Optimization of composite flywheel design 15 p0260 A77-3104U Fabrication and assembly of large composite structures in space [AIAA PAPEB 77-543] 15 p0266 A77-J2065 Composite fiber flywheel for energy storage 15 p0306 A77-36672 self-regulating composite bearingless wind turbine 16 p0491 A77-49095 COHPOSITI01 (PBOPEBTI) Heating oils, 1976 [BEBC/PPS-76/4] 15 p0344 B77-22626 COBPBESSBD AIB Compressed air energy storage - A Dear term option for utility application 13 p0027 A77-12727 Compressed air energy storage [AIAA 77-1008] 16 p0403 A77-41555 Conceptual design of underground compressed air storage electric power systems 16 p0451 A77-48770 Compressed air energy storage for electric utility load leveling 16 p0458 A77-48825 Compressed air storage for load leveling of nuclear power plants 16 p0459 A77-48826 In assessment of mechanical energy storage tor solar systems 16 p0460 A77-48839 Economic and technical feasibility study of compressed air storage [COO-2559-1] 13 p0122 H77-14b9J Technical and economic feasibility analysis of the no-fuel compressed air energy storage concept [BBWl-2065] 14 p0225 S77-1S64J Preliminary feasibility evaluation of compressed air storage power systems, volume 1 [COBS/HSF/42-1 ] 16 p0556 B77-JJ6J6 COBPBESSBD GAS Beciprocating pump for conversion of liquid hydrogen to high pressure gaseous hydrogen 15 p028l| A77-JJ409 COBPBESSIBI1ITT BMBCTS Hydrogen as a fuel in compression Ignition engines 13 p0071 A77-189.U Energy storage, compression, and switching — Book 15 p0299 A77-36284 A-40 SUBJECT IHDEI COBPOTEBIZBD DBSIGB COSPBESSIBLB BOOHDABI LilEB Boundary-layer separation from the electrode wall of an BBC generator 13 pOO«8 A77-13711 COBPBESSIOD TESTS Binor radios compression experiments for ohmic beating efficiency improvement in Tokamaks 16 p0107 A77-U1683 COBPBBSSIVE STBIHGTB Reinforced pillow solar vater heater 16 pOU93 A77-49111 COHPBESSOH EFFICIENCY 10 design principles for air-to-air heat pumps 16 pOQOS A77-«182« Investigating the starting modes of the GT-35 gas tarbine plant tarbocompressor tests 16 p0026 A77-U5321 COBPBESSOBS A hydride compressor 13 p0016 A77-13336 Emissions frcm compressor stations noise pollution 15 p0287 A77-335U5 Procedure for calculating thermoccapressor thermodynamical parameters for solar energy conversion 16 pOM208 H77-16452 Corrosion inhibitors for solar healing and cooling systems [NASA-TH-D-8409] 14 p0210 877-17198 national program for solar heating and cooling of buildings: Project data summaries. Volume 1: Commercial and residential demonstration [ERDA-76-127] 15 p0346 B77-226JS Interim performance criteria for solar heating and cooling systems in commercial buildings ( PB-262114/2] 15 p0348 N77-22669 Oil cooling system for a gas tnrbitie engine [HASA-CASE-LEB-12830-1 ] 15 p0353 N77-2J106 Atmospheric impacts of evaporative cooling systems tAHL-ES-53] 15 p0367 B77-24643 COPOLTHBEIZATIOB A petroleun substitute - Active CO2 14 p0200 A77-29J25 COPPBB Environmental considerations of selected energy conserving manufacturing process options. Volume 14: Primary copper industry report [PB-264280/9] 15 p0385 H77-26691 Aluminum or copper substrate panel for selective absorption of solar energy and the method of producing said panel [HASA-CASB-BFS-23518-1] 16 p0535 H77-31610 COPPEE OXIDES Cuprous oxide Schottky photovoltaic cells as potential solar energy converters 13 p0076 A77-19088 COPPBB SB1BIIDBS Photovoltaic properties of thin-film Cu2S-CdS beterojunctions 14 p0149 A77-21801 COPPBB SD1FIDBS CdS-Cu2S solar cells fabricated on cd2Sn04-silica substrates 13 pOOOT A77-11110 A sulfurization process for the preparation of photovoltaic Cn/x/S and CuInS2 thin films 13 p0076 A77-19087 Recent progress in low cost Cds-cuis solar cells 14 p0147 A77-21781 Theoretical prospects of the CdS-Co2S solar cell 1» p01<»9 A77-21797 A-»9 COBH SUBJECT ISDBI Technology of large area Cu/x/S-CdS solar cells 111 p0149 A77-21798 Investigation on the crystalline structure of Cu/x/S-cas solar cells 11 p0149 A77-21803 Design analysis of the thin-film CdS-cn2S solar cell 15 p0258 A77-30721 Solar cells for terrestrial applications 16 p0485 A77-49050 CdS/Ca2S solar cells - 1 low-cost thin film polycrystalline photovoltaic device for terrestrial applications 16 pQ«86 A77-49059 Theoretical prospects of the CdS-Ca2S solar cell [PB-252409/8] 13 p0089 H77-10672 COB* Interpretation of Pennsylvania agricultural land use froi EETS-1 data [E77-10111] 111 p0215 H77-18525 Systems study of fuels fron sugarcane, sweet sorghum, sugar beets, and corn [TID-27336] 15 p0377 U77-26324 COBBOSIOH Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on Materials Problems Associated vith the Development of Geothermal Energy Systems fPB-261349/5] 111 p0252 H77-21725 Corrosivity of geothernal trines[08HI-TH-5688] 15 p0359 N77-2H265 COBBOSIOH BBBTSHTIOH Problems related to operating thermal veils subject to scaling in Hungary 14 p0163 A77-23035 Corrosion prevention in aluminum solar systems 15 p0270 177-32602 Corrosion problems in sclar energy systems 15 p0270 A77-32603 Corrosion inhibitors for sclar heating and cooling systems [NASA-TN-D-8409] 14 p0210 B77-17198 Study of corrosion and its control in aluminum solar collectors [COO-2934-76-1] 15 p0383 S77-26673 Prevention of Failures in Coal Conversion systems: Prodeedings of the 24th Eeeting of the Mechanical Failures Prevention Group [PB-265552/0] 15 p039S H77-27563 COBBOSIOI BBSISTAHCE Development of sodinm/sulfnr-cells 13 p0026 A77-12716 Progress on the testing of refractories for directly-fired HHD air heater service 14 p0142 A77-21254 Corrosion problems related to the employment of aluminum in collector construction 14 p0202 A77-29566 Inhibited ethylene glyccl as the solar nezns 15 p0270 A77-32601 Snlfidation of 310 stainless steel at sulfur potentials encountered in coal conversion systems 15 p0337 A77-40028 Corrosion behavior of materials for coal-gasification applications 15 p0337 A77-40029 Hetal dusting corrosion in coal gasification environments 15 p0337 A77-40042 Materials research and evaluation for geothermal corrosion environments alloys [COO-2602-2] 14 p0210 H77-17216 COBBOSIOH TESTS The compatibility of containment materials for thermochemical hydrogen production 15 p0276 A77-33347 Corrosion of potential BBD preheater materials in liquid slag and slag-seed 15 p0327 A77-39541 Generator vail slag coating and material corrosion experiments 15 p0327 A77-39542 The evaluation of electrode materials for slag coated NED channels 15 p0328 477-39545 Metallurgical evaluation of materials for geothermal pover plant applications 16 p0499 »77-49700 Study of corrosion and its control in aluminum solar collectors [COO-2934-76-1] 15 p0383 H77-26673 COBBOGATIHG Eadiant transmittance of v-corrugated transparent sheets vith application to solar collectors [ASHE TAPES 76-HA/S01-1] 14 p0188 A77-26506 COSHOLOGT. Space station systems analysis study. Fart 1, volume 1: Executive study [HASA-CB-151102] 13 p0094 H77-11084 Space station systems analysis study. Part 1, volume 2: Technical report [HASA-CB-151103] 13 p0094 H77-11085 COST AHALTSIS Energy in the household - comparison of heating costs and prognosis concerning the consumption of energy until 1985 13 pOOIS A77-1^059 An analysis of electric vehicle mission, design, energy impact and cost 13 p0024 A77-12700 Energy transmission from ocean thermal energy conversion plants 13 p0032 A77-12773 Solar thermal electric power plants - Their performance characteristics and total social costs 13 p0037 A77-12804 Performance and cost analysis of photovoltaic power systems for on-site residential applications 13 pOOJS A77-12816 the consumer's cost of electricity from windmills 13 p0043 A77-12866 Operational, cost, and technical study of large windpower systems integrated with existing electric utility 13 p0043 A77-12867 Life-cycle costs and solar energy 13 p0047 A77-13501 Cost aspects of solar energy - Selective and critical bibliography 13 pOOSI A77-15799 Geothermal energy development 13 p0064 A77-17801 Applications of new systems to urban transportation 14 p0137 A77-20392 French developments in silicon photovoltaic cells 14 p0147 A77-21780 Evaluation of CdS photovoltaic cells in the framework of the development of solar electric power plants 14 p0149 A77-21796 Use of solar water-heating installations in the combined cycle of a thermal electric power plant 14 p0152 A77-21825 Thermal energy of oceans 14 p0153 A77-21833 Bow six coal gasification processes compare economically 14 p0165 A77-23308 The thermal efficiency and cost of producing hydrogen and other synthetic aircraft fuels from coal 14 p0171 A77-23718 Solar heating in the United states [ASHE PAPEB 76-BA/SOL-8] 14 p0188 A77-26513 An overview of the O.S. energy dilemma 14 p0192 A77-27294 Energy and economic trade offs for advanced technology subsonic aircraft 14 p0201 A77-29471 Analysis of electrical power generation costs 15 p0257 A77-30600 Commodity hydrogen from off-peak electricity 15 p0283 A77-J3403 The Greenland hydropower as a source of electrolytic hydrogen 15 p0285 477-33416 Possible pollution and cost analysis from wide use of hydrogen fuel in transportation 15 p0285 A77-33422 Evaluating a combined wind power/energy storage system 15 p0287 A77-33596 The competitive market for commercial VS10L [AliA 77-573] 15 p0290 A77-34933 The development of net energy estimates for extraction, handling, and processing of selected fuels 15 p0291 »77-35147 A method for evaluating S02 abatement strategies 15 p0293 A77-3S169 a-so SUBJECT IIDBX COST EPPECTIVEBBSS Decision Baking in the utilisation of the organic fraction of municipal wastes 15 p0299 A77-36272 Laser fusion - capital cost of inertial confinement 15 p0300 477-36318 Efficiency and cost advantages of an advanced-technology nuclear electrolytic hydrogen-energy production facility 15 p0302 A77-3634H Freeze protection for solar collectors 15 p0303 A77-36350 Jn integrated process ncdel of the Fiscber-Tropsch process for liquid fuels production from coal 15 p0318 477-38213 Thermolysis or electrolysis - Why «e choose the latter water splitting for hydrogen production 15 p0321 A77-38528 Accounting nethods for new-technology non-utility energy installations 15 p0322 A77-38675 Alternatives to oil and gas through energy management [ A I A A 77-1006] 16 pO»03 A77-«1553 Silicon solar photovoltaic power stations [ A I A A 77-1021] 16 pO763 Thermionic topping for central station power plants 13 p0034 A77-12787 Thermionic topping of a steam power plant 13 p0034 A77-12789 Comparative performance of solar thermal power generation concepts 13 p0036 A77-12803 Collector field optimization for a solar thermal electric power plant 13 p0038 A77-12811 A fixed collector employing reversible vee-trongh concentrator and a vacuum tube receiver for high temperature solar energy systems 13 p0038 A77-12813 Transport theory of 3R high-performance thermoelectric materials 13 p0042 177-12848 The integral formulation of the thermoelectric fignre-of-merit - Effects of lattice thermal conduction 13 p0042 177-12850 The low cost high performance generator /LCHPG/ space Badioisotope Thermoelectric Generators 13 p0042 A77-12855 Advanced thermionic converter development 13 p0043 A77-12862 A new generation scheme for large wind energy conversion systems 13 p0013 A77-12868 Rind driven field modulated generator systems 13 p0044 A77-12869 An advanced energy conservation technology program; Proceedings of the Intersociety workshop Conference, Airlie Bouse, Va., Rarch 21-26, 1976 13 pOO850 Possibilities for utilizing wind energy 13 p0056 A77-15B53 Space solar power - An available energy source 13 p0056 A77-15946 Future energy production systems: Heat and mass transfer processes. Volume 1 Book 13 p0056 A77-16201 Beat and mass transfer for solar energy utilization 13 p0057 A77-16205 Hydrogen production using nuclear heat 13 p0057 A77-16211 Combined cycles and refined coal gasification plant using high temperature gas turbines 13 pOOSS S77-16219 Hew England wind power...coastal or mountain 13 p0058 A77-16250 The prospect for fusion controlled nuclear fusion 13 p0058 A77-16357 Hydrogen production from water by means of chemical cycles 13 p0058 A77-16471 The storage of energy in future energy supply systems [DSIB PAPEE 76-182] 13 p0059 A77-16533 Bindmills change direction British system utilizing offshore windmills and depleted North Sea fields 13 p0060 A77-16620 Potentialities and limitations of the utilization of wind machines 13 p0061 A77-16787 Snperalloys for advanced energy systems 13 p0061 A77-1682Q Energy and environmental considerations in extending heat pump applications 13 pOOb2 A77-17058 Homeowner's guide to solar heating and cooling Book 13 p0062 A77-17S25 Fossil energy research and development in EBDA 13 p0063 A77-17551 Problems of energy storage in solar power stations 13 p0063 A77-17555 Application of solar energy in the high-temperature range 13 p0063 A77-17636 Geotherial energy development 13 p0064 A77-17801 Increase in the efficiency of heat and power systems using large artificial accumulators of heat 13 p006H A77-17939 Alkali metal space power technology applicable to national energy research and developaent [AIAA SAPEB 77-289] 13 p0065 A77-18223 Solar power satellites - Opportunity and challenge [AIAA PAPEB 77-291] 13 p0065 A77-18224 The application of aerospace technology to solar thermal electric power generation [»IAA IAPEB 77-294] 13 p0065 A77-18226 OTEC - Aerospace and ocean engineering in partnership ocean Thermal Energy conversion [AIAA PAPEB 77-296] 13 p0066 A77-18227 Gas turbine electric powerplants [AIAA PAPEB 77-346] 13 p0066 A77-182S4 Perspectives on Satellite Solar power [AIAA SAPIB 77-352] 13 p0066 A77-18257 BNEEGY TECBROIOGI COBTD SUBJECT IHDEX Parametric studies of the thernal trap flat plate collector 13 p0068 A77-18443 Overview of the EHDA fusion power program 13 p0068 A77-18446 Coal liquefaction with soluble transition-metal complexes 13 p0070 A77-18584 The future importance of sclar energy for the supply of the German federal Republic with energy 13 p0070 A77-18597 A solar house mth heat pipe collectors 13 p0070 A77-18598 Beliotechnique and developnent; Proceedings of the International Conference, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, November 2-6, 1975. yclunes 1 S 2 13 p0072 A77-19043 Performance of an annular cylindrical solar collector 13 p0073 A77-19059 Solar water heater using hardened black polythene pipe absorbers 13 p0073 A77-19060 Solergy collector concept immobile reflective surface for solar collection using spiral concentrator 13 p0073 A77-19061 Double-reflection solar energy concentrators 13 p0074 A77-19067 Periodically adjustable concentrators adapted to solar cell panels 13 p0074 A77-19068 Stationary solar concentrators for industrial heating and cooling 13 p0070l;78 A77-18993 Project Snnshower - San Jose State University dormitory retrofit to solar-assisted water heating 16 p01179 A77-48996 Solar retrofit applications for public buildings 16 p0479 A77-U8997 System perforaance of first residential solar installation in Charlcttesville, Virginia, U.S.A. - Retrofitted indcor swinging pool 16 pO«79 A77-U8999 Simulation study of several solar beating systems with offpeak auxiliary 16 pO«79 A77-U9001 Solar powered absorption air-conditioning system performance using real and synthetic weather data 16 pO«79 A77-49002 Unified simulation capability for solar heating and cooling system analysis 16 pO«79 A77-0.9003 A simplified method for calculating required solar collector array size for space heating 16 pOISO A77-Q9007 An averaging technique for predicting the performance of a solar energy collector system 16 pO«80 A77-49UU8 A structural design process for solar energy systems 16 p0480 A77-49012 Site Data Collection System for solar energy applications 16 p0480 AV7-49014 Survey of the applications of solar thermal energy to industrial process heat 16 p0481 A77-49019 Conceptual design of an open cycle gas turbine solar central receiver system 16 p0481 A77-49022 Salt requirement and stability of solar ponds 16 pOU82 A77-49027 A central receiver solar system applicable to central power stations 16 p0483 A77-H9036 Collector field design for a central receiver solar thermal power plant 16 p0484 A77-49039 Heliostat field design for the ERDA 5 negawatt Solar Thermal Test Facility 16 p008<4 A77-49010 Gulf Stream OTEC resource potential and environmental impact assessment overview Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 16 pO«85 A77-49018 Design considerations of solar arrays for terrestrial applications 16 p048S A77-49053 Status of the EBDA photovoltaic materials and device studies 16 p0486 A77-490S6 Fuels and chemicals from the sun through bioconversion 16 p0488 A77-U9076 Design and performance of an air collector for industrial crop dehydration 16 p0488 A77-49078 A feasibility study of bio-gas production in individual farms in Southwestern Ontario 16 p0489 A77-49082 Synchronous inversion - Concept and application use of intermittent variable power sources to supplement primary sources 16 p0490 A77-49088 Energy content of winds in the high plains region of southwestern U.S. 16 p(W90 A77-49089 The use of built form to enhance the output of wind collectors —— building design for wind concentration 16 p0490 A77-U9090 The application of wind power systems to the Minnesota Power and Light company 16 p0490 A77-49092 The Darneus Vertical-Axis Bind Turbine program at Sandia Laboratories 16 pO«91 A77-49096 High temperature thermal energy storage 16 p0491 A77-49099 Chemical methods of storing thermal energy 16 pO«91 A77-49100 Interfacing building design and solar energy research and standards 16 p0494 A77-49120 Economic study of solar total energy 16 p049« A77-49124 Technical and socio-economic aspects of solar energy and rural development in developing countries 16 pO«9<4 A77-49128 Solar high technology and architecture 16 pO«95 A77-4912S fieport on United States international cooperation in solar energy technology development 16 p0495 A77-49132 Perceptual assessment of a new energy concept 16 p0496 A77-49138 Beport on the design, construction, and marketing of two solar heated SPEC houses 16 p0496 A77-49141 The performance of homemade solar collectors at the Stockton State College 'Energy Bouse' 16 p0497 A77-49151 EHEBGI TECHNOLOGY COHTD SDBJECT IIDEZ Design, operation and economics of the Energy Elantation 16 pO«97 A77-49154 Residential application of photovoltaic energy systems 16 p0497 A77-II91S5 On the analysis and design of grid structures for p-n jonction solar cells 16 p0497 477-49156 Initial operation of a solar heating and cooling system in a full-scale sclar building test facility 16 p0498 477-49164 neasured performance of a 3-ton LiBr absorption water chiller and its effect on cooling system operation 16 p0498 477-49165 Ocean wave pover 16 p0499 477-49349 Fundamental research on heat transfer performances of solaf focusing and tracking collector 16 p0502 A77-50223 A technical scale gas generator for steam gasification of coal nsing nuclear heat 16 p0502 A77-50255 Solar energy: A O.K. assessment Book 16 p0503 A77-50688 Approaches leading to an efficient use of energy, illustrated mth the aid of examples concerning the rail traffic and low-temperature heat reqoire«ents 16 pOSOl A77-51153 Improvements in energy conversion technology 16 pOSOS 477-51154 The future production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons through coal gasification and the long-term prospects of a hydrogen technology 16 pOSOS 477-51156 Development of new technologies for energy production in the Federal Republic of Germany 16 p0505 A77-51157 Rater and energy systems * A planning model 16 p0506 477-51279 Technical, economic, and environmental evaluation of in situ coal gasification 16 p0506 477-51366 Beating vith sclar energy 16 p0506 477-51370 Past experience - Basis for future advanced pover systems for communications satellites r i A F PAPIB 77-22] 16 p0506 477-51390 Space solar pover versus space communications [I4F PAEIB 4-77-65] 16 p0507 477-51532 Hathematical modelling of coal combustion in fluidized beds with sulphur emission control by limestone or dolomite 16 p0508 477-51587 Concurrent carbon gasification and carbon deposition in chars 16 p0508 477-51590 4 nev approach to planning vith gas turbines [ASHE P4PEB 77-JPGC-GT-3] 16 p0509 477-51623 I'he high temperature water cooled gas turbine in combined cycle vith integrated lov Btn gasification [ASBE PAPEB 77-JPGC-GT-7] 16 p0509 477-51624 National petroleum product supply and demand, 1976 - 1978 [PB-254969/9] 13 p0084 H77-10224 Advances in engineering science, volume 3 [NASA-CP-2001-VOL-3] 13 p0064 H77-10305 Solar pover arrays for the concentration of energy [COO-2699-2] 13 pOC87 H77-10651 Energy fact book 1975. Parts 1-5: Appendixes 4-H [40-4023010] 13 p0089 N77-10664 Directory of Federal energy data sources: Computer products and recurring publications [PB-2541C3/9] ^ 13 p0093 877-109*1 Hydrogen for energy storage: 4 progress report of technical developments and possible applications [BH1-20931] 13 p0094 N77-11201 A basis for analyzing prospective pover generation in terms of environmental management and energy use 13 p0096 H77-11526 Electric energy supply alternatives for Nev York. Phase 2: An appraisal of electrical energy alternatives available tc the State of New York [PB-249881/0] 13 p0101 H77-11575 EBDA energy information data base: Magnetic tape description [TID-4581-B3J 1J p0102 877-11695 Inventory of energy research and development (1973 - 1975), volume 1 [GPO-64-734-VOL-1] 13 p0113 N77-13525 Inventory of energy research and development (197J - 1975), volume 2 [GPO-64-734-VOL-2] 13 p0113 N77-1J526 Inventory of energy research and development (1973 - 1975), volume 3 [GPO-64-734-VOL-3] 13 p0113 H77-1J527 Inventory of energy research and development (1973 - 1975), volume 4 [GPO-6M-734-VOL-4] 13 p0113 S77-13528 Heat extraction from hot dry rock masses CPB-256775/8] 13 p0116 N77-1J556 solar cell array design handbook, volume 1 [NAS4-CB-149364] 13 pOIIS N77-1419J Solar cell array design handbook, volume 2 [H4S4-CB-119365] 13 p0118 N77-14194 Explaining energy: A manual of non-style for the energy outsider vho vants in [LBL-4458] 13 p0122 H77-10592 Non-nuclear energy technology. Lov temperature cable for pover transmission [BBFT-FB-T-76-01] It p0210 N77-17372 Solar total energy program [S4ND-76-0205] 14 p0211 N77-17571 Liquid phase methanol [PB-257615/5] 14 p021^ 877-17594 In-sitn laser retorting of oil shale [NASA-CASB-LEH-12217-1] 14 p0214 N77-18429 Solar energy collection system [HASA-C&SE-SPO-13579-2] 14 p0229 H77-20565 The 1985 technical coefficients for inputs to energy technologies [BHL-50532] 14 p0231 N77-2058J The cylindrical parabolic mirror as reflector for solar collectors. Efficiencies and optimization [DLR-FB-76-55] 14 p0233 H77-20607 Drilling for energy resources [PB-259206/1] 14 p0235 H77-20972 Status of Goldstone solar energy system study of the first Goldstone energy project 14 p0235 N77-21126 First Horld Hydrogen Energy conference proceedings, volume 2 14 p0238 N77-21591 4 farm energy system employing hydrogen storage 14 p02J9 N77-21600 The photosynthetic production of hydrogen 14 p02J9 H77-21602 First Horld Hydrogen Energy Conference proceedings, volume 3 14 p0243 N77-21626 Analysis of a Delphi study on hydrogen 14 p0246 N77-21649 EBD4's hydrogen programs 14 p0246 N77-21650 The NAS4 hydrogen energy systems technology study: A summary 14 p0246 N77-21651 Perspectives on the evolution into a hydrogen economy 14 p0246 N77-21652 Technology impact assessment of the hydrogen economy concept: Key findings 14 p0246 N77-21653 Hill the large-scale production of hydrogen be part of the energy problem or part of its solution? 14 p0246 H77-21654 The Greenland hydropover as a source of electrolytic hydrogen 14 p0246 N77-21655 Hydrogen in the seavard advancement of industrial societies 14 p0246 N77-21656 Energy and the future 14 p0246 H77-21657 Hydrogen use projecti

Energy: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 16, January 1978

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

NASA Technical Reports Server