A newspaper article written by an assistant flight director which stresses the importance of cosmonaut training is presented. The preliminary stage of training is discussed, and the training of a crewmaker on a real spacecraft is briefly covered. The success in training foreign cosmonauts by Soviets is also discussed. The author feels that training is even more important today than it was seven or eight years ago because of the increased complexity of the experiments and the length of time a cosmonaut spends in space now

Kravets, V.

English

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N4SA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 	 NASA TM-75393
SALYUT-6--SOYEZ-29: OUR COMMENTARY, THE CREW AND THE STATION
V. Kravets
Translation of °Salyut-6--0oyuz-27: nash kommentariy, ekipazh
i stantsiya," Pravda, No. 199, July 18, 1978.,p. 3
(NASA-TM-75393) SALYUT-6--SOYUZ-29: OUR 	 N79-20745
COMMENTARY, THE CREW AND THE STATION
(National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) 6 p HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 05I 	 Unclas
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NATI:,;AL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE:
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 PT9
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NkSA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NASA TM - 75393
SALYUT-6--SOYEZ- 29:
 OUR COMMENTARY, THE CREW AND THE STATION
V. Kravets
Translation of "Salyut-6--::oyuz-27: nash kommentariy; ekipazh
i stantsiya," Pravda, No. 199, July 18, 1978 P. 3
(NASA-Tr - 75393) 	 SALY'IT-6--S0Y'1Z-29:	 01R	 N79-20745
COMMENTARY, THE' CREW AND THE STATION
(National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) 6 p HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 05I	 rlaclas
	
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SALYUT-6-iSOYUZ-29:	 OUR COMMENTARY; THE CREW AND THE STATION
V. Kravets
.,	 Assistant Director of the Flight Complex of the Salyut-6--Soyuz +
At the present day stage of development of space technology, 	 /3*
training of the cosmonauts is a question of primary importance.
Why "at this present day stage"--and not 7-•-8 years ago this
problem would have been so acute?	 Of course, it was, but before
the flight of the first orbital Salyut station in 1971, the crew
did not have to carry out so many and such complex studies in
orbit.	 The volume and nomenclature of the work done on board
orbital stations is continuously growing as the intense program
of the Salyut-6 flight graphically indicates. 	 Therefor, engineer-
ing	 and scientific training of the crew has acquired a more
important role.
Where are the cosmonauts getting their professional training
right now?	 Here one can separate two important stages: 	 general
training of a group of people selected at the initial level of
occupational knowledge, work experience and health conditions
and first-hand--as part of the crew of an actual spacecraft.
The preliminary or general stage includes studying theoreti-
cal disciplines--astronomy, ballistics, dynamics of flight,
separate applied sections of mathematics, physics, the basis for
operation and design of typical onboard systems of the spacecraft.
Then one begins a study of the behavior of radio communication
from the Flight Control Center and the sear-h equipment after
landing and landing on dry land and on water is treated.
Medical and biological training at .this.p.eriod includes
*Numbers in the margin indicate pagination in the foreign text.
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SALYUT- 6-••SOYUZ-29: OUR COMMFNTARY; THE CREW AND THE STATION
V. Kravets
• ,
	 Assistant Director of the Flight Complex of the Salyut-6--Soyuz
At the present day stage of development of space technology, /3*
training of the cosmonauts is a question of primary importance.
Why "at this present day stage"--and not 7--8 years ago this
problem would have been so acute? Of course, it was, but before
the flight of the first orbital Salyut station in 1971, the crew
did not have to carry out so many and such complex studies in
orbit. The volume and nomenclature of the work done on board
orbital stations is continuously growing as the intense program
of the Salyut-6 flight graphically indicates. Therefor, engineer-
ing	 and scientific training of the crew has acquired a more
important role.
Where are the cosmonauts getting their professional training
right now? Here one can separate two important stages: general
training of a group of people selected at the initial level of
occupational knowledge, work experience and health conditions
and first-hand--as part of the crew of an actual spacecraft.
The preliminary or general stage includes studying theoreti-
cal disciplines--astronomy, ballistics, dynamics of flight,
separate applied sections of mathematics, physics, the basis for
operation and design of typical onboard systems of the spacecraft.
Then one begins a study of the behavior of radio communication
from the Flight Control Center and the sear^,h equipment after
landing and landing on dry land and on water is treated.
Medical and biological training; at this period includes
*Numbers in the margin indicate pagination in the foreign text.
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training for increasing resistance of the organism to accelera-
tion g, weightlessness and operation in conditions of an enclosed
space with increased phychological load. A good deal of at-
tention is given to the general physical condition of future
crews. ,i
General training takes about 2 years. After taking examina-
tions on the theoretical course, training of the crew begins
taking into account the individual qualities of the cosmonauts
and an analysis of their physchological and phyiological
characteristics from the point of view of combining them in
flight. The program of studies at this stage is the same for
several crews (main and back-up). A large amount of time, more
than 70%, is taken up in developing habits of controlling the
onboard systems of the spacecraft and then the orbital complex,
control of the scientific equipment, testing, experimental sys-
tems of the spacecraft and stations, completion of assembly and
disassemply and repair work on the scheduled equipment and
scientific instruments, the behavior of the onboard telereporting,
movie and still photographs.
Thus, 2­ 4 persons are trained for the functions of experi-
menter, scientist, highly qualified repair worker and finally
teleoperater. A good deal of attention particularly for crews
with long-term expeditions on orbital stations, is devoted to
medical and biological training. The crew is trained to carry
out self examination in orbit using medical equipment; equip-
ment from the onboard first aid kit is used and the necessary
analyses are made independently.
The stage of direct training usually takes one to one and
one-half years. In this time, the crew participates in ground
testing of the spacecraft and station systems and the creation
of onboard documentation, the leading scholars and engineers,
workers in space engineering are consulted, one becomes acquainted
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with the system on actual spacecraft and on test stands of the enter-
prises where the spacecraft are designed and manufactured; "ground
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flights are made on complex training units at the Center for
Training Cosmonauts; final training and fitting is done at the
cosmodrome. Du2ing the period of mastery of new space equipment,
training is particularly thorough by specialists at the Training
Center because theirs is the main load for providing daily
studying and training of the cosmonauts.
Before final determination of the preparedness of the crews
for flight, they take their own type of "qualifying examination"
which is, if you please, the most serious testing of all which is
given to any other candidates for completing complex technical
work. The examination commissions made up of scientists and
engineers are specialists at the Training Center.
Each theoretical examination is a two to three hour test of
knowledge in all the basic and reserve operating procedures of
the onboard systems. The practical examination includes a "flight"
on the space training unit for 8--12 hours with completion of a
large set of operations on a background of artificially introduced
barriers in the equipment. The examination commissions are strict:
they test the knowledge of persons who will be responsible for
the work of many thousands of collectives of scientific researchers
at Institutes and design bureaus.
The effectiveness of the systems developed in the Soviet
Union for training cosmonauts is outstanding during operation
with international crews. The candidates for space flight from
Czechoslovakia and Poland were trained for little more than a
year before the launch. Particular attention was devoted in
their training to the soyuz spacecraft and when studying the
orbital station, efforts were concentrated mainly on the systems
of life support, communication and the scientific equipment.
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iThe efforts of all of the collectives who train cosmonauts
i)	 have not been in vain. Programs of our flights on the Salyut-6,
the crews of the Soyuz-26, Soyuz-27, Soyuz-28 and Soyuz-30
have been successfully completed. Right now, V. Kovalenok and
A. Ivanchenkov are continuing work on the scientific research
Salyut-6--Soyuz complex.
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Salyut-6--Soyuz-29: Our commentary, the crew and the station

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