Stimuli of varying strength, frequency and duration were applied to the anterior cingulate gyrus in unanesthetized cats with freedom of movement. The motor, vegetative and electrical effects of these stimuli, although inconstant, lead to a consideration of the role of this structure in the extrapyramidal control of motricity

Cadilhac, J.

Dapres, G.

Passouant, P.

English

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NASA TECHNICAL "iAMORANDUM NASA TM-76055
 
THE EFFECTS OF STIMULATION OF THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE
 
GYRUS IN CATS WITH FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
 
G. Dapres, J. Cadilhac and P, Passouant
 
({ASA-TM-76O55) THREFEC' STIHUhATIOR 
 N80-18688
 
OP 'THE ANTERIOIR CINGULATE GYRUS IN CATS WITH
 
PREEDOX OF MOVEfENT (National Aeronautics
 
and-Space Administration) 
8 p HC A02/F A01 Unclas
 
__CSCL 6c G3/51 47228
 
Translation of "Les effets -des stimulations du gyrus cingulaire­
anterieure chez le Chat libre de ses movements",' Cobmtes-Renduvies 
Sances de la Sociat 
de Biologie et de ses Fil'ates7 'fol '61 
No. 3. 1967. pp. 6D7-660. 
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
 
WASHINGTON, D.C. FEBRUARY 1980
 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800010412 2020-03-21T20:05:48+00:00Z
STANDARD TITLE PAGE 
I. Report No. 2. Govorr.nont Accvduon No. 3. Reipent's Catalog No. 
NASA TM-76055
 
4. TIt and Sobtitl 5. Re. Dalrtn 9 
THE- EFFECTS OF STIMULATION OF THE Rebruary 1980
 
ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS IN CATS WITH 6. Pfo,amng Organization Code
 
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
 
7. Author(s) a. P.,fong Orgonizotion Report No. 
G. D6pres, J. Cadilhac and P.. Passonant
 
Experimental Pathology Laboratory M. W,k Unit No.
 
Faculty of Medicine, Montpelier
 
11. Conract orGonN,
 
, P O Nme . Add.... NASw- 3199
 
Leo Kanner As sociates 3. Typo of Report nd Period Co .ed 
Redwood City, California 94063
 
end Address Translation12. Sponsoring Agency Nao 
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis­
tration, Washington, D.C. 20546 4. SponsoringAgoncyCoda 
15. Supploent"ry Notes 
Translation of "Les effets .des stimulations du gyrfms* 
cingulaire anterieure chez le Chat libre de ses mouvements-" 
'omptes des Seances de la societe de Biologi: et de ses 
Filiai-es, Vol. 161, No. 3, :1961, pp. 657-/6.0. 
16. Abstract 
Stimuli of varying strength, frequency and duration were
 
applied to the anterior cingnlate gyrus in unanesthetized
 
cats with freedom of movement.
 
The motor, vegetative and electrical effects of thise stimuli
 
although inconstant, lead to a consideration of the role of
 
this structure in the ext&pyramidal control of motricity.
 
17. Key Words (Selected by Author(s)) T8. Distribution Statement 
Unclas sified-Unlimited 
19. S.C."ty Class. (of th. report) 20. Seturty Clossf, (of this page) ,21. No. of Page± . Pra UnclassifiedI Unclassified
 
NASA-NO 
THE EFFECTS OF STIMULATION OF THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE
 
GYRUS IN CATS WITH FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
 
G. Dapres, J. Cadilhac and P. Passouant
 
The motor and autonomous responses after stimulation of the /654*
 
anterior cingulate gyrus have often been described. But there are
 
many divergences between the various authors concerning the importance,
 
typography and duration of these responses. Side by side with
 
inhibiting effects, with arrest reaction and hypotonia (1,2,3),
 
various movements have been obtained by Sloan and Kaada (4), 'Showers
 
and Crosby (5),.on acute preparations, and by Hughes (6) in the /658
 
chronic animal.
 
During this work, we have researched the effects of stimulation
 
of the anterior cingulate gyrus on movements and emotional expression,
 
vegetative effects and post-discharges which such stimulation causes
 
in the unanaesthetized animal with freedom of movement.
 
Materials and Methods
 
In 26 adult cats, bipolar electrodes composed of two stainless
 
steel 0.12 mm wires insulated with teflon were placed stereotaxically
 
in the same restricted area of the anterior cingulate gyrus near the
 
joint of the corpus callbsum. Simultaneously, stimulating and
 
recording electrodes were placed in various cortical structures
 
(octosylvian and suprasylvian cortex) and subcortical structures
 
(anterio-ventral node of the thalamus, caudate node, hypothalamus
 
and mesencephalic reticulum).
 
The animals were studie& for several weeks after the operation
 
and the position of the electrodes was carefully verified each time
 
after the sacrifice of the animal.
 
f 
*Numnbers in margin indicate pagination in foreign text.
 
1.
 
Stimuli were delivered in the form of series of brief shocks
 
(1 msec) at varied frequencies (30 to 300 cycles/sec) and voltages
 
(3 to 10 volts).
 
Results
 
1. The motor effects are independent of the frequency of the
 
stimulus and are of two types: arrest reactions and postural changes
 
with movements.
 
i) The arrest reaction is obtained with a threshold vol­
tage (of 6 to 8 volts); the animal stops its current movements: it
 
stops walking or eating; if standing, it collapses and leans towards
 
the stimulated side.
 
b) The posture modifications and movements appear with
 
higher voltages (8 to 10 volts) and involve the head, the hind­
quarters or the.forequarters.
 
- . - The head is inclined controlaterally, the movement of 
the eyes procedes and follows the rotation of the head. Secondarily, 
there appears a droop of the homolateral ear, closing,of the homo­
lateral eye, and shaking of the head. 
The effects on the forequarters are the following: the
 
animal carries the homolateral foreleg extended and abducted, and the
 
tail is, at the same time, carried to the side. Secondarily are
 
produced "pedaling movements" of this dominant leg, affecting the
 
proximal portion, while the distal,portion dangles in hypotonia.
 
'These rythmic movements are accentuated if the stimulus is prolonged.
 
Subsequently, when the animal moves about, it does so on three legs,
 
with the homolateral foreleg flexed, not touching the ground, the
 
hind legs remain bent.and the animal slides on its hindquarters.
 
The effects on the posterior quarters are fhe following: eleva­
tion of the hindquarters of the stimulated animal with a controlateral
 
2 
swaying possibly translating sexual behavior; the homolateral hind
 
leg is flexed and raised, not touching the ground. The claws are
 
extended and, when the animal moves about, this leg remains par- /639
 
tially flexed. The hind leg may be affected by "pedalling move­
ments" of strength and frequency proportional to the duration of
 
the stimulus.
 
The motor effects generally cease at the end of the stimulus,
 
or rarely persist more than a few-sedonds. It is only with the
 
higher voltages that crises are produced with homolateral falling
 
o'f the animal, followed by clonus Of the hindquarters, then of the
 
forequarters.
 
2. The vegetative effects: bilateral mydriasis has consistent­
ly been observed, salivation more rarely. The respiratory modifica­
tions are inconsistent. Most often they consist of apnea on
 
exhalation lasting the duration of the stimulus and appear with
 
relatively weak stimuli. In contrast, for higher voltages, there
 
has been noted a tachypnea with panting. Similarly bradycardia is
 
obtained with stimuli near the threshold, and tachycardia for
 
stronger stimuli.
 
3. The electrical effects appear inconsistently for low-voltage
 
stimuli (2 to 8 volts). These post-discharges may be ipsilateral
 
or bilateral.
 
a) Ipsilateral post-discharge. This response is incon­
sistent. When it appears it takes the form of post-discharge
 
localized in the stimulated region and elicited by low voltage
 
stimuli (2 to 4.volts). It consists of waves with positive peaks,
 
of stable frequency (7 to 8 cycles/sec) and an amplittide of 40 to
 
60 microvolts. They are of long duration of between 20 and 30
 
seconds and sometimes more. On top of this local discharge appear
 
bilateral sleep bursts-which interfere with, without modifying, it.
 
b) Bilateral post-discharge. This response is rarer than
 
3
 
ipsilateral post-discharge. It appears in an inconsistent manner
 
with low voltages. It takes the form of a rapid spindle (12 to 15
 
cycles/sec) of low amplitude, usually of short duration (10 to 15
 
sec). It involves the two anterior cingulate gyri as well as the
 
posterior cingulate gyrus.
 
Discussion
 
The motor effects obtained under our experimental conditions by
 
stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus have, in spite of their
 
inconsistency and variability, certain common points, .They corres­
pond to an arrest reaction, a posture modification and interesting
 
movements of the homolateral limbs. The arrest reaction, sometimes
 
followed by a slow collapse of the animal, are the only inhibitor
 
effects which we obtained,. They are less general than those obtained
 
by Bailey (1), Smith (2) or Ward (3). On.the other hand, we observed
 
a pedaling movement which had only been reported after stimulation
 
of the extrapyramidal structures of of the cerebellum (7).
 
The interpretation of these motor effects is a delicate matter.
 
The diffusion of the stimulus to neighboring motor areas, in particular
 
to the sapplementary motor area, which was envisaged by Messimay (8),
 
does not seem to be acceptable. Showers (9) showed that the same
 
effects are obtained following disconnection of the cingulate gyrus
 
from the frontal areas. On the other hand, these movements may be
 
linked to sub-cortical cingulate efferences, The anatomical rela=
 
tionships between the thalamic nodes (10), the striated bodies, and
 
the tegmentum, are significant (9). The relationships with the
 
thalamic reticulate formation and the cerebral trunk have been con­
sidered by Sloan and Jasper (11). It is possible that, particularly
 
in the case of.the rythmic movements of the limbs, the functional
 
relationships between the cingular gyrus and the cerebellum are
 
brought into play as suggested by the experiments of Robinson and
 
Lennox C12) and especially the analogy between the movements obtained
 
by the-stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus and the stimula­
tion of the cerebllar vermis (7),
 
4 
A somatotopy of the motor responses has been described at the
 
level of the cingulate gyrus of the Monkey and the Cat (6,9). But
 
our results demonstrate that this somatotopy is merely preferential,
 
as it is possible to elicit, from the-same point of stimulation,
 
either localized responses of the fbre or hind limbs, or more general
 
responses, according to the initial posture of the animal and
 
depending on the strength of the stimulus.
 
Finally,, the vegetative effects obtained from the anterior
 
cingulate gyrus are in no way specific, since they are found at
 
numerous other limbic regions. 'The post-discharges, which seem to
 
be independent of the motor reaction, habitually remainlocalized in
 
the stimulated part or are sometimes transmitted controlaterally, but
 
we have not demonstrated, through electrical stimulation, any general­
ized, immediate discharge, in contrast to what is seen after the
 
creation of a chronic epileptogenous seat.
 
Summary and Conclusion
 
The motor, vegetative and electrical effects of the stimulation
 
of the cingulate anterior gyrus, in the'nonanaesthetized cat with
 
freedom of movement, make it possible to.consider the role of this
 
structure in the extrapyramidal control of motor activities, bringing
 
imto play the various telencephalic structures and the cerebellar
 
systems.
 
5 
REFERENCES
 
(1) 	Bailey, P., von Bonin,, G., David, E.W., Garol, H.W., McCulloch,
 
W.S., Rosemann, E., and Silveira, A.., J. Neurophysibl.,
 
Vol. 7, p. 51 (1944).
 
(2) Smith, W.K., J. Neurophysiol., Vol. 8, p. 241 (1945).
 
(3) Ward, 	A.A., J. Neurophysiol., Vol. 11, p. 13 (1948).
 
(4) 	Sloan, N., and Kaada, B.R., J. Neurophysiol., Vol. 16, p. 203
 
(1953).
 
(5) Showers, M.J., and Crosby, E.C., Neurology, Vol. 8, p. 561 (1958).
 
(6) Hughes, J.R., E.E.G.Cli. Neurophysiol., Vol. 11, p. 447 (1959).
 
(7) 	Passouant, P., Passouant-Fontaine, Th., and Cadilhac, J., Soc.
 
Sc. Med. Montpellier, Vol. 4, (1958).
 
(8) Messimy, R., Patholgie Biologie, Vol. 13, p. 676, (19.65).
 
(9) Showers, J.M., J. Comp. Neurol., Vol. 112, p. 140 (1959).
 
(10) 	 Yokovlev, P.L., Locke, S., Koskoff, Y., and Patton, R.A., Arch.
 
of Neurol., Vol. 3, p. 620 (1960); Yakolev, P.L., and
 
Locke, S., AFEETf Neurol., Vol. 5, p. 364-(1961).
 
(11) 	 Sloan, -N., and Jasper, H., E,E.G.Clin. Neurophysiol., Vol. 2,
 
pp. 50 and 364 (1950).
 
(12) Robinson, F., and Lennox, M.A., Fed. Proc., Vol. 10, p. 110,
(1951).
 
6 


The effects of stimulation of the anterior cingulate gyrus in cats with freedom of movement

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