The effects of conditions of long term and short term space flights on the otolith function of cosmonauts were investigated via pre and post examinations. The results show that after long term flight, the intensity of the otolith reflex increased and asymmetry occurred in the indicators of the otolith function. Large changes in terms of expression and duration in the indicators of the otolith function after long term flight as compared with short term flight were also noted

Kornilova, L. N.

Syrykh, G. D.

Tarasov, I. K.

Yakovleva, I. Y.

English

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SPACLI FLIGH-16lil^,Isux," ^ )iP blk^ LWESTIGATIOL OF Tlll Oi^
1'i t,A;3A-TM-761 03) RESULIS OF THE	
V80-26046
1; VESTIGATIOK OF THE OTOLITH FUNCTION IN
HANNEC, SPACE FLIGHTS (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration) 9 p Hc A02/MF A01	 UnclasCSCL 06P G5/52 28019
L, 414. ixrnilova, G, D, SyryRho :1, E-1, Tarasov,
I - Ya, Yalkovleva
I
Tranolation of llitezul l taty iasledovaniya otolitovoy funktsii pri pilotiruyera-bkh
kosnicheskikh poletakh" ,
Vestnik Uto:vinolavingplogii, lio, 6, 1.979, pp. 21 - 24
60
	
na	 RECEIVED
NASA STI rACILITY
ACCESS DEpt,
14ATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON D.C. 20546	 JUNE 1980
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NASA TM-76103
4.	 Title sAj Sv ►rrtl•
Results of	 the Investigation of= the 0tglit1i
S. Report Does
,TUNE 1980
Function in Manned Space Fl ights 6. Ferlern► ins ofeenieshort Code
f	 T. L. N. Kornilova; G. D.Syrykj, I. K. Tra asov„ to Polloo y in/ organisation R.rirl Nn.
1. Yt . Ynkovleva	 '	 r 10. Wo rk unit No.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1^^ SRaeaNlttg Many GaWashington, D.C.	 20546
IS.	 Notes
Translation of "Rezu1'.Cnty issledovaniya otolitovoy funktsii pri
pilotiruyemtkiv kosmicheskikh pketakh”, Vestn k Otor nol.aringologi ,
No,.	 6, 1979,_ pp.	 21-24
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1t1.	 A►Nact
The study of the effect s of conditions of long— '^e'ria and short-term
'	 space flights on the otolith function of cosmonauts.
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ALI SUIrIj OF TM"­ I41Vit1jTIUATIOi1' OF T!4^ 02 Y)LITH FUINCTI01i IN ItAiil&D W-;AW YLIUM$
Uand, Pied, Sciences L. 41i. hornilova, (;• Do 6yrykh, Cand• med. sciences
1, k,- Tarasovp Dr. of medical sciences 1, Ya. Yakovleva
Institute on i.edico-4i01061cal Problems (Director -- Road. 0, G, GazenkQ) of
the U^Wii i4nistry of Health, Loscow.
i•,any opinions and hypotheses have been presented on the cause of origin
of the vestibulovegetative complex of symptoms and illusions of spatial
position during space flight. The leading significance in the development of
the Indicated complex of symptoms is attributed to the unusual functioning
of the vestibular analyzer, and the otolith apparatus In particular.
$tulies of otolith functions in humans under conditions of experimental
short-term veiahtlessness are unanimous (Ye. I. , Yuganov --t al, ­16 ,:^- KomarL7
et al• 0 1963). A repression of the otolith reflex during the period of
initial action of weightlessness was noted. In the literature accessible
to us, we have not found any publications dealing with the state of the human
otolith appaxatus after space fli h•l.-.
The purpose of this rese§xoh was the study of the _ffects of conditions
of long-term (^O and 96 days) and short-term (up to ? days) space flights on
the otolith function of cosmonauts. This report examines materials from
the examinatio• of members of space flight crews of the "Soyuz-21 1, "Salyut--5"
(30 days), "Soyuz-26 ,, -- ,sa1yut-6 ,, (96 days), and the "Soyuz-22 11 and "Soyuz-2811
(7 days each) manned space flights.
According to data of pre-flight clinico-physiological examinations, all
cosmonauts with the exception of cosmonaut V. j3ykovskiyp the commander of the
"Soyuz-22 11 space flight, were certified in good health, without any specifics
on the condition of their otorhinolaryngoloCical orGan.,3, In this cosmonaut,
a oollaonital high vestibulovegeta-tive stability was noted in the course Of
repeated complex examinations.
The intensity of the otolith reflex was determined by the antirotation
angle of the eyeball flith the deviation of the body in a frontal plane.
Of the numerous
	 methods of rej;i*terin^ this reflex (Graybiel et al.,
195q; Lillerp 1962; Jonakees, 1966; Nelson at al * , 1971) we dolected for the
basis of our study the Fisoher method (1930)j the application of which does
not require anesthesia of the c;onjunotiva or maxkint; the cornea. This
nethod t which has become widespread in clinics abroad (Vit, 19,90; Mur,
1975)t is based on deto-:Pining the antirotation angle of the eyeball with
the aid of visual afterimage when Going from a vertical position to a
horizontal one.
The device which we conotructed consists of a rectangalar camera with
a vertical alit, a pbotobvaphie flash mounted Inside the chamber, and a
separate disk mounted on a stand and Graduated into 3600 with 10 divisions,
A moveable arrow with handle is attached to the disk.
The test is conducted in a dark room in two stages. In the first
stage, the reotangulax camera with slit is placed in front of the subject
who is seated on a couch. After the flash, an after-imaGe appears on the
retina in the form of a bright vertical line, At the second stage, the
subject is slowly brought to a, horizontal lateral position In which he must
remain immobile for a period of 25 - O see in order to record ampular reflexes.
Then the subject opens his eyes and places the arrow on the gwaduated disk
2
WIN
Parallel to his visual image- The test is repeated at least 3 timos.
f	 The angle of deviation of the arrow from the horizontal Initial position
constitutes the antirota,tion angle of the eyeball, 	 /22
In connection with the disparity of information In the literature and
differences in devices # norms'of otolith reflex in 75 somatic healthy males
!without pathology of the otorhinolaryngological organs or the nervous 	 z
system were determined for our device. The age of test subjects ranged
from 25 to 40 years. Average values of antiratation angle of the eyeball
i
in adults (in degrees) compxisedi on the right side X ± m - 12 ± 1. 0?
d ± 8.4, on the left side respectively 13 1. 02 and	 2. The value of
dispersion of physiological. asymmetry (A::L- 0) was equal to 3 l.'
During background studies, indicators of otolith reflex .,tensity for
all cosmonauts, with the exception of commanders of the space light "Soyuz-22" r _^
'	 and the space station "Salyut-6 " were within the physiological norm established
i	 for this devise. The otolith reflex, as a rule, was symmetrical, and if
any asymmetry was noted, its value did not exceed the boundaries of the
physiological norm. In the commander of the "Salyut-6" station, the value
of otolith reflex asymmetry (background data,) exceeded the physiological
dispersion (on the right :side by 2 0 and on the left side by 10 1) ) . In
the commander of the "Soyuz-22 1 ' flight, the otolith reflex was clearly
reduced (I - 2° ) but symmetrical. Evidently the reduction of the otolith
reflex in this case may be associated with a congenitia high vestibular
stability of this cosmonaut. A similar reduction in otolith reflex
i
in vestibularl.y stable individuals was noted by us earlier during massive
vestibulometric studies.
3	 i;
W­M^
An analysis of in-flight observations showed that certain cosmonauts
noted the development of illusory and vegetative reactions. However, the
process 
of 
adapting to conditions of welght1jr--ness were individual. Thus,
all the cosmonauts 'Uth the exception of the cozmander of the 11^oyuz-2211
flight) reported that upon entering weightlessness, they irwaodlatel goi,
the feeling of their body being turned upside down (inversion illusion).
The duration of illusory reactions varied from several minutes to several
hours. Then in some cosmonauts as a background either to illusory reactions
or to the developing feeling of blood rushing to the bead, varying degrees
of oxpressed feeling of vestibular discomfort areas and were intensified
during movement of the head and body. Episodic occurXenees of illusory
:ceactions and the phenomenon of vestibular discomfort did not cease for
the duration of the entire period of adaptation to conditions of weight-
lessness. The intensity and duration of these reactions was varied.
The cosmonauts of the space ship "Soyaz-22 11
 and the commander of the
"sortz-28" endured their 7-day flight wall., without any vegetative reactions
whatsoever. However, these cosmonauts noted the appearance of a feeling of
blood rushing to the head after 30 - 40 min of weightlessness. The feeling
of blood'rushing to the head was accompanied by a development in puffiness
of the face, smoothing of wrinkles, and insignificant nasal congestion
during breathing.
Post-flight examinations of members of flight crews taking part in
long-term flights were conducted on the 2, 4-5 j 8 0 12-14, and 32nd days;
for crews of short-term flights -- on the 1, 3-d , and 12th days. In the first
days after long-term flight, a sha--p degree of expression in o-bolith stimulation
was noted in the cosmonauts -- bilateral hyperreflexia (see figure),
4
loom
The intensity of otolith reflex in members of the "Salyut- 5 1" station
flight  cr, ew grew by 2 - 3 times as compared with the 'background date;,.
In members of the " ,salyut-6" flight crew, increased intensity of the otolith'
reflex was less pronounced as compared with that in the previous flight
and corresponded to the upper limit of the norm.
Along with an increase in otolith reflex in the first days after the
flight, all cosmonauts taking part in lengthy flights showed a noted
appearance of asymmetry duo to hyperreflexia when placed on their right side.	 J23
The intensity of the reflex with placement on the right and left sides
varied from S to 13 e' (AD > S by d 13 0 ) . during this period the cosmo-
nauts experienced statokinetic disruptions in the form in instability in
omberg's station and swaying to the right during walking. On the 4th and
5th days after -che flig4ht, the asyrumetr y in otolith function remaa nerT,
However, there was an apparent tendency toward reduction in the intensity
of this reflex. Subjective complaints on the disruption of statokinetics
remained. ry the 12-14th days after the flight, the value of the otolith
reflex in flight cress members who flew for 30 days practically reached the 	 .
background data, and statokinetic disruptions were not noted In this period
In cosmonauts who were in flight for 96 days, asymmetry of the otolith
reflex remained for the first month after the flight, and in the flight
engineer there was even noted an increase in it during examination on the
32-nd day. For a month, these cosmonauts also exhl.bi.ted disruptions in
ztatokinetics.
in studyin6p the otolith functions of cosmonauts aftor short-term, flights,
there was not the unidirectionality of reactions Which was exhibited after
long-term flights. Thus, in the commander of the "Soyu:z-22" ship and the
flight engineer of the "Soyuz-261 ship, the intensity of the otolith reflex
5
a(
for tho fwrat on of the ontiro period
 
of O=Iination a -ter the f'lijit
f
corresponded  to the baolkt round data. 	 In the flil;ht	 oftlao "^oyu7 2211,
t an InQ10nificaut reduction in atolith rcflex was rocistored after the fll^ht,
as well as retention of physiolo ical asymmetvvo which wan tti ;o noted
before the flight. 	 The commander of the "^;oyuz-28 1
 ohowed an incxea*e In
otolith ref logic aml asyi ►etxy due to by errefloxia in a vocition on the loft
aide.	 Jtatok netic dioruptione after ;short-terr.7 fli g,hto were noted only
In 11-10m:%oro of the 11^;oyuZ-20 crow.	 These di ruptiono practically disappocxe
by the end of the firot week after their ratuva.
a '
1
J 	 J	 _	
^^
7	 Q 1
1-2
	 4-9	 a	 11-14 32before flight
after flight
'The dynatiics of otolith reflex before and after flight,;
,by abscizz axis ^- time before and a4^tea flight in days; by ordinate axis .,.,
antirotation anj^^le of eyes in degrees.
` Otolith reflex indicators:	 I- comriandex of "aelyut-, 11 station; 2 ^ f1^^ ht
en,;ineer of "Salyut-, 5" station;
	
commander of "Salyut-6 11
 station; 4 ^ flight
enGinoer of 11 8alyut-611 station.	 Dark figures correspond to Indiaatoa;'a when positioned
on the right side, li8ht figures 	 on the left aide.
6
Thut; j the otudy of` 	 otolm, function before and after space Xli ht
allowed clarif joation of the individual character of ch..an, , ca in the otolith
ref lox in crew nerjicru developed under the influence 
of 
fliCht :Caotor.,,-;
the Increase in intensity of otolith reflex and the presence of aaymmatry
- ter I	 -in indicators of the studied functIon af 	 onc^-tern fl 	 lax ohan,a a
in tozis of expression and duration in indicators of otolith function ')Xte.4
Iona--term :Cliff ht as, compaxed, with short-tern flight; 
the 
posoiblo Inter-
I
dependence between stato4inetio , disruptiotz with asymetry- of the otolith
function and Increase in the otolith reflex # oince, • hin oatso tendency
maz observed in the development off` 	 of the indicated syoteno,
LITJRATUI-,I-Iw4
1, Yuganov Yo - 1°-A - uorihkov A r 1 - Kas y4n 1 1 e  al r I zV, ALA
SSSR. Seriya b1ol, 196,5, No 6 0 p, 877 - 8830
2
• 
1rorjan o
 
J,, Barren	 Graybiel A, Aerospace I-,odop 1963t v. 34 0 P. 1W-13-1089
Graybiel A - j Naellner H. An J. Ophthal. j 1959 0 v  47 P, 349
4. Pischer I.- Albrecht a, Graefes kcch- Ophthal., 1930 0 v. 123 P 	 509
s. Niller L's Acta oto-oaryne,- (Stoc%h.), 196P., v. ^, p, 479-501.
6. Jongkees L. Ann Otol. (St. Louis) l 1.9066, v - 75, P- 764-771.
7- Nelson J- 0 Cope D. Arch. Otolaxyna l 19711 V, 94 s p, 40 - 50-
8, Pleuez E. Acta oto-laryng. (5tocl^h,)p 1975 ► v - 7906 p. 11i - 114.
ff
g-fi	 V j2 < -rA) I	 L 6, p Cy, 0 L 0 rr I
7


Results of the investigation of the otolith function in manned space flights

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