The author has identified the following significant results. In conjunction with Turner's model for the correction of satellite data for atmospheric interference, the LOWTRAN-3 computer was used to calculate the atmospheric interference. Use of the program improved the contrast between different natural targets in the MSS LANDSAT data of Brasilia, Brazil. The classification accuracy of sugar canes was improved by about 9% in the multispectral data of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo

Dejesusparada, N.

Kumar, R.

Molion, L. C. B.

Morimoto, T.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

"tfj't 5yg1lae under NASO~f Ipaml2 3.1 OLe 
it; Jftlost of early and wide dis­
amiiitton of Earth ltewurces Survey 
Progrm int[oriation and without Ilability 
for ny UsM mede thereof:" 
(E79-10235) EFFECT OF THE ATTOSPHERE ON THE- N79-30596
 
"CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSAIDATA (Instituto de
 
Pesguisas Espaciais, Sao Jose) 11 p
 
HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 05B Unclas
 
G3/43 00235
 
-_ _ CONSFLHO NACIONAL DE DEgENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLOGICC 
- INSTITUTO D[ PES1UISAD [SPACIAIS
 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790022425 2020-03-21T22:29:40+00:00Z
l.Classification IJIE-COM.4/RPE 2.Period 4.Distribution
 
Cri teri on
 
C.D. U. :621. SSR:551.508.99
 
3.Key Words (selected by the author) internal H 
ATMOSPHERIC EFECTS
 
CORRECTING LANDSAT DATA external 
Hi,
 
ATMOSPHERIC CORFECTION PROGPAM 
5.Report No. 6.Date 7.Revised bye as­
ItIE-1467-RPE/020 April, 1979 Celso de Renna e Souza
 
8. Title and Sub-title 9 Authorized by 
EFFECT OF THE ATMOSPHERE ON THE CLASSIFrCATrON 
OF LANDSAT DAT4 
AeLsonlejsue ar do 
Dihrector 
lO.Sector DSE/DIN Code 250X l1,No of Copies 15 
12.Authorshi p
 
14.No, of Pages 10
T. Monrmoro 
R. Kumar 
L.C.B. Molion
 
13.Signature of first author KA 
16. Sunnary/Notes
 
The purpose of thie work was yo develop a suitable computer 
program to correct computer compatible tapes, obtained from LANDSAT MSS 
data, and to study its effect on percentage of correct classification. The 
LOWTRAN-3 program, developed by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratories and 
based on a semi-emps ical model, was used to calculate the atmospheri-c 
transmittance, in conjunction wi th Turner's model for correction of 
satellite data for atmospheric interference. It improved the contrast 
between different natural targets i-n the MSS LANDSAT data of Brasstaa, 
Brazil. It aleo improved the classifscation accuracy of sugar cones by 
about 9%, -n the M4SS LANDSAT data of Ribeirao Preto, SaDo PauZlo, Brazil. 
.tignal photography may be Xtrrc jAS-STI N3ased FACI
 EROS Data Center 6.- 129 
sSiakxFaUk 30$/S CFN 
For publication i-n the Proceedings of the "Sympost&um on Machine 
Processing of Remotely Sensed Data", LARS, Purdue Univ., Indiana, USA. 
--- I 
C I. 
-REPIR0DUCIBILITY Or THE 
- ' O~~DIGINAL PAGE IS POOR...­
.,ABSTRACT quality of LANDSAT MSS images for visual
phozo- nterprotaton and (B) the
 
The purpose of this work was to percentage of correct classi.ficar2on of 
develop a suitable computer program to the same data, uslng automatic pattern 
correct computer compatible tapes, recognition techniques 
obtained from LANDSAT ?SS data, and to 
study -ts effect on percentage of correct 
classification The LOW'RAN-3 program, Is DETERIINATION Or 
developed by the Air Force Geophysics ATOSPHERZC TRANSMITTANCE 
Laboratories and based on a semi-empirical 
model, was used to calculate the The calculation of atmospheric 
atp ospheric transmittance, in con3unction transmittance is notnmally difficult, 
with Turner's mode) for correction of because of the complicated nature of Lha 
satellite data for atmospheric radiative transfer eouation and of the, 
interference It improved the contrast usually incompletely known, constituency 
bctween different natural targets in the of the atmosphere at the tlme for which 
MSS LANDSAT data of Brasilia, Brazil It calculations are to be made There bave 
also improved the classification accuracy been innumerable investigations frot %whion 
of sugar canes by about 9%, in the MSS methods are derived for cajculet~ng 
IAZDS'T data of Rbelrao Preto, Sio Paulo, atmospheric transmittance i (1) Line-by­
frazl1. line calculations- the foundation for the 
line-by-line calculation is a set of
 
parameters that describe the molecular
 
I Tr'RODUCTION lines in which radiation is aborbed and
 
emitted Man" techniqus, developed in
 
Radiation from remotely sensed these calculations, are designed to 
objects in the earcl's environment is minimize the computational effort Ever 
attenuated in its e.sage through the with the time-saving approyxwations 
atmosphere With the advent of LANDSAT, applied to rne line-by-line calculation, 
Skylab and other advanced eactn monitoring the costs are often ezoessive xor an 
satellites, it has tacome increasingly accuracy beyond that realred for 
important to know to what ertent the correcting LAJDSAT 14SS data for 
atmosphere affects the classification atmospheric interference (2) Band-Model 
accuracy, using satellite multispectral Calculations Although, in general, these 
scanner (MSS) data, of earth resources teochniques ate more efficient 
coonptatonaliv than line-by-line 
The Brazilian Institute of Space ca3culations, they stl3 take consideiably 
Research (INPE) operates a data receiving more computer time than, for e amplc, the 
and a data processing station for the LOWTRAN 3 method described belov. (3) The 
LANDSAT satellite and processes MSS data Aggregate mct,-od, developed by the 
in the form of photographs, as well as Envq.ronmentai Research Institute of 
computer compatible tapes. The objectives Micbigan (EPIM), is simply a copilatton 
of the present project were- (1) To of tne special forms of the band-models, 
develop a suitable, computationally assembled in a program In this method, in 
efficient, computer program to correct the certain uave3ength regions, the 
tapes of LANDSAT's multispectral scanner conventional hodels are not used, but 
(MSS) data for atmospheric interference, empirical fits to exparimenta) data are 
and (2), to study the effect of used to deteimane the functional form of 
atmospheric interference on (A) the transmittance Since its spectral range 
979 Machine Processrng of Remotely Sensed Dala Symposium 
REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR ­
(1 to 30 Pm) does not include the visible atmosphere, if the nadir view ang)e is 
wavelength region, it is not suitable for small, or if the satellite's altitude is 
oar purpose. (4) LOWTRAN 3 Method The not too great The target zas assumcd to 
2
LO'TRAN 3 program is based on a semi- be diffuse. The eight parameters needed Ly 
empirical model and calculates the the model are wavelength, azimuth and 
transmnttance (averaged over a 20 cm zenith angles of tne sun, azimuth and 
interval) for a gIven atmospheric path3 , nadir view angles of the sensing device, 
at steps of 5 cm- , from 350 cm- 1 to hengnt of the sensing device above the 
-
40,000 cm (0.25 to 28.5 pm) terrain, visual range at the ground, and
 
average background terrain albedo
 
The main assumptions made in this 
program arc that the atmosphere can be I The day, month, year, and local time 
represented by a 33-layer model, and that of the satellite, along t'ath the longitude
-
the average transmittance over a 20 cm and latitude of the sround scene, were 
interval (due to molecular absorption) can used in a separate computer prograem to 
be represented by a single parameter obtain the solar azimuth an' zenith 
model, determined empirically using both angles The background terxain spectral
laboratory transmittance data and. albedo was estimated by the values of 
available molecular line constants. The spectral reflectance of the known types of 
absorption coefficients for water vapor, ground covers available in the literature 
ozone, and the combined effects of the It was found that changing the scanning
unifor ly mixed gases (CO21 N7O, CA, CC, angle of the satellite from 00 to 100 had 
NZ, and 02) are digitized in this program almost no effect on the calculated 
transmittance of the atmosphere. The 
A choice of si, model atmospheres elapsed time on a B-6700 computer to 
(1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, Tropical correct 4 images, each of 512> 512 pixels 
(1501), Madlatitude Suimer (450N, July), Li a 1,048,576 piyelsj for atmospheric
Midlatitude Winter (450, January), interference, was about 15 minuaes 
Subarotic Summer (60N, July), and 
Sub/arctic Winter (60 N, January), is 
given, with an option for a seventh model, IV. EXPErI'ZNTAL RESULTS 
'hich car be inserted as a set of 
radiosonde data. The aerosol attenuation LANDSAT NSS data of Biasilia, Brazil, 
is calculated for a given visual range, were corrected using this algorithm and 
using an interpolationj extrapolation available radiosonde data Figures I to 3 
scheme, with two aerosol models, based on -show the original image in band 4 (0 5 to 
measurements of continental aerosols under 0 6 pm), band 7 (0 8 to 1 1 um) and a 
moderate visibility conditions (5 km and color composite, respectively. Figures 4 
23 km at sea level). The altitude, to G show the respective figures 1 to 3 
pressure, temperatrre, water vapor density, corrected for atmospheric interference 
and ozone density 1or six model 
atmospheres, as we]' as the number of Note that the corrected irnages have 
particles per cm3 for two haze models better contrast between natural targets,(visual ranges of 5 and 23 kin), are thus making it easier to discr minate 
provided as basic anpat data between them by photo-interpretation. In 
addition, one can see textural featur-s of 
This program ias used for calculating certain areas li-ke vegatation, roads, etc 
the transmittance of the atmosphere better in the corrected images. 
because It is reasonably accurate, user­
oriented, computationally vcrr efficient, To arrive at an estimate oi chance mn 
well documented and revised by the percentage of'correct classification, 
AirPorce Geophysics Laboratoties at after correction for atmospheric 
regular periods of time, utilizing recent interference, LANDSAT M4SS Data of RLbeirao 
laboratory measurements and theoretical Preto (July 1, 1977), was corrected for 
calculations, atmospheric interference using this 
algorithm The Department of Remote
 
Sensing of Earth Resources of INPE had 
III CORRECT[Or OF LANDSAT MISS DATA FOR classfLied the sugar canes in thas area, 
ATMOSPHERIC INTERFERENCE using aerial photography The o0iginal and
 
corrected images gave classif cation 
Computer compatible tapes of LANDSAT accuracies of sugar canes to be 6B I% and 
uISS data ,ere corrected using the 77 3% respectively, using the single-cell 
'atmospheric model for correction of option of Image-100 as compared to the 
spacecraft data-, as given by Turner results obtained by aerial photography
(1972)4 This model assuiies a plane- Image-100 is a data processing system 
parallel atmosphere but can be applied to marketed by the General Eleotr~c Co to 
the ase of a ioalistic spherical extract thematic ,nformation and enhance 
1979 Aachine Processing of ReMotely Sensed Date Symposium 
multispectral imagery. Further experiments
 
need to be done to establish if correcting

LANDSAT MSS data for atmospheric
 
interference significantly improves,
 
statistically, the percentage of correct
 
classification. Future plans include more
 
experiments with the current algorithm,
 
using a pixel-by-pixel maximum likelihood
 
gaussian classifier, as well as a sample
 
classifier, making the current algorithm

computationally more efficient, and
 
comparing the results to those of other
 
algorithms of correcting satellite data
 
for atmospheric interfeience reported in
 
the literature, with respect to their
 
effect on classification accuracy.
 
We gratefully acknowledge the
 
assistance of Dr Celso de Renna e Souza,
 
Head, informatics Division (INPE) and tne
 
Department of Remote Sensing (INPE) for
 
their assistance with this work. In
 
addition, the authors would like to thank
 
Dr. Nelson de Jesus Parada, Director of
 
!NPE, for his permssion to publish this
 
work 
REFrERENICES 
1 	A. LaRocca, "Methods of Calculating
 
Atmospheric Transmittance and Radiance
 
in the Tnfrared", Proc of IESE,
 
vol. 63(1), pp. 75-128, 1975.
 
2 	J.E A. Selby and R A McClatchey,
 
"Atmospheric Transmittance From 0 25 to
 
28.5 Vm Computer Code LOWTRAN 3",
 
APCRL-TR-75-0255, Air Force Geophysics
 
Laboratories, Hanscom AIB, Mass , 1975 REPODUmILTYOF THE 
3. 	 R A McClatchey, R W. Fenn, J E A ORIGAL PAGE 18 POOR 
Selby, F.E Volz, and J S Saring, 
"Optical Properties of the Atmosphere 
[Third Edition)", AFCRL-72-0497, Air
 
Force Geophysics Laboratories, Hanscom
 
AFB, Mass., 1972
 
4 	 R.S. Turner and ? H Spencer, 
"Atmospheric hodel for Correction of 
Spacecraft Data", Proceedings Eighth 
International Symposium on Remote 
Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, 
Michigan, pp 895-934, 1972 
1979 /Machinz ProcCssing cf Remotely Sensed Data Symposium 
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1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium
 
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1979 bathineProessng of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium, 
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PAP ZR TITLE TN'OR1MATIQ"' 
Please Lype the taLle of you)- oacer belcv DO NOq, ',vL TITLE (W'P'RST 
..... OF tOUR 'APERP,LA'RS VcIQ L "Ill CofllllPL proceedings'eG 	 the 
'r" of 'o',r De e " 
tYffet of the Atmosphere on the Classification of LANDSAT Data 
Please supply tle folLovn-, anfornation Lair each author .,ddationai 
cories of tbxs o. arep e 
Ravandra Kumar 
Associate Researcher_(equivalent to associate professor in U.S.A.)
 
Instituto de Pesquisas Espacias (INPE/CNPq)
 
C-P. 5,-1'2200 - sa6 Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
 
'2-:99977' ExE: -237 O1---	 REPRODUC mILT 
ORIGINAL PAGE I8P _OOl 
Ycar Lr-ef# bloco-apncat sketch 
inuse 	 Ravindra Kumar received B. Tech. 
o: 	 -...s rcctrnglc e-e kFeel (Hons.) degree from the Indian 
L i-lush 'lar Institute of Technology, Kharagpl-,3 ot 

inner- eftl!an(- i India in 1968. He received M.S. and
 
jPh.D. degrees from school of
 
,;engineering and LARS, Purdue
 
!University in 1970 and 1973
 
respectively. Since Jan 1974, he has
 
Ibeen ,with the Instituto de Pesquisas
 
Espacials (INPE/CNPq). He has taught
 
graduate courses, guided graduate
 
' students and published about 35 papers
 
!:in the general area of, "Remote
 
ISensing of Agriculture and Earth
 
I Resources" lie is a member of Sigma
 
X1.1
 
Pz,'R TITLE I FOR" T1O 
Pleose c0pe tre uftie of your papc-r eoh( LO N,OT T\PTI TITLE O, FTIRS 
SPELT OF rouR m 1'pL'S % l L' 'pen cownDn rccedtnc,-.az-d Co 
[Tit]2 of -oar !"a er 
Effect of the Atmosphere on the Classification of LANDSAT Data
 
0UTi1OR/SI$SJ ON Ci' IR!AN B lOGRKMhTC\L i.PO[C']'20ON 
Please sappl &a5 ollov ang -nformait'-o"rez"ec, aLrhor Adddironal 
Copmes OL 7'iS form al-e fOViatC,. 
Tsutomu Morimoto 
ese rch Assistant 
:In't6tt" ae Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/CNPq) 
c-.p'.~5 1 5,(122 0 -' Sao''Jos6 dos Campos, SP - Brazil 
J22-9977' ExE- 220 
...... IVEPRODUCIEILTTUF Tn 
ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR 
\our b.-3cf 
,ust t 
-:-,i e 
;)J ogtapbi crl sk, L" 
Ole ]-WE',Tsutomu )-
plas: -, -?0• 
lf e t 
-c--
Morimoto received B.Sc. degree, 
,in Phys cs from FFCL UNESP - Rio Claro, 
ISao Pauto, Brazil and M.Sc. in 
e '[LMeteoroJogy from Instituto de Pesqumi; 
Isas Especiais (INPE/CNPq) in 1978. He i 
ihas been a graduate research assistant) 
J'at INPE since 1974. His research 
interests are in physical meteorology
and climatology. 
PAL'I P TiTL2" O}'\.AT -
Please E ) itle oL -our pt, '. .' DO :1U0T1 1' 0, 'I LILE ON FIRSY 
SABET or YOUR PAPER, L7 F\S 1i11 add Ii: hen comrL, na the procoed-ngs. 
Tir>e of Yor I n--
Effect of the Atmosphere on the Classification of LANDSAT Data
 
AUTEOR 'SESSIO.q CCX1R.1Y\ BCCTAhTNIC I -CO,,'i,' ON 
o .Pleese su3y n folouin qf inforr.at ion - cac, uchor. Additional 
co"pAis of Liii S torn , arc qrov wclc 
Luiz Carlos Baldicero Molion -

Assdciate 'Researcher (equivalent to associate professor in USA)
 
Kistitutode Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE!CNPq) 
IC.. ,515-IL12200 - SaoJose dos Campos, SP - Brazil 
122-9977, Ext.'220
 
EPRODU0BILITy OF 2. 
YrL1r cORIGiDL 	 PAGE IS pTUB_ 
:,x F lt i 11hr -e A J, ,Luiz Carlos Baldicero Molton received 
-of t, rI c an-'i. Pi'cie e -;B.Sc. Degree in Physics from the 
,:,<, - sh ieC fO L~ , - lUniversity of Sao Paulo, Brazil in 
•V- ]fr- l:,	 i'1969. He received Ph.D. degree from 
!'the department of meteorology, 
JUniversity of Wisconsin xn 1975. Since 
1:1970, he has been wjh the Institute 
1de Pesquisas Espacaais (INPE/CNPq) He! 
'has been teaching graduate courses,
 
i'guidahg graduate students and doing
 
lresearch in the general areas of
 
1micrometeorology, climatology and
 
physica! meteorology.
 
I 
I i 
9
 
fct AIIf,1979 
to NRECEIVED 
ACCESS DEPT CS 
LOL 


Effect of the atmosphere on the classification of LANDSAT data

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