Future manned space programs that have increased launch frequencies and reusable systems require an implementation of new consumables and systems management techniques that relieve both the operations support personnel and flight crew activities. Analytical models and techniques were developed which consist of a Mission Planning Processor (MPP) with appropriate consumables data base, methods of recognizing potential constraint violations in both the planning and flight operations functions, and flight data files for storage/retrieval of information over extended periods interfacing with flight operations processors for monitoring of the actual flights. Consumables subsystems considered in the MPP were electrical power, environmental control and life support, propulsion, hydraulics and auxiliary power

Torian, J. G.

English

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CONTRACT NO. NAS9-I4264AUGUST 1978
A,
26821-HO23-RO-00
C:)
FORMULATION OF CONSUMABLES
MANAGEMENT MODELS
-W
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FrWared WFF
Torian
Opvrafiw al Systems Section
26821-HO23-RO 00
FORMULATION OF CONSUMABLES
MANAGEMENT MODELS
AUGUST 1978
	 CONTRACT NO. NAS9-14264
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Prepared by
J. G. Torion
Operational Systems Section
TRW
Of SENSE 4 NO SPACE SYS IfMS GROUP
CONTENTS
Page
1.0
	 INTRODUCTION .	 .	 .	 . .	 . .	 . .	 . .	 .	 .	 . .
	
. .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 1-1
2.0 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING TASKS . . . . . . . . . . .
	 2-1
2.1	 STS MPP WORKING MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	
2-1
2.2	 SUPPORTING TASKS	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 	 2-3
3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTIONS 	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	 3-1
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 A-1
REFERENCES	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 P-1
TABLES
P arc e
I. Mission Planning Processor Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 2-2
II. Validation Study Results, Standard Deviation 	 . . . . . . . .	 2-4
7
i
The final report for Part IV of this contract is presented in an Exc.:u-
Live Summary and two technical volumes. The technical volumes are: Volume (-
Mission Planning Processor Development and Volume II-Mission Planninq Proces-
sor User Guide.
Several formal reports were issied during the perioa of performance of
Part IV and are so noted in the References of the Executive Summary and
Volume I.
This particular report presents information on development of the Con-
sumables Mission Planninq Processor.
ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Future manned space prograws that will have increased launch frequencies
and reusable systems require an implementation of new consumables and systems
management techniques that will relieve both the operations support personnel
and flight crew activities. These techniques must be developed for the opti-
mum combination of an onboard and ground support consumables management sys-
tem consistent with the goals of the program. Effective operational perfor-
mance of the consumables management techniques of a total system requires
that a very explicit definition of the time, place, and method of performance
of each function be determined Ly trade studies to ascertain that the opera-
tional methods do, indP:. d, meet these goals. This requires that the complete
consumables management cycle be considered by including the mission planning
and scheduling functions, prelaunch activities, onboard mission functions,
ground mission support functions, and postmissior: activities.
Formulation of models required for the mission planning and scheduling
function and establishment of the relation of those models to prelaunch, on-
board, ground support, and postmission function, for the development phase
of advanced spacecraft was conducted under Contract NAS9-14264.
Analytical models and techniques were developed which consist of a
Mission Planning Processor (MPP) with appropriate consumables data base,
methods of recognizing potential constraint violations in both the planning
and flight operations functions, and Flight Data Files for storage/retrieval
of information over extended periods interfacing with Flight Operations Pro-
cessors for monitoring of the actual flights. Consumables subsystems con-
sidered in the MPP were electrical power, environmental control and life
support, propulsion, hydraulics and auxiliary power.
Development of Space Transportation System (STS) interactive computer
p rogram HPP working model was conducted under Part IV of this Research and
Technology Objectives and Plan (RTOP) and is based on studies conducted dur-
ing the preceding Parts I, IJ and III. The period of performance for Part
IV was 1 November 1976 through 31 August 1978.
"I
The final report for Part IV of this contract is presented in an
Executive Summary and two technical volumes. The technical volumes are:
Volume I-Mission Planning Processor Oevelopment, and Volume II-Mission
Planning Processor User Guide.
Several formal reports were issued during the period of performance of
Part IV and are so noted in the References of the Executive Summary and
Vo 1 urne I .
This particular report presents an overview of the effort conducted
under Bart IV of the RTOP.
1-2
t2.0 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING TASKS
2.1 STS MPP WORKING MODEL
Analytical models anJ techniques were developed which consist of an MPP
with appropriate consumables data base. The MPP is used to calculate con-
sumables requirements and to provide a method for recognizinq potential con-
straint violations in both the planning and flight operations functions.
	 In
addition, the 11PP generates a Flight Data File for storage/retrieval of in-
formation over an extended period which interfaces with a Flight Operations
Processor for monitoring of the actua l,  flinhts.
A working computer model of the MPP for the STS was developed under
Part IV of the RTOP. The program is structured as defined by the detailed
requirements of Referen ,	1. The program is in operation on the Univac 1110-
Exec 8 System accessible through the Mission Planning Laboratory terminals in
Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). The program may be operated
either from tape or secured files. Application of the program is explained
in Volume II of these reports.
Features of the MPP -ire suiiiiiarized in Table I. The program is designed
to afford routine processing of the consumables aspect of mission planning
and flight operations by personnel not specifically skilled in consumables
technology. This design goal is accomplished by use of an on-line/demand
mode computer terminai Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display-. The process is such
that the user merely adds specific mission/flight functions to a skeleton
flight and/or alters the skeleton. The skeletor flight includes operational
aspects from prelaunch through Ground Support Equipment (GSE) connect after
landing and rollout. These operations are "equired to place the STS in a
parking orbit, maintain the spacecraft and crew for the sta yed on-orbit
period and return. The system has an update/edit capability such that the
fidelity of the resulting consumables data can be increased as the user
knowledge of that particular flight increases or replanning is necessary over
a span time of approximately ten years from the long-range planning stage
through flight operations.
•M AGE INK 
r'L1'1' 1'tLa.Lt3
2-1
Table I. Mission Planning Processor Features
• Developed for routine processing and screening of high frequency
repetitive flights by relatively unskilled personnel.
• Simplified user interface:
- Interactive demand mode computer program
- User need not be a consumables analyst
- User prompting and error guards
- Constructs timeline from menu of phases and activities.
• Records and notifies user of scheduling conflicts and potential
constraint violations.
• File/retrieval and update/edit system developed for extended
flight planning/flight operations period with flight being
designed and processed in parallel.
• Structured such that it may be integrated into overall mission
planning system.
2-2
Demonstration of the file/retrieval and update/edit capability of the
MPP was conducted via preparation of data files for operational flights be-
yond Orbital Fliqht Test (OFT)-6. The efforts dei , ionstrate the preparation
of early-stage flight planning data files based on the best information
available on each individual flight and the techniques for updating the data
as the flight planning process progresses. The MPP was exercised for 27
flights categorized as Single Payload Deployable, Multi-Payload Deployable,
Department of Defense (DOD), Spacelab, and Other Flights. The File 1 data
(input) has been placed in secured files for retrieval. The files :an be
retrieved for update/edit and/or generation of consumables data on the
flights as currently planned. The preparation of these files provides JSC
with a sy ,.tem for training personnel as well as initializes the operational
era consumables management system. A significant feature of the file/
retrieval system is that it virtually eliminates the maintainina and
of written reports on the planning status of the flights, since the latest
information can be retrieved as needed.
The program as structured consists basically of control and support
routines, computational routines, and a consumables data base. In execution,
the user, via the control and support routines, is setting up indicators as
to the start and stop tine of various activities. 'These indicators direct
the computational routines to calculate the effect of the activity on the
consumables. The computational routines extract data on each activity from
the consumables data base. This structuring provides the potential to inte-
grate the consumables aspect of mission planning into an overall mission
planning processor. This could be accomplished by using the consumables
computational routines and data base with the indicators being supplied as
a sub-set of the indicators required for the overall mission planning pro-
cess.
2.2 SUPPORTING TASKS
Development of the Mission Planning Processor Computer Program under
Part IV of this RTOP was supported by several parallel tasks. These tasks
either directly supported the program development, or provided information
2-3
for future app l ication and/or ;v dification to tine p rogram in relation to the
f light planning and f'ilght operations of the STS and advanced spacecraft.
These sWdies are in addition to similar, but more generic, studies conducted
under previous parts of the RTOP. This report presents an overview of the
individual tasks. The reader is referred tc Volume I of these reports and/or
the References for greater detail.
STS MPP Validation Study
A study was conducted to determine accuracy of the MPP as a consumables
analysis tool in relation to detailed consumables studies conducted by the
Mission Planning and Analysis Division (MPAD) at JSC. Consumables requi ► e-
ments for the OFT flights were developed on the MPP and compared with similar
data from the MPAD/JSC studies (References 2 and 3). The standard deviation
( ) based on the percent of total consumables required as calculated in the
MPP and those found in tie MPAD/JSC studies is shown -in Table II.
Table I1. Validation Study Results,
Standard Deviation
CONSUMABLE	 I	 -
OMS PROP	 2.4
CRYO (H 2/02 )	 3.2
ECLSS N 2	1.0
Data Base Update for STS MPP
The Consumables Data Base associated with the performance of the mis-
sion activities and required as input to ':he STS MPP for the consumables
calculations has been prepared under Part III of this RTOP. Under Part IV
the information was updated to reflect current data for incorporation in
the computer program. The updated information is given in Reference 4.
t A
2-4
Payload Interface Requirements Task
A study defining the Payload interface to the MPP was conducted. The
study is documented in Reference 5 which:
1. Defines the impact of payload functions on Orbiter operations.
2. Provides a guide to assessing this impact via reference to a
typical payload deta source and the related input to the MPP.
3. Identifies modifications to the MPP which will improve the
interface of the payload data source and the Processor.
4. Identifies the data and format for payload data sources which
would improve the interface of that source and the MPP.
Crew Simulato r
 Requirements Task
A study was conducted to define the crew training simulations require-
ments relating to consumables management for advanced spacec raft systems.
The Space Shuttle requirements wore examined in detail as a specific example
of such an advanced system. The study reconv»ends development of a "consum-
ables reset point generator" based on the MPP program for inclusion in the
simulator software package.
Tne recommendations were documented (Reference 6) and presented in a
briefing to representatives of the National aeronautics and Space
Administrat ,)n (NASA) Flight Simulations Division at JSC.
Flight Data File 3 Development
The algorithms required for the generation of the Flight Data File 3
by the OPP were developed. File 3 contains the consumables quantities and
parameters required for crew training, f- jht control, launch processing,
and initialization of the onboard computers.
,his effort included the definition of those parameters to be stored in
the Flight Data File 3 for each consumable subsystem considered, such as
Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS), Environmental Control and Life Support
Subsystem (ECLSS), Orbital 11aneuvering Subsystem (OMS), Reaction Control
Subsystem (RCS), Hydraulics, and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU). Computational
methods required to convert: and store the parameters of the above consuii;-
	
a
ables subsystems (with the exception of the EPS Cryogenics) were formulated
and documented in Reference 7.
2-5
2-6
Operations Transition Study
A study to establish refinements to the consumables ^ ►anagei^ent mission
planning process in the transition from the development to the operational
era of the STS was performed and documented in Reference R. The refinements
address methods to minimize support effort on the basic delivery system
(orbiter) based on increased confidence gained during the development era,
and shift the effort to Pa y load support during the operational era.
Sim lified Spare Station MPP Task
Consumables management techniques developed under this RTOP were used
to formulate a consumables model for the Space Station. This effort served
the twofold purpose of: a) testing the applicability of techniques developed
earlier for the STS, to advanced Spacecraft Systems, and b) establishing the
basis from where tools can evolve to support the Space Station Consumables
management.
The MPP was modified to incorporate the Space Station data base and
revise the activity displays and input controls to reflect the Space Station
activity menu. The data base workbook for the Space Station model is docu-
mented in Reference 9. The operation of the Space Station program differs
from the STS program only in the activity inenu from which the user selects
the tiriel ire elements.
Consumebles Redli ne Guidelines
Guidelines for the development of consumables subsystem redlines for
advanced spacecraft systems were established and documented in Reference 10.
Implementation of the MPP in conjunction with a Redline Status Sub-
processor is recommended ai part of the Launch Processing System (LPS).
Worksheet Update Task
The Consumables Long Range Flight Planning Worksheet is a tool devel-
oped earlier under this RTOP (Reference 11) for screening of flights to
determine which flights require detailed consumables analysis. The worksheet
was updated in Reference 12 to reflect current available data along with
!!
	 minor modifications to its format. In addition, a study establishing the
7^.	 accuracy of the worksheet was conducted and documented (Reference 13).
fr
v U,
3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS/SUGGESTMNS
A Cunsumables Management System for reusable spacecraft and highly re-
petitive flights from the long-range planning stage through flight operations
and spacecraft turnaround have been developed under this RTOP. The nucleus
of the system, the Mission Planning Processor, and the Flight Data Files for
the first 27 operational flights for the STS have been developed under Part
IV of the RTOP. This latter development not only represents a test bed for,
the Corsumables Management System, but also provides a baseline for manage-
ment of operational STS Flights. It is strongly recommended that the system
be used in the pending operational era flight planning and design to support
an orderly transition from the current flight test development procedures to
the real world of management of high frequency repetitive flights. The nu-
merous reports issued in the course of this RTOP are not so encompassing
that they can ba placed on the shelf and retrieved four or five years from
now to support the STS operational era. The recommendation, again, is that
only continuously working with, refining, and adapting such a system will
lead to the most efficient and effective cunsumables management in the op-
erational era.
Several suggestions follow which are aimed at supporting the refining
and adapting process in the above recommendation:
1. A multiple dat<< base file should be set up from which the user
may select individual data bases. These individual data bases
would represent specific spacecraft char,icteristics and/or
proposed spacecraft modification that will be in effect for
that flight.	 It should be noted that the file/retrieval sys-
tem is such that, upon retrieval, the consumables data is con-
structed on the resident characteristic data base and is inde-
pendent of the data base that was in effect when the flight
data file was created.)
2. A subprocessor should be created which will generate the Long
Range Flight Planning 'Worksheet factors from an MPP data base.
This would simplify data control since both the worksheet and
MPP share common data.
Y'1tk;(^IN4
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.ANg f:;r'1• i :t.,.p ^a
3-1
3. The MPP should be extended to support mass properties data
generation in greater detail. Mass can be treated similar to
any other consumable. Manipulator operations activity schedul-
ing could be used to deploy and retrieve mass in conjunction
with the mass depletion resulting from use of consumahles.
Water dump should be added as a schedulable activity to complete
this mass property system.
3-2
ACkONYMS AND ABBP,EVIATIONS
^^^.►vilr(1 ,^ Arc (^^w.c ►
. pia
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
DOD Department of Defense
ECLSS Environmental	 Control	 and Life Support Subsystem
EPS Electrical	 Power Subsystem
GSE Ground Support Equipment
JSC Johnson Space Center
LPS Launch Processing System
IIPAD Mission Planning and Analysis
	
Division
MPP Mission Planning	 Processor
NASA National	 Aeronautics and Space Administration
OFT Orbital	 Flight Test
0f•1S Orbital	 Maneuvering Subsystem
RCS Reaction Control	 Subsystem
RTOP Research and Technology ObJectives and Plans
STS Space Transportation System
A-1


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