Data are presented in regard to the effect of unilateral brachial amputation on the physiological characteristics of two functionally different muscles, the brachial muscle (flexor of the brachium) and the medial head of the brachial triceps muscle (extensor of the brachium), which in rats represents a separate muscle. Hypokinesia and hypodynamia were studied

Katinas, G. S.

Oganov, V. S.

Potapov, A. N.

English

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or	 AM	 1 I 'M MIT.- ":PICTTIMI ()F SKELEM NDS=
G. S. Xatiamse V. S. Opmv and A. N. Potapw
(NASA-TH-76009) H1VODrVAfi1C AID 81POKINXTIC	 ISO-24989
CONDITION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES (National
aeronautics and space Adainistration) 7 p
HC 202/mY 201	 CSCL 06P	 Unclas
Q5/52 19316
Tra^alatiau of wQtpAinmddmkqye i
dM19bvM myshtsfp * Fjvj0jggd,*Wd Zb	 SSmjZmalX
Vbl. 60,, No. 10,p 1975j, pp 160GY-1508
XASA
4
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NW1CM AERONhUTICS AND SPACE ADKMISTRATION
WEMOZON, D. C. 20546	 FEMWM 1980
a
STANDARD TITLE PAGE
1. Report No.
N&qh T*-76W9
	
_T
2. Government Accession No. 3.	 Recipient's Catalog No.
4.	 Title end Subtitle S. Report Date
HnMYWaC AID HYPOtC MIC OONDITION OP
SKELEM MUSCM 6.	 Performing Organization Code
7.	 Authar(s) 1. Performing Organisation Report No.
G. S. Katinas, V. S. 0ganl7v and A. N. Potapov
10.	 Work Unit No.
11.	 Contract at Grant No.
NASw- 19. Performing Organization Name and Address
13.	 Type of Report and Period CoveredLeo Namier Associates
Aedwood City, California 94063 Translation
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
National AeDOnatltiC3 and Space Administration
Washington, D. D. 20546
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
Translation of "Gipodinamicheslaoye i gipokineticheskoye sostoyaniya ske-
letnykh myshts," Fiziologicheskiy Zhurnal SSSR, Vol. 60, No. 10, 1974,
pp 1606-1608.	 `^
16. Abstract Data are presented in regard to the effect Of unilateral
brachial agxtation on the physiological characteristics of two
functionally different muscles, the brachial miscle (flexor of the
b=hi%m) and the medial head of the brachial triceps %Lmle (ex-
tensor of the brachium), which in rats represents a separate^cle.
Hypokinesia and hypodynaznia were studied.
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NASA-MO
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HYPODYNAMIIC AND HYPOK NETIC CQVDrf= CF SKEL F!rAr.
G. S. Katinas, V.	 Oganov and A. N. Potapov
First State Medical Institute,lm. Pavlova, Leningrad and Soviet health
Ministry Institute for Medicobiological Problems, Moscow
One must distinguish two different conditions for the reduced activity of ske- /1606*
letal muscles, hypokinesia and hypodynamia [4, 5, 81. Hypokinesia is caused by re-
striction of mobility and is characterized by reduction of the number and scope of
unoRretaents. Hypodynamia is induced by diminution of the power load. If each of these
is to be analyzed one must look for methods that make it possible to differentiate
the effects referred to [2, 4, 5, 71.
The present study provides data on the effect of unilateral brachial mutation
on the physiological characteristics of two functioially different muscles -- the
brachial (m. borachialis), flexor of the forearm, and the middle head of the triceps
humeral muscle (capuut mediale m. tricipitis) , forearm extensor, which in the rat is
a separate muscle.
18 mongrel albino rats were subjected to left brachial amputation [5]. 18 in-
tact ardmals served as controls. Fran 3 to 6 months following operation there was
a weighing of the animals and of the muscles being studied under conditions of acute
experiments in situ — time and force characteristics of single and tetanic responses
of the brachial muscle and of the medial head of the brac hial triceps in neurcmascul-
ar preparations of the operated and oontralateral extremities of experimental rats
and controls.
ATgxtation did not change the weight of the experimental animals. The middle
head of the brachial triceps muscle wiighed less than the oontralateral by 27% (p
0.001) and 33% less than the control (p 0.001) (352+14, 341+16, 371+17 g respect-
ively); the weight of the operated brachial muscle was the same as that of the con-
tralateral and control: 254+10, 257+10 and 260+15 q respectively. The table shows
physiological characteristics of the brachial muscles following forearm amputation.
* Numbers in the margin indicate pagination in the foreign text.
1
PAFWWrERS Off'' Sn %ME AMID TWANIC RBSPCNSES OF SCR
MUSCLES M BRACHIAL AMPUrATICK
a	
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Rmark: For tetanic responses time given is half that of
stress dew2op ent.
i. Single.
J. Tetanic.
k. Shoulder.
m. Continuaticn.
n. Amplitude (g)
o. Rate of fused tetarms
(imp./sec)
Key: a. Muscles.
b. Nature of response.
c. Stress development time (cosec).
d. Half-life of stress.
e. Extremity operated upon.
f. oorftralatexai	 extremity.
g. Intact animals.
h. Medial head of triceps
shoulder muscle.
Earlier findings [5] as well as the results of the present study indicate, that
a change in the weight of the shoulder muscles and disruption of their function fol-
lowing amputation of the forearm depends to a large extent an the degree to which
they participate in maintaining vertical posture.
The middle head of the triceps, a flexor muscle, loses its antigravitational
function following amputation and shows a real weight loss. Weight loss is substan-
tially less or even nonexistent for the brachial muscle, whose function it is to
produce phasic flexion of the elbow joint and has a slight antigravitational role [5).
2
Following amputation there were also differences in the muscles respecting the
cue in their functional oonditien. In the case of the operated middle head of /1607
the triceps muscle there was a diminution in the half-time of development of tetanic
pressure and a drop in the amplitude of tetanic responses as eanpared with the same
muscle in the controls. In the operated brachial muscle there was a lengthenIng of
the halftime of development and the half-time of decay of the tetanic response, a
drop in its amplitude and likewise a reduction in the frequency of fused tetanus as
compared with the muscles of intact animals.
Unilateral brachial amputation likewise induced changes in the muscles of the
eontralateral extrenit iS, In this case the middle head of the triceps muscle showed
an increase in the half-time for reduction of tetanic pressure and a decrease in the
frequency of fused tetanus, while the humeral muscle shored an increase in the half-
life of single response pressure and the half-life of the tetanic response, a drop
in its amplitude and also a reduction in the frequency of fused tetanus as compared
with the muscles of intact animals.
The removal of the power load exerted upon the medial head of the triceps muscle
induces in it a condition of hypodyna ia. This state is characterized by a reduction
of muscle weight, a decrease in the development time of tetanic pressure and a reduc-
tion in its aatplitaade. The combination of the two latter characteristics displays a
qualitative analogy with the "force-speed" ratio described by Miill [91 for intact
muscles oontracting under different pressures. This ratio, which determines the me-
chmaical efficiency of the muscles, seems to be maintained uncles oonditions of hypo-
dynamia. The plausibility of such an explanation is borne out by a certain amount
of data in the literature [6, 10-151.	 /1608
Another condition develops in the brachial muscle of the operated and emtrala-
teral extremities. It is marked by a decrease in pressure development time and the
time of its half-life and by a reduction in the fused tetanus frequency. Analogous
changes were described in the muscles of animals kept for a long time under condi-
tion of restricted mobility [1, 2-3, 71. one may characterized the set of changes
referred to as as hypokinetic oondition. Here, in all probability, the nature of the
"power-speed" ratio is changed. The difference between the hypokinetic condition and
the hypodynamic seems to find its expression likewise in changes of a histochemical
kind.
3
The more prowunced character of 2ypokinetic changes in the contralateral brach-
ial muscle as =%erred with the operated brachial muscle may be associated with a re-
duction in its phasic activity, since the animal, after unilateral amputation, sup-
ports itself on the intact for6limbj there is also disruption of the synergic move-
ment of the forelimbs. Fbr similar reasons the contralateral medial head of the tri-
ceps brachial muscle also seems to be subject to conditions leading to the develop-
ment of a hypokinetic cociditicn. This is shown by an increase in the half-life time
of tetanic pressure and a reduction in fused tetanus frequency.
4


Hypodynamic and hypokinetic condition of skeletal muscles

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