The oxygen uptake and tissue gas homeostasis of restrained albinic rats remained relatively constant during a 60 day experiment. The gas metabolism in some tissues changed, and O2 consumption increased in the liver and decreased in the myocardium. Capacity for physical work was reduced by five times. Hypokinesia for 60 days resulted in a delay in the animals growth

Galushko, Y. S.

Kovalenko, Y. A.

Mailyan, E. S.

Nitochkina, I. A.

Popkov, V. L.

Ryazhskiy, A. F.

Stulova, L. V.

Zaytseva, Y. I.

English

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GAS HOEEOSTAZIS
RATS DURING PRO
Aeronautics and
HC A02 /!!F A01
NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
	
CHANGES OF GAS bETABOLISH #
	N80-2.1966
AND TISSUE RESPIRATION IN
LONGED HYPOKINESIA (National
	
Space Administration) 10 p
	 Unclas
CSCL 06C G3/51 47660
NASA TNP-75982
CHANGES OF GAS METABOLISM, GAS HOMEOSTATIS AND TISSUE
RESPIRATION IN RATS DURING PROLONGED HYPOKINESIA
BY
V. L. Popkov, E. S. Mailyan, Yu. S. Galushko, Ye. A.
Kovalenko, Ye. I. Zaytseva, I. A. Nitochkina, L. V.
Stulova and A. V. Ryazhskiy
Translation of "Izmeneniya gazoobmena, gazovogo gomeostaza i tkanevogo
dykhaniya u krys pri dlitel l noy gipokinezii", Fiziologicheskiy
Zhurnal SSSR, No. 66, No. 12, 1970 pp 1808_1812.
	
^^(`'	 -# x ^
Sly ^^FDF^
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C. 205 +6 	December, 1979 ^'na
lint
1
t
i
5
r
UDC 612.2+612.76
CHANGES OF CAS METABOLISM, GAS HOMEOSTASIS AND TISSUE
RESPIRATION IN RATS DURING PROLONGED HYPOKINESIA
by
V. L. Popkov, E. S. Maily-..n, Yu. S. Galushko, Ye. A.
Kovalenko, Ye. I. Zaytseva, I. A. Nitochkina, L. V.
Stulova and A. V. Ryazhskiy
The oxygen uptake and tissue gas homscstasis of restrained
albino rats remained relatively constant during a 60-day
experiment. The gas metabolism in some tissues changed, 02
consumption increased in the liver and decreased in the
myocardium. Capacity for physical work was reduced by 5
times. Hypokinesia for 60 days resulted in a delay in
the animals growth.
	
Limited motor activity in man is one of the most important problems
	 1808*
of our time. The latter is linked to the progressively increasing reduction
in the volume of muscular work in all spheres of labor in the course of
scientific and technical progress. The effect of hypokinesia on the
organism is important also for clinical practice and space medicine.
f.
b•
In the numerous studies covering the general phenomenology and patho-
genesis of hypokinesia considerable attention is given to the gas-energyk
aspect of h okinesia 1-4 8
	 yp	 [ , ,9]. This is associated with the fact that
P	
a reduction in the level of muscular system functioning must inevitably
U	 alter the level of energy processes in the tissues, which in turn are in close
relationship to the gas metabolism, dynamics of gasses on all levels of
OF	
advance of 02 and CO2 in the organism.
Numbers in margin indicate pagination in original foreign text.
1
nI
The task of this study was a complex investigation of the general
gas metabolism, intratissue gas homeostasis and intensity of tissue respira-
tion in albino rats in the state of prolonged (60 day) hypokinesia.
Technique
Limited motor activity of experimental tn.mals was Induced by placing
albino rats is special clamping cages where they were in a fixed pose for
60 days. The arrangement of the cages made it possible during the experi-
ment to feed and water the animals, and remove wastes. The experimental
and control rats were in one room under the same temperature conditions (+18-
+20°)1 both groups were fed a diet of the Institute of Nutrition of the
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In contrast to the experimental the 	 j
control animals were placed in groups of 1C in osges of the usual vivarium
1
type 45 x 45 x 35 cm in size. The general gas metabolism was determined	 j
by the method of closed chamber for 48 experimental and 30 control animals.	 i
For this purpose the group of rats (8-10) was placed for 1 h in a hermetically ii
sealed thermostatically-controlled chamber at +20 11 of volume 0.17 m2 . The
average total oxygen consumption, release of carbon dioxide (in ml for 	 +
computation per 100 g of live weight in 1 min.) and respiratory coefficient
(RC) were determined according to the final chemical composition of air (in
i
I
The intratissue pressure of oxygen (p02) and carbon dioxide (pCO 2) were
determined according to the tissue depot method [11] in the modification of
V. L. Popkov. The method we used of gas tonomstxy was based on the physical 180
law of Henry-Daltont pressure of gassesdissolved in the tissues is equal to
the pressure of these gasses in a closed space above the tissue (in a gas
depot). The constant gas depots in the subcutaneous cellular tissue are
created by subcutaneous injection of 20 cm3
 of air. In 18 h 2 -3 cm  of the
gas mixture that had counterbala+ncod with the tissue was suctioned off
by syringe for micro-analysis on a Skolender apparatus. The percentage
composition of the gas mixture was recalculated for the pressure of oxygen
(p02) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in mm Hg with regard for the total atmospheric
pressures the pressure of water vapors (pH 2O) and the temperature of the gas
	 j
mixture in the depot.	 j
2
1
i	 The intensity of tissue respiration was determined on the 45th and
60th day of hypokinesia on a Varburg apparatus in tissue sections if the
large cerebral hemispheres, heart, liver and skeletal muscle (musculus
quadriceps femoris). The sections were incubated in a Ringer-Locke solution
in an atmosphere of pure oxygen [10].
At the end of the 60-day experiment in both groups of animals (ex-
perimental and control) the maximum physical performance capacity was
determined according to the maximum time of swimming of the rats with a
load equal to 15% of the animals weight (maximum dynamic work), and
according to the maximum time for the stay of the animal on a vertical pole
with cross notches (maximum static work). The correlation of free and
phosphorylating oxidation (according to amytal-resistant and amytal-sensitive
respiration) was studied by means of intra-abdominal injection of sodium
amytal from a computation of 7 mg per 100 g of weight of the animal (accor-
ding to the method of S. P. Maslov and I. N. Ivashkina [51.
Study Results and Their Discussion
The studies indicated that the general gas metabolism in the albino
rats during continuous 60-day stay in cages for limited movement was not
signifi cantly altered. As is apparent from the average data given in
table 1, no significant changes were noted in the oxygen consumption
during the experiment in the test and control rats. The release of carbon
dioxide in the experimental animals somewhat exceeded that in the controls,
which resulted in higher magnitudes of the respiratory coefficient, but
its difference was statistically unreliable.
In addition to the determination of the general gas metabolism a
study was made of the indices of intratissue gas homeostasis--p0 2 and pCO2
(according to the method of gas depot). The oxygen pressure in the
tissues is the final stage in the oxygen cascade on the path of 0 2 entrance
into the organism, and the tiss , ie pressure of carbon dioxide characterizes
the initial stage of CO 2
 diffusion from the organism into the environment.
The gas composition of the tissues has a great effect on the work of the 	 i
i
3
iii
I'
F
r
TAXIS 1
GENERAL, GAS METABOLISM OF ALBINO MATS IN 60-DAY HYPOKnMSIA
Day of Control rats rimental rats
Jexpert mean respira•num- mean mean res- number mean	 '
ment ber con- re- pira- of con- release tory
of sump- lease tory animals sumption ofCO coefficient
• ani-
orals
tion
0of
of
CO
coef-
fici-
of 0	 in
ml/1&0
in m1^100
weight/
in mi/
2
in ent
g
weight/
g
1 min
100 g ml/100 1 min
weight g of
/1 min weight
I /1 min
Initi- 30 3.10 2.18 0.72 48	 3.03 2.08 0.68
al gas
meta-
bolism I
15th 1 30 2.97 1 2,32 1 0 -78 48	 ;3.11 2.64 0.
30th 30 3.27 12.28 1 0.69 46	 :3.24 2.68 I	 0.82
45th I30 2.91 2.12 10.72 39	 13 11. 2.65( I	 o.84
both 30 2 83 ,2.43 0.85 123	 ; z. 98 ,	 2.66 0.89
enzymes, and consequently, on the course of metabolic processes in the
tissues of the organism. As is apparent from the figure, the absolute
amounts of p02
 and PCO2 in the subcutaneous gas depots during hypokinesia
were not significantly altered. Analysis of our experimental data, accor-
ding to Student, showed t :iat the oscillations in p0 2 and pC0
2 
in the
tissues it: the course of the experiment did not go beyond the limits of a
	 1810
confidence interval (,i+1.96 ds ) for the initial level; differeneas were
not noted in the amounts p0 2 and PCO2
 in the experimental and control
animals (d>0.10). In our opinion the oscillations in the intratissue p02
and pCO2 are linked to the normal rhythm of the organism vital activity.
Since the absolute amount pO2 and pCO2
 in the peripheral tissues is a final
result of the coordinated activity of the respiratory, circulatory and
other systems of the organism, then based on the findings one should
conclude that the system of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the
organism in hypokinesia is not changed.
In addition to the general gas metabolism it was also important to
determine the oxygen consumption by individual tissues. A study of the
intensity of tissue respiration (on 34 rats) showed that among the tissues
4
norm 10 z0 
au W "" .. --
50
'0V
10
Tissue Pressure of Oxygen ( p02) and Carbon Dioxide ( pCO2) in mm Hg in Norm
and in Hypokinesia
On x-axis--days of experiment, on y-axis--tissue pressure of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in mm. White columns- -pCO 2, hatched--pO2.
TABLE 2
INTENSITY OF TISSUE RESPIRATION IN MM3 02 PER 100 MG
OF MOIST TISSUE IN 1 HOUR
Conventional experiments Brain Heart 'Liver Muscle
GUA o1Pr-	 -- --
-78 62	
' !	 E5
M 14.25 -774.76 =5.96
--
=3.93
17	 i^ S7 S-, 17
Hypokinesian i
65 56
^I
j	 231 ?545 days	
p _-7.25
I
—i.95 =9.97 —_6.39
Hypokinesia > 0.05 1°_ ^'	 ,- ?
60 days
p I	 65 3S !o5 !7
1_5.72 =C.22 =15.15
> 0.05
J
< 0.05
J
1	 > U.oJ
S'
J
>
we studied the most distinct changes emerged in the liver and myocardium
(table 2). Thus, 0 2 consumption in the liver sections on the 45th day of
hypokinesia increased to 131+9.97 mm3 per 100 mg of moist tissue in 1 hour
with 85++5.98 mm 3 in the control group (d< .0001). By the 60th day this
intensification in respiration had become less pronounced and was 108+11.1
mm3 0 2 (d>0.05). In the myocardium the opposite results were obtained.
Here already in 45 days a tendency was discovered for decrease in 02
 absorption,
and on the 60th day of hypokinesia--a considerable statistically reliable
attenuation in respiration (38+6.22 mm3 per 100 mg of moist tissue in 1 hour,
with 62+4.78--in the control, d<.05). In the tissues of the brain and
skeletal muscle in 45 and 60 days from the beginning of.hypokinesia no
distinct changes were observed in the intensity of respiration.
5
iI
 
1
In the later studies on tissue pastes incubated in a medium containing
f	 oxidation substrates (succinate and a-ketoglutarate) the same laws were
obtained. In the liver tissue the intensity of respiration roses in one
i experiment by 509 (30th day of hypokinesia), and in another by 63% (45th 	
1811
day of hypokinesia, d<.05). In the myocardial tissue the 0 2 absorption was
_	 reduced by 176, d<.05 (60th day).
Thus, the repeated experiments with prolonged limited mobility indicated
that during the second month of hypokinesia periods emerge of increase in
respiratory intensity in the :_.ver and decrease of its level in the myo-
cardium.
In addition to a study of the general and regional gas metabolism a study
was also made of the energy effectiveness of the respiration according to
the amytal test. However, no changes were found in the percentage correlation
of amytal-resistant and amytal-sensitive respiration on the 60±h day of
hypokinesia. Consequently, the correlation of free and phosphorylating
oxidation in the studied periods in the experimental animals remained the
same as in the control. The amytal-resistant respiration in the experi-
mental rats was 46+'2.0%, in the control--411.896.
The dynamics of live weight of the experimental and control animals
is reflected in table 3 from which it follows that the weight of the
experimental rats steadily lagged behind that of the controls. By the
end of the 60th day of the experiment the weight of the control rats who
were freely moving was 392+16 g, considerably surpassing the weight of the
experimental rats--273}10 g.
After 60-day hypokinesia the physical endurance of the rats was
sharply reduced (table 4). Changes were noted both in the dynamic and the
static component of perfcrmance capacity. The duration of the maximum
dynamic work was reduced by more than 2.5-fold. The ability for static
work suffered even more (reduction 9-fold). These data indicate the
detraining of the skeletal musculature of the animals that had gone very
far in the coures of the 60 days of hypokinesia.
6
TABLE 3
t WEIGHT	 OF ALBINO RATS IN 60-DAY_ H1POKINE4U
Day of experiment
--
	Control rata
	
-	
Experimental rats-
number ofweight of	 number of	 weight of
animals	 animal,in	 animals	 animals, in
initial weight	 30	 274 X 15	 48	 254	 8
15	 30	 3`.'+112	 48	 2:15	 GC 3i1	 30	 348-116	 46	 26t	 1u
-1 	 .111	 380-ts	 39	 2724- 3lil)
	 1	 30	 392	 - t11	 I	 '^ j	 I	 27  y; 111
1
TABLE 4
MAXIMUM PHYSICAL PERFORM NO CAPACITY OF ALBINO RATS IN
60-DAY HYP OKI TESU 
Physical endurance	 —' Control	 Animals after
animals	 60-day hypo-
-	 -----
	 — - ---- --	 -
---kinesia
Maximum duration of limit dynamic work
(swimming test), in seconds (-':Z+ oZ)	 191+0.37	 76+0.10
Maximum duration of limit static work 	 i
(vertical rod), in seconds (x.+ c7x)
	
k83+0.57	 20+0.02
Thus, the conducted studies demonstrated that 60-aay hypokinesia does
	 1812
not produce significant changes in the general gas metabolism and pressure
of oxygen and carbon.dioxide in the tissues.
	 However, respiration of indi-
vidual tissues is alteredt
	 in the second month of hypokinesia periods are
revealed of increased intensity of respiration in the liver and decreased
in the myocardium.	 Concerning the reasons for these shifts one can hypo-
thesize that an intensification in respiration of the liver cells probably
is induced by a dominance in this period of hypokinesia of catabolic pro-
cesses over anabolic L6].	 And the low level of respiration of the cardiac
muscle is linked to the detraining of the myocardium with its transition
to a new, lower level of functioning under conditions of reduced motor
6 activity.
1.
The most drastic disruptions in our experiments were observed in the
functional activity of the skeletal musculature (sharp reduction in the
performance capacity) and in the physical development of the animals, which
was manifest in the slowing down in the rates of growth •_n the weight of
I
7
_,tee ^.-:$s!-
	
aw
the animals. The lag in weight of the animals indicates a disruption in
the plastic metabolism and is evidently linked to the disruption in protein
synthesis L71.
Conclusions
1. Sixty-day hypokinesia does not have a significant effect on the
general gas metabolism and intratissue gas homeostasis.
2. Prolonged hypokinesia produces changes in the intensity of tissue
respirations intensification in respiration in the liver and attenuation in
the myocardium (on the 45th and 60th days).
3. Physical performance capacity of the animals after 60-day hypo-
kinesia is reduced several times.
4. Sixty-day hypokinesia produces a considerable delay in the weight
increase of the animals.
References
1. Balakhovskiy, I. S.t L. I. Karpova, S. F. Simpura, Probl. koxmichesk.
biolcg. , 1 (1962) , 345.	 -- _ ..	 _.
2. Ivanov, D. I., et al., in Aviatsionn_aya i kQ§Lnicheskaya me3ltsina `"Avi-
ation and Space Medicine]-, Moscow, 1963, 202.
3. Kalinichenko, I. R. in Mater. nauchn._ konfer. molodykh sVets ^istQv
gosv. dam a^r_ti A. V. Lebedinskiy "Mater. of Sci. Conf. of Young Speci-
alists Dedicated to the Memory of A. V. Lebedinskiy"], Moscow, 1965,
95•
4. Katkovskiy, B. S. Kosmichesk. biolog. i mod., 1 (1967), 67.
5. Maslow, S. P.t and I. N. Ivashkina, V_pr. med. khimii, 10, 24.
6. Fedorov, I. V.j V. N. V inogradov, Yu. I. Milov, L. A. Grishanina, Kos-
michesk. biolo i_meds, 1 (1967), 53.
	 ^^
7. Fedorov, I. V., Yu. I. Milovj V. N. Vinogradov, L. A. Grishanina, Kos-
michesk. biolog. i med., 2 (1968). 22.
8. Deitrick, J. E.1 G. D. Whedonj E. Shorr, Am. J. Mad., 41 (1948), 3.
9. Taylor H. L.t D. Henschell J. Brozeki A. Keys, J. Appl. Physiol., 2, 5(1 949 . 223.	 -
10. Umbreit, W. W.1 R. H., Burriss J. F. Stauffer Manometric Techniques and
Related Methods for the Study of Tissue Metabolism, Minneapolis, 1946-
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8


Changes of gas metabolism, gas homeostasis and tissue respiration in rats during prolonged hypokinesia

Changes of gas metabolism, gas homeostasis and tissue respiration in rats during prolonged hypokinesia

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