The influence of hypokinesia on the oxygen consumption of rats, dog, and squirrels was investigated. Three periods of gaseous exchange were revealed in rats under conditions of a limited motor activity. During the first 10-15 days O2 consumption displayed a sharp elevation; on the 20th-30th day, it became stabilized at a higher level (in comparison with control) and it sharply rose again on the 40th-100th day. In dogs, hypokinesia produced a reduction of O2 consumption and then a tendency to its elevation was seen. A short period of physical exercises in squirrels after hypokinesia led to increased oxygen consumption at rest

Krasnyku, I. G.

Loginova, Y. N.

Stroganova, Y. A.

Volozhin, A. I.

English

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OXIm OOl6tMPTION OF A N I W  UNDER CONDITIONS OF HYPOKINESIA 
Ye. V. bginwa, A. I. Volozhin, I. G. Krasnykh, Ye. A .  Stroganova 
( S A S A - T I I - ~ C I ~ ~ )  OIXGER CCRSUIFIIOII OF 880-279 b3 
A E i 9 A L S  UMDE6 CCICXTICBS OE A l P O K l l E S I B  
(Mational Aeconautics and SFace 
Administration) 11 p HC AJ2/HF A i l 1  Uriclas G 5 / 5 1  27959 
3 t d a t i o n  of -pctrebleniye kisloroda zhivotnymi v uslovipakh gipokinezii", 
?atoLogicbeclwya Fiziologipa i Eksperimental'naya Terapiya, N o .  4, July- 
&gust, 1975, pp 32-36 
mmONAI. AERINAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 
WASHINGTOT D. C. 20346 MAY 1980 
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NASA TM-76167 
4. T4tb. a d  hbu* s. RoPdo.( .  
Oxygen Consumption of ~nimels 'under Conditions MAY 1980 
of Hypokinesla 6. ?whamkg w o w h a  C.lr - 
7. Adl.44 a. ? w ~ ~ I I #  -8.r(.r a- NO. 
Y e .  V. Loginova, A. I. Volozhin, I. G. Krasnykh . a 
and Y e ,  A. Stroganova 10. w d  OI(t MI. 
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9. Perlm,ne O v ~ m i 8 ~ i m  N w  a d  A h 8 8  U A S r  1198 
SCXTRAN ;a. t , , . . t r r - d ? & ~  I 
I Translation o f  "Potrebleniye kisloroda zhivognymi v udoviyakh gipokinezii", Patologicheskaya Fiziologiya i Eksperimental'naya Terapiya, No. 4, July-August, 1975, pp 32-36 
Three periods of gaseous exchange vere revealed in r a t s  under 
conditions of a l imited = to r  ac t iv i ty .  During t h e  f i r s t  10-15 days 
0 2  consumption displayed a sharp elevation; on the  20th-30th day, it 
became s tabi l ized  a t  a higher l e v e l  ( in  comparison with control) and 
it sharply rose again on the 40tb100th  day. I n  dogs hypokinevia 
produced a reduction of 0 2  consumption and then a tendency t o  its 
elevation was seen. A short  period of physical exercises in squ i r re l s  
a f t e r  hypokinesia led t o  increased oxyRen consumption at res t .  
I 
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Ye.  V. Loginova, A. I. Volozhin, I. G. Krasnykh, Ye. A. Stroganova* 
Hypokinesia in puppies and baby r a t s  is accompanied by increased gas 
exchange 123, and i n  a d u l t  dogs-by its reduction [4]. Data on chages in gas 
exchange in  adul t  rats kept under conditions of hypokinesia is contradictory. 
Certain authors [I] bave noted a reduction in oxygen consumption, w h i l e  others  
13, 4, 61 lmve noted an increase. 
The purpose of t h i s  invest igat ion was t o  study the  influence of hypokinesia 
on t h e  o m e n  consumption o f  rats, dogs and squ i r re l s .  - I 3 3  
Methodology. Tests  were conducted on 350 white r a t s ,  2 dogs and 8 squir- 
rels. The a c t i v i t y  of the  aniraals was l lmited by means of placing them in 
individual cages. Cage s i z e s  f o r  the  r a t s  and dogs corresponded approximat+ 
to the  s i z e  of the  individual animal. The squ i r re l s  w e r e  kept in cages 35 x 35 
x 40 em in size. Oxygen consumption i n  the  rats and squ i r re l s  w a s  determined 
by the  Kalabukhov method, and in the  dogs-by the  Douglas-Holden method. 
Measurement l a s t ed  15 m i n .  Tte data was expressed i n  millimeters of oxygen in 
1 h r  per  1 kg of the  welght of the  animal and c i t ed  against  normal conditions. 
During determination of oxygen conswption by the  Kalabukbv method, a constant 
temperature of 16O was main t ibed  In 
TABLE 1 
Change I n  oxpgen consumption ( in  ml/kg/hr) of r a t s  depending on 
body weight (~h) .
. .- 
_ _  ---P -- -- - 
ue&5ht (in w-1- - 
I10 ( 140-150j 1 6 0 - I : . ~ I  1 ~ I ; - - 1 ~ 0 j : 0 0 - ~ 0 ~  ?2fl-?4O( . $  0-350 
- - 
*Department of Pathological Physiology (directed by Acad. AMN SSSR Prof. 
N. A. ~edorov)  Moscow Medical Stomatological I n s t i t u t e  h e n i  N. A. Sanashko 
**Numbers In  mergin indica te  pagination of foreign text .  
1 
Figure 1. Changes in fibers of cardiac muscle in animals of 
the second group: a - structure of myocardium of intact rats. 
Magnification 7 x 40; b - aaplification of longitudinal 
striation of myocytes and partial homogenization of fibers 
after 60 minute action of high temperatures. Magnification: 
7x40; c - homogenization and fragmentary (chunks) deconposition 
of individual muscle fibers after 240-minute action of high 
temperature. Magnification: 7x90. 
F i g u r e  2. Changes i n  f i b e r s  i n  c a r d i a c  muscle i n  an imals  o f  t h e  
first group. a - c o n t e n t  o f  glycogen i n  t h e  myocardium o f  i n t a c t  
r a t e s .  Mag. 7x20; b - con ten t  o f  glycogen i n  t h e  myocardium o f  rats 
a f t e r  240-minute a c t i o n  o f  h igh  tempera ture .  Mag. 7x40; c - 
a c t i v i t y  o f  t h e  SDG a c t i v i t y  o f  t h e  myocardium o f  i n t e c t  ra ts .  
Mag. 7x40; d - SDG a c t i v i t y  o f  ra ts  af ter  240 minuted a t  h igh  tem- 
p e r a t u r e s .  Mag. 7x40. e-LDG a c t i v i t y  o f  t h e  myocardium o f  i n t a c t  
r a t s .  Mag. 7x90. f -LDG a c t i v i t y  o f  myocardium o f  r a t s  a f t e r  240 
minutes a t  h igh  tempera tures .  Mag. 7x90 
t?!m chnkr. noSrbPlrr .ad carbonic .dd 8bmDkhd. ~~ fba 
3-azl fluckutlom in o x y m  conmmptlon ( i n  r l /e)  of rate welghing 
In: the dog8 mned Sneshok and Z b a  ( d m  sged 1+ - 2 yeats) , oxygen 
wnmmption and aimto mlue (HV) w e r e  studied before be@nning the tests 
(background data), and then again on the 10, 20, 40th day and at the end of 
the 2, 3, 4, 5th and 6th moutha of  hypokinemia. 
All the sguimels ware first kept for 5 days i n  ordinary cages, after 
WMC~ the  divided into 2 Wps. ~ u l r r e l s  were is4t 
~ n t h m m a m o y r ( t u t ) , r o b J ~ r r a r ~ f ~ 2 d q . ~ ~  
m.10.wrr,brtdthm:Irnalr,d+.1(-). T 9 m x n m r l ~ U Q t r  
m pProcorrd by t tn Fmnx-8- m-• 
I?.nlf.rab-On. L t . t s ~ ~ f r a 1 4 8 f o 2 4 0 6  - 
r p a o j a v k l r t & m a l r r u a t o b ~ p . r 1 ~ ~ ~ ( t . b l e 1 ) .  
~ l d f b ~ t k a r g g n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - ~  
hi,@mT (P< 0.01), am3 in older rah - - (P < 0.05). Ilo affemEca 
~ o ~ i n t h e ~ ~ ~ p t l n o d d l ~ a a d f d ~ .  
--- emmmpUon of rrb ua6 mtd s Septem-bu, rad 
m l m l m l  - iZL-@l (-0 2). The dKYewxuW3 C O I * ~ . ~  l2% (~<0.05).  
Th. ci ted  &a N M  CO-d %8 ldth m-8. -m 
w a r e  con&&d on mta o? both aexae, at difYem& age, md M r y  differed 
ti.- ab the p a r *  
Th. limltrtlon of .otar activity of rrb witb l n l t la l  uelght af up to 
230 g (tablo 3) ma aecmpaalad by an b a r e m e  in oxygen caxmu8pUon am3 
~ c f i o n i n t h e r a t e o f w e d ~  gainof t h e l n i u l r  m Campamdwitbthe 
contml m p l e .  
As .vld& f r a  t a l e  3, three periods may be dlstiaguidrd In tbe 
change in gae exchange and wemt of the rab, depending on the durations of 
~ k t n a a l a *  I n  the f b t  period (10 - 15 daya), oxygen consu8ption lnersrrsed 
sharply and a t  the 8aue tine thw ua6 s reduction in body weight. In  the 
second m o d  (20 - 30 dap), oxyen conmmption approrchad t h e  control level, 
and w l @ t  strbillsed at a lower level than tha t  of the control ample. I n  
the third m o d  (40 - 100 &ya) there was a huther lag In welgfrt grin of 
the rata 8cmmprni.d by a sharp lmreuse i n  oxygen consumption. The s t r t i s t i c a l  
d8ta I8 r d l a b l e  (P < 0.01 - 0.001). 
In ordar to differenfirto that part of chsnges in @m exchange in 
the rsts which ray be atmociated with the d l f ' f ~ n c e  i n  body s iee  between 
expurlmental and contml urJulrrD by the I11 8 d e a  of eXPai.ent8 an additional 
g~oup of young rats rrss W e n  a8 a control srrrple~ These corresponded in 
weight to the experheatsl animals after 60 days of hypoklnsrria. The obtained 
data showed that oxyen coneuption of the a n h b  kept i n  conditions of 
hypoMneala for 60 day6 exceeded the a o m p o l u l t ~ ~  Lnd.lcafor for the younger. 
aontrolD rab by 41.8 (P 4 0 e03) . Ca~equsntly, the bssic reason for  
by an bwrwme in omgm c o ~ p t i o n  (first period), then ( i n  the ucond 
parlod) there was the ona& of -tern stabilisation i n  wieht and a 
c-n -on in - -g wMeh cartah autbom took to be adaptation 
1 2 ,  81 . In the thLrd mod, a conmldanble lncmaaw in owgen oonsumptlon 
I wu ob6eu=vede ublch uu!+ evidently conditioned by thb di.Nption of t issue 1.22 
m k i n o s i a  i n  dogs for a period of 40 - 60 &ya lad to 8 6 - 1s 
ra3uction i n  body w w t ,  after a c h  fhe dog "Sne%hokw experienced no change 
in weight to fhe end u$ the experiment, while the dog "Zirs" experienced a 
gadud weight epin and by the end of the 6th nonth mm only 2% below i t a  
initial weight. The churgs in gaa axchange i n  the dogs had an undulating 
dmmeta~ (table 4): on the 20 - 30th days of hypoklne6la, a 35 - 43% reduction 
in  oxygen consumption was observed, and by t h e  40-60th day gas exchange i n  the  
dog "Zfmal' was 10% higher and i n  the  dog "Snezhokl'--10% lower than the  i n i t i a l  
I d .  Dariag sobsepa~  t i n  of hypoklnesk, q g a  w-tion of tbc 
dog "Zk." canalderably exceeded tbt initial data w h i l e  tbat of tbe dog "!jnubokw 
approached the ralue established before the crpaircnt. 
TABLE 4 
t S I ~ S ~ ~ C  ! Hv I , - 1 1 :  I 7.w-1 :>..;l*! tw.*i t j - r  3 4 1 . :  . t a r t  :swc.+.i X-IIU~ at- 
'Lhns, the reductfon in gas e x c b g e  observed i n  t h e  dogs a t  t h e  beginning 
of hypokinesia was replaced by its marked increase and by t h e  end o f  t he  6 th  
m a t h  of hypolcinesia, oxygen consumption of  one  o f  t he  dogs considerably 
exceeded t h e  i n i t i a l  lwel of gas exchange. 
The oxygen conslrmption of s q u i r r e l s  kept i n  cages without an exerc ise  
vheel (hypokinesia) was considerably lover (1567 d / k g / h r )  than under condi- 
tions of  rest a f t e r  tuo days of physical  exer t ion  (1989 ml/kg/hr) , The data  
Is r e l i a b l e  (P < 0.05). 
Thus, our  da ta  indicated t h a t  t h e  change i n  oxygen c~nsumption during 
l i m i t a t i o n  of = t o r  a c t i v i t y  depe~lds on t h e  type of animal and durat ion of 
hypokinesia. 
A l l  authors  who studied gas exchange i n  man noted a reduction i n  oxygen 
consumption i n  periods of up t o  3 months of hypokinesia ( c i t e d  according t o  
[4 I). For t h e  present,  there  is no convincing explanation f o r  t h e  d i f fe rences  
which e x i s t  in  oxygen consumption during hypokinesia i n  man, d3gs and r a t s .  
Evidently t hese  d i f fe rences  a r e  assoc ia ted  with the f a c t  t h a t  the  same dura t ions  
of l imi ted  a c t i v i t y  f o r  man and var ious  animals a r e  not equivalent.  I n  in te r -  
p re t ing  data  on t h e  e f f e c t  of hypokinesia on gas exchange, it  is necessary 
t o  a l s o  consider t he  durat ion of hypokinesia i n  r e l a t i o n  t o  t h e  l i f e span  of one 
o r  t he  o ther  type of animal, a s  well  a s  of man. 
2. k t @ d d n ~  T. V. In the book, Eb-*nyye isdledovanlya 
3. mq I. A. In the booh !)vl&dmnyr r ~ t i k *  -em 
5. Crinbarg L. NO "Vopr. red. khiriiw, 1970, rol. 4, p. 387. 
bi01."~ 1971, NO* 4, pm 3. 
7. PolA~&ov V m  V., CseenkD 0. C., Ileiba-Kakuym Ye. I., et al. 
In the book: Eksperiment8l'nyye issledovanip gipokineltii, izneneni. 
Research 
Hypoklnemia, Altered Gaseous Environmellf, Accelerations, Overloads, and 
Other Factors") . M I ,  1968 p. 29. 


Oxygen consumption of animals under conditions of hypokinesia

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