Surface temperatures derived from HCMM data were compared with to those obtained by GOES satellite and the apparent thermal inertia (ATI) calculated. For two dates, the HCMM temperatures appear to be about 5 C lower than the GOES temperatures. The ATI for excessively-drained to well-drained mineral soils was greater than for drained organic soils possibly because of long periods of low rainfall during late 1980 and early 1981. Organic soils cropped to sugar cane showed lower ATI after a severe killing freeze. With dead leaves, there was less transpiration and more solar radiation probably reached the dark soil surface. This would explain the larger diurnal temperature amplitude observed

Allen, L. H., Jr.

Chen, E.

Jones, P. H.

Martsolf, J. D.

English

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HCMM Data Investigation HFO-002
Contract NAS5-26453
L.H. Allen, Jr., Principal Investigator
University of Florida
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Building 164, Agronomy Physiology Lab.
Gainesville, FL 32611
E82-10299
" - !6 8'g(o 8'
USE OF THERMAL INERTIA DETERMINED BY HCMM TO PREDICT NOCTURNAL COLD PRONE
AREAS IN FLORIDA
Ellen Chen, Cooperator
J. D. Martsolf, Cooperator
P. H. Jones, Cooperator
(E82- 10299) USE OF TEEiiMAL lhkiTIA
	 N82-24515
DETERSINED bi HLM6 TO PdkLILI NOCTURNAL COLD
PRONE AREAS IN FLUbILA quarterly &erort, 16
Sep. - 15 Dec. 1981 (Floriaa Uuiv.)	 15
	 Uac:las
HC AU[/nF AU1	 CSCI 04B G3/4,i 00299
December 15, 1981
Third Quarterly Report for Period September 16-December 15, 1981
Prepared for
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Greenbelt, MD 20771
RECEIVED
APR 16 , I -IF
ISIS / 902.6
Preface
The text of this third quarterly report contains the
following seven topics as shown in Article XII,
Contract NAS5-26453.
1) Problems
2) Accomplishments
3) Significant Results
4) Publications
5) Recommendations
6) Funds Expended
7) Data Utility
8) Program for next reporting interval
';A
cLIST OF TABLES
Table 1. List and evaluation of HCMM images ordered July 10, 1981, and
received December 29, 1981.
Table 2. Comparison of surface IR temperatures derived from HCMM film
transparencies with GOES surface IR temperatures for 8 areas
in South Florida. Temperature is in °C.
Table 3. Values used in calculation of apparent thermal inertia (ATI)
for 2 areas in Florida: Area 4, the drained organic soils of
the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in south Florida, and
Area 9, the area classified as excessively drained and well-
drained mineral soils 25 kn directly south of Ocala in the west
north central Florida peninsula. Data used were from January,
1981.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Map showing the eight areas (1-8) were HCMM derived surface
temperatures were compared with GOES surface temperatures.
ATI was calculated using AT obtained from GOES from Area 4 and
Area 9. County lines are shown on the map.
Figure 2. Diurnal surface temperature (GOES) for the Everglades Agricul-
tural Area which is Area 4 on Figure 1.
s
wTABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1. Introduction	 1
;I. Main Text
1. Problems
	
2
2. Accomplishments
	
2
3. Significant Results
	
5
4. Publications
	
5
5. Recommendations
	
5
6. Funds Expended
	
5
7. Data Utility
	
5
8. Program for next reporting interval
	
5
III. Tables
IV. illustrations
INTRODUCTION
This third quarterly report covers work performed during the period
September 16 to December 15, 1981, of a H^MM Data Investigation Research
Contract NAS5-26453 entitled "Use of Thermal Inertia Determined by HCMM
to Predict Nocturnal Cold Prone Areas in Florida."
Curing this period most of the CCT's were received. The supplemental
list of images to evaluate the use of scenes and the location of areas for
detailed study were not received until December 29, 1981.
We found the best series of day-night-day scenes to be the sequence
of January 29, February 1, and February 3, 1979. Because HCMM data on
CCT's were not available for analysis during this period, we performed
further comparisons of HCMM image data with GOES surface temperature data.
On the two dates investigated, January 10, 1979, and February 1, 1979, the
HCMM-derived surface temperatures for 8 locations was about 5°C lower than
the GOES-derived surface temperatures.
Since we had some diurnal data available during the severe freeze
events in Florida on January 12-13, 1981, and January 18-19, 1981, we
computed apparent thermal inertia (ATI) for an area.of drained organic
soils (the Everglades Agricultural Area) and an area of excessively drained
to well-drained mineral soils south of Ocala, Florida in the west north
central peninsula. These ATI values for the Everglades Agricultural Area
were lower one week after the first freeze, probably due to freezing of
leaves of sugarcane in the area which resulted in higher daytime tempera-
tures less affected by evapotranspiration, and more penetration of solar
radiation to the dark organic soil.
The excessively-drained towell-drained mineral soil actually had
lower ATI values than the drained organic soil. This observation was
based on diurnal temperature amplitudes of GOES data. In previous win-
ters, the drained organic soils of the Everglades Agricultural Area was
reported as the area with the greatest cold-prone tendency (Chen et at.,
1979, Jour. Applied Meteorol., Vol. 18, pp.992). Part of the reason for
low ATI of the mineral soil area may be due to the extremely dry conditions
during late 1980 (See Table 3, Second Quarterly Report) and early 1981.
2USE OF THERMAL INERTIA DETERMINED BY HCMM
TO PREDICT NOCTURNAL COLD PRONE AREAS IN FLORIDA
1. Problems:
A. Lag time in receipt of CCT's and images.
During the third quarter (September 16-December 15, 1981), most of
the CCT's that were ordered July 10, 1981, arrived. Table 1 and
Table 2 of the second quarterly report listed the products that
were ordered. However, delivery dates ranged from September 18,
1981 to November 12, 1981. Furthermore, images (transparencies
and prints) listed in Table 1 of the second quarterly report were
not received until December 29, 1981. We could not evaluate the
usefulness of the CCT's until the images arrived. Table 1 lists
these products and evaluates the utility and the region covered.
This table, and Table 6 of the first quarterly report, listed in-
formation about scenes that were used to evaluate scenes during
the 1978-79 winter season. These images were very necessary to
provide visual information about the distribution of problem areas
with cloud interference.
B. Lack of clear periods during 1978-79 HCMM passes and lack of 12-
hour day-night sequence of HCMM satellite passes over Florida.
These two problems listed in the first quarterly report were still
evident even with more data. We found that the period spanning
January 29, 1979 (Day IR), February 1, 1979 (Night IR) and February
3, 1979 (Day IR) gave the most complete, near cloud-frae images of
the whole Florida peninsula. Future work with the HCMM tapes will
focus on these dates.
2. Accomplishments:
Since conditions for winters of 1978 and 1979 were not good over
Florida, many frames of HCMM data apparently will not be useful. To
partly compensate for lack of usable HCMM data, GOES images were used
to provide information to calculate apparent thermal inertia (ATI).
A large quantity of GOES winter nighttime infrared data were archived
for Florida. We hope that by using the Florida data from GOES we can
calculate ATI and provide information to help determine usefulness of
the ATI data product. One advantage from using GOES data is that the
the large amount of data allowed us to calculate ATI over the same
surface within a short time period, thereby giving some assurance
that thermal inertia of the soil would not have changed significantly
during this period.
GOES surface temperatures were compared with calibrated HCMM night-IR
data from film transparencies. Also, GOES data one week apart
(January 12-13 and 18-19, 1981) were used to calculate ATI using
methods in the HCMM User's Guide.
i.
F	
3
A. Comparison of GOES surface temperature with HCMM surface tempera-
ture. HCMM film transparencies for night-IR data from January 10,
1979 and February 1, 1979, were used. Film characteristics are:
January 10, 1979:
Night-IR
Contrast Range
Corresponding
°C/grey scale
February 1, 1979:
Night-IR
Contrast Range
Corresponding
°C/grey scale
27-76
temperature range
1.13°
18-75
temperature range
1.34°C
-1.5 to 16.6°C
-5.2 to 16.2°C
GOES surface temperatures used were from 0400 EST, January 10, and
2300 EST, February 1, 1979. GOES temperatures obtained from the
above two images were adjusted to account for time discre pancy be-
tween GOES image time and time of passage of HCMM at approximately
0200 EST. A 0.5 0C/hour drop in temperature was assumed and is a
reasonably conservative amount when nights are not cold. 1°C was
added to GOES temperatures obtained from January 10, 1979. 1.5°C
was subtracted from GOES temperatures obtained from February 1,
1979. Results for temperature estimation for eight areas in south
Florida are compared and listed in Table 2. Areas where tempera-
tures were analyzed are shown in Fig. 1.
Average temperature difference observed from the 2 satellites is
5.9°C and 4.2°C, respectively, for the 2 nights examined. HCMM
data gave temperatures lower than GOES data by approximately 5°C.
Since GOES temperatures compared well with 1.5-m air temperatures
(standard error of estimate, -1.6°C; correlation coefficient,.0.86,
Final Report, The Development of Nocturnal GOES infrared data as a
source of climate information, NOAA contract no. NA80AA-D-129,
1982). Results in Table 2 are in agreement with known HCMM results.
Perhaps 5.5°C should be added back to HCMM data.
B. Calculation of Apparent Thermal Inertia (ATI) using temperatures
from GOES satellite.
Equatiors used to calculate ATI were developed for HCMM data (Heat
Capacity Mapping Mission Users' Guide, NASA, Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD). They are listed below:
ATI = NC(1 - a)/AT
	
[1]
where N is 1000,
C is from Table 11-3, p. 14, HCMM Users' Guide,
AT is obtained from GOES digital IR temperatures,
a = Kr/(sinesino + cosecosocosd) 	 [2]
e is the latitude on earth,
0 is the solar declination, where
= 0.4091 sin (21 (Day - 80.3))
l	 365
46 is the hour angle at local noon.
K - 1 + 0.0161 sin (2,r Da 	
2
- 93.5 l	 (2]
r - reflectivity
AT was derived from GOES diurnal surface temperatures from 2 days
and nights (Jan. 12-13, and Jan. 18-19, 1981 for 1 area each in
central and southern Florida (Fig. 1). Area 4 is an agricultural
area of drained organic soils, known as the Everglades Agricultural
Area (see Second Quarterly Report). Area 9 is in an area of ex-
cessively well-drained and well-drained sandy soils directly south
of Ocala, Florida in west North Central Florida. Temperatures
obtained from GOES images showed consistently that the well-drained
and excessively well-drained areas are colder during winter noc-
turnal conditions and hence have different climate characteristics
from wetland areas. Values obtained from the above equations and
used to calculate ATI are listed in Table 3.
We are not certain of the interpretation that should be given to
the calculated ATI because it is scaled to 0-255 levels and sliced
into grey scales rather than expressed in physical units. It
cannot be determined whether calculated ATI is reasonably close to
known values for organic and mineral soils. The difference (36.1 vs.
28.5) in value for organic soil from the same area and within a
week may indicate that other factors (wind, ' atmospheric absorption)
were neglected, that could influence surface temperatures. Rain-
fall was scanty during the week. It ranged from 0 to a maximum of
0.18 inch, as reported in the Clewiston and Belle Glade area
(Climatological Data, Florida, 85, January, 1981). Diurnal sur-
face temperatures for Area 4 for the 2 days (Fig. 2) showed a dif-
ference of 6°C during daytime. This difference in surface temperature
for the same area over a week's period caused the difference to
appear in the calculated ATI's. Wind data were found to be in-
sufficient to determine whether wind was a significant contributing
factor to the temperature difference. We did not obtain vertical
moisture profiles to correct for atmospheric absorption. One fac-
tor which may also contribute to tk:) difference (6°C) in daytime
surface temperature may be the extensive damage of crops in the
area from the earlier freeze (Jan. 12-13, 1981), that cause leaves
of the extensive sugarcane crop to senesce and partially abscise,
which would allow more solar radiation to reach the surface of the
dark organic soil.
C. HCMM Computer Compatible Tapes.
A computer program to read HCMM tapes is being altered so that it
can convert ASCII to EBCDIC. The North East Regional Data Center
(NERDC), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, will be used to
read HCMM tapes. 'NERDC presently does not have a subroutine in
its library which can be used to convert ASCII to EBCDIC.
53. Significant Results:
A. HCMM surface temperatures on January 10 and February 1, 1979 appear
to be about 5°C lower than GOES.
B. Apparent Thermal Inertia for excessively-drained to well-drained
mineral soils was greater than for drained organic soils, possibly
because of long periods of low rainfall during late 1980 and early
1981.
C. Organic soils cropped to sugarcane showed lower apparent thermal
inertia after a severe killing freeze on January 12-13, 1981. The
freeze killed leaves and resulted in less evapotranspiration and
probably more solar radiation reaching the dark soil surface,
which would explain the larger diurnal temperature amplitude ob-
served.
4. Publications - none from this work. One journal article submitted to
Journal of Applied Meteorology, and another journal article under
preparation, both based on previous work with GOES data.
5. Recommendati.ons:
No new recommendations. Our experience continues to reinforce the
long-term recommendations of the first quarterly report.
6. Funds expended to date (December 15, 1981) -
7. Data Utility:
See also the first quarterly report. Our expanded attempt to gain
visuals over Florida have shown thermal inertia related features out-
side the bounds of Florida. However, most of these observations were
not part of the original objectives of the investigation, but they do
directly relate to the overall mission of HCMM.
A. The south Atlantic Coastal Plain shows features similar to Florida.
Under cold air outbreak conditions, the broad floodpiains of rivers
are warmer than well-drained areas.
B. The warmer Gulf Stream waters are readily apparent from the cooler
coastal waters of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico
waters.
C. Shallows of the Bahamas and Cuba are readily identified. Differ-
ences in thermal properties of Cuba were also obvious.
D. Eddies between the Atlantic coast line and the Gulf Stream current
were obvious.
B. Program for next reporting interval:
Since data were late in -.-riving, the work for the next reporting
interval will be similar to that listed in the second quarterly report.
TABLE 1.
NASA/GSFC Contract No. NAS5-26453 "Use of Thermal Inertia Determined by
HCMM to Predict Nocturnal Cold Prone Areas in Florida"
Images - Ordered July 10, 1981 (page 1 of 4)
- Received Dec. 29, 1981
Plate # Date lyoe Utility Region Covered
046 15 Dec 78 NIR Poor Tam.-Oke
080 20 Dec 78 NIR Poor Tam.-St.J.
081 20 Dec 78 NIR Med EAA-Cuba
412 29 Jan 79 DVIS Poor Fla-GA-SC
413 29 Jan 79 DIR Poor Fla-GA-SC
105 01 Feb 79 NIR Good SU-St.J.
012 03 Feb 79 DVIS Excell EAA-Cuba
013 03 Feb 79 DIR Excell EAA-Cuba
046 - Cloud streak over Taylor Creek.
080 - Fog??
081 - Cuba excellent. EAA may be OK.
105 - Generally good.
412/413 - S. Carolina good.
012/013 - Cuba excellent. EAA may be OK.
xTABLE 2.
.	
Comparison of surface IR temperatures derived from HCMM film transparencies
with GOES surface IR temperatures for 8 areas in South Florida. Tempera-
ture is in °C.
Januarl 10 1979 February 1, 1979
HCMM GOES a HCMM GOES aArea Compared
1. Lake Okeechobee 9.0 13.0 4.0 6.6 13.0
3 6.6
2. lake Kissimmee 5.6 8.8 2.7
3. Blue Cypress Lake 5.6 7.3 1.7
4. EAA -1.6 8.5 10.1 -1.2 4.8 6.0
5. Cons. Area M1 6.2 11.0 4.8 4.2 10.0 5.8
6. Cons. Area #2 7.9 11.5 3.6 5.9 10.5 4.6
7. Everglades 5.7 11.5 5.8 3.7 9.5 1.7
8. EAA, West 2.0 9.3 7.3 2.2 7.0 4.8
Average a 5.9 4.2
a - GOES temperature - HCMM temperature.
1 Temperature was estimated by adding 1.0°C to the temperature obtained
from the 0400 EST GOES image in order to bring the GOES temperature
closer to the time of passage of HCMM (- 0200 EST).
2 Temperature was estimated by subtracting -1.5°C to the temperature
obtained from the 2300 EST GOES image to bring the GOES temperature
closer to the passage of HCMM (- 0200 EST).
3 Water temperature of Lake Okeechobee was allowed to stay the same
because it had been shown that GOES water temperature decreases s 2°C
throughout the night (Final Report, NOAA Contract No. NA80AA-0-00129).
L.I. j --._
Values used in calculation of apparent thermal inertia (ATI) for 2 areas
in Florida: Area 4, the drained organic soils of the Everglades Agri-
cultural Area (EAA) in South Florida, and Area 9, the area classified as
excessively drained and well-drained mineral soils.25 km directly south
of Ocala in the wc gt North Central Florida peninsula. Data used were
from January, 1981.
-
Area where ATI is calculated
Area
Organic
4
Soil
Area
Mineral Soil
Date (January, 1981) 1.2-13 18-19 12-13 17-18
N 1000 1000 1000 1000
e (latitude) 26.50 26.5° 29.00 29.00
(solar declination)
-21.630 -20.580 -21.63 0 -20.580
d (hour angle) -60 -60 -60 -6°
C (Table 11-3, HCMM User's Guide) 0.981 1.004 0.926 0.950
AT (GOES), °C 19.3 25.0 24.6 23.1
r (reflection, from Geiger) 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.35
K (calculated from Eq.	 (33) 0.967 0.968 0.967 0.968
a (calculated from Eq.	 [23) 0.2014 0.2016 0.5370 0.5375 I
ATI (calculated)* 36.07 28.51 17.42 17.56
* Unit for ATI is scaled to 0-255 rather than to physical units (HCMiM!
User's Guide, p. 10).
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Use of thermal inertia determined by HCMM to predict nocturnal cold prone areas in Florida

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