The effect of isometric muscular exertion on the human body was investigated by having subjects perform basic movements in a sitting position in the conventional manner with additional muscle tension at 50% maximum force and at maximum force. The pulse, arterial pressure, skin temperature, respiratory rate, minute respiratory volume and electrical activity of the muscles involved were all measured. Performance of the exercises with maximum muscular exertion for 20 sec and without movement resulted in the greatest shifts in these indices; in the conventional manner substantial changes did not occur; and with isometric muscular exertion with 50% maximum force with and without movement, optimal functional shifts resulted. The latter is recommended for use in industrial exercises for the prevention of hypodynamia. Ten exercises are suggested

Kovalik, A. V.

English

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NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
	 NASA TM-76307
WAYS OF INCREASING MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
BY MEANS OF ISOMETRIC MUSCULAR EXERTION
A. V. Kovalik
Translation of "Puti povysheniya myshechnoy aktivnosti metodom
beznagruzochnogo napryazheniya myshtsp" Teoriya i Praktika
Fizicheskoy Kulturyp No. 12, Dec. 1979t pPo 38-40.
-TM-76307) WAYS OF I kICAMUSCULARCULAR
NS1-16723
(NASA	 Space	 UnclasACTIVITY BY MEANS CAF ron	
Ms A01 CSCL 06P	 52 14045
Administra
EKSB.TION (National 
Aeronautics and P	
G5/
ti°n) p HC A02/
0
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546	 August 1980
STANDARD TITLE PAGE
'I
'i
1
1.	 Report No,
NASA TM-76307
?. Government Accession No. 91	 Reciplent ` s Catalog No.
4.	 Title enI Subtitle
WAY'S OF INCREASING MUSCULAR ACTIVITY ' BY
S.	 Report DotAugust 1980
MEANS OF ISOMETRIC MUSCU".LAR EXERTION 6.	 P+.. -arming organisation Code
, Author(. kovalWk	 Master of Pedagogical77.	V, 8.	 Performing Organization Report No,
S ciences, USSR Master bf Sport, Penza 10,	 Work Unit No.
Factory-Higher Technical Institute
9,	 Performing Argon tsohon Nome end Address 11. CoNASW 3 99 .
Leo 'Kanner Associates
Redwood City, California 94063 13.	 Type of R• art o d Period CoveredranOVIon
12,	 Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- 16.	 Sponsoring Agency Code
tration, Washington, D.C.	 205.6
•	 ay NotesFrion of "Puti povysheniya myshechnoy aktivnosti metodoma^,'^'ft"V
beznagruzoohnago napryazheniya myshts," Teoriya i Praktika
Fizicheskoy Kultury, No. 12, Dec. 1979r PP- 38- 40 .
16.	 AbstractThe effect of isometric muscular exertion on the human
body ,was investigated by having subjects perform basic move-
ments in a sitting position, in- the conventional manner and
with additional muscle tension at 50% maximum force and at
maximum force, and measuringthe pulse,, arterial pressure, ski
temperature, respiratory rate, minute regpi^oatory v ,)lume and
electrical activity of the muscles Involved. 	 Performance of
the exercises with maximum muscular .exertion for 20 see and
without movement resorted in the greatest shifts in these in-
c.ices; in the conventional manner--did not cause substantial
changes; and with isometric muscular exertion with 50% maximum
force, with and without ;novement,--resulted in optimal func-
tional shifts:	 The lattor is •recom}nended for use in industria
exercises for the prevention of hypndynamia.	 Ten exercises
are suggested.
17.	 Key Words (Selactod by Author(%)) 19, Distribution StcttementThis copyrighted Soviet work is
reproduced and sold by NTIS un-
der license from VAAP, the Sovie
copyright agency.	 No further
copying is permitted without per
19.	 Security Clossif. (of this report) 20.	 Security Class	 o	 t, peg• 1.AM Pages 22.
Unclassified Unclassified 7
... n. .Ih
a
F w
WAYS OF INCREASING MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
BY MEANS OF ISOMETRIC MUSCULAR EXERTION
A. V. Kovalik
Master of Pedagogical Sciences, USSR Master of Sport
Penza Factory-Higher Technical institute
Physical exercises area recommended for the prevention of hypo-	 /.18#
dynamia in industrial conditions, but their performance in the conven-
tional manner requires certain conditions and is a distraction from
working operations. Meanwhile, it is known that a person can by voli-
tional effort produce additional muscle tension at any time, in any
conditions and in any body position, with movemont or without it. In-
vestigations have shown that by the method of isometric muscular exer-
tion it is possible, without leavii.; one's work place and without In-
terrupting labor operations, to activate various muscle groups with
theic;a t; ii	 ti06	 c of Vii4 -_ v	 f...	 ..^ _ __dY► _t^ [2no negative ]
At the same time the absence of data on the effect of isometric muscular
exertion; on the human body complicates the development, planning and
p °a , ttcal use of such exercises.
The present study was conducted to determine the effect of iso-
metric muscular exertion on the human body. In the first series the
exercises included movements that are most frequently encountered in
the process of active life, that are easily done and that involve basic
muscle groups: flection and extension of the elbows, knees and ankles,
and raising and lowering of the shoulders. The movements were per-
formed with one and two extremities in a sitting position, in the con-
ventional maxu?er and with additional muscular tension, at first with
a force of SO a of the maximum # and then with the maximum S and 10 times
(movement cycle--2 sec).
On the basis of the fact that by volitional effort it is possible
to produce and sustain muscle tension even without novement and that
in industrial conditions this form of increasing muscular activity is
*Numbers in the margin indicate pagination in the foreign text.
1
Pr
the most rational (for the purpose of preventing hypodynamia), in the
next experiment exertion of the same muscles was produced and sustained,
but in isometric conditions. The pulse, arterial pressure, skin tem-
perature, respiratory rate, minute respiratory volume (MRV), and
electrical activity (EA) of the biceps and triceps muscles of the
shoulder, the femoral quadriceps, the gastrocnemius, the tibia and
the trapezoid were recorded. The skin temperature was measured with
a TPEI-1 thermometer over the working muscles for 2 minutes. The
respiratory rate and the MRV were recorded with the help of an oxy-
spirograph (MyeTA 1-25B). An lysis of the results indicates that
performance of tho, exercises in the conventional manner by one or two
extremities for 10 sec does not cause significant changes in the
recorded body systems (with the exception of the muscular EA). In
all cases the changes were statistically Insignificant. On performance
of the exercises for 20 sec the MRV increased by 3.1 1 (1240/t), p {
0.05, and the remaining changes were statistically insignificant.
Performance of the exercises with additional isometric muscular exer-
tion equal to 50% of the maximum for 10 sec was accompanied by reliable
changes in the ptilse and the MRV (in all cases p t 0.05). On perfor-
mance of the exercises for 20 sec the pulse sped up by 9.4 beaus (113%)t
the MRV increased by 8.4 1 (1570), p < O.Ol, respiratory rate--by 1.3,
systolic pressure increased by 6.1, and diastolic by 0.7 mm Hg (105
and 102;0. The greatest skin temperature increase (+0.540 ) was ob-
served over the tibial muscle, p > 0.1. On performance of the exer-
cises with maximum muscular exertion for 20 sec the greatest shif ts
of the recorded indices were noted (on the average for all the exec-
cises)s the pulse sped up by 12.1 beats, the systolic pressure in-
creased by 7.5 and the diastolic by 1.9 mm Hg, the respiratory rate
increased by 0.4, the MRV--by 10.4 1, and the skin temperature over
the muscles increased by 0.42-0.580 . Performance of the exercises
without movement was accompanied by approximately the same shifts in
the recorded indices.
In evaluating the results of this series of experiments in planning
to use similar exercises for the prevention of hypodynamia in industrial
conditions, it may be stated that the performance of individual short
2
^^i
movements of local character in the conventional manner does not
bring about substantial changez in the body systems and can be equated
with tho rea.tion caused by the postural tone activity of musales that
provide the minimal level of functional activity of the body systems.
The performance of exercises by the method of isometric muscular exer-
tion with force equal to 50% of the maximum, with movement and without
movement, is accompanied by an .increase in the functional shifts in the
body systems and from the viewpoint of dominant inertia it has a sig-
nificantly more marked aftereffect. The functional shifts with this
reach optimal values, which may be considered a positive factor in
the prevention of hypodynamia. The pe g,-formance of exercises with the
maximum isometric muscular exertion is accompanied by disruption of
individual functions of the organism (trembling of the extremities and
the entire body, change in skin color, disruption of the respiratory
rhythm, delay and strain) and also by concentration of attention on
the way the exercises are performed, and in connection with this it
cannot be recommended for use as industrial exercises for the preven-
tion of hypodynamia .
On the basis of the accumulated data we developed a series of
exercises of volitional gymnastics to fit the conditions of sitting work.
1. Raise the feet off the floor, tense the muscles, move the
feet in various directions.
2. Press the heels against the chair legs and tense the muscles.
3. Straighten the legs at the knees and tense the leg muscles.
if conditions do not allow straightening of the legs, grasp the chair
legs with the toes of the shoes and tense the muscles.
4. Tensing the muscles of the shoulder girdle, move the shoulders
in various directions.
5. Tensing the back muscles,. bend.
6. Move the abdomens forward--inhalation, backward--exhalation.
3
7. Tense the buttocks muscles and the muscles of the pelvic floor.
8. Tensing the muscles of the trunk, bend and turn in various
directions.
9. Tensing the neck muscles, move the head.
10.. Tense all the Muscles of the body.
After a preliminary trial the first group of subjects performed
the series of exercises 1-3 times in a row= each exercise was done for
10 sec with a force 50% of the maximum. Because in industrial condi-
tions with mass performance of the exercises maintenance of dosed
muscle exertion with EMG control of their activity is not possible,
the second group performed the exercises without an additional control,
just with the instruction: "Perform the exercises with muscular exertion
that is equal to half the maximum. force." For the purpose of a com-
parir;on of the indices with the performance of the conventional series
of industrial gymnastics [la in different ways the third group per-
formed it First traditionally and then with isometric muscular exer-
tion equal to 50% of the maximum (time - 1 min 40 sec).
Analysis of the results (Table 1) shows that a single execution
	
/40
of the series is accompanied by changes in the recorded indices, which,
having reached certain values, in the next 2 -3 repetitions of the series
change insignificantly.
Performance of the exercises without additional control of the
muscular activity by EMG was accompanied by a significant variation
in the muscular exertion, although its average value was maintained at
the level of 30-40 of the maximum force, which brought a moderate
reaction in the organism. On performance of the conventional series
in the traditional manner and with isometric muscular exertion (Table
2) sharply expressed differences were detected. Since the most impor-
tant thing for the prevention of hypodynamia ii: industrial conditions
is increase of the muscular, activity of the basic muscular groups to
4
nTABLE 1. Change of indices after performance of a series of exercises
with isometric muscular exertion equal. to 50% of the maximum (M ± m)
Per ormance Pulse or ,
 Arterial	 R,esp - tinuteres—
time (min)	 1 min	 pressure	 ratory
	 piratory
and number
	
(mm Mg)
	 rate for volume, 1
of times
	 1 min
Initial data 69,4	 1,9 114,4	 3,4/69,34-1,4 13,6.40,9 14,4--III
1,40-^-1 86,2:t2,0 119Rs•3,4/69,84.1,4 14,24.0,9 22,84:1,1*
3,2025,003 88,9. 2,0*89,7	 2,0* 119,8.4^3,4;69,7t 1,411°,4±3,4/69.4tl14 13,8:0,913,6	 0,9 26,611. 1#28,2.4-1,1+
4
*The differences as compared to the initial data are reliable,
p < 0.01.
TABLE 2. Change of indices after performance of a series of exercises
by the traditional method and with isometric muscular exertion (M ± m)
Method of Pulse :tor Ar- er -lal neQpi- Minute reds-
performance 1 min pressure ratory pi.ratory
(mm Hg) rate for volume, 1
1 min
Conventional
method 76,7-L-2,1 115,2t3,4169,64. 1, 5 14,74-1,0 17,94.1,1
With isometric
muscular exer- 89,1`3'2,2 128,8-±3,6170,1--1, 5 17,8-4-1,1 32,7±1,2
ti,on +12,4 +13,6	 +0, 5 +3,1 +14,8
Difference, p i	 <0 1 01 <0,05	 >0,1 <0,05 <0,01
the level that corresponds to the optimal individual characteristics
of the participant, it may be considered that in each concrete case the
regimen of volitional gymnastics exercises (their duration, number of
repetitions, degree of muscular exertion, etc.) should depend on indi-
vidual characteristics, labor conditions and living conditions. In
the process of such exercises each can establish for himself the op-
timal regimen that most suits hims his personal sense of well-being
will serve as the control in the determination of the time and the
intensity of the exercises.
5
w	 ^
Thus, periodic performance of exercises of volitional gymnastics
..n the daily routine of those categories of workers whose labor is
done in conditions of limited space and little motor activity, in
combination with traditional forms of the performance of physical
exercises, can significantly increase their effectiveness in the
fight against the detrimental effects of hypodynamia.
6
QREFERENCES
1. Aonakaya, L.V., In the Looks Dvi ana „ya deyatO'no^heloveka
v uslovi akh mekhanizirovanna o ro .zvodstva CMuman Motor Act°vlty
In Con tons o Mechanized Product on Leningra.ds IMs
2. Kovalik, A.V., G natruda i rofessional'n a zaboleva^ni a, 6s
46 (19771•
r]	 F ,
d
ij7


Ways of increasing muscular activity by means of isometric muscular exertion

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