Experiments were carried out on male white rats divided into four groups. In group one the blood glucose level was determined immediately after immobilization. In the other three groups, two hours following immobilization, the blood glucose level was determined every 20 minutes for 3 hours 40 minutes by the glucose oxidase method. Preliminary immobilization for 2 hours removed the increase in the blood glucose caused by the stress reaction. By the 2nd hour of immobilization in the presence of continuing stress, the blood glucose level stabilized and varied within 42 + or - 5.5 and 47 + or - 8.1 mg %. Within 2 hours after the immobilization, the differences in the blood glucose level of the rats from the control groups were statistically insignificant

Baskakova, G. M.

Chepurnov, S. A.

Platonov, R. D.

English

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NASA TM-75997
CHANGE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN RATS
A-FTER IMMOBILIZATION
R. D. Platonov G. M. Baskakova, S. A. Chepurnov
(NASA-'ia- /.5 yy I) LhAbGh lb 13LUUU 6LULLSE	 h8z-11d 2
LEVEL IN EATS AFTER IMMOBILIZATICN (National
Aerouautics and Space Administiatiou) 9 p
HC A 01/mF A01	 CSCL ObC	 Onclas
G3/51 19197
Translation of "Izmenaiye Soderzhaniya Glykozy v Krovi
Krys pri Immobilizatsii," Bioloticheskiye Nauki, No. 9,
1975, pp 37-40
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
1ASHINGTON D.C. 20546	 DECEMBER 1981
NASA TM-75997	 -	 -
T,Ne
-Change in Blood Glucose Level in Rats	 DECEMBER 1981
i After Immobilization
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National Aeronautics and Space	 ------ -
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Translation of "Izmeneniye Soderzhaniya Glyukozy v Krovi
Krys pri Immobilizatiii," Biologicheskiye Nauki, No. 9,
1975, pp 37-40
I
16. Abstrocr	 I
.Experiments were carried out on male white rats divided into
14 groups. In group 1 the blood glucose level was determined
immediately after immobilization and in the other 3 groups
.2 hours following immobilization the blood glucose level was
;determined every 20 minutes for 3 hours 40 minutes by the
;glucose oxidase method. Preliminary immobilization for
2 hours removed the increase in the blood glucose caused by
lthe stress reaction. By the 2nd hour of immobilization in
Ithe presence of continuing stress the blood glucose level
,stabilized and varied within 42+5.5 and 4.7+8.1 mg %.
jWithin 2 hours after the immobilization, the differences in
'the blood glucose level of the rats from the control groups
'were statistically insignificant.
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ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
CHANGE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN RATS AFTER IMMOBILIZATION
R. D. Platonov , G. M. Baskakova, S. A. Chepurnov
In experiments on intact rats changes in blood glucose level	 /37
were studied through time (after each 20 minute period in the course
of 3 hours 40 minutes) using the glucose oxidation method. It was
shown that the preliminary immobilization in the course of 2 hours
removes the increase in blood glucose level, which provokes a stress
reaction. Blood glucose level in the stabilization period changes
from 42+5.5 to 47+8.1 mg %. After 2 hours following immobilization
the difference in blood glucose level of the rats from the experimental
and the 3 control groups was not statistically authentic.
ThL non-pharmacological immobility is the bondage of animals to
the experimental table provoking a strong reaction, being built up
from the psycoemotional state and muscular tension along with periods
of freedom of movement 14 . For the rat being tied in a position at
the spine is an especially strong stressor influence, in so far as the
vestibular reflections act upon the endurance mechanisms of the
vegetative regulation9 . The investigations carried out in the last few
years  show that along wish this, a remarkable change in the vascular
system has been observed, which guarantees hemostasis. One of the most
important sensory demonstrations of an increase in stress in the response
to immobilization is the carbohydrate metabolism. Even in 1878 it had
been discovered (see 5), that the procedure of tying a cat to a bench,
and likewise, painful irritation provoked hyperglycemia in these animals.
With the development of the presentation concerning the role of the
lymbic structures in neuroendocrinal regulation  it was established that
the change in carbohydrate metabolism in the presence of stressor
influences might occur through a change in the activity of these
structures". The results of electrophysiological experiments and
experiments with the destruction of the lymbic structures testify to
this. 8, 12 In neuroendocrinal investigations on small animals with
simultaneous registration of electroencephalograms, during decapitation
are excluded, the puncture of veins along with several bonds is more
convenient than habituation of channels.
In the present work, the results of the study of the change in
blood glucose level in rats after immobilization are presented.
The experiments were carried out on 25 male white rats weighing
175-200 grams divided into 4 groups. In one group, the determination of
1
blood glucose level was begun immediately after tying them to the table;
in the other three it was begun after the preliminary 2 hour immobilization
(done by tying the animals to the table). Blood from the veins was
taken according to the method worked out in the laboratory by B. A.
Kudryashov,. after each 20 minute interval in the course of 3 hours
40 minutes. Blood glucose levels were determined using V. K.
Gorogetskiy's glucose oxidation method. Glucose levels after 20 minutes
up to the introduction of a physiological solution in the lengthly
counts were taken from 100% of the animals and the concentration of
glucose at each point of the curve were obtained with them. In the
animals of one group the blood glucose level was determir-d on the
basis of a preliminary 4 day introduction of desoxycorticosterone
(intraperitonially from the count 5.7 mg /kg , daily according to 	 /38
0.25 part of this dosage) the experiment began after the introduction
of all obstructive doses after 3 hours following the last introduction
of the hormone. For statistical calculations, of the results, the
criteria of the authenticity of differences according to St'yudent was
used.
It is recognized 13 that the maximum loss of the adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) and the gluco corticoids occurs in the first minute
following stressor influence, and after 2-2.5 hours the blood
catecholamine content drops. In order to clarify how these hormonal
changes affect the summar7 index of the carbohydrate metabolism as well
as the blood glucose level, a comparison was made between changes in the
quantity of blood glucose in the rats from 20 minutes following bondage
to 2 hours 20 minutes, following bondage. An intravenous injection of
a physiological solution was a supplementary stressor influence. Then
after each 20 minute interval blood was taken from the veins, therefore
a painful stress in both groups was identical. However, it is on the
basis of this, that the difference in blood glucose levels was observed
in comparison with the preliminary immobilization of the rats and
animals from which blood was taken immediately following bondage. In
figure A (curve 1) it is shown that, in the first 2 hours the glucose
level increased to 132% according to the relationship with the norm.
After this, the concentration of blood glucose decreases, and, gradually,
almost returns to normal, without taking into account the fact that
painful stressor irritation is repeated. In the following 2 hours, the
character of the change in blood glucose levels in the animals of this
group was the same as following a preliminary 2 hour immobilization
2
y h ' h h
'4ci
ib
B
T t 4
sI,o
_.	
_ .. . . .	 — O A.A
"Y
(fig. A, interval 2-3 hours 40 minutes).
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
A
^«o13p	 T r
'ZO
y	 j 1
"o
^Q
	.. f„j
	 ?l
a 
•
9 	 _	 1J l"
L
Omin'h Jh 4h sh 5h
Comparing curves 1 and 2
according to Styudenta's
criteria of difference we
discovered the authenticity
of the difference that
testifies to the non-homologous
selection physiologically this
may be interpreted as the
influence of stress from
immobilization in the first
group.
The results obtained permit
us to consider that towards the
second hour of immobilization
in the presence of continued
stress or influence, blood
glucose levels are stabilized
and vary from 42+5.5 to 47+8.1
0
mg. /o.
Because we did not
determine the hormonal levels
in the blood, a series of
experiments were done with the
notable exception of waste of
glucocorticoids, raising the
blood sugar levels in the /39
presence of stress. 3 It is
agreed in the literary data10,15
that hydrocortisone and
dexamethasone impede the
adrenocorticotropine function
of the hypophysis and lower the
ACTH content in the blood10,15
The effect of stressor irritation
under these conditions does not
provoke an increase in the
secretion of ACTH, and
Change in blood glucose levels.
A--without preliminary immobilization;
A--with preliminary immobilization.
1--immediately following bondage
(n=5), 2--after 2 hours following
bondage (n=10), 3--control with the
injection of physiological solution
(n=5), 4--control without injection of
physiological solution (n=5), 5--control
with the injection of physiological
solution after a 4 day injections of
desoxycorticosterone (n=10). Arrows
point out the moment of the introduction
of physiological solutions.
!M
3
-	
-.-s
consequently, also glucocorticoids. 6 We used desoxycorticosterone - a
hormone, according to its proximity to the aformentioned effect.
In fig. B (curve 5), the graph presents the change in blood
glucose level during the previous injection of desoxycorticosterone.
It is logical to note some decrease (about 11%) in the blood glucose
level in the first 20 minutes of the experiment. Meanwhile, on
curve 3 (immobilization + the injection of a physiological solution)
an insignificant decrease blood glucose level is noted only after an
hour following the beginning of the experiment. Obviously, in the
animals of the 4th group the secretion of ACTH is supressed and
therefore the rise in the glucose level provoked by the effect of the
glucocoricoids, does not occur. Towards the 4th or 5th hour of
immobilization the blood glucose level is normalized, then a slight
increase is observed. Having examined c::irve 3, it is logical to
note that the blood glucose level changes very little in the course of
the entire experiment. The slight hypoglycemia arising after 3 hours
20 minutes, is statistically not reliable. The animals did not experience
any sort of influence, except the puncture of the veins and immobilization,
there was no statistically accurate difference in the blood glucose level
depending on the time of immobilization. The fact that all of curve 4
is located higher than curves 3 and 5, may be explained by the fact that
the initial glucose level at the norm in these animals is higher (112+ 6.5
mg.%) than in the animals of the second group (103+3.3 mg.%) and the
4th group (56±9.4 mg. %).
The data we obtained concerning the blood glucose level in rats
(34+5.6 mg.%), and concerning the increase of it in the first period of
stress - the acute phase, as well as the size of the maximum hyperglycemic
loss in the response to immobilization (60+2.4 mg. %) is in agreement
with the results of other authors. 1 ' 3 As can be seen, after 2.5 hours
the stressor hormonal responses are stabalized. Obviously, because of
this, the term 2.5 hours after immobilization is used along with the
investigation of multiple-stressor influence and the processes of
adaption to it. 12,14
With the end of our acute phase of stress, a slight, slow increase
in the blood glucose level in all control groups in that number and on
the basis of the bluCked secretion of ACTH. It may be suggested that
in this case the change in stipulated influence on the carbohydrate
metabolism of adrenaline and those viscera-visceral reflexes, is
transferred along the sympathetic paths, arising in the presence of
pain and loss of blood. An insignificant hypoglycemia of short duration
4
along with the injection of physiological solution requires a complete
explanation. In any case this may not be explained by the inclusion
of the somatotropic hormone with its insulin-like effect in the
stressor reaction, as far as, according to V. P. Fedotov. and Ya. .4.
Sokolov 7 , that of the rats is distinguished from that of the primates
the even stronger stress after laparotomy, does not provoke a rapid
seperation of somatotropic hormone in the vascular system. Undoubtedly,
proloru-^d immobilization and increased blood loss leads to a more
significant change in the blood glucose level.
5
REFERENCES
1. Bondarenko, M. F., "The activity of lipoprotein lipase of the
stomach muscles in the presence of experimental diabetes in
connection with stress" Probl. endokrinologii, 16, 2,(1970).
2. Vein, A. M., Solov'eva, A. D. "The limbico-reticular complex
and the vegetative regime
.
." Nauka., Moscow., (1973).
3. Ivanova, I. I., Lapshina, V. F., "Stress in the presence of
alloxanic diabetes in rats,". Bull. eksperim. biologii i
meditsiny., 10, (1972).
4. Kudryashov, B. A., Lomovskaya, E. G., Shapiro, F. B., Lyapina,
L. Ya., "ThE influence of adrenalectomy and the injection of
corticosterone on fibrolithic activity of a complex combination
of h.eperin in the blood after immobilization," Fiziol. zhurn.j
59, 7., USSR., (1973).
5. Mintyushov, M. I., "The function of the great hemisphere of the
brain and the blood sugar level " Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad., (1964).
6. Timofeeva, N. 0., "Electrophysiological analysis of the participation
of the limbic structures of the brain in the organization of
behavior," Avtoref, kandid.. diss., Moscow (1972).
7. Fedotov, V. P., Sokolov, Ya. A., "The Basic principles, some
results,and perspectives of application of a radioimmunological
method of the seperation of albuminous hormones," in S,ovremennye
voprosy endokronologii, Il Meditsina., Moscow (1972).
8. Chepurnova, N. E., Chepurnov, Ya. A., Tong Fyuok Khao., "The
participation of the amigdala in the reactions of the limbic
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un-ta, ser. biologii i pochvovedeniya , 2, (1974).
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14, 904-914, (1962).
10. Ashfold, A., Jones, J. I. M., The assay of corticotropin in
typophysectomize and in cortisone-treated rats." Brit. Journ.
Pharmacol. and Chemother., 20, 95-98, (1963).
6
_ -	 _...s
11. Klemm, W. R , "Corr—.1-ation of hippocamel theta rhythm, muscle
activity and brai.-^, stem reticular formation activity.
	 Commun.
Bechay. Biel., par. A5., 147-15;, (1970).
12. Kvetnansky, R., "'ranssynaptic and humoral regulation of adrenal
to
catecholamine synthesis in stress,	 in: Frontiers in
Catecholamine Research, B, London, (1973).
13. Kvetnansky, R., Weise, V. Y., Gewirtz, G. P., Kopin, I. J.,
"Synthesis of catecholamines in rats during and after i
immobilization stress," k.ndocrinol., 89, 46-50, (1971).
14. Kvetnansky, R., Weise, V. K., Kopin, I. J., "Elevation of
adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and phenyletanolamino-N-metyl
transgersse b- :epea.ted immobilization of rats' Endocrinol.,
87, 744-74^-, (1970).
15. Siret:c, N. E., Gibbj, F. B., "Dexamethasone suppression of ACTH
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and the application of stimuli known to release ACTH" Endocrinol.,
85, 355-359, (1969).
Recommended by the chairman of the dept. of human and animal physiology
of the Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov.
7


Change in blood glucose level in rats after immobilization

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