Using a thermal-inertia mapping algorithm which provides greater discrimination capability than those in current use, a geologic features was detected in the Cabeza Prieta, Arizona, area. Initially seen on an image formed as a difference of two thermal-inertia images, it was found to be the extension of a bilaterally symmetrical aeromagnetic feature which trends northeast for a distance of at least 1200 km

Miller, S. H.

Watson, K.

English

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E82""'l 0 3 82
Application of HCMM data to regional
geologic analysis for mineral and energy resource evaluation
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Type II Progress Report
December 1981 - June 1982
Prepared by
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Submitted by
Kenneth Watson, Prinicpal Investigator
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
Prepared by
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H. Miller
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
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Report Me. 2. Government Acc*ssioe He. 3. Recipient's Catalog me.
4. Ti tle  M	 tit a
Application of HCMM data to regional 5. Report Date
geologic analysis for mineral and ene>g 6. Performing G ionization Cote reso urce evaluation
7. Auther(s) !. Performing Organisation Report lie.
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H. Miller
9. P rlormprg OraaO i !&?, ai^amS^edIrlss 10. Mark Unit No.U
Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Branch l t. Contract or Grant Na.Box	 2 5 0 4 6, D F C,	 MS	 964
Denver,	 Colorado 80225 13. Type of Report end Period Covered
Type II. Progress Rp t12. Sponsoring Agency flame and Address
Mr. Locke M.	 Stuart Dec.	 1982-June	 1982
HCMM Investigative Support
G S F C,	 Code	 902.6 4. Sponsoring Agency Gle
GrPPnhelt,	 MD	 771
15. supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
The experimental thermal satellite HCMM has provided
unique thermal data for mapping geologic features and
exploring for energy resources and mineralized areas.
Using a new thermal-inertia mapping algorithm which
provides greater discrimination capability than those
in current use,	 a new geologic feature was detected
in	 the Cabeza Prieta,	 Arizona,	 area.	 Initially	 seen
on an image formed as a difference of	 two thermal-
inertia	 images,	 it was	 found	 to be	 the extension of
a bilaterally symmetrical aeromagnetic feature which
trends	 northeast	 for	 a distance of	 at	 least	 1200 km.
17. Key Words (S. lectod by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Clossif. (of this page) 21. Me. of Pages 22. Price*
• For sale by the Geariaghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Figure 2. Technical Report Standard Title Fog*
A. Problems
We are continuing to have difficulty finding clot ►d-
free day/night pairs of the Overthrust Belt (Montana
and Idaho) and Silver City, New Mexico, quadrangles.
Previously ordered scenes, based on the HCMM catalog
cloudcover estimation, have not produced an acceptable
day/night pair. We have just ordered six additional
day/night pairs for the Overthrust Belt and one for
Silver City. Of the six pairs for the Overthrust,
four have 20 and 10% cloudcover. The Silver City pair
has 20 and 10% cloudcover.
B. Accomplishments
A day/night pair (AA0150-09410-3; AA0150-20350-1,2)
of the Colorado Plateau has been registered using our
procedure and a thermal-inertia image been produced
with our new algorithm. Of special interest is the
Richfield quadrangle, part of the U.S. Geological Survey's
ongoing CUSMAP program. Since large area, topographic-
correction techniques are not operational, five profiles
within the quad have been chosen for initial study.
In addition we are attempting to register the thermal-
inertia image to a DMA topographic base. In support of
this study, a Landsat scene of this quad was processed
to a color-coded image of bands 4,5, and 7.
The Cascade and the Allegheny Plateau and Appalachian
Mountains investigations are proceeding more slowly.
For both of these areas we have NASA registered products
with residual errors which we have attempted several
times to re-register. Although we are not able to get
the entire scene into registration selected areas of
interest have been registered.
We have applied our new thermal-inertia mapping
algorithm to two day/night pairs in the Cabeza Prieta,
Ariz., area and analysis of these data has lead to the
discovery of a new geologic feature. The feature,
initially seen on an image formed as a difference of
two thermal-inertia images, was found to be the extension
of a bilaterally symmetrical aeromagne r.ic which trends
northeast for a distance of at least 1200 km. A sub-
stantial effort has been devoted to gathering information
that can lead to a better understanding of the nature
and cause of this feature. We have discovered numerous
coincidences that provide evidence for varying degrees
of geologic control along this feature both spatially
and from Precambrian to Recent times. Other data that
seem to bear on the problem include evidence for crustal
thickening where the feature crosses from the Basin and
Range to the Colorado Plateau, joint patterns, coincidence
with the northwestern edge of the Gila Gap, an apparent
symmetry in Tertiary volcanics and a relationship to
the spatial and temporal occurrence of mineral deposits
and geothermal features. We seem to see some evidence
which suggests that the feature is more permissive of
vertical movement from deep in the crust near the linea-
ment and restrictive of movement across it. As with
previous lineament in the Powder River Basin, this one
also has a major gold mine on it. This time it's Cripple
Creek! There are a lot of other interesting parallelisms
to explore in the near future - the Colorado Mineral
Belt, Colorado River, Jemez lineament, the Bright Angel,
and Mesa Butte fault systems of Shoemaker, and the trans-
continental arch.
C. Significant Results
A feature in Cabeza Prieta, initially seen on an
image formed as a difference of two thermal-inertia
images was found to be the extension of a bilaterally
symmetrical aeromagnetic feature which trends northeast
for a distance of at least 1200 km.
D. Publications and Presentations
Ken Watson attended the Second Annual Arizona Remote
Sensing Review Meeting in Tucson January 6-8, 1982, at
which he presented the results of our HCMM thermal
studies. He also attended the 1982 International Geo-
science and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '82) in
Munich June 1-4, 1982, and presented an invited paper
"Geologic thermal-inertia mapping using HCMM satellite
data" which is published in the proceedings.
E. Recommendations
Since very few day/night scene pairs have been
processed for the mid-continent region, we would re-
commend keeping the IPF (Image Processing Facility)
open beyond the end of the summer to provide more com-
plete coverage of the United States.
F.


Application of HCMM data to regional geologic analysis for mineral and energy resource evaluation

Experimentation with several potentially promising techniques led to the selection of a fairly simple scheme for registration of data from the HCMM using an affine transformation. A method based solely on remote sensing was developed to estimate those meteorological effects which are required for thermal inertia mapping. It assumes that the atmospheric fluxes are spatially invariant and that the solar, sky and sensible heat fluxes can be approximated by a simple mathematical form. Coefficients are determined from least squares method by fitting observational data to the thermal model

H-Miller, S.

  
 
 
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Type II Progress Report
June-August 1981
(E82-10137) APPLICATION OF HCHli DATA TO
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC ANALYSIS FOR !MINERAL AND
ENERGY RESOURCE EVALUATION Progress Report,
Jan.. - Aug. 1981 (Geological Survey) 4 p
HC A02/HF A01	 CSCL 08G 63/43
982-21664
Unclas
00137
Prepared for
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Submitted by
Kenneth Watson, Principal Investigator
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
Prepared by
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H-Miller
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
RECEIVED
NOV 2 0 l^^/
sI.	 sport floe	 2. f oronnasat Accession Me. 2. Recipient's CeNlq Ma.
4. Title	 5owit
App lcation of HCMM data to regional geologic
^eK
analysis for mineral and energy resource
evaluation
6. Perforating Organ isation Cob
7. Aethw(s)
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H-Miller
a. Porkm iay Organismic" Reprt Nee
9. Perfamia' Organisation Nave sad Addro.: 10. llerk wit mt.
U.S. Geological Survey
11. Contmct or Great M..Petrophys i cs & Remote Sensing
Box 25046, DFC, MS 964
13. Typo of Report and Pried Covered
Type I I Progress Re-12. Swooriag Agwy Am* a" Address
James C. Broderick rt.	 June thru Aug.
HCM Investigative Support
GSFC, Code 902.6
galseries Aaaer
15.	 even-ary Koss
. Abetroet
It has been found that HCMM day and night images can be satisfactoril y
registered using an affine transformation and carefully selected
control points.
A method based solely on remote sensing data has been developed for
thermal-inertia mapping.
17. Key Words (S, leeted by Aothae(s))	 11i. Dishibwiea Sleteeiont
19. Seswify Ciessif. (of this rgwt)	 20. Saewity Clessif. (of this p*ga) 21. Me. of Pay"	 22. Mice'
*For sale by cbe ClowisSboase for Federal Scientific and Tecbaicai Information, Springfield. Virginia 22151.
F19are 2. Technical Report Standard Title hope
B. Accomplishments
(See significant results)
C. Significant Results
Registration of thermal images is complicated by distinctive differ-
ences in the appearance of day and night features needed as control in
the registration process. These changes are unlike those that occur
between Landsat scenes and pose unique constraints. Experimentation with
several potentially promising techniques has lead to selection of a
fairly simple scheme for registration of data from the experimental
thermal satellite HCMM using an affine transformation.
A method based solely on remote sensing data has been developed to
estimate those meteorological effects which are required for thermal-
inertia mapping. It assumes that the atmospheric fluxes are spatially
invariant and that the solar, sky, and sensible heat fluxes can be
approximated by a simple mathematical form. Coefficients are determined
fray least-squares method by fitting observational data to our thermal
model.
A comparison between field measurements and the model-derived flux
shows the type of agreement which can be achieved. An analysis of the
limitations of the method was conducted.
D. Publications and Presentations
Watson, Kenneth, Hummer-Miller, Susanne and Sawatzky, D. L., 1981, Regis-
tration of Heat Capacity Mapping Mission day and night images:
Photogrammetric Engineering, in press.
Watson, Kenneth, and Hummer-Miller, Susanne, 1981, A simple algorithm
to estimate the effective regional atmospheric parameters for
thermal-inertia mapping: Remote Sensing of the Environment, in
press.
Watson, Kenneth, June 11, 1981, Geologic applications of thermal-inertia
mapping from satellite: IEEE meeting, Washington, D. C.
E. Recommendations
Rumors of the closing of the image processing facility and its
capability to produce CCTs have surfaced. This would be a significant
blow to any future attempts to analyze areas not currently part of any
on-going investigation. This in turn would preclude later atone is to
put together a US "best scenes" "saic from thermal (day & night and
thermal inertia images.
E	 '
F
F
F. Funds Expended
7
Total expenditures to date: $25,000
G. Data Utility
Using the computer program that searches the HCMM catalog, we
found and ordered several day-night pairs for each of the test areas.
The Silver City site has only one day-night (36 hr.) pair with 10%
cloudcover for the day and 0% for the night. We have also received
CCTs for 31 scenes. Of these there are six days with day-night
coverage which can be used for thermal-inertia mapping.
2


A more accurate algorithm was developed to compute thermal inertia from temperature difference and albedo information. The error of this algorithm is about 1/3 of the measurement error in HCMM as opposed to the current algorithm which can have an error 5 times larger. A northeast trending lineament was discovered in southwestern Arizona on enhanced thermal inertia images

General Disclaimer 
One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document 
 
 This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the 
organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as 
much information as possible. 
 
 This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was 
furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy 
available. 
 
 This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, 
which have been reproduced in black and white. 
 
 This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. 
 
 Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some 
of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original 
submission. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) 
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E82-10153
61IR I
Application of HCMH data to regional
geologic analysis for mineral and energy resource evaluation
lftkbk anger NASA Wwn4
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amiration of earth Resources &JAM
P"rgm iftWmatiOn and MOW hawft	 Type II Progress Report
'Or SnY UN mde ftfeO.-	 September - November 1981
(982-10153) APPLICATION C-1 ECHM DATA TC	 N82-24514
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC AhALISiS fO.4 MINEBAL AND
ENERGY RESOUUCE EVALUATICN FLogreSs fieFOrt,
Sep. - Nov. 1981 (Geological Survey) 4 p	 Unc as-
HC k02/fiF A01	 CSCL 66G G3/43 00153
Prepared for
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Submitted by
Kenneth Watson, Principal Investigator
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
Prepared by
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H. Miller
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225
TI M ICAL REIN STANDARD T11
1. pert Hs.	 77*awswt  Aeeessiee tie. 1. Reeioao l • cots!" tle.
4. Ti tle
Application of HCHM data to regional geologic
analysis for mineral and energy resource
'	 evaluation
6. pfthml" Orpaisstiea Gds
7. Aoilm(a) i. Perisr	 Oepsaiseoi 	 ReMrt me.
Kenneth Watson and Susanne H. Mill er
!. Po ww " Orpnisstaa Hews mW Address 18. Nark Unit !M.
U.S. Geological Survey
Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Branch 11. Canteen w 6roM tie.
Box 25046, DFC, MS 964
13. Tp*. of Repo ead Period Ceweed
rne
 
II Progress Report3'.asseiq Apaer Hme sad Address
Locke M. Stuart Sept. through Nov. 1981
HCMM Investigations
'^"^Greenbelt, MD 20771
1S. SOW-M ml Hehs
b. Absaect
A more accurate algorithm was developed to compute Lnermal inertia
from temperature difference and albedo information. 	 The error of
this algorithm is about 1J3 of the measurement error in HCMK as
opposed to the current algorithm which can have an error 5 times
larger.
A northeast trending lineament was discovered in southwestern
Arizona on enhanced thermal-inertia images. 	 The geologic signifi-
cance of this feature is presently being examined using a variety of
geophysical and geologic maps.
17. Key Norris (S, ieetad by Aetker(s))	 1i. Olstribetiea Smog~
19. Ssewigr Ctessii. (of two rger►)	 20. Sseerity Closed. (of this Page) 	 21. He. ei Peps	 22. !hies•
•let rile by dw Qown mse tar Federal Sciernific sad Teclaiesl lalerwauos. $"Ifirid. Viyisis 22151.
Flwe 2. Technical Report Standard Title rape
t
aA. Problems
We have encountered a serious registration problem on a day/night data set
(AA0150-09410-3; AA0150-20350-1,2) of the Colorado Plateau. An offine
transformation, when applied to the entire scene, registers to within a
pixel all of the scene except the northeast corner. We had not
encountered this problem on any other data sets.
We have ordered but not received scenes for part of the Basin and Range.
We have not been able to find cloud-free day/night pairs for the
Overthrust Belt and the northwestern part of the Cascades.
B. Accomplishments
Evaluation of thermal-inertia algorithms can be made by computing an exact
solution to the one-dimensional heat flow equation subject to the
linearized boundary condition and a half-wave heating flux. This solution
can be used to compute temperature differences for assured albedoes and
thermal inertias. By performing a regression analysis between the thermal
inertia computed by a particular algorithm and the actual thermal inertia
an error analysis can be made. We have developed a more accurate
algorithm to compute thermal inertia from temperature difference and
albedo information. Our new algbrithm was found to fit to within better
than 1%. A fit using the apparent thermal inertia (HCMM Users' Guide
1980) was accurate to only 15% at 40 degrees latitude and solar
declination of 20 degrees. This is larger than the differences we found
among igneous . rocks in Cabeza Prieta, Ariz., and between the Wasatch and
Fort Union Formations in the Powder River Basin. For comparison the noise
equivalent thermal-inertia difference of the satellite data is roughly 3%.
A northeast trending lineament was discovered in southwestern Arizona on a
specially enhanced, thermal-inertia change detection image. The feature
appears to be an extension of a lineament that can be seen on the state
aeromagr-^tic map. The lineament is particularly strikirg because there
appears to be a substantial bilateral symmetry along it and extending
through the state of Colorado. The trend passes through the Hope Buttes
diatremes and there appears to be two laterally symmetric volcanic field
pairs: San Francisco, White Mts., Ariz., and Spanish Peaks, Elk Mts.,
Colo. Examination of a variety of geophysical and geologic data is
currently underway.
The HCMM data of Newberry Caldera, Ore., appear to show a large (45 km
diameter) circular feature, roughly centered on the caldera. The boundary
does not generally appear to coincide with topographic features or
geologic units and circumscribes the cinder cones field and the most
highly dissected terrain. There is no obvious counterpart to be found on
the Landsat images.
C. Significant Results
Developed a more accurate algorithm to compute thermal inertia from
temperature difference and albedo information.
Discovered a northeast trending lineament on thermal-inertia images of
southwestern Arizona which appears to be the extension of a major
aeromagnetic lineament.
D. Publications and Presentations
E. Recommendations
9


Application of HCMM data to regional geologic analysis for mineral and energy resource evaluation

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