Registered data sets were used to develop qualititative temperature and delta T maps of a band across north Florida and across south Florida for use with Carlson's boundary layer energy model balance model. Thermal inertia and moisture availability computations for north Florida are being used to investigate model sensitivity and to evaluate input parameters. Temperature differences of day-night HCMM overpasses clearly differentiate wetlands and uplands areas

Allen, L. H., Jr.

Carlson, T. N.

Chen, E.

Delvalle, G.

Jones, P. H.

Martsolf, J. D.

English

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USE OF THERMAL INERTIA DETERMINED BY HCMM TO PREDICT NOCTURNAL COLD PRONE
AREAS IN FLORIDA
HCMM Data Investigation HFO-002
Contract NAS5-26453
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
L.H. Allen, Jr., Principal Investigator
University of Florida
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Building 164, Agronomy Physiolo gy Lab.
Gainesville, FL 32611
Ellen Chen, Cooperator
J.D. Martsolf, Cooperator
P.H. Jones, Cooperator
T.N. Carlson, Cooperator
G. Del Valle, Programmer
P.- s ' P2
R E.
c .NASA Sri FAC;C^TY
< < ACCESS 
DEPT
November 15, 1982
Progress Report for June 16, 1982 to November 15, 1982.
(E83-10102) USE OP THERMAL INERTIA
DETERMINED BY HCMM TO PREDICT NOCTURNAL COLD
PRONE AREAS IN FLORIDA Progress Report, 16
Jnn. - 15 Nov. 1982 (Florida UniT. ) 7 p
HC A02/MF A01
	 CSCL 04B G3/43
Prepared for
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Greenbelt, MD 20771
N83-15745
Unclas
00102
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
I.	 Introduction	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 1
II.	 Summary of Progress	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 2
1.	 Problems
	
.	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 3
2.	 Accomplishments	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
3.	 Si gnificant	 Results	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
4.	 Publications	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
5.	 Recommendations	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
6.	 Funds	 Expended	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
7.	 Data	 Utility	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
8.	 Program for next reporting interval 	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 4
III.	 References	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 .	 . .	 .	 .	 .	 5
USE OF THERMAL INERTIA DETERMINED BY HCMM
TO PREDICT NOCTURNAL C'JLD PRONE AREAS IN FLORIDA
INTRODUCTION
This report covers the problems and progress of this HCMM data
investigation for the period June 16, 1982, to November 15, 1982. Be-
cause of numerous problems with CCT's and with CCT processing, this
HCMM Data Investigation contract was extended (no-cost) from November 15,
1982, to March 15, 1982.
Much progress has been made on processing HCMM CCT's during this
reporting period. We have successfully processed a daytime and night-
time surface temperature ima ge pair from two periods that represent
two different segments of the Florida peninsula. Because the 1978-79
winter season over Florida was very frequently cloudy, few day-night
images were available for comparison. For the south Florida latitude
band between Lake Okeechobee and Florida Bay, we compared daytime IR
images obtained on January 29, 1979, with nighttime IR images obtained
on February 1, 1979. For the north Florida latitude band around the
Gainesville area, we used daytime IR images from February 3, 1979, and
nighttime IR images from February 1, 1979. Because climatological tem-
peratures were so nearly the same durino much of this period, very little
adjustment in temperatures was required to achieve realistic day-night
pairs of temperature comparisons although the image pairs were separated
by more than one half day.
i
ORiuINAL PAGE 18
OF POOR QUALITY
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS
During this reporting period, we worked with Dr. Toby N. Carlson,
former HCMM contractor at the Pennsylvania State University, in adapting
his boundary-layer model for use under Florida winter conditions
(Carlson et al., 1981). This dynamic, complex energy balance model of
the boundary layer permits estimation of surface thermal inertia and
moisture availability, as well as energy balance components of sensible
heat flux and latent heat flux (evapotranspiration). The computer pro-
gram was quickly adapted to the Amdahl system at the University of Florida.
We developed local inputs for Carlson's model as follows: local latitude
and longitude for computing incominb solar radiation; atmospheric soundings
from Ruskin, Florida (Tampa Bay area), to supply wind speed and direction
profiles, and air temperature and dewpoint depression profiles in the
troposphere. From these soundings we estimated precipitable water to be
1.0 cm. Albedo was estimated to be 0.24. The lowest level air tempera-
ture for program initialization at 0600 local time (EST) was selected
from the National Climatic Centers' average of the minimum observations
for the area for February 1, 1979. A soil temperature at one-meter
depth of 292°K was used.
Initial runs of the nodel predicted values of surface temperature
were outside the range of the satellite observed values. (HCMM surface
temperatures were already corrected by adding 5.5°K back to the values
extracted from CCT data.) The model- p redicted temperatures were too.
high compared to the HCMM values, especially with respect to the daytime
HCMM surface temperatures over north Florida wetlands.
Since cicudiness'was prevalent in surroundin g areas (but not over
areas that were analyzed), and since atmospheric soundings over the
period January 28, 1979, to February 4, 1979, frequently showed one or
more layers of near-saturated air, we suspected that some cloud and
reflected radiation may have actually occurred during parts of the day-
time periods. We decided to increase the combination of surface and at-
mospheric albedo to 0.32 to account for this suspected effect. We also
decreased precipitable water to 0.5 cm based on weighted estimates. We
presumed that no water vapor corrections were necessary to apply to HCMM
under the low water vapor contents in the winter continental polar air
masses, because the data agreed well with both climatological observa-
tions and with other sources of GOES :data.
One set of the HCMM day-night IR data were registered to the other
set by data processing at Goddard Space Flight Center to produce a AT
data set. This process allowed us to use HCMM data directly, without
going through the data registration procedures outlined by Carlson etal.
(1981).
The Carlson et al. (1981) model uses a range of fixed thermal in-
ertias and moisture availabiliLies to :quentially produce a set of
energy balances and to predict the sur a=e temperatures at 20-minute
intervals. Also, surface temperatures are predicted at specific
ORIGINAL PAGE IS	 3
OF POOR QUALITY
satellite day-night overpass times. Carlson et al. (1981) used multiple
regression analysis techniques to produce ThermaT —Inertia and Moisture
Availability maps as a function of satellite-produced surface daytime
and nighttime temperatures. We developed a slightly different procedure
whereby the multiple regression equation that predicted thermal inertia
had moisture availability as one of the components, and whereby the
multiple regression equation that predicted moisture availability had
thermal inertia as one of the components. Given satellite-observed sur-
face temperatures at the daytime and nighttime overpass, moisture avail-
ability and thermal inertia were predicted by simultaneous solution of
the best-fit regression equations.
In summary, we have good surface temperature and temperature differ-
ence digital maps for two areas and two periods in Florida (one in north
Florida, and one in south Florida). We have adapted the Carlson model
to predict moisture availability and thermal inertia for these scenes.
We have predicted subsets of scenes from wetland areas and upland well-
drained areas. These results show clearly that the wetlands areas have
high moisture availabilities (near 1.0) and high thermal inertias (over
0.05 cal/cma/sec k /°K k ), whereas the upland well-drained soil areas have
low moisture availability less than 0.4) and low thermal inertias (less
than 0.05 cal/cm a /sec k /° K ). We are consulting with Dr. Carlson to
improve the relevant sensitive model input parameter measurement:, or
estimates to improve our HCMM satellite-derived estimates of moisture
availability and thermal inertia.
Specific points to be reported are covered below:
1.	 Problems:
During this reporting period, few problems have been encountered.
We have been working with Dr. Toby Carlson, previous HCMM contractor
at the Pennsylvania State University, in adapting his detailed boundary
layer model to predict Thermal Inertia and Moisture Availability of two
selected periods for two selected areas in Florida. The Carlson model
was easily entered onto the Amdahl systear at the University of Florida.
We found that it was not necessary to develop registered day-night
data sets, because our day-night AT data supplied by NASA-Goddard Space
Flight Center was in registration with either the day IR or night IR,
depending upon which scenes were being compared. One problem in use of
these data is that the CCT's were not clearly identified in all cases.
One other type of problem with the CCT's was that scenes were some-
times split from tape to tape without header information. This required
extra programmer and computer time to verify information that was con-
tained on tapes before we could proceed.
The main problem in using the Carlson model appears to be in obtaining
adequate region-wide meteorological input information.
•I
4
2. Accomplishments:
A. We have developed quantitative temperature and AT maps of a
band across north Florida and across south Florida, using
registered data sets, for use with Carlson's boundary layer
energy balance model.
B. We have Carlson's model working, and have Thermal Inertia and 	 }
Moisture Availability computations for north Florida that are
being used to investigate model sensitivity and to evaluate
input parameters.
C. We adapted a new curve-fitting procedure for determining moisture
availability and thermal inertia.
3. Significant results:
Temperature differences of day-night HCMM overpasses clearly dif-
ferentiate wetlands and upland areas. Carlson's boundary layer energy
balance model has helped quantify these temperature differences in
terms of moisture availability and thermal inertia of the surfaces.
4. Publications: none yet from this sutdy because it is not yet complete.
5. Recommendations: see previous progress reports.
6. Funds expended.
7. Data utility:
The HCMM data used in this report have been useful in helping to
determine thermal inertia and moisture availability of wetlands and up-
land areas in Florida. Topographic interference is minimal in the
Florida peninsula.
8. Program for next reporting interval:
A. Complete the quantitative comparison of thermal inertia and
moisture availab i lity on two latitude bands in peninsular Florida.
B. Develop a thermal inertia map of Florida from these data and
from apparent thermal inertia images.
C. Refine patterns of nocturnal cold-prone and warm-prone areas
from nighttime and daytime overflights.
D. Compare wet front and dry front thermal inertia patterns.
E. Fulfill the statement of work, prepare the final report, and
submit for approval.
REFERENCES
Carlson, T.N., J.K. Dodd, S.G. Benjamin, and J.N. Cooper. 1981.
Satellite estimation of the surface energy balance, moisture
availability, and thermal ine,Aia. J. Appl. Meteorol. 20:67-87.


Use of thermal inertia determined by HCMM to predict nocturnal cold prone areas in Florida

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