The applicability of and the limits on the applicability of 11 near wall similarity laws characterizing three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer flows were determined. A direct force sensing local wall shear stress meter was used in both pressure-driven and shear-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers, together with extensive mean velocity field and wall pressure field data. This resulted in a relatively large number of graphical comparisons of the predictive ability of 10 of these 11 similarity models relative to measured data over a wide range of flow conditions. Documentation of a complex, separated three-dimensional turbulent flow as a standard test case for evaluating the predictive ability of numerical codes solving such flows is presented

Pierce, F. J.

English

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A Three—Dimensional Turbulent Separated
Flow and Related Measurements
F. J. Pierce
Principal Investigator
Mechanical Engineering
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Final Report
	
February 1985
Prepared for:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Grant NSG 2301
For the period April 1978 — September 1984
J. G. Marvin, Grant Monitor
NASA—Ames Research Center
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A Three-Dimensional Turbulent Separated Flow
and Related Measurements
Introduction
1	
This final report summarizes the activities, the reports (both
informal and Formal), and the publications relating to NASA Grant NSG
2301 over the period April 1978 through September 1984.
Activities 6
^lThe Grant activities covered consecutively two major areas ofZJ,J
,l	 research.
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Initially, the project continued some earlier work ( initiated under
NSF support) in reviewing and in determining the applicability of and
the limits on the applicability of 11 near wall similarity laws from the
literature specifically offered as characterizing three -dimensional
turbulent boundary layer flows. This work required the use of a ur..ique,
direct force sensing local wall shear stress meter used in both
il
pressure-driven and shear-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary
layers, together with extensive mean velocity field and wall pressure
field data.	 This work resulted in a relatively large number of
graphical comparisons of the predictive ability of 30 of these 11
similarity models relative to measured data over a wide range of flow
conditions.
Subsequently, the, project focused on documenting a complex,
separated three -dimensional turbulent flow as a standard test case for
evaluating the predictive ability of numerical codes solving such flows.
The particular flow selected was the horseshoe or junction vortex,
1
flow generated by a streamlined, teardrop shaped body place normal to a
flat plate.	 While the thickness to chord ratio of this body was
relatively large to develop large secondary flows in the upstream
boundary layer, several features of this kind of flow characterize the
flow at; for example, the junctions of a wing and body, of a control
surface and body, of a compressor inlet guide vane and passage wall or
hub, and of a submarine sail and hull.
The documentation of the flow field was done in two phases. Phase
one documented the flow upstream and around, but away from the separa -
tion region and outside the junction vortex, where the flow is properly
described as a three—dimensional turbulent boundary layer. 	 The
computations of such a boundary layer flow requires an initial condition
plane to start a calculation and edge conditions to maintain the
calculations.	 Additionally, measurements within the flow field are
useful for comparison with the numerically predicted flow. 	 In this
work, the mean flow and turbulence measurements were made with hot
f Um/wire anemonerry.
Initial condition plane measurements, at multiple transverse
positions, include:
1) mean velocity field,
2) turbulent kinetic energy, and
3) three turbulent normal stresses.
Measured edge condition data includes:
1) mean velocity, and
2) wall static pressure.
Flow field measurements include:
1) mean velocity (three components),
2) turbulent kinetic energy,
3) three turbulent normal stresses, and
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G) selected indirect (Preston tube) wall shear measurements
which indicate the earlier direct force wa1,1 shear
measurements can be used with a modest change in
uncertainty.
The actual turbulence measuremento also included the three turbu-
lent shear stresses.	 However, differences in agreement between the
measured shear. stress in a zero pressure gradient two-dimensional turbu-
lent boundary layer and classic data in the literature were sufficiently
large so as to question the validity of the shear stress measurements.
Similar comparisons of the normal stresses gave good agreement, hence
these data are considered valid.
Phase two of the project documented the flow in and around the
separation sheet and the junction vortex itself. This work included:
1) extensive flow visualization of the tunnel floor-body
junction both on the body and on the floor and extending
well into the surrounding flow on the floor,
2) surface pressure measurements both on the floor and on the
body, and
3) very extensive mean flow measurements of local velocity,
static pressure, and total pressure on three planes in and
around the junction vortex made with a carefully calibrated
five hole probe.
All flow field measurements were nwzde with an automated, microcom-
puter controlled data acquisition systum.
	
Large volumes of data,
together with very extensive calibration of probes and transducers,
resulted in data of exceptionally high quality. Uncertainties in all
the very extensive data reported are precisely stated and are estimated
by rigorous and formal statistical procedures at statistically meaning-
ful levels of significance.
Publications
The results of the work under phase one have been extensively
3
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published in the open (journal/symposia) literature.	 Results of the
more recent work under phase two are in various stages of preparation
for release in the open literature.
The following is a list of formal and informal reports relating to
the total project.
Pierce, F. J., and J. E. McAllister, "Preliminary Results of Near-Wall
Similarity Studies in a Pressure-Driven, Three-Dimensional Turbulent
Boundary layer," First Annual Report, NASA Grant NSG-2301, Mechanical
Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, April
1979.
Pierce, F. J., and J. E. McAllister, "Near-Wall Similarity in a
Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary layer," Rpt. VPI-E-
80.32, NASA Grant NSG-2301, Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Sept. 1980.
Pierce, F. J., J. D. Menna, and M. D. Hersh, "Preliminary Mean Flow and
Reynolds Stress Measurements in a Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional
Turbulent Boundary Layer," Interim Rpt. 111, NASA Grant NSG-2301,
Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer-
sity, July 1981.
Pierce, F. J., M. D. Harsh, and J. D. Means, "Interim Report on a
Standard Test Case for a Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent
Boundary Layer Including a separated Flow Region," Interim Rpt. 112, NASA
Grant NSG-2301, Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, January 1982.
Pierce, F. J., J. D. Means, M. D. Harsh, and I. K. Tree, "Interim Report
on a Complex Three-Dimensional Separated Turbulent Flow," Interim Rpt.
113, NASA Grant NSG-2301, Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, January 1983.
Pierce, F. J., and J. D. Means, "A Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary
layer Upstream and Around a Junction Vortex Flow," VPI-E-84-83, Phase I
NASA Final Report, June 1984.
Pierce, F. J., and M. D. Harsh, "An Experimental Investigation of a
Turbulent Junction Vortex," VPI-E-85-4, Phase II NASA Final Report,
February 1985.
The following is a list of publications in the open literature
relating to the total project. It is noted that portions of the work
cited below were supported initially by the NSF, and subsequently by the
4
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Mechanical Engineering Department.	 The full list is presented for
completeness.
Tennant, M. H., F. J. Pierce, and J. E. McAllister, "An Omnidirectional
Wall Shear Meter," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the
ASME, Vol. 102, March 1980, pp. 251-258.
McAllister, J. E., F. J. Pierce, and M. H. Tennant, "Direct Force Wall
Shear Measurements in a Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent
Boundary Layer," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the
ASME, Vol. 104, June 1982, pp. 150-155.
McAllister, J. E., F. J. Pierce, and M. H. Tennant, "Preston Tube
Calibrations and Direct Force Floating Element Measurements in a Two-
Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer," Journal of Fluids Engineering,
Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 104, June 1982, pp. 156-161.
Pierce, F. J., and J. E. McAllister, "Measurements in a Pressure-Driven
and a Shear-Drive Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer," in Three-
Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers, IUTAM-Sympo_ lum Proceedings,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982.
Pierce, F. J., J. E. McAllister, and M. H. Tennant, "Near-Wall
Similarity in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary layers Part I: Model
Review," in Three Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows, ASME, New York,
1982.
Pierce, F. J., J. E. McAllister, and M. H. Tennant, "Near-Wall
Similarity in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers Part II:
Pressure-Driven Flow Results," in Three Dimensional Turbulent Shear
Flows, ASME, New York, 1982.
Pierce, F. J., and J. E. McAllister, "Near-Wall Similarity in Three-
Dimensional Turbulent Boundary layers Part III: Shear-Driven Flow
Results," in Thren Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows, ASME, New York,
1982.
Pierce, F. J., and M. D. Harsh, "Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary
Layer Separation at the Junction of a Streamlined Cylinder with a Flat
Plate," Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Flow
Sept. 1983, pp.
Pierce, F. J., J. E. McAllister, and M. H. Tennant, "A Review of Near-
Wall Similarity Models in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers,"
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 105, Sept.
1983, pp. 251-256.
Pierce, F. J., J. E. McAllister, and M. H. Tennant, "Near-Wall
Similarity in a Pressure-Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary
Layer," Journal of Fluids Engineering„ Transactions of the ASME, Vol.
105, Sept. 1983, pp. 257-262.
Pierce, F. J., and J. E. McAllister, Near-Wall Similarity in a Shear-
.	
Driven Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer," Journal of Fluids
Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 105, Sept. 1983, pp. 263-
269.
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A three-dimensional turbulent separated flow and related mesurements

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