Interplanetary energetic particles, coronal flares and hard X-ray microflares

Abstract

Solar electron phenomena which can produce low levels of hard X-ray emission at the Sun are reviewed. Small approx. 2 to 100 keV solar electrons events, the most common type of impulsive solar particle emission, appear to originate in flare-like bursts high in the corona. These events often are accompanied by approx. 1 MeV/nucleon to the 3rd power He-rich particle events in which lower energy ions are apparently accelerated as well. Long-lived (many days) streams associated with large flares or interplanetary shocks dominate the interplanetary electron fluxes, but even at the quietest times a significant outflow of non-thermal approx. 2 keV electrons occurs. These electron phenomena are accompanied by coronal and interplanetary radio emission. High sensitivity hard X-ray measurements show that microflares, bursts with peak keV fluxes 10 to 100 times smaller than observed in small solar flares, may occur as often as once every 5 min near solar maximum. The proposed Pinhole/Occulter Facility hard X-ray instrumentation provides the increase in sensitivity required to image these phenomena for the first time