Reciprocity failure was examined for IIaO spectroscopic film. The results indicate reciprocity failure occurs at three distinct minimum points in time; 15 min, 30 min and 90 min. The results are unique because theory suggests only one minimum reciprocity failure point should occur. When incubating 70mm IIaO film for 15 and 30 min at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, and 60 C and then placing in a liquid nitrogen bath at a temperature of -190 C the film demonstrated an increase of the optical density when developed at a warm-up time of 30 min. Longer warm-up periods of 1, 2 and 3 hrs yield a decrease in optical density of the darker wedge patterns; whereas, shorter warm-up times yield an overall increase in the optical densities

Cunningham, L. M.

Gunther, S. O.

Hammond, E. C., Jr.

Peters, K. A.

Wright, D. D.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

T H E  C A L I B R A T I O N  O F  PHOTOGRAPHIC AND S P E C T R O S C O P I C  FILMS 
R E C I P R O C I T Y  F A I L U R E  AND THERMAL R E S P O N S E S  O F  I I a O  
F I L M  A T  L I Q U I D  NITROGEN TEMPERATURES 
( k A S A - C € l - l 8 l @ S 4 )  SEE C I L I E G d ~ I C b  C f  N8 8-2 C 6C 6 
E E C T C G K A E H X C  E N L  ZEEClFCSCCEIC IIlES: 
KECIPI iOCITY Z E I I L U E E  A B &  I ' I i E S t l L  €€SPO#SES OP 
11atO ElLC! AT U C C l D  IIIEOCEP I E E € E B A T U B E S  Unclas 
S e a i a a n u a l  Berust (Ucrgaa S t a t e  Univ-) 63/35 01346C5 
S E M I - A N N U A L  R E P O R T  
J 
A P R I L  26 ,  1985 
E . C .  HAMMOND, J R . ,  K . A .  PETERS, S.O. GUNTHER,  
L . M .  CUNNINGHAM, and D . D .  WRIGHT 
MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY 
B A L T I M O R E ,  MARYLAND 21239 
S U B M I T T E D  TO N A S A ,  LABORATORY FOR ASTRONOMY AND SOLAR P H Y S I C S  
GODDARD S P A C E  F L I G H T  C E N T E R ,  G R E E N B E L T ,  MARYLAND 20770 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880011222 2020-03-20T08:05:45+00:00Z
T H E  C A L I B R A T I O N  OF PHOTOGRAPHIC AND S P E C T R O S C O P I C  F I L M S  
R E C I P R O C I T Y  F A I L U R E  AND THERMAL R E S P O N S E S  O F  I I a O  
F I L M  A T  L I Q U I D  NITROGEN TEMPERATURES 
SEMI-ANNUAL R E P O R T  
A P R I L  26 ,  1985 
E . C .  HAMMOND, J R . ,  K . A .  P E T E R S ,  S.O. GUNTHER,  
L.M. CUNNINGHAM, and D . D .  WRIGHT 
MORGAN S T A T E  U N I V E R S I T Y  
B A L T I M O R E ,  MARYLAND 21239 
S U B M I T T E D  TO N A S A ,  LABORATORY FOR ASTRONOMY AND SOLAR P H Y S I C S  
GODDARD S P A C E  F L I G H T  C E N T E R ,  G R E E N B E L T ,  MARYLAND 20770 
Geophysics, Astronomy 
and Astrophysics 
Classification Scheme 
Number 9.95 
Abstract Submitted 
for  the Balt imore Meeting of the 
American Physical Society 
23-26 Apr i l  1985 Geophysics, Astronomy 
and Astrophysics 
Reciprocity Fai lure and Thermal Responses o f  IIaO 
Film at  Liquid Ni t roqen Temperatures, E.C. HAMMOND, JR., 
K.A. PETERS, S . 0 .  Gunther, L.M. CUNNINGHAM, and 0.D. 
WRIGHT--Morgan State University--Reciprocity fai lure was 
examined for  I IaO spectroscopic film. The results indicate 
reciprocity fai lure occurs at three dist inct minimum points i n  
time; 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 90 minutes. The results are 
unique because theory suggests only one minimum reciprocity 
fai lure point should occur. When incubating 70mm Ira? film 
fo r  15 minutes and 30 minutes a t  temperatures of 30 , 40°, 
50' and 6OoC and then placing in a liquid nitrogen bath at  a 
temperature of  -190OC the f i l m  demonstrated an increase o f  
the opt ical  density when developed a t  a warm-up t ime of 30 
minutes. Longer warm-up periods o f  1 hour, 2 hours and 3 
hours yield a decrease in optical density o f  the darker wedge 
patterns; whereas, shorter warm-up times yield an overal l  
increase in the optical densities. 
( ) Prefer Poster Session 
( ) Prefer Standard Session 
( ) No preference 
Signature o f  APS Member 
Ernest C. Harnmond, Jr. 
Morgan State University 
Baltimore, Maryland 
ABSTRACT 
I n c u b a t i n g  a 70mm IIaO f i l m  f o r  15 m i n u t e s  and  30 m i n u t e s  
a t  t e m p e r a t u r e s  of  30,  40,  50 a n d  60 OC and  t h e n  p l a c i n g  i n  a 
l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  b a t h  a t  a t e m p e r a t u r e  of -19OoC, d e m o n s t r a t e d  a n  
i n c r e a s e  of t h e  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  when d e v e l o p e d  a t  a warm-up time 
of 30 m i n u t e s .  Longer  warm-up p e r i o d s  of 1 h o u r ,  2 h o u r s  a n d  3 
h o u r s  y i e l d  a decrease i n  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  of t h e  d a r k e r  wedge 
p a t t e r n s ,  whereas s h o r t e r  warm-up times y i e l d  a n  o v e r a l l  i n -  
crease i n  t h e  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t i e s .  
INTRODUCTION 
35mm IIaO f i l m  f l o w n  on STS-7, STS-8 and  STS-3 r e v e a l e d  
t h a t  t h e  f i l m  on b o a r d  e x p e r i e n c e s  a v a r i e t y  of thermal c h a n g e s .  
D u r i n g  t h e  f l i g h t  t h e  f i l m  was exposed  t o  t e m p e r a t u r e  r a n g e s  of 
( + >  22 OC t o  ( - 1  27 'C. Upon r e t u r n ,  t h e  f i l m  was exposed  t o  
u n c e r t a i n  thermal c o n d i t i o n s  a s  i t  rema ined  on board t h e  
s h u t t l e .  T e m p e r a t u r e  r a n g e s  of (+ )  40 OC t o  ( - 1  196 OC were 
e s t a b l i s h e d  f o r  t h e  p u r p o s e  of s i m u l a t i n g  t h e  l a r g e  r a n g e  of 
t e m p e r a t u r e  v a r i a t i o n s  o b s e r v e d  t e r r e s t r i a l l y  and  d u r i n g  
o r b i t a l  flight. E a r l y  r e s u l t s  from t h e  d e v e l o p e d  f i l m s  of 30 OC 
a n d  50 OC i n c u b a t i o n  e s t a b l i s h e d  a n  i n c o n s i s t e n c y  i n  t h e  
r e l a t i o n s h i p  be tween o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  and  t e m p e r a t u r e .  I t  was 
n e c e s s a r y  t o  b r o a d e n  t h e  r a n g e  t o  i n c l u d e  40 C a n d  60 OC d u e  t o  
f l u c t u a t i o n  and  i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s  of t h e  30 OC and  50 OC 
i n c u b a t i o n  f o r  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t i e s  of 30 m i n u t e s ,  1 h o u r ,  2 h o u r s  
a n d  3 h o u r s  warm-up p e r i o d s .  The  data g e n e r a t e d  a t  40 OC a n d  
60 OC p r o v i d e d  e v i d e n c e  t h a t  i n d i c a t e d  a c o n s i s t e n t  p a t t e r n  
be tween  t h e  warm-up times, whereby t h e  lowest d e n s i t y  p a t t e r n  
r e s u l t e d  f rom 2 h o u r  and  3 h o u r  warm-up p e r i o d s ,  
- 2 -  
and c o n v e r s e l y  t h e  h i g h e s t  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  p a t t e r n  r e s u l t e d  from 
t h e  30 m i n u t e s  and  1 h o u r  warm-up p e r i o d s ,  r e s p e c t i v e l y .  
14ATERIALS AND METHODS 
I n  t o t a l  d a r k n e s s ,  a p a t t e r n  c o n s i s t i n g  of t h i r t y  (30) 
Idedges was p l a c e d  upon s i x t e e n  ( 1 6 )  s e c t i o n s  of 70mm IIaO s p e c -  
t r o s c o p i c  f i l m ,  by a s e n s i t o m e t e r  t h a t  p r o d u c e s  t h e  c lass ical  
t rStt  s h a p e d  c u r v e .  A s t a n d a r d  b u l b  w i th  a 24 h o u r  b u r n i n  was u s e d  
t o  e x p o s e  t h e  f i l m  a t  t e n  ( 1 0 ) - s e c o n d  i n t e r v a l s .  
The f i l m  was c u t  and  placed i n  s i x t e e n  i n d i v i d u a l  
c a n i s t e r s .  The  f i l m s  were t h e n  d i v i d e d  i n t o  f o u r  g r o u p s  and  
l abe led  a c c o r d i n g l y  ( T a b l e  I and  Table  11). 
The t e m p e r a t u r e  of t h e  i n c u b a t o r  was set  a t  30 OC. A t  time 
(T=O) g r o u p s  I and  I1 were p l a c e d  i n  t h e  i n c u b a t o r .  Group I was 
removed from t h e  i n c u b a t o r  a t  T + 15 m i n u t e s ,  and  p l aced  i n t o  
t h e  l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  b a t h  a t  a t e m p e r a t u r e  of -196 OC u n t i l  T + 30 
m i n u t e s .  A t  T + 30 m i n u t e s ,  g r o u p  I1 was removed from t h e  i n c u -  
b a t o r  a n d  p l a c e d  i n  t h e  l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  b a t h ,  ( l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  
was u s e d  a f t e r  i n c u b a t i o n  of a l l  f i l m s ) ,  w h i l e  Group I was re- 
moved from t h e  l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  b a t h .  F i l m  s ec t ions  f r o m  group I 
were removed from t h e i r  c a n i s t e r s  and  p e r m i t t e d  t o  warm-up t o  a 
room t e m p e r a t u r e  of a p p r o x i m a t e l y  22 OC. The f i lms  were removed 
from t h e i r  c a n i s t e r s  i n  o r d e r  t o  e l i m i n a t e  t h e  b u i l d u p  of 
m o i s t u r e  on t h e  e m u l s i o n  d u e  t o  c o n d e n s a t i o n ,  wh i l e  s t i l l  i n  
t o t a l  d a r k n e s s .  
A t  T + 60 m i n u t e s ,  g r o u p  I A  was d e v e l o p e d  u s i n g  Kodak D-19 
d e v e l o p e r ,  r a p i d  f i x e r ,  h y p o - c l e a r i n g  a g e n t ,  and  p h o t o - f l o  s o l u -  
t i o n s  which had been  p r e p a r e d  p r i o r  t o  t h e  e x p e r i m e n t .  
A t  T + 60 m i n u t e s  group IA was p l a c e d  i n  t h e  d e v e l o p e r  f o r  4 
m i n u t e s ,  washed f o r  1 m i n u t e  i n  water and  p l a c e d  i n  r a p i d  f i xe r  
f o r  4 m i n u t e s .  The f i l m  was t h e n  removed from t h e  darkroom i n  
o rde r  t o  remove t h e  a n t i - r e f l e c t i o n  c o a t i n g  w i t h o u t  e x p o s i n g  t h e  
r e m a i n i n g  f i l m s .  I t  was t h e n  placed i n  t h e  h y p o - c l e a r i n g  a g e n t  
f o r  1 m i n u t e ,  washed i n  water f o r  1 m i n u t e ,  placed i n  p h o t o - f l o  
f o r  1 m i n u t e  and  t h e n  hung t o  d r y .  
A t  T + 75 m i n u t e s  g r o u p s  IB and IIA were d e v e l o p e d  and  each 
s u b s e q u e n t  deve lopmen t  was performed a c c o r d i n g  t o  t h e  warm-up 
p e r i o d ,  f o l l o w i n g  t h e  same deve lopmen t  p r o c e d u r e s .  
After t h e  f i l m s  had d r i e d  a t  a room t e m p e r a t u r e  of 22  OC, 
t h e  p a t t e r n s  were t h e n  read and  recorded u s i n g  a Macbeth d e n s i -  
tometer. 
RESULTS 
Graphs d e p i c t i n g  t h e  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  v e r s u s  t h e  wedge 
p a t t e r n s  i n d i c a t e  t h e  r e l a t i o n s h i p  t h a t  e x i s t  be tween  i n c u b a t i n g  
t e m p e r a t u r e s  and  warm-up p e r i o d s .  
Graph A r e p r e s e n t s  t h e  o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  v e r s u s  t h e  wedge 
patterns for 70mm I I a O  spectroscopic film exposed to a tempera- 
t u r e  of 60 OC w i t h  a 15 m i n u t e  i n c u b a t i n g  p e r i o d  followed by 15 
m i n u t e s  i n  l i q u i d  n i t r o g e n  and  v a r y i n g  warm-up p e r i o d s  of 30 
m i n u t e s ,  1 h o u r ,  2 h o u r s  and  3 h o u r s .  T h i s  g r a p h  i l l u s t r a t e s  
t h a t  t h e  30-minute  warm-up p e r i o d  h a s  t h e  h i g h e s t  o p t i c a l  den-  
s i t y  followed by t h e  l - h o u r ,  2 -hour  a n d  3-hour  warm-up p e r i o d s  
i n  d e c r e a s i n g  o r d e r  of o p t i c a l  d e n s i t y  as  shown on tab le  I11 a n d  
g r a p h  A.  
- 4 -  
Graph B represents the optical density versus wedge 
patterns for the same type film exposed to a temperature of 
60  OC with a 30-minute incubating period followed by 15 minutes 
in liquid nitrogen again with varying warm-up periods of 30 
minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours. Again the 30-minute warm- 
up period had the highest optical density followed by the 1- 
hour, 2-hour and the 3-hour warm-up period in decreasing order 
of optical density. Table IV and graph B indicate this 
relationship. 
Graph C represents the optical density versus warm-up 
periods for film exposed to a temperature of 40 OC with a 15- 
minute incubating period followed by a 15-minute exposure to 
liquid nitroqen with varying warm-up times of 1 hour, 2 hours 
and 3 hours. A similar pattern exists with regard to warm-up 
periods. The shorter the warm-up period the higher the optical 
density. Table V and graph C show the varying warm-up times in 
order of  decreasing optical density. 
Finally, graph D represents the same film exposed to a 
temperature of 40 OC with a 30-minute incubating period followed 
by warm-up periods of 30 minute, 1 hour and 2 hours. The results 
show that the 1 hour warm-up has the highest optical density 
followed by 30 minutes and 2 hours. Table VI and graph D indi- 
cate this relationship. 
DISCUSSION 
The experimental data show that warm-up times before 
development are crucial to the development process demonstrated 
by the data from warm-up periods of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours 
- 5 -  
and 3 hours. Incubating the film, immersing the film to speci- 
fied periods of warm-up for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 
hours, would suggest that a stabilization of the optical density 
occurred for long warm-up periods. The implication of these 
results is that a weak image on the emulsion after the film has 
undergone thermal exposures similar to those in this study could 
gain enhancement by the film being developed shortly after it is 
received from the space shuttle or satellite, particularly if 
the image densities occurred near the upper half of the Itstt 
shaped curve. 
CONCLUSION 
Longer warm-up periods produce a decrease in optical den- 
sity as seen at temperatures of 40 OC and 60 OC, but the shorter 
warm-up periods produced higher optical densities for 40 OC and 
60 OC. This higher optical density at shorter warm-up times may 
establish an amplification of optical density. 
Table I 
Incubation Incubation Liquid Nitrogen Warm-up 
Temp ('C) Time (min) Bath (min) Time (hrs) 
G R O l P  I 
19 
'3 
n 
v 
D 
G R O W  I1 
A '  
B '  
C '  
D' 
GROUP I11 
E 
F 
s 
H 
GPOUP IV 
E '  
F' 
G'  
H' 
0.5 
I .o 
2.0 
5.0 
0.5 
1.0 
2.0 
3.0 
0.5 
I .o 
2.0 
f .0 
0.5 
I .o 
2.0 
3.0 
Table I1 
T n c u b a t i o n  T,i a u i d  N i t r o g e n  Warm-up 
Temn ( Cj 'Pime ( m i n ?  Bath (min) Time (hrs) 
Incubat  i.Dn 
40 
LO 
LO 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
60 
60 
60 
60 
50 
60 
60 
60 
0.5 
1.0 
2.0 
7.0 
0.5 
1 .o 
9.0 
=.0 
0.5 
1 .o 
?.O 
3.0 
0.5 
1.0 
3.0 
5.0 
L 
TEMFERATUFE r WARM-UP TIPES IN ORDER OF DECREASING OPTICAL DENSITY 
30min. Ihr .  2hr . 
* 15 minute fncubation 
3hr 
30min. l h r .  2hr. 
30 minute incubat ion 
3hr . 
I. 
c 
TEPPERATURE WARM-UP TIM-*S IN ORDER OF DECREASING OPTICAL DENSITY 
30min. l h r .  2hr. 
* 15 minute incubat ion 
40' C lhr. 30min. 
* 30 minute incubation 
Gra7h D 
- 2hr. 
INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL SCAMJING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 
This course is designed t o  provide the fol lowing experiences for 
the student in an introductory course. Topics w i l l  include 1) a study 
o f  the historical development o f  the scanning electron microscope, 2) 
a study of the pract ical  and theoretical concepts o f  electron optics 
including the electron gun and electron lenses, 3) a detailed analysis 
o f  the interaction between electron beam and various biological and 
physical mater ia l  samples, 4) an examination o f  the basic SEM image 
format ion and associated processes such as image quali ty evaluation 
and aspects o f  stereo-microscopy, and 5 )  an analysis and discussion o f  
relevant advanced topics of  current interest in scienti f ic l i terature 
about electron microscopy. Laboratory exercises w i l l  involve the use 
of  the IS1 Mini SEM 3 and the ISI-SS-40 Scanning Electron 
Microscope. Students w i l l  learn to  prepare samples and analyze 
results. 


The calibration of photographic and spectroscopic films: Reciprocity failure and thermal responses of IIaO film at liquid nitrogen temperatures

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