The NASA Office of Exploration case studies for FY89 are reviewed with regard to study ground rules and constraints. Three study scenarios are presented: lunar evolution, Mars evolution, and Mars expedition with emphasis on the key mission objectives

Alred, John

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

N90-10141
OFFICE OF EXPLORATION OVERVIEW
_/ _c_ c_.'
John Aired
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Houston, TX _"_J
Abstract
The NASA Office of Exploration case studies for FY 89 are reviewed with
regard to study groundrules and constraints. Three study scenarios are presented:
lunar evolution, Mars evolution, and Mars expedition with emphasis on the key
mission objectives.
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I Specific Exploration Studies Goals and Objectives I
J for FY 1989 I
Prlmary Goal
• Develop knowledge base for FY 91 "decision Year" Budget
Objectives
• Update and refine exploration cases
• Obtain a detailed understanding of prerequisite requirements
• Continue building exploration team capability
• Develop effective external Interactions
• Conduct first relative cost estimate
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
IObjective: Update and Refin e Exploration Cases
Strateqy for Case Study Additions and Modifications
• Do an In-depth penetration of technologies, systems, and
operations capabilltlesL required to conduct a "bare bones" trip to
Mars
• Investigate the potential for Mars evolution capability using scaled
down vehicles and systems (relative to FY 88 studies) and consta,_t
annual Investment (I.e., mass-to-LEO)
• Using the same constant annual Investment strategy as In the Mars
evolution case study, Investigate the potential for a lunar
evolution capability characterized by robust objectives for
scientific achievement, technical research and development,
operations support, and human acllmatlon
I
I Objective: Update and Refine Exploration Cases I
Strateoy for Case Studies Analysis
• Conduct systematic evaluations to ensure determination of cause
and effect. Emphasize parametric analyses of capabilities and
configurations, and conduct broad trade studies
• IdenUfy enabling technology areas and special explo.ratlon
opportunities along with their associated systems alternatives
• Conduct trade studies In technology and operations areas having
potential for high yield relative to reduced mass-to-LEO, reduced
dependency to s LEO nods, Improved systems performance and
operation, and reduced cost
• Evaluate the Impact of using an 8rtlflclal-g transfer vehicle and a
conjunction trajectory on 8 mission to Mars/Phobos
• Augment understanding of the effect of constant annual Investment
(using mass-to-LEO as the Investment constraint) on lunar and Mars
evolution strategy
IObjective: Update and Refine Exploration Cases I
Strate ay for Pr0aram Plsnnlna
• Formulate an advanced development plan and Identify candidate
case study technologies
• Conduct technical studies of International participation
implications
I Objective: Obtain a Detailed Understanding of IPrerequisite Requirements I
Areas
• Earth-to orbit transportation
• Life sciences
• Scientific precursors
• Space Station Freedom
• Technology
Strateov
• Seek to understand truly enabling vs, enhancing prerequisites
• Iterate plans with appropriate program offices
• Initiate (with Code E) science studies and user requirement and
opportunity development
• Develop artificial gravity research facility feasibility and concepts
• Emphasize exploiting the systems end Infrastructures that will be
In place In the late 1990a for Initiating exploration
6
IGeneric Groundrules and Constraints for Studies I
I I | I I
• All case studies shall be evaluated to answer the question "why
send humans?"
• All case studies shall be evaluated for the potentelal of
maximizing science return
• All case studies shall be unconstrained by budget
• Relative, not absolute, cost estimates will be made for the FY 1989
case studies
• Evolutionary case studies shall be evaluated for the potential
suitability of extraterrestrial resources
• All case studies shall be evaluated for the potential of
International cooperation
JFY89 Focused Case Studies i
Lunar Evolution
?
\
Mars Evolution
?
Mars Expedition
Earth Earth
[Study Parameters Spread ]1
MoonDestination Mars
Exploration Permanent Base Permanent Base Expeditionary
Approach
Zero-G Zero-GVehlclo Gravity
Environment
Mlnlmum EnergyTrajectory
Type
On-orbit
i Assembly
ArtiflclaI-G
Minimum Energy
Mars
Sprint
In LEO In LEO None
Reusability vs. All Reusable Reusable/Expendable All Expendable
Expendability **
Aerobrake IJD None Specified None Specified 0.9-i.2
• " To Be Studied
• Split Mission Concept
• Outbound cargo consists of crew,sortie vehicle for
descent and ascent at Mars and supporting infrastructure
• Outbound piloted vehicle carries trans-Earth injection stage
Cargo
VehiCle
TMI TMI
Apr., 2001 Sepia, 21_|
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AEROCAPTURI AEROCAPTURE
AT MARS AT MARl
,ltnulry, _ June. 2003
_/////////////////////
HLLV LAUNCHES
_////////////////////
MARS EXPEDITION CASE STUDY -- flight profile.
Marl Crew Ttlmi-Eli'lh
sorlle Vehicle Pl4otedVlhlck)
_////////////////////
ECCV
TEl I
July, 2003 _.
"///////////////_////.
MARS EXPEDITION CASE STUDY -- flight prolile.
9
Mars Evolut!on Case Study
Exploration Oblectlves
• the emplacement of a permanent, self-sufficient base on Mars, and
the establishment of early leadership In manned exploration of the
Mars system
I |
I Mars Evolution Case Stud), I
Key Features
• Annual limit on mass to low Earth orbit
• Advanced technology
• Establishment of an Initial manned habitat on Mars
• Early emphasis on a martian moon gateway to produce water and
cryogenic propellants
• Utilization of In sltu resources
• Varied classes of missions using varied trajectories
• Block I reference
• Initial flight uses opposition-class trajectory
• all other flights use conJuctlon-class or opposition-class
• advanced chemical propulsion
• aerobraklng at Mars and Earth
• reusable vehicles
• propellant production fron Indigenous resources
• Block II update
10
• BASE SITE LOCATION
• Simund Valley (Chryse Basin) in Hydraotes Complex
• 0 deg latitude, 33.5 deg west longitude
AHOZONI5 PLANITIA/
ELYSIUM VOLCANO
VALLES MARINERIS/
THARSIS VOLCANO
ISIDIS BASIN/
5YRTIS
VALLE5
MARINERIS
CHRYSE
BASIN
, 11
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•MARS EVOLUTION CASE STUDY
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LONGJIANG| OIJ4ECTIVE: PERMANENT, S|LF-IUFFICIEm |ASE NIP FItEk3HlrER
K|¥ CONSTRAINT: CONSTANT. ANNUAL INVESTMENT STAATECiT
PROF|LE FOR
HUMAN FLIGHT TO
MARTIAN MOONS
TMI J
LEG...._ I_ ....
HLLV LAUNCHES
////////////////////
MARS EVOLUTION CASE STUDY -- flight 1 prollte.
12
PROFILE FQA
HUMAN FLIGHT TQ
MARTIAN MOQ_S
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MARS EVOLUTION CAB STUOY - lUgh! 1 warns.
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i ii II I i i I i lain i i i i | ,, ,, ....
Lunar Evolution .Case, Study ...... I
Exoioratlon OblectlvH
• Long range objective
• establishment of a permanent facility on the lunar surface with a
significant capability for self support
• Evolutionary objectives
• provision of teat bed end learning center for long duration
planetary missions
• cut the tie to Earth by development of the lunar resource
potential Including propellant produotion end exploitation of
resources
• development of n significant science research capability for
astronomy, planetary science, life sciences, and other fields
• development of s gateway both Inward for lunar Nee expansion
end outward to support expansion of human presence into the
solar system
13
II Lunar Evolution Case Study i
i
Key Features
• Lunar base evolves through three phases: human-tended,
experimental, and operational
• Annual limit on mass to low Earth orbit
• Use of advanced technology
• Emphasis on early development of a human-tended outpost
• Utilization of In sltu resources
• Lunar facllty has a variety of scientific, technological, and
operational obJecUves
• Block I reference
• advanced chemical propulsion
• aerobraklng
• reusable vehicles
• propellant production fron indigenous resources
• Block II update
• additional mass-to-LEO allocation, and/or
• new technology
I Lunar Evolution
• BASE SITE LOCATION
* North of crater Moltke in southerm region of Mare Tranquillitatis
* 0 deg latitude. 24 deg east longitude
• FAR-SIDE ASTRONOMY SITE
• 0 deg latitude, 141 deg longitude
14
WEST LIMB
LIBRATION
ZONE
162".
270"
278"
LUNAR SITE DIAGRAM
FAR'SIDE
leO"
MARE _ 98"
MARE 6""\ _1;i_ Url "
0'
W
EARTH
EAST LIMB
LIBRATION
ZONE
LUNAR EVOLUTION CASE STUDY
2006 I 2007
• _ASECAI_P and EARLY _£1ENCE OtJlPOST
- CREWS OF 4 ROTATED WITH VARYING
STAY-TIMES
* OXYGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY DELIVERED
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS EMPLACED
- PHASE CONCLUDES WHEN CAPABILITY TO
SUPPORT CREW OF 4 FOR 6 MONTH TOUR
OF DUTY HAS BEEN ACHIEVED
• PERMANENT HABITAT;ON
• ESTABLISH and TEST SYSTEMS TO EXTEND
BOTH CREW SIZE and TOUR OF DUTY
- EXPA,,;DTOBCREW
- 6 MONTH tO I YEAR TOUR OF DUTY
- LUNAR SURF/LUNAR ORBIT ROUND-TRIPS
USING LUNAR PROPS
- LUNAR OBSERVATORY SET-UP UNDERTAKEN
- PHASE CONCLUDES WHEN CAPABILITY TO
SUPPORT CREW OF S FOR 2 YEAR TOUR . .
OF DUTY HAS BEEN ACHIEVED
I
LONG-RANGE OBJECTIVE: PERMANENT SELF-SUFFICIENT BASE
Evolutionary Goals:
• Learning center for long-duration planetary missions
• Lunar resource utilization
• Significant science research cal_ablllty
KEY CONSTRAINT: CONSTANT. ANNUAL INVESTMENT STRATEGY
i
I
OPERAT ,ON_L_
• • SELF-SUFFICIENCY WITH
MINIHAL EA.PTH RE-SUPPt.Y
- UP TO 30 CREW
- UP TO 2 YEAR TOUR OF DUTY
- LUNAR HYDROGEN
PRODUCTJON FOR PROPELLANT
USAGE INITIATED
- INITIATE MARS EVOLUTION
PROGRAM
15
//////////////////////
///////////////////////////////i//////////"//////////_
LUNAR EVOLUTION CASE STUDY -- science outpost/human-tended phases.
LEO ...... _
Earlh
Aeroca_.Jre
/,,////,/.,//////,,//,,
LUHAR EVOLUTION CASE STUOY -- science outpost/human-tended pheses.
16
LUNAR EVOLUTION CASE STUDY °- expertmenlsl phase.
x/////////////
_Lo.................................... _ ..................................................................................................................................
LUNAR EVOLUTION CASE STUDY -- operstlon,q phase.
17
IFY 89 Emerging Case Studies |
Lunar Oasis
Moon
Asteroid Visit
18


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