Evidence is cited from these studies and those of others showing the different nature of the yearly variations of the middle atmospheres of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere middle atmosphere is shown to be characterized by annual variations in planetary wave number one amplitude and the accompanying ozone transports. The Southern Hemisphere middle atmosphere is shown to be characterized by semiannual variations in the amplitude of planetary wave number one and the accompanying ozone transports. The amplitude of wave number two in both hemispheres appears to vary annually. Examination is made of the nature of the planetary wave forcing in both hemispheres as well as the planetary wave propagation characteristics in both hemispheres in an attempt to better understand this

Geller, M. A.

Nash, E. R.

Wu, M. F.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

N89- 29 87 4
141
5.2 WHY DO PLANETARY WAVE NUMBER ONE AND THE OZONE TRANSPORT
VARY ANNUALLY INTHE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND SEMIANNUALLY IN
THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE?
M. A. Geller, M. F. Wu
Code 610, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
E. R. Nash
Applied Research Corporation
Landover, MD 20785
Evidence is cited from our studies and those of others showing the different nature of
the yearly variations of the middle atmospheres of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Northern Hemisphere middle atmosphere is shown to be characterized by annual variations
in planetary wave number one amplitude and the accompanying ozone transports. The
Southern Hemisphere middle atmosphere is shown to be characterized by semiannual
variations in the amplitude of planetary wave number one and the accompanying ozone
wansports. The amplitude of wave number two in both hemispheres appears to vary aunually.
Examination is made of the nature of the planetary wave forcing in both hemispheres as well as
the planetary wave propagation characteristics in both hemispheres in an attempt to better
understand this.
(1) Both the 03 and planetary wave activity show different behavior in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres. These changes are plausibly consistent with each other.
(2) Standing planetary wave number one shows an annual behavior in the Northern
Hemisphere and a semiannual behavior in the Southern Hemisphere.
(3) Standing wave number two shows an annual behavior in both hemispheres.
dO
(4) "_t shows a semiannual behavior in the Southern Hemisphere and an annual behavior in
the Northern Hemisphere. This indicates similar variations in the 03 transports.
(5) Wave number one dominates the ozone lransports in both hemispheres (more in the SH).
(6) The mean zonal wind in the lower troposphere displays an annual variation in the NH and
a semiannual variation in the SH -- similar variations in the planetary wave forcings.
(7) The EP flux vectors show most vertical propagation in the NH winter and in the SH Fall
and Spring. This is consistent with the theory of Chamey and Drazin and the observed
mean zonal winds.
(8) A recent model of Alan Plumb predicts that for small planetary wave forcing amplitudes
(SH) the planetary waves behave linearly, consistent with the Charney-Drazin theory. For
large forcing amplitudes (Nil), the planetary waves decrease the mid-winter winds. This
results in a semiannual planetary wave behavior in the SH and an annual behavior in the
NH.
(9) An annual behavior in planetary wave 2 occurs at a lower forcing amplitude than is the case
for planetary wave 1.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890020503 2020-03-20T00:41:28+00:00Z
142
TOTAL.. OZONE
I . i . . l.. i .. i ._ i . . l.. i.. i.. i..l_.i.. I..l..l--I--I-- l--l--I----l---l-- I--I--I9o] / /2 i.,,l_,_!ll_- I t I Ill -I v Ill .4//
I _,_ //_.'_llk_--\-,;- - I_ .... v ,..-,-_,,_
,
 -oo
-: /- ,,, ._^_.r w "k," %__ L¢-"_
o 6 6 _ _E E _ _ _ _. _. 2 _ ', ", 6 6 _ i _ # _>
w ,,, _,, < < ,,, < <l_ & #. __ 3 D _ m m D" .b w _ _o _U O O
RMS
90
Z 60.
30.
D
I- 0'
--9O
WAVE AMPLITUDE
I I I I I I I I I I I I
_s_.,;.,_" r k,... "_. "
Figure 1. Top: Variation of SBUV-measured total ozone (in Dobson units) throughout the
period December 1, 1978 to November 30, 1979. Bottom: Variation of the wave number one
rms wave amplitude (in units of geopotential meters) at 100 mb for the period December to
November [Oeller and Wu, 1987].
143
_.,_ RMS AMP -- WAVE 1
i" '" _ i J a" "_ [
02 L L I. L
_- i H 7.7 3.9 9.| 8.|
_, - so- 20.
"_ ,".... , r/" "_, ,,-" . /-" ", "-"",, :-4. ....
-9o _........... z........... _"'_"'X'_" ........... _"........... _"........... _"...... _""< < < _ "_ < < < < <
O_ 0 ¢_ P3 _t LO
r_ OO _ O0 00 O0 O0 m
CONTOUR FROM 0.00 TO 900.00 CONTOUR INTERVAL OF 150.00
Figure 2. Variation of the wave number one rms wave amplitude (in units of geopocemtial
meters) at 30 mb.
90
Z 60
bJ _O
o
D
I,-- 0-
_-_o-
m-_o-
--90
RMS AMP -- WAVE 2
M 30 MI3
i........... I........... i........... i........... i ........... l ......... ..,! ........... i......... :
L
llo
L L L L
.H 4.2 5. l 4.0 5.0 839.
---- ,-.--.
,, ,, ,°" -, , , - "; .o ,
t . i t I _ I
i ...................... i ............................... I .........z "' '_...... f" z "'_ ...... _' 'f' z
< < < < < < <
-) "3 "3 -) "3 "3 _
O_ _ _ O_ _ _ O_ O_
CONTOUR FROM O.OO TO 500.00 CONTOUR INTERVAL OF 1OO.OO
Figure 3. Variation of the wavenumbertwo rms wave amplitude (in unitso£gcopotenfial
meters at 30 rob.
I44
9.C
8.0-
7.5-
_ 7.0-
6.,5-
6.02
-30 MB OZONE M.R.
z z z z z z z z
o
IP,,
7 ........... 7 ........... 7 ........... 7 ........... 7 ........... 'T ........... 'T ........... , .............
-- tI(PS .,,
......_ t...........! ......._ .......t...........! .......! ......._ _,
a • 0 a a 0 • a
Figure 4. Variation of 30 mbar ozone mixing ratio (in ppmv) at 60°N and 60°S.
(3
\
>
Q.
Q.
?
0
P
4
3-
2-
1-
0-
--1"
--2-
--3:
30 MB OZONE M.R. CHANGE
z z z z z z z z
_ o
T ........... T ........... 7 ........... 7 ........... T ........... 7 ........... 7 ........... T .............
......_________.........................................................
dO_d
Figure 5. Variation of:-_t at 30 mbar in units of 10-2 ppmv/day at 60°N and 60°S.
145
\
ZONAL GEOSTROPHIC WIND
60" N
-- _0" N
.... 4c- _ 8,50 MB
1C _ ........ I .......... I ........... I ..... ,..... I,, ......... t....# ....... I..., ....... I ..........j , . , [
"_,,', . ,", ,", ,,, , ;',, ".,e A,,
I
:
-2 "Z ...........................................:7 Z Z zl.........................' "_ ' " Z ..... Z .......
") -) -)
\
ZCIN_L OEOSTROPHIC WIND
1 _01 N
-- 50" N
.... 40" N 850 MB
..3.
2.
1-
.............. _ ..............................o _ .... _,.... _ . ,_...... _,....... _,
•_ _ -, <-, <_, <
Figure 6. Mean zonal geospheric wind (in m s-1) at 850 mb at 60°N, 50°N and 40°N. Top are
monthly values and bottom is sum of annualand semiannual harmonics.
146
\
:E
15
12-
g:
6-
ZONAL GEOSTROPHIC WIND
-- 60" S
-- _O" S
--- 4o" s 850 MB
i ........... I ........... I,..... ..... i .......... i ........... i ........... i ........... i ..........
o
............ * ....................... _.......... _...... z _ "_Z _ Z
O_ 0 _ ¢_ 1'3 _ _
t_ CO _0 CO aO aO (;0
\
15
13-
11-
g-
7-
ZONAL GEOSTROPHIC WIND
-- 60" S
-- 50" S
--- 40- s 850 MB
i ........... ,........... i........... i ........... t ........... i ........... i..... llll
........ :........... i.... ,| .......... i........... ! ........... i ..............
z z, _ z z< z, z
Figure 7. Mean zonal gcospheric wind (in m s -1) at 850 mb at 60°S, 50°S and 40°S. Top are
monthly values and bottom is sum of annual and semiannual harmonics.
147
w
i
II
$
o
I
!
148
30MB S.E. FLUX DIM (50"N) -- WAVES 1 AND 2
1
_< 12
10
Figure 9. 30 mbar standing eddy divergence of 0 3 flux at 50°N for wave numbers one and
tWO.
30MB S.E. FLUX DIV (50°S) -- WAVES 1 AND 2
8
z ,_ z
Figure 10. 30 mbar standing eddy divergence of 03 flux at 50°S for wave numbers one and
tWO.
149
4
3.
U_
p- 2-
D 1"
I/)
--1-
--2
:_Olv_ ozoN[ C_UL_GE (60"N)
S,E. _UX Dry (L'O'N)
,mmmmsm-
,' ...... ''''1 ........... I ...........
Z ;:: Z Z Z Z Z
_, GO © a3 CO eO (_ {0
Figure 11. 30 mbar _tat 60°N and standing eddy ozone flux convergence at 50°N.
30_B OZONE CHA_O.I[ (6e'S)
5.[. FLUX Olv (S'o*s_
._ 2 ¸
-/
--1-
--2-
............................................... l,P ......................................... i
4-: -- ¢HhX_E
-- P-_4¢. ¢W ,_
7_ i 1 i [ ..... , ....... I ........... I ....... , • , i 1 ........... I ........... I ........... I .......
Z Z ,'T. Z Z Z Z Z
Figure 12. 30 mbar _tat 60°S and standing eddy ozone flux convergence at 50°S.
150
|.0
1.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
1.0
0.0
JANUARY STANDING EDDY [-P FLUX VICTORS
-% ..*-*-*-*_.,'*_-*=*qr*-*- =* .._...,,., %%%,%%% t -S.
. ..,..,....• v pitt t_ I ,_
% _ ..... • t ,,plllf I,,
.| t I _7.*d_,l,....qA _,T_.._.% | 1# t P,',-..I
t t I t ,o/p_*p_ p,,,,,,,., ,_r.,.,_ _t t 11 f t I lt%'_ _800.
- iO. - $0. O. _0. CO, co.
LATITUD[
F[ilRUARY STANDING EDDY [-P FLUX V(CTOR$
0.0,
I
0,. _1 1 l.._111_11|, i --- _ nt|! !111111_1
.u ._. "-N. -_0. O. _ _1_. co.
C LATITUDC
' 0.4
.tO.
- o
I_RCN STANDING [DOY [-P FI.UX VICTORS
*._ ,'-" ,'- -"_ ,- .......... "4L_'_ "x' -
•_..... , . , L,_O0
O.JJltSf_lt_tte_ • , *L _ t*_*_llttl I f f t 11000
-_o. -,o. -_. o. - -_, 0o. Do.
_.TITUD[
Figure 13. Monthly standing eddy Eliassen-Palm flux vectors (all the same length) for the 12
months.
151
APRIL STANDING EDDY [-P FLUX VECTORS
IO t t l +*_, / _,.dm "--_ ._, ,_ _, % _ f t .,, p. I C.
Ipt...._#T+-_. .......... 1_,ti,,i._o
" Itt,,__tp,, ....... ......_....,,pppp_,.l
I f_|_ _. /111/. .... ,,_,.•_ t t It t tit _-I00.
-I0. -I_. -,_0. O. - _1_.',_ IO. tO.
LATITUDE
MAY STANDING EDDY [-P FLUX VECTORS
ll 1'.
4.0.1t1_' ............... ' "_i'_
2.0
1.0
O.C
- IO.
-"'1;;; ....
-_0. -30.
.... p/ ..... J - ;-_00.
lATITUDE
•. Ju_E STA_D,.=tOo_ t-, r_x recto,
,,_, . ........ ,- , • ._._,• (._o.,
•'7 O+-'_' _' / " +'_"..... 4- .......... -,--"" "_-_1.
Pdd " •
I ",..,. II I I ! t 1 t,*,*..-
0.0 |.|t'_.ltt 9 _,* !_ -.-_,
:K). -_, -JO.
'_ ..'_ -_0.."
....... • _ ! l! f 4...ZOO,
_........,........... 1 1 I t I !t.
, ,,,,
O. _. a_. _.
LATITUDI:
Figure 13 continued.
152
I,_
D.¢
Z
4.1
_'_ 2.0
N
1,0
0.C
o|0
.,¢
rUL'I'
.+,t_ _ t /#_'_AA.+.,....
-_0. -JO.
STANDING EDDY [-P fLuX VICTORS
..._.,... .... ..._?_, I _...tO.
._CC,
O. -_'J_." _ _ _, tO.
LATITUDE
,0.4
_JPo
+!,tO.
,100.
I00¢
,+,,ore.,oo flux V ECTOl_J$.'o, • .., , , . , • ", ...... 1-o.4
.. I t t I t| t 7 t_ I _/..,..,.- i,.,...._-._ _ X I f i t I f f j'_P.
-t0. -1,0. -,_0. O. J,O. I_. I<).
L_TITUC>C
Figuze 13 continued.
ORt_.:+. + ......+:
OF PO0[-+_ +_+ 'r"' .... '
153
OCTOD[R
HO%'_B[R STX_DING EDDY [-P FLUX V(CTORS
I
I...*_'_*PPPPPP..*-J,,..*..* ,,*._4..,..*.,_.*..*.*..%N_ t |
4,0;'-" _ t', I,,_* ...... - -r ' '
I-- tt_l p-" ....... .. .... ',_1, I _ ._o.
--,_,,,,,,,...... . ......: <,, ,r..i_. _. =
'IL,,-,Iv,-_...., ......-_ I,I--_ ].xoo.
"-I_0. -I_. -JO. O. " J_. _0.
,/ Di_TITIJD[: ,o.
DrcKuBKR STANDING EDDY [-P FLUX VECTORS
IIO.. , , , ,
..,_.," ...... ' " " , " • 0.4
t ..................... "''" ' ]"
"_-i_--_".......... +........,,, ,¢z. _
_ I._- ..................... -_'-__I
0.-_' _t_,_mm,. _, _y,_,,_ . , ..,,._ vt _It_t_._.t I,_000
-IK}. -tO. -,10. O. _i0. IlO. I)0.
I.ATITIJD[:
Figure 13 continued.
_i_ _, .. _ _ , _._
154 OF _6_,,'ii_. '
155
0 250 500
TIME (:DAY)
7°-I60-_,so-
_c
"-'40-
r_30-
3: 20" _"
ta.
WAVE AMPUTUDE
I..
9
[GPM) - . EXPT 1Y01
0 L6
0 250 SO0
TIME (DAY_
_,,_ .1.
L.,d,..b
x.O.L
Figure 15. Top: Modeled mean zonal wind variation. Bottom: "Modeled planetary wave
number one amplitude. Result from Plumb (unpublished, 1988) for a forcing amplitude of 1 m
at zero.
156
70-
60-
_-so-
-"40-
30-
: 20-
10-
k4.EANZONAL WIND (M/S) - EXPT IY50
A ;
0 250
TIME (DAY)
5OO
70-
60-
_,5o-
,4
_-30-
.m.l
20-
10-
0-
0
WAVE AMPUTUDE
L
2
:(Gpu) - Ex_ IY5O
H
19
t
25O
TIME CDAY)
5OO
Figure 16. Top: Modeled mean zonal wind variation. Bottom: Modeled planetary wave
number one amplitude. Result from Plumb (unpublished, 1988) for a forcing amplitude of 60
m at zero.
157
J
i -ISO -Inn -_ 0 SO 100 150 2_
_ Wl_ _m..qTICE
, J i _ i w
! _f'_, _- ,_ ,
_ NIKrlOt _B,..STI¢I[
Fib_re 17. Response curves for wave number one (top) and wave number two (bottom) for
different forcing amplitudes.
158
v
d 03
Figure18. Schematicindicatinglargem/d-winternotchoutofozone transportintheSouthern
Hemisphereand smallerone intheNorthernHemisphere.
AnsweT to our Ori_inal Ouestion
It appears that the annual behavior of planetary wave one in the Northern Hemisphere and its
semiannual behavior in the Southern Hemisphere are a result of the lower amplitude wave
forcing in the Southern Hemisphere.
The annualcycleofthe0 3transportsfollowfrom this.


Why do planetary wave number one and the ozone transport vary annually in the Northern Hemisphere and semiannually in the Southern Hemisphere

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