The manpower to accomplish spacecraft launch operations was analyzed. It seems that the ratio of personnel to launches was much higher in the beginning of the space program than in later years. The analysis was performed to see why the operational efficiency was better then than now and how that efficiency can be reattained

Ojalehto, George

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

N91-28267
PRESENTATION 4.4.5
Space Transportation Propulsion Technology Symposium
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT & CULTURAL ISSUES PSU
I i I I I
LAUNCH OPERATIONS MANPOWER
YESTERDAY, TODAY AND
TOMORROW
GEORGE OJALEHTO
VITRO CORPORATION
JUNE 27,1990
1303
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910018953 2020-03-19T17:27:40+00:00Z
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
. NASA POCKETSTATISTIC • JAN 1990
. KSC GROUND OPERATIONS COST MODEL • JUN 1990
. KSC MANPOWER REPORT • NOV 1968
SHUTTLE PROCESSINGCONTRACTOR MANPOWERTREND
ANALYSIS STUDIES • MAR 1990
AVIATION WEEK "AEROSPACEFORUM" BY LT, GEN (RET,) RICHARD
D. HENRY • NOV 27, 1989
Y/FIRE PAPERENTITLED"IN SEARCH OF SPACE ACCESSIBIM_ BY
C. ELDRED,AIR FORCE SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION • DEC. 1989
OPERATIONALLY EFFICIENT PROPULSION SYSTEM STUDY (OEPSS)
REVIEW BY SRS TECHNOLOGIES - FEB 1990
SHUTTLE GROUND OPERATIONS EFFICIENCIES/TECHNOLOGY
STUDY (SGOFJT)BRIEFING BY BOEING - JULY 1988
SAE TECHNICAL PAPER ENTITLED"REUABLE LOW COST LAUNCH
SERVICES" BY PETER ARMITAGE, SPACE SERVICES,INC. SEP 1989
DISCUSSIONS WITH PETER ARMITAGE - JUN 1990
PEGASUS BRIEFINGCHARTS/TAURUS BRIEFINGCHARTS FROM BILL
SAAVEDRZ, ORBITAL SCIENCES CORP. . JUN 1990
DISCUSSIONS WITH BILL SAAVEDRA • JUN 1990
ALS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT BY GENERAL DYNAMICS
• DEC 1989
1304
Kennedy Space Center Civil Service Level
_-r
/
o
oil
5859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889
FISCAL YEAR
PERSPECTIVES ON PAST AND CURRENT
LAUNCH SITE MANPOWER
IN THE 1958 - 1962 (REDSTONE, MERCURY, GEMINI) ERA WE
HANDLED UP TO 27 LAUNCHES PER YEAR WITH ABOUT 350
GOVERNMENT PEOPLE PLUS SUPPORTING CONTRACTORS
• IN THE 1962 - 1975 (APOLLO) ERA WE HANDLED UP TO 30
LAUNCHES PER YEAR WITH ABOUT 3,000 GOVERNMENT PEOPLE
PLUS 18,000 CONTRACTORS
IN THE 1981 - 1989 (SPACE SHUTTLE) ERA WE HANDLE UP TO 15
LAUNCHES PER YEAR WITH ABOUT 2,500 GOVERNMENT PEOPLE
PLUS 15,000 CONTRACTORS
WHAT DID WE KNOW 30 yF_A.RSAGO THAT WE MAY HAVE
FORGOTTEN
1305
NASA LAUNCH A'I-i'EMPTS PER YEAR VS PERSONNEL ON HAND
Year
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Manned TotaJ
Launches S U Launch Attempts KSC Personnel
2 2 4
¶ 9 5 14
1 11 6 17
4 19 5 24
$ 2s 1 27 33,9
1 15 15 1181
1 29 1 30 1625
5 28 2 30 2464
5 30 1 31 2669
27 1 28 2867
2 21 2 23 3044
4 21 1 22 3058
1 13 1 14 2895
2 17 1 18 2704
2 18 18 2568
3 13 1 14 2516
16 1 17 2408
1 19 2 21 2377
16 16 2404
14 2 16 2270
20 20 2234
9 9 2264
7 7 2291
2 13 13 2224
3 12 12 2199
4 15 15 2180
5 12 12 2131
9 14 14 2165
2 5 2 7 2120
3 1 4 2278
2 8 8 2330
5 7 7 2504
S-Succet=_ul
U-Unsucce==_ul
1306
ESTIMATES OF CURRENT LAUNCH
OPERATIONS MANPOWER
VEHICLE
TITAN 4/YR
NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER LAUNCH
300 WSMC
550 ESMC
ATLAS 4/YR 200 - 300 ESMC
DELTA 10/YR 150 WSMC
215 - 280 ESMC
SCOUT 2/YR 40- 60
SPACE SHUTTLE 8/YR 900 CONTRACTOR
GOVERNMENT
OPERATIONAL CONCERNS
OPERATIONS IS A MAJOR COST DRIVER ACCOUNTING FOR 25 TO
40% OF TOTAL COST PER FLIGHT FOR SOME ELVI
SPACE SHUTTLE AVERAGE COST PER FLIGHT IS $219.2M OF
WHICH SS2M (23.7%) IS LAUNCH OPERATIONS COSTS
SHUTTLE TURNAROUND TIME NOT NEAR ORIGINAL GOALS
• ORIGINALDESIGNGOAL 160 HR$
- PRE$1LGOAL 680 HR$
• 51LACTUAL 1354HRS
• POST$1LACTUALS 2000-3000HRS
HIGHOPERATIONSCOSTSARELARGELYTHERESULTOF COMPLEX
VEHICLE/PROPULSIONSYSTEMDESIGNS
1307
PLANNED ELV TIMELINE REDUCTIONS
ATLAS FROM 5S DAYS TO 12 DAYS BY 1994
AUTOMATION AND NEW HARDWARE
OFF UNE PROCESSING AND NEW
CENTAUR ENGINE
NEW DESIGN HARDWARE, AVIONICS,
LASER ORDNANCE
MINUS 10 DAYS
MINUS 15 DAYS
MINUS 11 DAYS
TITAN FROM 80 DAYS TO 27 DAYS BY 1994
SRM ASSEMBLY FAClUTY AND
DOUBLE SHIFTS
AGE MODERNIZATION
OFF-UNE PAYLOAD PROCESSING
• LASER ORDNANCE
MINUS 20 DAYS
MINUS 4 DAYS
MINUS 28 DAYS
MINUS 3 DAYS
TODAY'S SMALL LAUNCH VEHICLE
LAUNCH MANNING EXPECTATIONS
ORBITAL SCIENCES CORPORATION
PEGASUS
• ONE ENGINEER ON BOARD 8-52 WITH AIRCRAFT CREW OF 3 (4 TOTAL)
• SIX ENGINEERS FOR INTEGRATION SUPPORT
• SIX ENGINEERS FOR FLIGHT CONTROL
TOTAL OF 13 PEOPLE SUPPORTING lAUNCH
(AIRFORCE RANGE PERSONNEL NOT COUNTED)
TAURUS
• EXPECT lS TO 18 PEOPLE TO SUPPORT LAUNCH (PAD, ASSEMBLY, INTEGRATION)
• EXPECT tl FOR BLOCKHOUSE (lAUNCH CONTROL)
* LAUNCH SEQUENCE HAS S DAYS TO SETUP _D ACTIVATE AND THEN LAUNCH WTTTIIN
72 HOURS
SPACE SERVICES, INC
• CONSORT (SUBORBITAL)
• 4 SSI ENGINEERS PLUS 44 INTEGRATION SUBCONTRACTOR ENGINEERS
(E TO 10 TOTAL PER lAUNCH)
• CONESTOGA (ORBITAL)
• ABOUT 18 PEOPLE FOR LAUNCH SUPPORT EXPECTED
1308
TODAY'S SMALL LAUNCH VEHICLE
DESIGN/OPERATIONS PHILOSOPHY
• MAXIMUM SYSTEM RELIABlUTY
SIMPLE DESIGN
CONSERVATIVE DESIGN PRACTICES
QUALITY COMPONENT SELECTION
PROVEN MODERN ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
• SIMPLE LAUNCH INTEGRATION ANO PRE-FUGHT CHECKOUT
MAXIMUM USE OF PREASSEMBLY AND PRETEST CHECKOUT AT MANUFACTURING PLANT8
MINIMUM FIELD GROUND SUPPORT EOUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLY/INTEGRATION PRIOR TO ERECTION
. PRE-CHECKEO CORE/PAYLOAD FUGHT_ONFIGURED PRIOR TO TRANSPORTING TO PAD
. TRANSPORTING TO PAD BY SPECIAL YANS/HANDUNG DOLUES
LIMmED OR NO RXED STRUCTURES AT LAUNCH SITE EXCEPT FOR SIMPLE LAUNCH
STAND/STOOL
• MINIMUM RANGE SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS
FIXED PRICE LAUNCHES FORCES ONE TO CUT COSTS
PERSPECTIVES ON FUTURE
LAUNCH OPERATIONS
AS COMPLEXITY OF FLIGHT AND GROUND SYSTEMS INCR'EASES,
SO DOES COST
• FMGHT/GROUNO SYSTEMS MUST BE SIMPMFIED
• MAINTAINABILITY/EASE OF ACCESS MUST BE DESIGNED IN
• OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE A PART OF THE
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PHASE
• OVERALL VEHICLE INTEGRATION MUST BE EMPHASIZED EARLY
• LARGE COMPLEX LAUNCH CONTROL CENTERS MUST BE
ELIMINATED
• MASSIVE GROUND/LAUNCH VEHICLE DATA AND CONTROL LINKS
MUST GO AWAY
• PAYLOAOS MUST BE PREPACKAGED, HAVE MINIMAL INTERFACES,
AND BE PROCESSED OFF-LINE
1309
PERSPECTIVES ON FUTURE
LAUNCH OPERATIONS
(CONTINUED)
• MUST MOVE BEYOND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT TO AN OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
• PAST VEHICLES DESIGNED FOR PERFORMANCE FIRST; RELIABIUTY SECOND,
AND COST EFFECTIVENESS LAST
• IT IS TIME TO CHANGE
• MUST EMPHASIZE RELIABILITY THROUGH SIMPLICITY, DESIGN
MARGINS AND SELECTIVE REDUNDANCY
• SIMPLICITY ALLOWS CONCENTRATION OF EFFORT
- DESIGN MARGINS CAN REDUCE REDUNDANCY REQUIREMENTS
• SELECTIVE REDUNDANCY GIVES ADDED ASSURANCE
1310
Back-_p
NASA LAUNCHES PRIOR TO 1962
YEAR LAUNCH VEHICLE
1958
Thor Able
Jupiter.C
Thor Able
Juno II
1959
Vanguard
Juno II
Vanguard
Vanguard
Juno II
Thor Able
Juno II
Atlas
Vanguard
LittleJoe
Juno II
LittleJoe
Atlas Able
Little Joe
1960
Little Joe
Thor Able IV
Juno II
Thor Able
Scout
Thor Delta
Scout
Atlas
Thor Delta
AI_s Able
Scout
Juno II
UtUe Joe
Thor Delta
Scout
Atlas Able
Redstone
*S-S_
U-Unsuccessful
PAYLOAD
Pioneer I
Beacon 1
Pioneer II
Pioneer III
Vanguard II
Pioneer IV
Vanguard
Vanguard
Explorer
Explorer 6
Beacon i|
Big Joe-Mercury
Vanguard III
LittteJoe I
F_xp er7
LittJeJoe 2
Pioneer P-3
UttJeJoe 3
Little,Joe4
PioneerV
Exp er
Tiros I
Scout X
Echo A-J0
Scout I
Mercury MA-1
Echo I
Pioneer P-30
Scout II
Explorer8
IJttleJoe 5
Tiros li
Explorer S-56
Pioneer P-31
Mercury MR-1A
*STATUS
S
U
U
S
S
S
U
U
U
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
U
S
S
S
U
S
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
DATE
Oct11
Oct23
Nov 8
Dec 7
Feb 17
Mar3
Apr13
Jun 22
Ju116
Aug 7
A_ !4
_p9
S_18
Oct4
Oct13
Nov4
Nov
Dec4
Jan21
Mar 11
Mar
. orl
. or18
May 13
Jul 1
Jul 29
•_Jg _2
Sep 25
Oct4
Nov 3
Nov 8
Nov
Dec 4
Dec15
Dec 19
1311
Back-Up
YEAR LAUNCH VEHICLE PAYLOAD
*STATUS DATE
1961
Redstone
Scout
Atlas
Juno II
L_e Joe
Redstone
Thor Delta
Atlas
Juno II
lit'de Joe
Redstone
Juno II
Scout
Thor Delta
Redstone 4
Thor Delta
Atlas Agena
Scout
At_s
Scout
Saturn I
Blue Scout
Atlas Agena
AtSas
Mercury MR-2
F_xp_er9
Mercury MA-2
Explorer S-45
UttSe Joe 5.=,
Mercury MR-BD
Explorer 10
Mercury MA-3
Explorer 11
Little Joe 5B
Mercury (Freedom 7)
Explorer S-45a
Explorer S-55
Tiros III
Mercury
pJoertyBe, 7)
Explorer 12
Ranger I
Explorer 13
Mercury MA-4
Probe A
Saturn Test
Mercury MS-1
Ranger II
Mercury MA-5
S Jan 31
S Feb 16
S Feb 21
U Feb 24
S Mar 18
S Mar 24
S Mar 25
u _ 25
S Apt 27
S xl:_28
S May 5
U May 24
U Jun 30
S Jul 12'
S Jul 21
S Aug 16
S _23
S AuQ25
S Sep 13
S Oct 19
S Oct 27
U Nov 1
S NOV 18
S Nov 29
*S.SucceuU
U.UnsuccessM
1812


Launch operations manpower yesterday, today and tomorrow

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