Tests were conducted on nickel hydrogen batteries to determine the charge efficiency of the nickel electrode as a function of rate and temperature, cell discharge capacity, and capacity fade. Test procedures and results are presented in outline and graphic form

Zagrodnik, Jeffrey P.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

NiH 2 CAPACITY FADE DURING EARLY CYCLING
JOHNSON CONTROLS BATTERY GROUP, INC.
NICKEL HYDROGEN BATTERY DMSION
JEFFREY P. ZAGRODNIK
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -235- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
PRECEDING PAGe. B:..ANK NOT FILMED
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930011311 2020-03-17T08:11:12+00:00Z
GENERAL CAPACITY LOSS OBSERVATIONS
Terrestrial batteries:
- stored in warehouse for over 18 months
- no capacity loss
- electrodes contain cadmium additive
- electrodes contain no cobalt additive
- discharged to 1.0 volt/cell at C/2 rate prior to storage
- open circuit storage at room temperature
Initial aerospace batteries:
- stored in warehouse for over 18 months
- no capacity loss
- electrodes contain cobalt/cadmium additive
- discharged to 1.0 volt/cell at C/2 rate prior to storage
- voltage above 1.0 volt/cell at end of stand
- open circuit storage at room temperature
Recent aerospace batteries:
- capacity loss of over 25% seen in 3-8 week storage periods
- electrodes contain all cobalt additive
- shorted to 0 volts prior to storage
- charged stand methods not effective for recovery
- standard LEO or stepped LEO cycling was effective for recovery
- LEO cycling allowed recovery in 3040 cycles
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -236- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
CHARGE EFFICIENCY TEST PROGRAM
Experiments were designed to measure the charge
efficiency of the nickel electrode as a function of rate
and temperature. The test matrix was varied to
incorporate both cobalt, cadmium and combinations of
the two nickel electrode additives. Electrolyte
concentration was eliminated as a variable and was held
constant at 31% KOH. Three groups of four (4) cells
were tested sequentially. Lithium hydroxide was added
to the electrolyte in the second set of test cells.
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -237- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
CELL ADDITIVE COMPOSITIONS
Cell #
X004
X007
X010
X013
Bath Additive
Composition
(Y'/oCo/10% Cd
10% Co/0% Cd
3.3% Co/6.7% Cd
6.7% Co/3.3%Cd
Electrode Additive
Composition 1
0.1% Co/5.6% Cd
10.6% Co/0.1% Cd
4.1% Co/3.3% Cd
7.1% Co/1.8% Cd
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -238- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
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1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -239- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
TESTING SEQUENCE
After assembly, each cell completed a routine
condition/activation cycle regime followed by a two
(2) week LEO cycle period designed to stabilize
performance.
Prior to testing and after each efficiency test the
cells were characterized by three charge/discharge
cycles at 10 ° C to determine how the prior test had
affected capacity and also to bring the cells to a
reproducible state of charge before the next
efficiency test. The first two cycles consisted of a
C/10 charge for 16 hours followed by a 10,4 (~C/2)
discharge to 1.0 volt and a 4.78 A discharge to O.1
volt. On the third discharge the cells were only
discharged to 1.0 volt and allowed to remain on
open circuit.
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -240- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF TEST CELL X004 DURING
CHARACTERIZATION. T - I0 DEGREES C.
251 i i I i I I l I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i I I I I[I0
_. _ _ Average Capacity - 22.81.AH ....._ .AsT9
-7 T
T 20
O
15/.1
i0 | I I I
V 0
V - Vented Charge
I I i X I I I I I I I I I I [ I I i ! I [
1 2 3 V 3 4 5a 5b
V
O
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T
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-i
[ 0
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0
1
V
O
L
T
25
A
H
T 20
0
6
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0
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o 11o cdl
i0 i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
6 7 8 9 10 11
(TEST #)
= TO 1.0 VOLT
=<>=== TO 0.i VOLT
i0
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-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
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1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -241- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF TEST CELL X013 DURING
CHARACTERIZATION. T - i0 DEGREES C.
25, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10
-9
A A
H "8 H
__ _ Average Capacity - 20.53 AH
T 20 ...... 7 T
O _ O
1
6
V 15
0
L
T
10
?
I I
V 0
V - Vented Charge
I J i I I I I f I I I I 1 I I I W I 1 I f I ]
1 2 3 v 3 4 5a 5b
0
-5
i
-4
V
-3
0
L
-2 T
-1
0
25 , , , ..... , ...... , ...... , , , i0
-9
A A
H "8 H
0
10 I I I
6
0
1
6
V 15-
O
L
T / '3.3% Co
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I :
7 8 9 i0 ii
0
-6
0
-S
-4 J"
-3 V
0
-2 n
T
-i
0
(TEST #)
---O---TO 1.0 VOLT
TO 0 .i VOLT
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -242- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF TEST CELL XOI0 DURING
CHARACTERIZATION. T - i0 DEGREES C.
25 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I "I I I I I I I i0
• _ _ Average Capacity - 22.80 AH -
O
1
6
v 15
0
L
T
e-e-e
V - Vented Charge
-9
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H
-7 T
-6 0
0
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V
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0
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10
-9
...................................................+ A
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3.3% Cd I6.7% Co
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0
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-3 V
O
-2 L
T
-i
I I I I I I I I I I I I I"'I I I I I I I I I I I I 0
6 7 8 9 i0 11
(TEST #)
TO 1.0 VOLT
==O == TO 0.i VOLT
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Worl_ffzop -243- Nickel-lt),drogen Storage / Capacity Fade Sessio,1
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF TEST CELL X007 DURING
CHARACTERIZATION. T - I0 DEGREES C.
A
H
25 @ I ,&.--t I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I ......I I I I I I
......................... ......... .....
T 20
0
1
a
V 15-
0
L
T
10 _
S
V 0
V - Vented Charge
I i l I f r I I I I I J l I I I I I f I I i
1 2 3 V 3 4 5a 5b
i0
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
A
H
T
0
V
0
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25
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T 20
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V 15
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T
10I I I I I I I [ i I I I i I I | I i I I I t ] Z I
..............................................................................................................................9
o--o-.-o
@
0
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i0 i I I : I i I i I I I I ! I I [ I I I I I
6 7 8 9 i0 ii
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
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I I I I 0
(TEST #)
----@-- TO 1.0 VOLT
TO 0.1 VOLT
A
H
T
0
0
i
V
0
L
T
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop
-244- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
DEFINITION OF CAPACITY FADE TEST
Three capacity check cycles run at 10°C and 23°C before initiating
test.
Stand at room temperature, open-circuit, 50 pslg hydrogen.
Prior to the first stand cells were discharged at C/2 rate to 1.0 volt/cell
First stand was 48 days duration (open circuit voltages were steady in
the 1.2-1.3 volt range for all cells except XO04 throughout the stand).
Cell XO04 started stand at 1.3 volts but dropped suddenly to 0 volts
after 27 days. Cell behaved normally in capacity cycling following the
stand.
Prior to the second stand cells were discharged at C/2 rate to 0.5
volt/cell then shorted across a 1-ohm resistor for 16 hours.
Second stand was 40 days duration (all cell voltages were steady at 0
volts throughout).
Cell XO07 did not recover from the second stand. Voltage behavior on
subsequent charge attempts suggests that cell Is shorted.
1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -245- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session
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1992 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop -246- Nickel-Hydrogen Storage / Capacity Fade Session


NiH2 capacity fade during early cycling

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