Boelter, L M K

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

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An Octm1942
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NATIONAL
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ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
w’Amm!!lim lm?f)m’
ORIGINALLY ISSIED
October 1942 as
Advance Restricted Report
AN lNVESTIGATliON OF AIRCRAFT HEATERS
II - PROPERTIES OF GASES
By Myron Tribus and L. M. K. Boelter
University of California
r --- .
,-, .
..-
,
WASHNGTON .
. ..-. -.
NACA WARTIME REPORTS are reprints of papers originally Issued tu provide rapid dlst@utkm of
advance research results toenauthorisedgroup requiring them for the war eHort. They mre pre-
vloualy held under a security statue but are now uncbaesifled. Some of these rqxmte were not tech-
nically edited. All have been reproduced without change In order to expedite general diatributlon.
w-9
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930092962 2020-06-17T01:02:08+00:00Z
l!UTICt?ULAIJVImY CCUITTME
Aromas RmQmTim
AN IMVZSTIUTIOMW ‘MRWT” ~8
II - RE@ERTIXS OY GA-
BY mm zribusand& K Is.Boelter
A list of properties of the following pure ~ses and
alr uhioh are pertinent to airplane heat trantier OaMila-
tions hafdbees qiled from the literature for the temper-
ature range encountered In drplaae operatim
Air
Eydrogen
ll$itrogen
w&-
krbon Uoxide ‘
Carbon monoaide
The prup-ertiesof e-ust eses of -lou~ oonrpositloneare
not available to the authore, but it is suggested that the
properties of txtrbe utilized for exhaust es calculations
until more exaot data are made available~
The reader must be oautiomd that when uttlizlng gexi-
eralisedheat tranafer mquations or their gzamhloal mun-
terpart, the phydoal properties whioh were employed by the
eqerimenter must be mabetituted into the generalised -
preesione In order that the prqper ~tude of the un3t
conduotanoe till reeulh
Sn43aGs
~ unit heat orgaoity at
Cv Un$t heat Oqyxolty at
f k
‘atio ‘f ~ - 3-
constant .pretaeure,Btq/lb 9
oomtantVOIWM,13tu/lb~
g q ft/hr mee
— —. —
~vltaticmal for& per unit mass, ~
thermal Conduotitity, Btu
%?()brft2- ft
tesprature (abs..),%
absolute vlsooslty, lb seo/ft2
p C$ioo g)
hadtl modulus,--~
k
ratio, k
(%?’5
v q3600 d
The datapreseatedherein represent 4he work of many
experimenters.
The values for specific heats were taken direotly
from &eck (reference 1) and converted to the engineering
stem of unit% The original work of Eeok extends fkom
%1 ~ to ~l+oo F and 1E probably the best obtainable. It
is based ~cn ~ectmo scopic measurementso
Williams (reference 2) has shown that, if Sutherlandts
f
equations (re erence 3) for the viscosity of a -S holde,
a plot of T3#2/w against T ehmld give a strcight line.
When such plots were ccndmuoted, it was found that all the
gaBoe except 4*ogen yielded r &t liaes. Pom hydrogen$)37it ma found that the ratio Y u was oonstnnt within
the auouraoy
$’ the experimental reculte. Using the eqpa-tlon u = (JT 3 for hydrogen, and
P T3’2 fm the other~eee, excellent~eement was= c ~.—
T+C2
obtnined between tho calculated vcaues cnd the measured
Vzilueaof the viscosity. In the ~se of r&rbon dioxide
nnd oxygen, the detentions from oxporinental vnlues were
nenrly mll less thnn 1 percentO
In centraet with the dntn for unit heat oapecity and
3vlscosity, thereis a -pauoity of aoourat e data on thermal
conduotivities of gases. Lsby and Wlson (referenoe 4)
found among19 obe8rvers an average devlaticm of 7 percent
. . -. h-the values reported.-for. the. thez%d oonduotitity of alr
at 320 S. The data for other 4W3SSare less plentlful.
Only three meaeuraments of the thermal conduotivlty of
oarbon momoxtde were found, all mm 320 I’.
In modern englneerhg praotlce, however, it is often
deelred to knw thermal conduotitites at ttmqeratures other
t- 3203’. 14ither than make an outright
r
es,thefollou-
1~ theoretloal relathnshlp was utillsed reference 5);
ham the measured values of k, Y,
- % muss
of f were calculated and plotted a@nst tcmyrature. If
a definitevariationIn f as a functionof T wuld be
found,sucha variationvas used as a bas%s for predicting
k at temperatures at whloh it has aot been measured, using
the measured values of tl
- ~ Suoh a method ie sub-
ject to many errors, oWmusly, but it was the beet that
could be detised, 5e results me unsatisfactory, but until
a better soheme Is devised or more data are presented, t-
will have to serve as the basis for high temperature oal-
otilatioae. The tabtiatad values of thermal oonduotlvitlea
are based on the derived equations.
The probable errors are lxzsedon the average devlatlon
of eqerlmental. result e from the ‘best Ourvee” Ineuoha
ease as k for CO, _ent. based on three measured
values at 32° ~ oan hardly be considered more than a guese
when applied to values at 1000° F.
These properties are 021 Indqendent of pressure In the
rnnge We atmospheres down to 5 millimeters of mercury.
6hwn belw are the temporature rraggs for uhioh ~er~mentnl
data were avnllaiole,and the taqeratures for tioh ,mrtain
properties mm oxtr~olated CS disouseed above.
Grateful aoImotie@mnt is due Messrs. M. B. Weinberg
and & Y. Brooksolraidtfor their help in pr~ing the report.
University of California,
Berkeley, Calif.
—. —— .— — .—
4mImwrmR-RAma a’ EmmmmAL iu!u
I
G&M
.—.—.
Heat ~acity (CJ
vi0c08ity
ThormolLeonductitity
HJdrogen
I&3tatcapacity (~)
Ti8cosity
l?hermalconductivity
l?itrogen
Heat CqxLcity (~)
Vlacoaity
The17nnl conductivity
krbon diosldo
Heat capacity (~)’
Viacoeity
!Plxmml condw+lvity
CFxi)on monoxido
Seat Cqmcity ( CJ
vi EmCsit y
mM3mnal Conauctivit y
Rrmge in Wch
‘- I
- in Wti
data are available ~00 se
drspcUtd
(dw * (Mm
...---- ... ...”.-. .— ------ ..—
(CalcuQtod frca 02 and ~2 VdWS)
-log tQ 1600 -
-109 to 590
-1oo to 4guo
-113 to 1517
9113 to 6(M
A(XI to ‘4g40
-M to 1516
-1OG to 212
-1oo to qU3
5g to 1524
-1C9 to 2X?
-1oo to Ww
3il to 1600
.lg to %2
-1oo to %%2
-109 to 530
32to 51
590 to 1600
.
6(X to 1600
.—
21.2to 1600
-lW to 59
212 to 1600
-100 to 3Q
602 to 1600
5BmmmmEs
N ..—.
1. Heok, Robert 0. %Z The Wv kpe&f~& H&t e,’ “Me-o& “
x., vol. 62, Jnn, 1940, -. s2; vol.63. ~eb.
Y1941, ~. 126-135 (Addenda .
2. Williams, Y. A.: Proc. Boy. Soo., London, JKtlo, 1926,
. p. 14L
3. mtbrma mu. W., va. 36, l@3, P. 5q7.
4. Lam M IMeom Im, v =3. ,
5S ~Oeh Leo- BOX x~netie ~eor~ Of ~em. U@raw
Hill Book Co,, Tnc., 19?, p. 215.
31BLIOGW?HY
Conduotltity
Archer: k for ~20 Phil. ~ , vol.19, ~. 901-918.
Amhor: ~eriqental Values of k. Proc. Roy. Soo.,
&65, pp. 474-41350
Berg, IL H,: D’WLExhaust Gas Analyzer for Internal Com-
bustion Enginoe. Automobiltechnisoke Zeltscbr. , vol.
41, no. 17, %pt. 10, 1938, p. 4550
BoIlti ~d Moltillo: Nature, vol. 1~, p. 63.
llnako@ A Mathemntio4 Treatmeat of k. &klv. Mat.
Atatron.wsik, vd. 16, pp. M.
Mokeu Mwunmmients of k. Physiko Zeitea=, VG 14s
ma 32L3620
Euoken: k for VariW Mses. Physi& Zolteohr.. vol.
13, ~. 11014107.
0 &ro~~ I$zportmontnlV~uos of k. Proc. Roy, SOG.,
&@, ~. 35-56.
—
.
.—
6Gregory and Asohor: *erimentXl Determination of &
ml. W+& , vol. 15, 1933, mm. 3ol-309w
@egq and Arohor: Experimental 3etormlnatiozi ef k.
moo. my. Sect.,, AIZL , pp. =5-293.
Gregory and Do& Review. Phil.~, vol. 25, pp. 12%
147.
Gre~ and MmehaUZ Proc. ROY. Sot., 11~, pp. 354-
366,
Gregory and J&shall: Experimental Values of k. %OC.
my. Sot., Al18 , ppD 594-607s .
GnuIa and &hmioIG SiemenS Honz., vol. 7, pp. 202-224.
_Mndlhofer: !ChermclConduotitity. Ann@ Physik, vol. 37,
pp. 247-256; VO1.%, pp. 259-=2, 1914.
=dererM ~edMntti hsdt s Of MoCsWemont S of k.
PhYA w., VOL 15, 1920, pp. 4G570
Harems nnd La- Measurementsof k, Phil. B@., VO1O 3
(7) s PP. 106LJO6%
Ibbss Review. Phil. Msg., vo1. 21, pF. 5M-509.
Ibbs and Hirst: !l?heoroticnlCmsidorations@f the Values
of k, proc. Roy. Sot., A123 , pp. 13L1420
lkuniLuIok and Martin: I!hyorimontolDet~tion of k.
Proc. Roy. SOC.,Al~, PP. 496-513.
EmldSJm Ann. PhYdk, vol. 34, pp. 593-656.
Ldrx Emdew of Datn on
Bulmrt m RxporimontLa
17, pp. 397-422.
Mothdurftn ~orimontcl
=, FP. 137-156.
k. Uature, 1~, p. 741. “
EiosultS of k. Phil. kg. , vol.
values of 1% Ann. Pmik, V@lo
- .— . -. . ., -.,, --- —., . —.- ,-. ., , ,,. , . ......— . .
7Pollodc,J. A.: k for Gmes. Pro% Roy. Sot., Eeu South
Waea, tidl.49, ~. 24~252: Review, Vol.53, m.- 116-
119.
“-at -d Griffithsi:kview and Eqmrimentsilht% Phil.
Mcbg,, vol. 27, pp. WE.
Soday EuldIJorqn k for Gnsoe. Proc. Roy. Sot., vol. g3 ,
pp. 2$juK4: Volo lJ4, pp. 576-X5,
ShIlciluohowsldThoorotioal consMerQtion of h Ann,
Physik,vol. 35, pp. gg>loo4; Review, Phil. Ma& , vol.
=, (6) , pp. 11+.
l!ow Ikperimental l’bmuramnt s of k. Proc. Roy. Soo.,
V&l. g3, ppa 19-390
Traut z: Physikregelmass. Ber. 6, pp. 16~0. A %tiew.
204, Referoncos.
bxuts and ZWlelt - Physik, vol. 17, 1933, pp. 345-375.
Uehling and Uhlonbeola Theoretical Considerations of &
PWS. Rev., vol. 43, 1933, pp. 55%561.
Weber: ~orlnental Determination of k. Ann. Ph.ystk, vol.
g2, pp. 479-503. ~orimental Eosults of %asuramnte of
k; VO1. 54, mm 3259-326. 437*2. ~HO%
VI Scosity
kam(w &m. Ph@k, vol.2, 19290
BiEkolos Ann. Physik, vol. 2, 19296
Boomond3 , Pierro# Ccqtes &dus, vol. 196, 1933, ~.
l~72Pl~7b.
Majrimdar and V@fdarl J. Univ. Bombay, VO1. 7; pt. 3.
Earat& Ann Physik, VO1O2, 19290 . . .
Stcauf: Ann Pbysik, +01. 2, 1929-
k —
8ten Botd.1,
&aut z nnd
!&nutz and
Trautz and
coOitye
Trautz nnd
TrCutz aEd
Trautz and
tiautZ and
Trautz and
24.a Whmotihortragung, 3L od. , p.. 257.
BEN! Ann Pbysik,vol. 2, 1929, P* 7330
BiIMIIOZ b Pwdk, VO1. 5, 1930, P. 561.
Kuns: Review of Protious Experiments on Vi*
A?.?PhyBik, vol. 9, 1931, Pps W-MJ30
Ludowigs? Ann. Pllysik,ml. 2, 1%9, PO 733*
Sor~ AnrL. Physik, vol. 10, 1931, ~. 61-96.
stati: h. PhYsik, VO1. 2, 1929.
Weizel: Ann. Ph@k, VO1- 7g, 1925, P= 305.
Zin!G h. Physik, vol. 7, (5), 1930s PPm
427-452.
Williams, F. A.: Proc. ROY. Sot., London, &lO, 1926,
p. 165.
9‘- 1.-AIR
t
(de& ~
-1oo
0
100
300
400
500
600
700
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920
1000
1100
MOO
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1400
lm
1600
——
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(Btu/lb w
—.
0.2393
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— ..—
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1100
1200
lylo
1400
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(Btu/11) m
.
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3.449
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3.466
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3.476
3.4s3
3=490
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3a531
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p x 106..—.
(lb taco/ft2)
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933
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995
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1100
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1300
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1500
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FIG. I TCWERATURC, dcsrom f
\,
\ I
FIG. 2 TEMPERATURE, -on F 9N
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR =
30 %
*
;25
m
+!
#l
g
x
1-~-
N=20
1
*-
~
>
c
g Is
o
z
o
4
El
E
10
WI
l-.
(7J
5
l
o -1oo 0 100 200 300 400 Soo 600 700 ~
FIG, 3 TEMPERATURE, *WOOS F FIG. 4 TEMPERATURE, doQrooo F 4 “b
85
ea
70
65
60
I
m 400 600
FIG. 6°
600 1000 1200 1400 Icm
TEWERATURE, do~rocc F
“m
-2000 m0400600600 1000120014001600
FIG. 7 TEMPERATURE, “F
VISCOSITY OF HYDROOEN z
0.35 ‘ ,>
, *
1-1-1f , lROBABLE ERROR- 2.
1 I 1
I
(a
l
0.10
-200 0 200 400
FIG. 8
600 +
TEMPERATURE, =F
“m
.I
VISCOSITY OF HYDROGEN
700 mo 600 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 1600
FIG. 9 TEMPERATURE, ‘F FIG. 10 TEMPERATURE, ‘F --
0
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF HYDROGEN
I
to
1,
‘k) ~ 900 1000 1100 QOO 1300 1400 1500 1600
.290
HEAT CAPACITY OF NITROGEN
1 I I 111111 1 Ill 1
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t’
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ w 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1
I I I I I I WI I I I I I 1 I I
,
liiiiiiii~~ii~
~ c“ * Cp-0.07085 I 1
II
.. Probable Error of
I I c.= 0.6% I I
.2e
.24
-200 0
,ooo..~m
200 400 600 800
}01 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I II I I I II I Ill II
=z
Fi>
l I
FIG. II TEWKRATU?E, ‘F FIG.12 TEMPERATURE, ‘F
K
HEAT CAPACITY OF OXYGEN
-200 0 200 400 6W Km = 1200 1400 160
FiG. 13 TEMPERATURE, lF
z
%
*
q
&j’
l
10
-200 -1oo 0 100 200 300 400 600 600 700.F
FIG. K Temperature ‘F +
9
mi
VISCOSITY OF NITROGEN ~ OXYGEN
700 600 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
FIG. 15 TEMPERATURE, “F FIG. /6 TEMPERATURE , ‘F z
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 02 AND N2
0.60
~
x .~~
*
a
~
A
> 1 I w 1 I I 1 /1 I IA
E ho “ I I I I
. %sA I
0.30 ( / I ICALCULATED
FROM ksfp cv
orobdo crrwm5~
700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
FIG. 17 TEMPERATURE, ”F
-200-000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Fle 19 TEMPERATURE, “F
~
g
‘?l
~
l
700 600 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 moo%
FIG. 20 TEMPERATURE, “F “w
o
oFIG. 21 TEMPERATURE, lF
:
n
*
:
OQ
u
l
700 80,0 1000 1200 1400 laoo”~
ru
FIG. 22 TEMPERATURE, ”F /’4
.—
1=
m
.
u“
.
-’0
x
N.
:
i
~
:0
<
+-
~(n
0
c)m
1/
r-
(Y-J
l
R)
o.e4 0.20
-2a I 1200 1400 1600 -200 -loo 0 too 200 300 400 500 600 7oo”@
I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1
-30 0 200 400 600 800 1000
FIG. 23 TEMPERATURE, “F FIG. 24 TEMPERATURE, ‘F E
.-.
700 GOO 900 1000 100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
FIG. 25 TEMPERATURE, ‘F
ElilPRANDTL’S MODULUSFOR H2 , C02 , 02, CO, 8+43609)
Ln
3
A$
tn
-<
0
z
F
‘-El
P.
ma
l
-200 0 200 400 600 600 :1000 1200 Ww Ko&
FIG. 26 TEMPERATURE, “F &’
.—. .—.. — ,
llllllllllllnMiMRlm1
3 1176013646212 i
—


An investigation of aircraft heaters II : properties of gases

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