This KSC database is being made available to the scientific research community to facilitate the development of crop development models, to test monitoring and control strategies, and to identify environmental limitations in crop production systems. The KSC validated dataset consists of 17 parameters necessary to maintain bioregenerative life support functions: water purification, CO2 removal, O2 production, and biomass production. The data are available on disk as either a DATABASE SUBSET (one week of 5-minute data) or DATABASE SUMMARY (daily averages of parameters). Online access to the VALIDATED DATABASE will be made available to institutions with specific programmatic requirements. Availability and access to the KSC validated database are subject to approval and limitations implicit in KSC computer security policies

Mackowiak, C. L.

Markwell, G. A.

Sager, J. C.

Stutte, G. W.

Wheeler, R. M.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA Technical Memorandum 109191
/ q0
Validated Environmental and Physiological Data
from the CELSS Breadboard Projects B iomass
Production Chamber
BWT931 (Wheat CV. Yecora Rojo)
G. W. Smtte, C. L. Mackowiak and G. A. Markwell
R. M. Wheeler and J. C. Sager
AUGUST 1993
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940009506 2020-06-16T21:39:40+00:00Z

NASA Technical Memorandum 109191
Validated Environmental and Physiological Data
from the CELSS Breadboard Projects B iomass
Production Chamber
BW'I931 (Wheat CV. Yecora Rojo)
G. W. Stutte, C. L. Mackowiak and G. A. Markwell
The Bionetics Corporation
John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA
R. M. Wheeler and J. C. Sager
Biomedical Operations and Research Office
John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
1993
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 2
The CELSS Breadboard Project at Kennedy Space Center is charged with demonstrating the
feasibility of bioregenerative fife support systems on a one-person scale. The Biomass
Production Chamber (BPC), a 113 m 3 pit-prototype closed chamber, is the primary facility
for large scale evaluation of bioitgenerative fife support systems.
The components and design characteristics of the BPC have been fully described in previous
publications (Prince et al., 1987). Control of environmental growing conditions and
monit,_ring the physiological responses of the crops will be key components of an operational
CELSS in order to successfully grow a crop. Wheat, soybean, potato and lettuce have been
successfully grown in the BPC.
In addition to the primary regulatory role of the monitoring and control system, the data
obtained are a useful resource for plant physiologists, system analysists, and crop modelers.
Redundancy in both monitoring and control sensors provide a data set for evaluating active
control systems, fuzzy logic, physiological models and systems efficiency. The data being
obtained by the KSC Breadboard project are being used by researchers in government,
academia, and private industry as a test set for a variety of projects (Drysdale, et al., 1992;
Volk et al., 1993).
The modelling efforts have identified a need for data review prior to releasing it to modelling
groups. Of special interest is a need to idel2tify and remove data points that do not
accurately reflect either the environment or the physiological response of the crop. Aberrant
data points can originate from a number of sources, including sensor drift, sensor failure,
control over-rides, hardware failure, calibration errors and human input error on manually
obtained data.
In response to these needs, a quality assurance protocol was implemented in 1993 with the
planting of experiment BW'I931: Wheat cv. Yecora Rojo. A discussion of the protocol,
description of the parameters, and policies for database access are described below.
DATA VALIDATION PROTOCOL:
Data acquisition: The BPC was modified in 1992 to create two chambers for performing
experimental work. Each compartment of the BPC has independent monitoring and control
systems. Sensors connected to a programmable logic controller (I'Ll2) are used to maintain
environmental set points. An independent monitoring system (MS), with a different set of
sensors, records actual environmental conditions at specific sites within the chamber
(Fortson, et al., 1992). The impact of that modification on key environmental parameters
within the chambers has been documented (Stutte, et al. 1993). The conclusion of that report
was that there were no physiologically detrimental effects of the monitoring and control
attributable to the control system.
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 3
Both the PLC and MS sensor data of actively controlled parameters are collected in 5-minute
intervals and stored on an HP-9000 minicomputer. This provided redundant data set of
multiple parameters that is temporally synchronized wth a duplicate set of sensors. Non-
controlled parameters (e.g., flow of liquid and gas) are monitored with a single set of sensors
through the MS and compared with manually obtained readings.
Sensor maintenance and calibration are ongoing operations during a growout. The amount of
time spent in sensor calibration and replacement is dependent upon the sensor type (Fortson,
et al., 1992). In addition to environmental conditions, the opening and closing of solenoids
and valves are also monitored and stored, as well as the alarm and alert set points of each
parameter.
In all, a total of 68 parameters are currently being monitored. Seventeen parameters were
identified as candidates for inclusion in the initial KSC validated data set.
PARAlVlETERS:
The following parameters were identified for inclusion in the KSC validated database because
of the perceived significance of these parameters in regulating plant growth and development
and in monitoring of the CELSS bioregenerative life support functions: water purification,
CO2 scrubbing, O2 production, and biomass production.
Relative Hum/d/ty (RH): PLC relative humidity values are obtained with General Eastern t
sensors located in the air handling system prior to entry into the chamber (2 sensors). MS
values are obtained with Vaisala sensors at tray level within the chamber (4 sensors). The
MS data are considered default values.
Air Temperature (TC): PLC air temperature values are obtained with General Eastern
sensors located in the air handling system prior to entry into the chamber (2 sensors). MS
values axe obtained with coated type J thermocouples at tray level within the chamber (4
sensors). The MS data are considered default values.
Differential Pressure (PR): PLC air pressures are obtained with 0-4.82 kPa pressure
transducers (Teledyne Taber) placed in the chamber (2 sensors). MS values are obtained
with 0-2.06 kPa pressure transducers placed in the chamber (2 sensors). The MS data are
considered default values.
x Mention of a tradename does not constitute an endorsement by either the National
Aeronatics and Space Administration or The Bionetics Corportion.
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 4
pH (PH): PI.,C pH readings are obtained with Signet pH sensors placed in the nutrient
delivery system input line (4 sensors). MS readings are obtained with Omega pH electrodes
placed in the nutrient delivery system return line (4 sensors). PLC data axe considered
default values.
Electrical conductivity (CD): P/.,C conductivity readings are obtained with Signet
conductivity sensors placed in the nutrient delivery system input line (4 sensors). MS
readings are repeated from the Omega EC sensors. PLC data are considered default values.
Nutrient Temperature (NT): PLC nutrient delivery system temperatures are obtained with
Signet temperature sensors placed in the nutrient delivery system input line (4 sensors). MS
readings are obtained with type J thermocouples placed in the nutrient delivery system return
line (4 sensors). PLC data are considered default values.
Photosynthetic Photon Flux (QM): No P/.,C values are obtained. MS readings are obtained
from Licor Quantum sensors (4(10-700 nm) placed at the plant canopy under each controllable
light bank (8 sensors). The PPF sensors are not mobile, so are used to indicate photoperiods
only. Canopy level PPF values are obtained with a Licor Quantum sensor at weekly
readings and a linear regression model used to calculate default PPF values.
Carbon Dioxide Concentration (C2): PI.,C values are obtained from an Anarad Model AR-
203 infrared gas analyzer (2 sensors). MS values are obtained from an Licor Model 6262
Infrared Gas Analyzer which cycles between the upper and lower chambers (1 sensor, 2
values). The MS data are considered default values.
Oxygen Concentration (O2): PI.,C values are obtained with an Anared Model 202 fuel cell
detector (2 sensors). MS values are obtained from and Amatek Model S-3A stab_
zirconla detector which cycles between the upper and lower chambers (1 sensor, 2 values).
The MS data are considered default values.
Flow of Carbon Dioxide (Z4F): No P/.,C values are obtained. MS readings of the liters of
carbon dioxide required to maintain a setpoint in each chamber are obtained from Brooks
5860 mass flow sensors (2 sensors).
Flow of Oxygen (FO): No PLC values are obtained. MS readings of the liters of 02
removed from the chamber with Allied healthcare oxygen concentrators are obtained from
Brooks 5860 mass flow sensors (2 sensors).
Flow of Condensate to Collection Tank (F'D): No P/.,C values axe obtained. MS readings of
liters of condensate collected from each chamber are recorded with mass flow sensors (2
readings).
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 5
Flow of Condensate to Stock Solutions (FS): No PLC values are obtained. MS readings of
liters of condensate collected for use in making stock solutions are recorded with inline
Headland IR-opflow mass flow sensors (2 sensors).
Flow of Condensate to Humidity Control (FH): No PI.,C values are obtained. MS readings
of ml of condensate used to maintain relative humidity setpoints are recorded with inline
Headland IR-opflow mass flow sensors (2 sensors).
Flow of Condensate to Drain (FF): No PLC values are obtained. MS readings of liters of
condensate drained from the condensate collection system are recorded with inline Headland
IR-opflow mass flow sensors (2 sensors).
Flow of Condensate to NDS (FT): No P/.,C values are obtained. MS readings of liters of
collected condensate used to replace water used from the NDS are recorded with inline
Headland IR-opflow mass flow sensors (4 sensors).
Flow ofpH stock solution (FP): No PLC values are obtained. MS readings of ml of acid
required to maintain a pH setpoint are recorded with inline Headland IR-opflow mass flow
sensors (4 sensors).
Flow of conductivity stock solution (FC): No PLC values are obtained. MS readings of ml
of nutrient stock solution required to maintain an EC setpoint are recorded with inline
Headland IR-opflow mass flow sensors (4 sensors).
A total of 288 data points per day are collected and stored from each sensor. The monitoring
and control system produces 16,128 data points per day from the MS and 6,336 data points
per day from the PLC, for a total of 22,464 data points per day. The validation processes
result in 14,976 data points per day. The protocol used for validation is described below.
PROTOCOL FOR DATABASE VALIDATION
An ASCII dataset which combines the MS and PLC data is produced weekly from the 5-
minute data stored on a Hewlett Packard-9000. The combined dataset is referenced to date,
to day after planting and to collection time.
The ASCII data set is converted to Quattro Pro format and manually scanned for aberrant
data by designated personnel. A subjective decision is made either to accept the default
sensor value, replace the default value with the backup sensor value, modify the values (e.g.,
calibration offset), or delete the values entirely from the data set for each data point. A
written record of those decisions is maintained.
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Vafidated Dataset
Page 6
The validated weekly data are then saved in ASCII format for retrieval and inclusion in the
validated dataset. The minimum and maximum values for each week are obtained in order to
identify out-of-range values as an added level of quality assurance. The validated data set is
then made available to authorized users.
The overriding principle is to describe the actual conditions the crops experienced and
the physiological response to those conditions as accurately as possible.
In most cases, the default values are accepted and the backup values are discarded.
However, there are instances when the database was modified based on the subjective
evaluation of the data reviewers. The procedures used can best be described with some
examples.
EXAMPLE 1: Both the MS and PLC values for air temperature are within 0.5 C of eaeh
other. ACTION: The MS values are accepted since they are the default values.
EXAMPLE 2: MS values for pH remain relatively constant on all levels for 72 hours, but
PLC values for level 4 are drifting upward during the time period. Rec_bration indicates
that sensor drift has occurred. ACTION: Accept PLC values for levels 1,2 and 3 and MS
values for level 4 since calibration was incorrect on primary sensor.
EXAMPLE 3: Mass flow of CO2 into the chamber was increasing, then resets in the middle
of the day to 0 because of an intermittent power failure. ACTION: Modify the dataset by
adding an offset to values collected after restoring the collection system.
EXAMPLE 4: Flow of gas from the oxygen concentrator control is found to be inaccurate
because of a leak in the air line. There are no backup sensors. ACTION: If the offset is a
constant, then modify the data. If the offset is not a constant, delete the data.
EXAMPLE 5: PLC and MS are taken offline for 30 minutes in order for software
modifications to be made. No data are collected: ACTION: Replace missing data with
appropriate data.
During BWT931, the first implementation of the validation protocol, it was found that
calibration errors, and or sensor failures resulted in data which correctly reflected overall
trends in crop responses, but lacked the accuracy necessary for system modelling. As a
consequence, those values have not been included in the dataset, although the parameter has
been listed. A missing value is entered as "~". Although the data are not available for
BW'I931, they will become available for subsequent BPC growouts.
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 7
DATABASE ACCESS:
High quality data sets which integrate environmental and phys'mlogical responses of a plant
population throughout its life cycle are not readily available to plant physiologists, crop
modelers or systems analysts. The KSC validated dataset is being developed in order to
facilitate the development of crop development models, to test monitoring and control
strategies, and to identify limitations in crop production systems. While these environmental
conditions selected during a growout are designed to evaluate conditions suitable for a
CELSS, it is believed that the data also have value to the broader plant scientist and system
engineering communities as well.
The KSC database is available to the scientific research community in the following formats:
KSC VALIDATED DATABASE SUBSET:
A one-week subset of the KSC validated data set (2016 data lines) in ASCII is available upon
request. This data option allows the development and testing of digital filtering functions,
fuzzy logic programs, and development models. It is believed that this test-set will be of
greatest value to the engineering community during system development and design.
KSC VALIDATF__ DATABASE SUMMARY:
Daily averages of the environmental conditions and physiological responses for each
parameter are available in ASCII format on a floppy disk. This dataset allows testing of
crop growth and development models, biomass production models, and other long-term
modelling efforts. It is anticipated that this set will be of greatest value to the plant science
community.
KSC VALIDATED DATABASE:
In special cases, online access, via internet, to the KSC validated dataset will be made
available to institutions which have a specific programmatic requirement for high resolution
(5 minute) environmental and physiological response datasets. Access to the KSC validated
database is subject to approval and limitations implicit in KSC computer security policies.
Requests for access to the KSC validated database, including the objectives of the research,
need for access, and the name, address and telephone number of the principle investigator
should be made to:
NASAJCELSS
Mail Code MD-RES
Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899
Stutte, et al., 1993
KSC Validated Dataset
Page 8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Drysdale, A.E., Thomas, M.M., Fresa, M.C., and Wheeler, R.M., 1992. OCAM - A
CELSS Modeling Tool: Description and Results. SAE Technical Paper 921241.
Fortson, R.E., J.C. Sager, J.O. Bledsoe, R.M. Wheeler, and W.M. Knott. 1992. Current
performance of the NASA biomass production chamber. SAE Technical Paper 924011.
Prince, R.P., W.M. Knott, J.C. Sager, and S.E. Hilding. 1987. Design and performance
of the KSC biomass production chamber. Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper
Series. No. 87-1437.
Stutte,, G.W., P.V. Chetirkin, C.L. Mackowiak, and R.E. Fortson. 1993. Statistical
analysis of environmental variability within the CELSS Breadboard Projects biomass
production chamber. NASA Technical Memorandum No. 109188.
Volk,T., B. Bugbee, and R.M. Wheeler. 1993. An energy cascade model for analysis and
prediction in gas exchange experiments of wheat growth. Crop Science (in press).
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Validated Environmental and Physiological Data From the
CELSS Breadboard Projects Biomass Production Chamber
BWT931 (Wheat cv. Yecora Rojo)
6. AUTHOR(S)
G. W. Stutte, C. L. Mackowiak, G. A. Markwell,
R. M. Wheeler and J. C. Sager
7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
The Bionetics Corporation, Mail Code: BIO-3
(GWS; CLM; GAM) and NASA Biological Research and Life
Support Office, Mail Code: MD-RES, J. F. Kennedy
Space Center, FL 32890
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Biomedical Operations and Research
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AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
TM-I09191
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13. ABSTRACT(Maximum2_ words)
This KSC database is being made available to the scientific research community
to facilitate the development of crop development models, to test monitoring
and control strategies, and to identify environmental limitations in crop
production systems. The KSC validated dataset consists of 17 parameters
necessary to maintain bioregenerative life support functions: water purification,
CO 2 removal, 02 production, and biomass production. The data are available
on disk as either a DATABASE SUBSET (one week of 5-minute data) or DATABASE
SUMMARY (daily averages of parameters). Online access to the VALIDATED
DATABASE will be made available to institutions with specific programmatic
requirements. Availability and access to the KSC validated database are
subject to approval and limitations implicit in KSC computer security
policies.
14. SUBJECTTERMS
CELSS, life support, modelling, monitoring and control.
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Validated environmental and physiological data from the CELSS Breadboard Projects Biomass Production Chamber. BWT931 (Wheat cv. Yecora Rojo)

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