The development and testing of a ceramic superconducting link for an infrared detector is summarized. Areas of study included the materials used, the electrical contacts, radiation and temperature cycling effects, aging, thermal conductivity, and computer models of an ideal link. Materials' samples were processed in a tube furnace at temperatures of 840 C to 865 C for periods up to 17 days and transition temperatures and critical current densities were recorded. The project achieved better quality high superconducting transition temperature material through improved processing and also achieved high quality electrical contacts. Studies on effects of electron irradiation, temperature cycling, and aging on superconducting properties indicate that the materials will be suitable for space applications. Various presentations and publications on the study's results are reported

Caton, R.

Selim, R.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

JNASA-CR-|9367¢
FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT
FOR
I
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A SUPERCONDUCTING LINK FOR AN
IR DETECTOR
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: R. CATON AND R. SELIM
CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT COLLEGE
NEWPORT NEWS, VA 23606
GRANT: NAG-l-1042
PERIOD: JULY 1989 TO APRIL 1991
(NASA-CR-193674) OEVELOPMENT AND
TESTING OF A SUPERCONDUCTING LINK
FOR AN IR DETECTOR Final Technical
RPport, Jul. 1989 - Apr. 1991
(Christopher Newport Coil.) 10 p
G3135
N94-10948
Unc|as
0180095
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940006476 2020-06-16T21:27:19+00:00Z
h Overview of the facilities
During this period we continued to build our laboratory measurement
capability. A summary of our current facilities follows:
EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES
Electrical Resistivity ( 20 - 300 K )
Electrical Resistivity ( 300 - 900 K )
ac Susceptibility ( 20 - 300 K )
Specific Heat ( 20 - 300 K )
X-ray Diffraction ( 20 - 300 K )
Thermal Conductivity (20 - 300 K)
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
Closed-cycle refrigerator ( 20 - 300 K )
2 Hewlett Packard data acquisition systems with multipen
plotter for presenting results
Apple lie data acquisition system for cycling studies
Microvoltmete rs
Constant current sources
Constant voltage source
Standard resistor
Lock-in amplifiers
General Electric X-ray diffraction apparatus
PREPARATION FACILITIES
Large Marshall Tube furnace (1400 °C) for oxygen
treatment studies
Three Processing Ovens with flowing oxygen for final treatment
Muffle ovens for air treatment ( 1100 °C )
25 Ton Hydraulic Press for pelletizing ( 1/2", 1", 2" diameter dies)
Mixer/Mill for grinding powders
Ih Areas of study
We have made measurements in many areas that are important to the production and
characterization of a superconducting link.
A. Processing studies
We have continued to improve the quality of our sintered samples through in situ studies of
processing of YBa2Cu30 x. Two computer programs were written to automate the data
acquisition necessary to develop the sintering process and improve the critical current. The first
program measures the transport critical current density (Jc) at 77K by incrementing the source
current at fixed time intervals and recording the voltage. The second program monitors the
resistance of the sample during the sintering process (20 - 920 ° C). With these two additions to
our laboratory repertoire we have been able to improve critical currents by up to 10 percent. The
ability to make and characterize such improvements will be important for the final
superconducting link. (See Ref. 9)
B. Electrical contacts
To have a useful superconducting link, it is necessary to make good electrical contact to the
superconducting material. This is not a trivial task since the superconducting material is
ceramic. We have extended our studies of a melting technique for making low-resistance
contacts to high temperature superconductors. We have made contacts to both YBa2Cu307-x
and Bi2BaSr2Cu20 8, and to related superconducting compounds by melting gold or silver
pads onto the samples before the final oxygen treatment. Scanning electron microscope
studies show that both gold and silver do not diffuse far from the contact area. The surface
contact resistivity of the best contacts made by the melting technique has an upper limit value
in the 10 -8 _-cm 2 range at 77 K. This method of making low-resistance contacts to high
superconducting transition temperature (T c) materials can be integrated into the final oxygen
treatment of many prospective superconducting elements or devices. (See Ref. 6)
C. Radiation damage
Superconducting links will have to withstand the radiation environment in space. We have
investigated the effect of 1 Mev electron irradiation up to a total dose of 5.7 x 1017 el/cm 2 at
room temperature on YBa2Cu3Ox with gold bead contacts made by the melting technique. We
measured the superconducting transition temperature T c, the critical current density Jc at 77 K,
the normal state resistivity, and the contact resistance for gold bead contacts as a function of
fluence on the same samples without disturbing the contacts. T c remained constant at 91 K and
Jc at 77 K remained constant around 90 Ncm 2. The normal state resistivity increased
systematically by about 15% for the total dose. Finally, the surface contact resistance at 77 K
remained less than 4.2 iJ..Q-cm2 throughout the radiations. These studies took place over an 8
month period and subsequent measurements indicate that the results are definitely due to
radiation effects and not aging effects. Since the total dose represents 120 years of electron
exposure in geosynchronous orbit, we conclude that the superconductor YBa2Cu30 x with gold
bead contacts would perform well in a space environment of electron irradiation. (See Ref. 7)
D. Materials preparation
It is always important to investigate new materials with potential applications. The discovery Of
higher superconducting transition temperatures in the BiPb system has created excitement in
the scientific community. To investigate this phenomenon we processed
Bi 1.8Pb.6Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox samples by placing them in a tube furnace at 840°C to 865°C for
periods up to 17 days, removing samples periodically. We have measured the
superconducting transition temperature Tc and critical current density Jc on many of the
samples. We obtained superconducting transition temperatures of up to 106K with modest
critical current densities of 50 A/cm 2. (See Ref. 5)
E. Cycling studies
Under actual working conditions the superconducting links will undergo temperature cycling.
We set up a system to monitor the effect of such cycling on the electrical contacts, the transition
temperature, and the critical current. The data acquisition system was automated using an
Apple lie computer with a MetraByte D/A-A/D interface board. Data are stored on disk after
each half cycle and plotted in real time so the experimenter can monitor sample condition.
Samples are mounted on a probe of electrically and thermally insulating material to prevent
shorting the sample and to reduce the load on the LN 2 bath. The probe is raised and lowered
by a gear driven brass rod and a stepper motor. Sample and contact resistance are measured'
throughout the run at LN 2 and ambient temperatures using a four-probe dc technique. The
current is reversed twenty times and the signals are averaged to eliminate thermal voltages
and to reduce errors from random noise. With this system signals can be resolved as small as
2 IJ.V. The overall precision of the instrumentation is better than one percent and the accuracy
of the data is correct to within approximately five percent. In a span of over six thousand cycles
the silver contacts in conjunction with YBa2Cu3Ox superconductors have shown no sign of
significant deterioration. The transition temperature remained constant throughout cycling and
a small, but not debilitating, degradation of tl_e critical current was observed. Therefore the
contacts and material should withstand even the most demanding applications. (See Ref. 8)
F. Aging Studies
We have measured the superconducting properties and the resistance of our contacts for six
samples over a two and one-half year period. Generally, we observe no effect on T c and only
modest effects or no effect on Jc and the resistance of our contacts. The results indicate that the
superconductors can hold up for considerable periods of time, which is contrary to some of the
eadier reports. This is most likely due to the better quality of the material.
G. Thermal conductivity
We have developed the programs and hardware necessary to measure thermal conductivity in
our closed cycle refrigerator from 20 to 120K. These measurements are crucial to the
characterization of a superconducting link, which should ideally have a very low thermal
conductivity. Our preliminary measurements agree with other results reported in the literature.
Ill. Superconducting link studies
We have studied the superconducting link from a theoretical and experimental point of view.
A. Theory
Computer programs were written to model an ideal link carrying current between two fixed
temperatures (4.2 and 30K in our case). The link was assumed to be uniform. The heat load on
the cryogenic fluid was calculated and compared for two configurations: a harness of #40
manganin wires planned for the SAFIRE project and 1 mil by 4 mil BAYCO superconducting
film strips deposited on a 1 mil thick Yttrium stabilized ZrO 2 substrate. The superconducting link
yields a heat load reduction of about a factor of two. This could result in an increased mission
lifetime of approximately a factor of two in cases where the link is a major contributor to the
heat load, such as the envisioned two-stage cooling systems for future missions.
B. Experiment
We have worked to improve the critical currents in the tape cast materials provided by Clemson
University. In their BAYCO superconducting samples containing silver, we have been able to
obtain improvements of a factor of 7 in the critical current through further processing. We have
also obtained thick film samples from Electro Science Laboratories. These samples show
promise because they are of approximately the right dimension for a superconducting link that
could be used in a project like SAFIRE, multiple strips can easily be layed down, and the films
can be deposited on Yttrium stabilized ZrO 2. The samples we have received to date have a
wide transition temperature of = 50K with an onset at = 90K. The company has produced
samples with high critical currents (=200 Ncm 2) at 77K in the past and it is just a matter of time
until they fine tune their process to produce such samples with our geometrical requirements.
IV. Summary of Achievements
A. Better quality high T c material through improved processing.
B. High quality electrical contacts (10 .8 _-cm 2) to high T c material.
C. Studies on effects of electron irradiation, temperature cycling, and aging on
superconducting properties indicate materials will be suitable for space applications.
D. Partnership with Electro Science Laboratories to fabricate and characterize a
superconducting link by measuring Tc, Jc, and thermal conductivity.
APPENDIX A: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY RESEARCH AT
CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT COLLEGE
Date Research
March 1987 Seminal meeting of APS - open discussion of
high Tc materials
May 1987 Prepared first YBa2Cu30 x with T c = 92K
and exhibiting a Meissner effect
July 1987 Established superconductivity lab at CNC
Fall 1987 Developed noble metal, low-resistance
contacts to YBa2Cu3Ox
Fall 1987 Prepared YBa2Cu3Ox at 90% theoretical
density
January 1988 Attained critical current density of
=200 A/cm 2 in YBa2Cu30 x
1988-89 Electron radiation damage studies on
YBa2Cu30 x and contacts
Summer 1989 Measurement of thermal conductivity in
YBa2Cu30 x
1988-90 In situ resistivity studies while processing
high T c superconductors
Spring 1989 Prepared BiCaSrCuOPb alloys with T c -- 106K
1989-1990 Characterized Clemson YBa2Cu30 x samples
for possible use as electrically conducting,
thermally isolating link in SAFIRE type
project
Spring 1990 Room temperature to 77K cycling studies on
YBa2Cu30 x and contacts
APPENDIX B: Presentations
=
•
•
"The Effects of Repeated Cycling from Liquid Nitrogen to Ambient
Temperature on High Tc Superconductors"; J. Beaufait, R. Caton, and R.
Selim; presented at the Fourth National Conference on Undergraduate
Research, April 19-21, 1990, Union College, Schenectady, NY.
"Improved Sintering Process of Superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox"; R. W.
McKitrick, Jr., R. Selim, and R. Caton; presented at the Fourth National
Conference on Undergraduate Research, April 19-21, 1990, Union College,
Schenectady, NY.
"The Effects of Repeated Cycling from Liquid Nitrogen to Ambient
Temperature on High Tc Superconductors"; J. Beaufait, R. Caton, and R.
Selim; presented at the Sixty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Virginia
Academy of Science, May 23-26, 1990, George Mason University, Fairfax,
VA.
4. "Improved Sintering Process of Superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox"; R. W.
McKitrick, Jr., R. Selim, and R. Caton; presented at the Sixty-Eighth Annual
Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science, May 23-26, 1990, George
Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
APPENDIX C: List of Publications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
"Rugged Low-Resistance Contacts to YBa2Cu3Ox"; R. Caton, R. Selim, A.
M. Buoncristiani, and C. E. Byvik. Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 1014 (1988).
"Rare Earth Substitution Studies of the High Temperature Superconductor
YBa2Cu3Ox"; W. Edwards, R. Harvey, A. Plum, S. Yang, R. Selim, and R.
Caton; Proceedinas of the Second National Conference on Underoraduate
Research, University of North Carolina at Ashville, J. M. Sulock and D. L.
Seymour, Eds., P. 395, (1988).
"High Temperature Resistivity of the YBa2Cu3Ox Superconductor"; B.
Almeida, F. Tambone, R. Caton, and R. Selim; Prqcee_ings of the Second
Natiqnal Conference on Undergraduate Research, University of North
Carolina at Ashville, J. M. Sulock and D. L. Seymour, Eds., P. 347, (1988).
"Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Attenuation of YBa2Cu307"; K. J. Sun,W.
P. Winfree, M. K. Xu, Bimal K. Sarma, M. Levy, R. Caton, and R. Selim. Phys.
Rev. B 38, 11988 (1988).
"In Situ Resistivity Measurements of the BiPb System During Processing
as a Predictor of Superconducting Properties"; B. Almeida, K. Anthony, R.
Caton, and R. Selim. Proqeedings of the Third National Conference on
Undergraduate Research, Vol. 1 K. M. Whatley , Ed., Trinity University, San
Antonio, P. 161 (1989).
"Low-Resistance Noble Metal Contacts to High-Temperature
Superconductors"; R. Selim, R. Caton, A. M. Buoncristiani, C. E. Byvik, R. A.
Edahl, Jr. , and S. Wise. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 376 (1990).
"The Effect of Electron Irradiation on YBa2Cu30 x with Gold Bead
Contacts"; R. Caton, R. Selim, A. M. Buoncristiani, and C. E. Byvik; J. Appl.
Phys. 67, 7478 (1990).
"The Effects of Repeated Cycling from Liquid Nitrogen to Ambient
Temperature on High Tc Superconductors"; J. Beaufait, R. Caton, and R.
Selim; Prqqeedings of the Fourth National Cqnferenqe on Undergraduate
R_search, Vol. 1, K. M. Whatley , Ed., Union College, Schenectady, New
York, p. 241 (1990).
• "Improved Sintering Process of Superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox"; R. W.
McKitrick, Jr., R. Selim, and R. Caton; Proceedinas of the Fourth National
(_0nference on Underaraduate Research, Vol. 1, K. M. Whatley, Ed., Union
College, Schenectady, New York, p. 247 (1990).
10. "Rugged Low-Resistance Contacts to High Tc Superconductors", R. Caton,
R. Selim, C. E. Byvik, and A. M. Buoncristiani, NASA Tech Briefs,
LAR-13964, accepted for publication.


Development and testing of a superconducting link for an IR detector

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