Under this grant two instruments, a soft particle spectrometer and a Langmuir probe, were refurbished and calibrated, and flown on three instrumented rocket payloads as part of the Magnetosphere/Thermosphere Coupling program. The flights took place at the Poker Flat Research Range on February 12, 1994 (T(sub o) = 1316:00 UT), February 2, 1995 (T(sub o) = 1527:20 UT), and November 27, 1995 (T(sub o) = 0807:24 UT). In this report the observations of the particle instrumentation flown on all three of the flights are described, and brief descriptions of relevant geophysical activity for each flight are provided. Calibrations of the particle instrumentation for all ARIA flights are also provided

Frahm, R. A.

Scherrer, J. R.

Sharber, J. R.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

NASA-CR-203479
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Soft Particle Spectrometer, Langmuir Probe, and Data Analysis
for Aerospace Magnetospheric/Thermospheric Coupling Rocket Program
by
J.R. Sharber, R.A. Frahm, and J. R. Scherrer
Southwest Research Institute
6220 Culebra Road
San Antonio, TX 78238-5166
Final Technical Report
NASA Grant NAG5-5005
SwRI Project 15-5647
May 1, 1993- October 31, 1997
submitted to
Larry J. Early
NASA Technical Officer
Code 840
GSFCAVallops Flight Facility
Wallops Island, VA 23337
January 31, 1997
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19970018042 2020-06-16T01:54:50+00:00Z
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................. 3
Introduction ............................................................... 3
Flights ................................................................... 3
ARIA 2 ............................................................ 3
ARIA 3 ............................................................. 4
ARIA 4 ............................................................. 9
Additional Studies .......................................................... 9
Calibration and Instrumentation Issues ......................................... 9
Publications and Presentations ............................................... 11
Concluding Remarks ....................................................... 14
References ............................................................... 14
2
ABSTRACT
Under this grant two instruments, a soft particle spectrometer and a Langmuir probe, were
refurbished and calibrated, and flown on three instrumented rocket payloads as part of the
Magnetospherefrhermosphere Coupling program. The flights took place at the Poker Flat
Research Range on February 12, 1994 (T o = 1316:00 UT), February 2, 1995 (T o = 1527:20 UT),
and November 27, 1995 (T o = 0807:24 UT). In this report the observations of the particle
instrumentation flown on all three of the flights are described, and brief descriptions of relavent
geophysical activity for each flight are provided. Calibrations of the particle instrumentation for
all ARIA flights are also provided.
INTRODUCTION
At auroral latitudes,' magnetospheric processes provide energy sources to the thermosphere which
can at times exceed that from solar EUV sources. Energy is imparted directly by particle inputs
and momentum is imparted to the neutral gas by from the motion of ions in the electric field. The
objective of this program was to study the effect of these influences on thermospheric densities,
temperatures, composition, and winds. This was accomplished by launching an instrumented
payload into the thermosphere which had been heated by the presence of steady diffuse aurora.
Coordinated with the flight of the instrumented payload were flights of chemical release payloads
employed to determine the thermospheric wind patterns. This combination of instrumented and
chemical release rockets were launched from Poker Flat Research Range in three separate
campaigns: on February 12, 1994 (T o = 1316:00 UT), February 2, 1995 (T o = 1527:20 UT), and
November 27, 1995 (T O= 0807:24 UT).
This program has been designated as ARIA II since it is a continuation of the ARIA I
(Atmosphere Response in Aurora) program (Anderson et al., 1995), in which an istrumented
payload was launched on March 3, 1992 into a post-midnight diffuse aurora. The first ARIA
flight was very successful and has resulted in at least four papers in the literature (Anderson et al.,
1995; Hecht et al., 1995); Brinkman et al., 1995; and Larson and Walterscheid, 1995).
The observations of the ARIA II flights have been discussed in papers presented at the AGU and
are in various stages of analysis for written publication. In this report we describe the
observations of the particle instrumentation flown on each of the ARIA II flights and provide brief
descriptions of relavent geophysical activity.
FLIGHTS
ARIA 2
ARIA 2 was also designated ARIA-Kayser, after Dave Kayser, who contributed greatly to the
success of the first ARIA mission. It was launched into a post-midnight diffuse aurora on
February 12, 1994 at 1316:00 UT. The electron data are shown in the spectrogram of Figure 1
which also shows a plot of the electron energy flux (erg/cm2s sr); the payload altitude is shown in
the lower panel. As can be seen in the spectrogram, the Soft Particle Spectrometer (SPS) initially
measured quasi-thermal electron spectra in the energy range of the primary auroral electrons
(several hundred eV to -20 keV). These spectra may often be represented by unaccelerated
Maxwellian or Kappa distributions. At lower energies, the secondaries contribute to a power law
spectrum of negative slope. During the flight, just past apogee, the payload passed through two
low-energy auroral "arcs," characterized by accelerated Maxwellian spectra peaking at -400 eV.
Examples of these spectra are shown in Figure 2. The quasi-thermal spectrum was measured
between 256 and 260s; the arc spectrum was measured between 280 and 284s. The arcs were
also detected by photometers both on the ground and in the payload. A study of this event is
underway; initial results were presented at the Spring 1995 AGU (Hecht et al., 1996).
The positive, ion data, shown in the second panel of Figure 1, indicate little structure in the
relatively low intensity incident ions. The intensity appears to decrease slightly throughout the
flight as the payload moves northward. The structure at energies below about 30eV is
instrumental. It results partly from a rammed-in ionospheric component due to an inadvertant
grounding of the ion grid on this flight.
ARIA3
ARIA 3 was launched at 1527:20 UT on February 2, 1995 into a late morning diffuse aurora
(local time of launch was 0627:20). The flight took place during the recovery phase of a magnetic
substorm that reached the peak of its expansive phase minutes before 1500 UT. As recovery was
taking place, another smaller expansion began very near the time of launch. Relatively high
absorption and E-region winds were measured by ground instrumentation at Poker Flat. The
absorption, measured by the range riometer, is indicative of incident high-energy particles that
lose their energy in the D-region, and this is suggested by the electron spectrogram of Figure 3,
although the SPS range of energy measurement does not exceed 27 keV.
The SPS was turned on at T + 86 s into the flight at a height of 116 km. At turn-on the payload
was within the emission region of an auroral form characterized by electron peak energy fluxes of
a few erg/cm2s and energies of-3 keV (see spectrum shown in Figure 4a). For the next four
minutes the spectra were generally quasi-thermal showing occasional variations in intensity. On
the downleg starting at about T + 325 s, the payload again passed through an auroral form
containing two regions of enhanced fluxes. The primary energies of these enhanced regions were
- 1 keV (T + 365 s) and -2 keV (T + 400 s). A spectrum measured at ~T + 396-397s is shown
in Figure 4b. The payload passed out of the region of enhanced fluxes at T + 415 s just before
SPS turn-off at T + 420 s. It can also be seen in Figure 3 that the low-energy electron fluxes were
enhanced each time the payload passed through a region of enhanced primary fluxes. It is to be
noted that the Electric Field Experiment (R. Pfaff, P.I.) detected waves in the -2 to -5 MHz
range at times corresponding to the first and last enhancement regions encountered. These
regions showed the highest primary energies, the highest intensities of low-energy fluxes, and
4
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were measured at the lowest altitudes.
The absorption observed by the ground-based riometer may be a class of morning absorption
event known as "slowly varying absorption" (SVA) [Stauning, 1996] in which 'clouds' of
energetic electrons are created or injected on closed field lines in the night sector during
substorms and gradient-drift into the morning hours. They are observed during the main phase of
the substorm and one to several hours afterwards. Although this flight was not optimal because
of a failure in the atitude control system, we will continue to pursue it, in part, because of the
observation of the absorption.
ARIA 4
ARIA 4 was launched on November 27, 1995, at 0807:24 UT into a stable
midnight-sector diffuse aurora. The payload systems performed well. Data from the SPS are
shown in Figure 5. 'The top panel shows the electrons which have a broadly peaked spectrum
with a characteristic energy -4 keV initially, decreasing gradually as the payload moved
northward to about 2 keV. The only structure in the electron population is seen between 0811:46
and 0812:58 UT (corresponding to an altitude range of 234 km to 203 km). It may be associated
with either waves or a potential structure above this location and will be investigated further.
Positive ions are shown in the second panel. At instrument turn-on, they had
characteristic energies of 20-30 keV which decreased throughout the course of the flight to about
10 keV. As with the electrons, the ions also decreased in intensity throughout the flight.
Because of the stable nature ofthe precipitation at the time of the ARIA 4 flight, this is an
excellent data set for studying the relationships between particle energy input and subsequent
atmospheric effects such as the production of secondary electrons and auroral optical emissions.
Initial results of such a study are the subject of a Spring AGU paper, Strickland et al. (1996). A
paper by Strickland et al. (1997) which studies the information content of the O/N 2 ratio emission
brightness ratios that result from electron impact on the atmosphere, submitted for publication,
has now been accepted.
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
Several studies dealing with the particle and optical measurements and their effect on upper
atmospheric composition and winds are underway. It is expected that there are several more
publications that result from these investigations. An ARIA science team meeting will be held in
the spring of 1997 to examine all the ARIA data and to review the status of our papers. When the
papers are submitted for publication, a copy will be sent to the NASA program office.
CALIBRATION AND INSTRUMENTATION ISSUES
The same SPS has been flown on all four of the ARIA payloads. The flights covered the time
9
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period from March 3, 1992 to November 27, 1996. The instrument was calibrated at Southwest
Research before the first flight, after the last flight, and at various times between flights. In
addition, the electron and ion side counting circuitry was checked in the field before each flight.
Remarkably, only small variations were recorded throughout the period. Calibration data
representing the energy resolution, the deflection constant, and the throughput constant
normalized to the ARIA-1 measurements are shown in Table 1. The throughput constant is used
to adjust the geometric factor (1.79 x 10-4 cm 2 sr) for measured variations in detector throughput
and is based on the peak value of a spectral measurement of a Ni63 beta source calibration
standard.
Examination of the SPS after the ARIA 4 flight indicated difficulty with either the re-entry
or the landing of the. payload or both. In numerous locations on some of the coated internal
surfaces, there were pinpoint sized spots that visually contrasted with the otherwise relatively
uniform gray ofthe.Aquadag coating. These were examined under an optical microscope with
two types of illumination. Conclusions were that the spots were corrosion products that had
erupted through the Aquadag coating. It is speculated that moisture accumulated in the cavity
behind the cover, either by direct entry of liquid water or, more likely, by condensation of
atmospheric humidity. If this occurred, then surface impurities would have been activated by the
presence of moisture, leading to corrosion at sites where a crack or thin spot in the Aquadag
coating overlaid a fault in the Alodine finish.
The investigation suggests (a) that we undergo more stringent handling procedures,
particularly in preparing the Alodined surfaces for Aquadag treatment, and Co) that in future
launch campaigns more attention be given to keeping the payload dry as it is being transported
from the impact site back to the launch site.
In spite of the rough re-entry and landing of ARIA 4, post-flight calibration at SwRI
indicated almost no change in SPS calibrations between the ARIA 3 post-flight calibrations of
February 7, 1995, and the ARIA 4 post-flight calibrations done on January 6,1996. The same
channel multipliers were used on both flights and, in fact, were not removed from the SPS
between flights.
PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
The following presentations were made at meetings of the AGU during the grant period.
"Particle Measurements During the ARIA Rocket Campaign," J.R. Sharber, R.A. Frahm, J.
Scherrer, J.D. Winningham, G.G. Sivjee, and A.B. Christensen, presented at the 1993 Spring
AGU Meeting, abstract in EOS, 74, 16, 221, 1993.
"Photometer and Spectrometer Observations During the ARIA Rocket Flight," J.H. Heeht, A.B.
Christensen, D.J. Gutierrez, J.R. Sharber, W.E. Sharp, and D.J. Strickland, presented at the 1993
Spring AGU Meeting, abstract in EOS, 74, 16, 221, 1993.
11
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"E-Region Neutral Zonal Winds in the Postmidnight Diffuse Aurora During the ARIA-1 Rocket
Campaign," D.G. Brinkman, RL. Walterscheid, L.R. Lyons, J.R. Sharber, and MF. Larsen,
presented at the 1993 Spring AGU Meeting, abstract in EOS, 74, 16, 221, 1993.
"Langmuir Probe Measurements on ARIA-l", P.C. Anderson, J.R. Sharber, and G.G. Sivjee,
(poster), presented at the 1993 Spring AGU Meeting, abstract in EOS, 74, 16, 223, 1993.
"Observations of Primary and Secondary Electron Spectra in the Diffuse Aurora," J.R. Sharber,
R. A. Frahm, A. B. Christensen, D. J. McEwen, J. H. Hecht, K Huang, D. J. Strickland,
presented at the Fall Meeting of the AGU, abstract in EOS Fall Supplement, 75, 487, 1994.
"Substorm Associated Particle and Joule Heating in the Diffuse Aurora," P. C. Anderson, A. B.
Christensen, P. R. Straus, and J. R. Sharber, presented at the Fall Meeting of the AGU, abstract in
EOSFall Supplement, 75, 487, 1994.
"Substorm Associated Particle and Joule Heating in the Aurora," P.C. Anderson, A.B.
Christensen, J.H. Hecht, J.R. Sharber, and D.J. Strickland, presented at the American Geophysical
Union, Spring Annual Meeting, abstract in EOS Spring Supplement, S 189, 1996.
"Rocket and Ground-Based Measurements of Composition Change in the Lower Thermosphere
Near Poker Flat Alaska During the ARIA Rocket Flights," J.H. Hecht, A.B. Christensen, D.J.
Strickland, and J.R. Sharber, presented at the American Geophysical Union, Spring Annual
Meeting, abstract in EOS Spring Supplement, S 189, 1996.
"A Comparison of Observed and Optically Inferred Neutral Atmospheric Scale Heights During
the ARIA/Kayser-II Rocket Flight," P.R. Straus, J.H. Heeht, A.B. Christensen, J.R. Sharber, and
D.J. Strickland, presented at the American Geophysical Union, Spring Annual Meeting, abstract
in EOS Spring Supplement, S 190, 1996.
"Analysis of Particle and Zenith Viewing Optical Data from the ARIA I and IV Auroral Rocket
Experiments," D.J. Strickland, T. Majeed, J.H. Hecht, A.B. Christensen, and J.R. Sharber,
presented at the American Geophysical Union, Spring Annual Meeting, abstract in EOS Spring
Supplement, S 190, 1996.
The following papers have been published during the grant period:
"The ARIA I Rocket Campaign," P.C. Anderson, A.B.Christensen, J.R. Sharber, P.R. Straus, J.H.
Hecht, M.F. Larsen, D.C. Kayser, D.J. McEwen, W.E. Sharp, J.A. Koehler, G.G. Sivjee, L.R.
Lyons, D.J. Gutierrez, and J.D. Winningham, Jr. Geophys. Res., 100, 17265-17283, 1995.
"Observations of the Neutral Atmosphere Between 100 and 200 km Using ARIA Rocketborne
and Ground-Based Instruments," J.H. Hecht, A.B. Christensen, D.J. Gutierrez, D.C. Kayser,
W.E. Sharp, J.R. Sharber, JD. Winningham, R.A. Frahm, D.J. Strickland, and D.J. McEwen, J.
13
Geophys. Res., 100, 17285-17298, 1995.
"E-Region Neutral Zonal Winds in the Post-Midnight Diffuse Aurora During the ARIA I Rocket
Campaign," D.G. Brinkman, R.L. Waltersheid, L.R. Lyons, D.C. Kayser, A.B. Christensen, J.R.
Sharber, R.A. Frahm, M.F. Larsen, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17309-17320, 1995.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Under this grant two instruments, a sott particle spectrometer and a Langmuir probe, were
refurbished and calibrated, and flown on three instrumented rocket payloads as part of the
Aerospace Magnetosphere/Thermosphere Coupling program. The flights took place at the Poker
Flat Research Range on February 12, 1994 (T O = 1316:00 UT), February 2, 1995 (T O = 1527:20
UT), and November 27, 1995 (T O = 0807:24 UT). In this report the observations of the particle
instrumentation flown on all three of the flights are described, and brief descriptions of relavent
geophysical activity for each flight are provided. Calibrations of the particle instrumentation for
all ARIA flights are also provided. The instruments were successfully flown on all the ARIA
flights and therefore contributed in a major way to the success of the entire program. As a
measure of this success, the grant investigators have, to date, contributed as co-authors to 10
AGU presentations and three published papers.
REFERENCES
Anderson, P.C., A.B. Christensen, J.R. Sharber, P.R. Straus, J.H.Hecht, M.F. Larsen, D.C.
Kayser, D.J. MeEwen, W.E. Sharp, J.A. Koehler, G.G. Sivjee, L.R. Lyons, D.J. Gutierrez, and
J.D. Winningham, The ARIA I Rocket Campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17265-17283, 1995.
Brinkman, D.G., R.L. Waltersheid, L.R. Lyons, D.C. Kayser, A.B. Christensen, J.R. Sharber,
R.A. Frahm, M.F. Larsen, E-Region Neutral Zonal Winds in the Post-Midnight Diffuse Aurora
During the ARIA I Rocket Campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17309-17320, 1995.
Hecht, J.H., A.B. Christensen, D.J. Gutierrez, D.C. Kayser, W.E. Sharp, J.R. Sharber, J.D.
Winningham, R.A. Frahm, D.J. Strickland, and D.J. McEwen, Observations of the Neutral
Atmosphere Between 100 and 200 km Using ARIA Rocketborne and Ground-Based Instruments,
J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17285-17298, 1995.
Larson, M. F., and R. L. Walterscheid, Modified geostrophy in the thermosphere, G. Geophys.
Res., 100, 17,321-17,329, 1995.
Stauning, Peter, Investigations of ionospheric radio wave absorption processes using imaging
riometer techniques, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 753-764, 1966.
Strickland, D.J., T. Majeed, J.H. Hecht, A.B. Christensen, and J.R. Sharber, Analysis of Particle
14
andZenithViewingOpticalDatafrom the ARIA I and IV Auroral Rocket Experiments, abstract
in EOS Spring Supplement, S 190, 1996.
Strickland, D. L., T. Majeed, A. B. Christensen, and J. H. Hecht, Remote sensing of atomic
oxygen in auroral rocket experiments using topside zenith viewing O/N 2 brightness ratios,
accepted for publication in Geophys. Res. Lett., 1997.
15


Soft Particle Spectrometer, Langmuir Probe, and Data Analysis for Aerospace Magnetospheric/Thermospheric Coupling Rocket Program

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