research
Collateral Damage: Trade Disruption and the Economic Impact of War
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Abstract
Conventional wisdom in economic history suggests that conflict between countries can be
enormously disruptive of economic activity, especially international trade. Yet nothing is known
empirically about these effects in large samples. We study the effects of war on bilateral trade for
almost all countries with available data extending back to 1870. Using the gravity model, we
estimate the contemporaneous and lagged effects of wars on the trade of belligerent nations and
neutrals, controlling for other determinants of trade. We find large and persistent impacts of wars
on trade, and hence on national and global economic welfare. A rough accounting indicates that such
costs might be of the same order of magnitude as the """"direct"""" costs of war, such as lost human
capital, as illustrated by case studies of World War I and World War II.trade