Brown, Peter

Cooke, Bill

Moorhead, Althea

Shrbeny, Lukas

Spurny, Pavel

NASA Technical Reports Server

The 2014 κ Cygnid meteor outburst
Althea Moorhead
NASA Meteoroid Environment Office
November 19, 2015
Collaborators:
Peter Brown (UWO)
Pavel Spurny´ (Ondˇrejov Obs.)
Bill Cooke (NASA MEO)
Luka´sˇ Shrbeny´ (Ondˇrejov Obs.)
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150016187 2019-08-31T07:00:46+00:00Z
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
History
Historical observations:
1869: First observed (Denza)
1893: Outburst (Denning)
1922: Observed by three separate groups
1993: Outburst reported by Jenniskens
Seen off and on in other years
Recent observations:
2007: Moderate CMOR activity
2014: Strong activity in all-sky, wide-field, CMOR, European
Network.
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 2/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Publication history
Jones et al. (2006):
Argued for up to 5 sub-streams, including the γ Draconids
Identified several parent candidates including 2001 MG1
Jenniskens et al. (2008):
Argued for 2008 ED69 as a potential parent body
Hypothesizes a recently dead comet to match KCG “fragility”
Mentions proximity to 2:1 resonance
The high-resolution trajectories we have for this year’s KCGs
enable us to do an improved characterization of the stream’s
dynamics
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 3/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2014 Outburst:
NASA All-Sky Fireball Network
Southern Ontario Meteor Network
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 4/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2014 Outburst:
Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 5/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2014 Outburst:
European Network (Czech portion)
Image provided by Pavel Spurny´
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 6/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Activity profile
0 50 100 150 200
0
50
100
150
λ
wa
ve
let
co
effi
cie
nt
2014
2011
2007
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 7/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Meteor properties
!"#$ %&'#$
vg ∼ 24 km/s
short trajectories
multiple flares
“cometary” properties
Despite short, flaring trajectories,
we obtained 75 high quality
(δvg ≤ 0.3 km/s) KCG
trajectories:
69 from CMOR
16 from the European Network
5 from NASA & SOMN
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 8/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Diffuse radiant
Diffuse radiant makes membership determination tricky
0 90 180 270 360
−45
0
45
90
RA (◦)
de
c.
(◦
)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 9/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Shower member selection
Method 1: Use established shower orbit(s) to select members
D ≤ 0.125
D2 =
(∆q
Σq
)2
+
(∆e
Σe
)2
+
( Ia,b
pi
)2
+ e¯2
(
θa,b
pi
)2
(Drummond 1981)
2 3 4 5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a (au)
st
ac
ke
d
pr
ob
.
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 10/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Shower member selection
Method 2: Use observed radiant and velocity to select shower
members
130 140 150 160
160
180
λ (◦)
λ
−
λ

(◦
)
2 3 4 5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a (au)
st
ac
ke
d
pr
ob
.
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 11/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Peaks near resonances
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
3:1 9:4 2:1 5:3 4:3
a (au)
st
ac
ke
d
pr
ob
.
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 12/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Division into subgroups
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 2 3
a (au)
st
ac
ke
d
pr
ob
.
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 13/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Division into subgroups
“Later” KCGs have higher inclination and eccentricity
Group a e i (◦) ω (◦) Ω (◦)
1 2.53 0.62 33.7 204.7 143.5
2 3.00 0.68 34.7 202.2 143.4
3 3.59 0.73 36.8 202.5 146.3
(Jopek et al. 2008)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 14/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Parent body search
Use D parameter to rank objects from JPL Small Body
Database.
2002 LV and 2001 MG1 closest matches
Also among the brightest (2008 ED69 has similar H)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.05
0.1
0.15
20
02
LV
20
01
M
G1
20
05
LP
40
20
09
Q
J9
20
02
M
S3
20
09
O
Z4
20
10
Q
A5
20
06
Q
K
33
20
02
JY
8
20
12
K
U4
2
1
rank
D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
01
M
G1
20
02
LV
20
09
Q
J9
20
10
Q
A5
20
02
M
S3
20
09
O
Z4
20
05
LP
40
20
02
JY
8
20
12
Q
V1
7
20
06
Q
K
33
2
rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
01
M
G1
20
02
LV
20
10
Q
A5
20
09
O
Z4
20
09
Q
J9
20
12
LL
9
20
02
M
S3
20
12
Q
V1
7
20
04
M
X2
20
03
BK
47
3
rank
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 15/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2008 ED69
Descending node pattern
−2 −1 0 1 2−2
−1
0
1
x (au)
y
(a
u)
0
20
00
40
00
60
00
ye
ar
sa
go
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 16/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2008 ED69
Descending node pattern
−2 −1 0 1 2−2
−1
0
1
x (au)
y
(a
u)
728 JENNISKENS & VAUBAILLON Vol. 136
Figure 4. The position of the descending node in 2008, in ecliptic coordinates, of particles that were ejected from the backward integrated (38-day) orbit of 2008
ED69 in 4000 BC, 2000 BC, 1 AD, and 1001 AD, corresponding to three nutation cycles, two cycles, one cycle, and half a cycle from the present epoch.
Figure 5. The distribution of nodes at Earth’s orbit for particles ejected in 4000 BC, 2000 BC, and 1 AD, expressed in terms of the solar longitude of Earth arriving at
the node. The model calculations are compared to the 1981–1991 averaged kappa Cygnid Zenith Hourly Rate activity curve derived by Jenniskens (1994).
Jenniskens & Vaubaillon
(2008)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 17/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2008 ED69
Simulated meteor radiants
150 200 250
−20
0
20
40
60
80
λ− λ (◦)
β
(◦
)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 18/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2002 LV
Descending node pattern
−2 −1 0 1 2−2
−1
0
1
x (au)
y
(a
u)
0
20
00
40
00
60
00
ye
ar
sa
go
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 19/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2002 LV
Simulated meteor radiants
150 200 250
−20
0
20
40
60
80
λ− λ (◦)
β
(◦
)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 20/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2001 MG1
Descending node pattern
−2 −1 0 1 2−2
−1
0
1
x (au)
y
(a
u)
0
20
00
40
00
60
00
ye
ar
sa
go
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 21/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
2001 MG1
Simulated meteor radiants
150 200 250
−20
0
20
40
60
80
λ− λ (◦)
β
(◦
)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 22/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Simulated meteor times and velocities
120 140 160
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
λ (◦)
20 30 40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
vg (km/s)
obs.
ED69
MG1
LV
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 23/ 24
History and 2014 Outburst
Shower Characteristics
Parent Body Search
Summary
2014 KCG outburst was observed over a broad size range,
many networks (3 optical, 1 radar)
Characterized activity profile, radiant drift, stream orbit,
orbital element distributions
History and a distribution point towards resonances
Several asteroids resemble the stream, none match perfectly
2008 ED69 2002 LV 2001 MG1
meteoroid transfer low high high
timing mixed too early good
velocity a little high too low too low
radiant very poor poor poor (hits peak)
Moorhead 2014 KCG Outburst 24/ 24


The 2014 kappa Cygnid Meteor Outburst

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