Bulzan, Dan

Del Rosario, Ruben

Koudelka, John

Madavan, Nateri

Wahls, Rich

NASA Technical Reports Server

1 
Fundamental Aeronautics Program!
Subsonic Fixed Wing Project!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov!
Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment II  (AAFEX II) Overview!
Dr. Rubén Del Rosario, Project Manager!
Mr. John Koudelka, Deputy Project Manager!
Dr. Rich Wahls, Project Scientist!
Dr. Nateri Madavan, Deputy Project Scientist!
Dr. Dan Bulzan, Technical Lead Clean Power and Propulsion!
Interagency Working Group – Alternative Fuels!
September 19, 2012!
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150010381 2019-08-31T08:10:13+00:00Z
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
NASA Aeronautics Programs!
Fundamental 
Aeronautics 
Program 
Aviation Safety Program 
Airspace Systems 
Program 
Integrated 
Systems 
Research 
Program 
Aeronautics Test Program 
2 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
Fundamental Aeronautics Program!
Goal: 
To achieve technological capabilities necessary to overcome 
national challenges in air transportation including reduced 
noise, emissions, and fuel consumption, increased mobility 
through a faster means of transportation, and the ability to 
ascend/descend at very high speeds through atmospheres.  
Subsonic Rotary Wing (SRW) 
Enable radical changes in the transportation system through 
advanced concept rotary wing vehicles 
3 
Subsonic Fixed Wing (SFW) 
Explore and develop tools, technologies, concepts, and knowledge for 
improved energy efficiency and environmental compatibility for sustained 
growth of commercial aviation 
Supersonics (SUP) 
Develop tools, technologies and knowledge to overcome the 
environmental & performance barriers to practical civil supersonic 
airliners. 
Hypersonics (HYP) 
Develop tools, technologies and knowledge to enable hypersonic air-breathing 
vehicles and high-mass entry into planetary atmospheres.  
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
Enduring 
Challenges!
SFW: Diversified Portfolio Addressing N+3 Goals!
Tailored 
 Fuselage 
Tools 
High AR 
Elastic 
Wing 
Propulsion 
Airframe 
Integration 
Hybrid 
Electric 
Propulsion 
Alternative 
Fuels 
Quiet, 
Simplified 
High-Lift 
Technical 
Challenges!
High Eff. 
Small Gas 
Generator 
SX/PX 
Rim 
1500F 
PM 
Bore 
1300F 
Reduce Drag, Weight, TSEC, Emissions and Noise!
N+3  
Vehicle!
Concepts!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
AAFEX-II Experiment and Data Dissemination!
PROBLEM!
Need to determine effects of synthetic alternative fuels on aircraft emissions!
OBJECTIVE!
Perform static aircraft engine testing using Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) 
and other fuels to determine effects on engine performance and emissions. 
Also, examine methodologies for particle sampling to assist the SAE –E-31 
Aircraft Particle Measurement Subcommittee in developing a standard particle 
sampling technique.!
APPROACH!
Utilize the NASA DC-8 aircraft at the Dryden Operational Facility in Palmdale, 
CA to perform emissions testing using various alternative fuels and a JP-8 
reference fuel, and obtain gaseous, solid, and aerosol samples for analysis at 1, 
30, and 150 meters downstream of the aircraft engine exhaust.  !
RESULTS!
•  Over 30 hours of engine testing conducted in April 2011 with participants from NASA LaRC, DFRC, and GRC, FAA, AFRL, 
AEDC, MST, NAVY AESO, EPA, P&W, GE, RR, UTRC, PSU, as well as several particle measurement instrument 
companies. !
•  Gaseous and particulate emissions obtained for neat HRJ, HRJ/JP-8 blend, JP-8, F-T low sulfur, and F-T high sulfur fuels.!
•  Results showed that HRJ fuel and blends had minor effects on gaseous emissions. No effect on engine performance was 
evident within the accuracy of the data. Volatile and non-volatile combustion generated particulates substantially reduced 
when the engine was operated on HRJ Fuel.!
•  A workshop was held in January, 2012 in Nashville, TN after the AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting where all participants 
presented their findings. An invited session was held at the AIAA JPC Meeting in August, 2012 where four invited 
presentations compared results from the AAFEX I and II experiments. !
SIGNIFICANCE!
Results will be used to determine effects of several alternative fuels and fuel sulfur on engine performance and emissions. !
Particle sampling methodology experiments will directly support SAE E-31 subcommittee development of a standard for 
particulate sampling.!
AAFEX-II Test!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
The Alternative Aviation Fuels Experiment!
•  Evaluate engine performance with alternative fuels!
•  Determine the effects of alternative fuels and ambient conditions on particulates 
and gas phase emissions!
•  Study volatile aerosols that condense in plume and impact of fuel composition!
Objectives!
Fuels Evaluated!
•  JP-8!
•  JP-8/HRJ Blend!
•  Tallow HRJ!
•  Sasol FT (coal)!
•  Sasol FT + ~1000 ppm sulfur!
 !
Engine Conditions!
•  4%, 7%, 30%, 65%, 85%, 100% of 
rated thrust!
!
NASA DC-8 Aircraft with CFM56-2C Engines	

National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
AAFEX II Engine Performance Results!
7 
No Measurable Differences in Engine Performance for the Fuels Evaluated 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
AAFEX II Neat Fuel Results!
Ambient Temperature, F
40 50 60 70 80 90
EI
H
C 
 (g
/k
g-
fu
el
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Solid Symbol: 4%
Open symbol: 7%
JP8
HRJ
FT2
HRJ Blend
FT2+THT
N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition
0 20 40 60 80 100
EI
N
O
x 
 (g
/k
g-
fu
el
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
C
C
C
C
ICAOC
JP8
HRJ
FT2
HRJ Blend
FT2+THT
Neat Fuels Caused Leaks and Had Small Subtle Effects on Gaseous Emissions 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
AAFEX-II PM Number Emissions at 1 m, 7% thrust!
15:36:38 15:38:18 15:39:58 15:41:38 15:43:18 15:44:58
0
20
40
60
80
	  
	  
R
el
at
iv
e	  
P
ar
tic
le
	  N
um
be
r	  E
m
is
so
in
s
L oca l	  T ime
	  T ota l	  P a rtic les
	  Nonvola tile
HRJ	

JP-8	

Switched to 
JP-8!
AAFEX II Particulate Emissions Results!
Alternative Fuels Substantially Reduce Particulate Emissions 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
•  Negligible effect of fuel type on engine performance when compared 
on mass measurement basis and corrected for heating value within 
accuracy of measurements!
•  Slight reduction in NOX emissions at higher power conditions for F-T 
fuel!
•  Scatter in CO and HC emissions at idle and sub-idle due more to 
temperature effects than fuel type!
•  SO2 emissions correlated directly with Sulfur in the fuel as expected!
•  Fuel leaks encountered with neat HRJ and F-T fuels!
•  Large reductions in combustion-generated particulates with HRJ fuels. 
Larger reduction at lower power settings but some reductions also 
noted at higher power!
•  Reduced fuel sulfur in the alternative fuels also reduced aerosol 
formation in the aircraft exhaust plume!
10 
AAFEX II Key Findings!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
•  AAFEX II successfully completed during April 2011 at the DFRC 
Palmad!
•  Experimental findings and data disseminated at two workshops 
(copies of presentation attached as reference):!
–  January, 2012 in Nashville, TN after the AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting where 
all participants presented their findings. !
–  48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (30 July to 1 August, 
2012), session 168-GEPC/GTE-19.  Presentations by: Anderson, et. al, Bulzan, et. 
al, Corporan, et. Al., and Miake-Lye, et. al.)!
•  Copies of additional presentations at recent CAAFI, FAA ACCRI, and 
CRC Aviation Meetings also available as records!
•  Written publications including NASA TMs, conference papers, and 
journal articles currently being finalized with publication dates within 
the next 12 months.!
11 
Concluding Remarks!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
Alternative Fuel Effects on 
Contrails and Cruise 
EmiSSions--ACCESS !
Airborne Version of AAFEX	

National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
ACCESS Objectives!
1.  Characterize fuel effects on aircraft particle and gas 
phase emissions at cruise altitudes!
2.  Examine the evolution (growth, changes in composition/
microphysical properties) of exhaust and contrail 
particles as plumes age and become mixed with 
background air.!
3.  Investigate the role of black carbon concentrations and 
properties and fuel sulfur in regulating contrail formation 
and the microphysical properties of the ice particles.!
4.  Survey black carbon and gas-phase emissions and 
contrail properties from commercial aircraft at cruise in 
air-traffic corridors!
National Aeronautics and Space Administration!
www.nasa.gov 
Chase Aircraft In Situ Measurements!
Gas Phase!
•  CO2 , H2O, NOx, CO,  Detailed Hydrocarbons (can samples)!
!
Aerosols!
•  Total and nonvolatile number densities and size distributions!
•  Black carbon mass and size distribution!
!
!
Clouds!
•  Particle size distributions and images!
•  Ice water content!
•  Extinction coefficient!
!
!
Aircraft/State Parameters!
•  Total and static P and T!
•  Forward video!
•  3D winds!
Falcon 20!


Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment II (AAFEX II) Overview

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