Discussions on SMA materials challenges and collaboration opportunities, State-of-the-Art and Futur

Benafan, Othmane

NASA Technical Reports Server

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
A Decade of SMA Activities at NASA-GRC, Material 
Challenges, and Future Prospects
Othmane Benafan– NASA Glenn
High Temperature & Smart Alloys Branch
Materials and Structures Division
HIGH TEMPERATURE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY RESEARCH and TECHNOLOGY  
(HT-SMART)
Mar. 24, 2015 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150022408 2019-08-31T05:27:51+00:00Z
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2
It Takes a Team…
 Neutron/synchrotron diffraction
 HTSMAs characterization  
 Superelastic/bearing alloys
 Lattice deformation theory
 Constitutive modeling
 Alloy development
 Mechanical Characterization   Single crystals  
 SMA machining   
 HTSMA Microstructure 
 Modeling 
 Atom probes 
 Microstructure  
10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
nm mm mmÅ m
10-1 100
STRUCTURAL SCALE
(COMPONENTS) 
MICRO-SCALE 
(MICROSTRUCTURES) 
ATOMIC SCALE
(NANOMATERIALS)
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• Ron Noebe 
• Santo Padula II 
• Glen Bigelow 
• Anita Garg
• Darrell Gaydosh
• Timothy Halsmer
• Othmane Benafan 
• (Branch Chief: Joyce Dever)
3
NASA SMA Team
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• Materials: 
– Develop new shape memory alloys ranging from cryogenic to high temperature for use 
in adaptive structures, and  lightweight, solid-state  actuation systems . 
– Adjust material properties though alloying, processing, and thermo mechanical 
understanding.
– Identify methods to establish good stability, durability, workability,  and work output 
amongst others 
• Infrastructure:
– Develop laboratory testing capability and methods to evaluate and characterize SMA 
properties/ performance.
– Generate material(s) data sheets and databases
– Determine test standards/methodologies 
– Component or subcomponent testing/modeling
• Applications:
– Identify/build applications to benefit the aeronautics and space design challenges
– Design methodologies
– Commercialization 
Our Goals – Materials, Infrastructure, Applications 
4
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
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6
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
Durability
• Loading history
• Functional fatigue 
• Structural fatigue 
High transformation 
temperatures
• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability 
• Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification
• Testing standards 
• Material certification
• Database  
Workability/Processing
• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment 
Modeling
• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients  
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7
Metals
NiTi, NiTiFe, NiTiNb, NiTiCu, NiTiPd, 
NiFeGa, NiTiCo CuZn, CuZnAl, CuAlNi, 
CuAlNiMn, CuSn FePt, FeMnSi, FeNiC
NiTiHf, NiTiZr, TiNiPd, TiNiPt, 
ZrRh, ZrCu, ZrCu NiCo, 
ZrCuNi CoTi, TiMo, TiNb,
TiTa, TiAu, UNb, TaRu, NbRu, 
FeMnSi
AgCd
AuCd
CoNiAl
Magnetic/Ferromagnetic 
NiMnGa, FePd, NiMnAl, 
FePt, Dy, Tb, LaSrCuO, 
ReCu, NiMnIn, CoNiGa
Polymers 
Ceramics 
PTFE, PU, Poly-caprolactone, EVA + nitrile 
rubber, PE, Poly-cyclooctene, PCO– CPE blend 
PCL–BA copolymer, Poly(ODVE)-co-BA, 
EVA + CSM, PMMA,
Copolyesters, PET-PEG
ZrO2 (PSZ), MgO, 
CeO2, PLZT, PNZST
Others
Thin films, hybrids…
55 Years after Nitinol Discovery 
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Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys (HTSMAs) 
Ma et al. (2010) 
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9
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
NiTi –Based HTSMAs 
NiTiHf NiTiPd
temperature (°C)
st
ra
in
 (
%
)
G. Bigelow
temperature (°C)
st
ra
in
 (
%
)
NiTiPt
R. Noebe
NiTiAu
temperature (°C)
st
ra
in
 (
%
)
G. Bigelow
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10
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
HTSMAs Summary 
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Materials – High and Low Temperature SMA
0 °C
Low Temperature SMAs
NiTi
NiTiFe
NiTiCo/Cr
NiTiCu
NiTiHf/Zr
High Temperature SMAs
NiTiHf
NiTiZr
NiTiPd
NiTiPt
NiTiAu
Cold Hot
11
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12
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
Durability
• Loading history
• Functional fatigue 
• Structural fatigue 
High transformation 
temperatures
• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability 
• Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification
• Testing standards 
• Material certification
• Database  
Workability/Processing
• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment 
Modeling
• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients  
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13
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
How about Dimensional Stability?
How to make the material/actuator stable?
• Solution 1: Thermomechanical “training” (e.g., cycling, reverse 
loading…)
• Solution 2: Alloying and microstructural control (e.g., 
precipitation hardening, grain refinemnt)
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Thermomechanical Testing 
Uniaxial (tension/compression)   
Torsion 
Multiaxial 
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cooling
heating
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Isobaric cyclic  
Isothermal cyclic
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heating
cooling
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T = 3.4 N.m
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Control mode: torque/load
(a)
• Proportional/non-proportional    
loading
• 3D strain measurement
• Torque/force/twist/displacement 
control capability  
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temperature (ºC)
Isostrain cyclic 
Geometries 
Hot grip testing 
14
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Thermomechanical Testing 
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Microstructural Control towards Stability
(400)H
ZA:[110]B2||[010]H
(001)B2
200nm
500nm
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{110}
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-0.5
d-spacing (Å)
1               1.5               2               2.5               3
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.u
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(b)
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As
Af
Ms
Mf
(1
0
0
) A
(1
1
0
) A
(1
11
) A
(2
1
0
) A
(2
2
1
) A
(2
11
) A
(0
11
) M
(1
0
0
) M
(1
1
0
) M
(1
11
) M
(1
1
0
) M
(1
11
) M
(1
0
2
) M
(0
3
0
) M
(2
0
2
) M
(3
2
0
) A
re
ta
in
ed
 B
1
9
' 
As
neutron
5
5
N
iT
i
N
iT
iP
d
N
iT
iH
f
OutcomeIn situ diffractionElectron diffraction
10 nm precipitates 
20 nm precipitates 
114M,T
110T
002T
112T
110M
002M112M
16
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17
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
Durability
• Loading history
• Functional fatigue 
• Structural fatigue 
High transformation 
temperatures
• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability 
• Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification
• Testing standards 
• Material certification
• Database  
Workability/Processing
• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment 
Modeling
• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients  
www.nasa.gov
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lf
Li
18
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
How about Durability/Fatigue?
• Loss of actuation strain
• Shifts in transformation characteristics (Hysteresis, temperatures…) 
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19
Durability Assessment Underway…
Data exists up to 1000’s of 
cycles, how about 1M cycles? Currently collecting durability 
data on NiTiHf tubes
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20
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
Durability
• Loading history
• Functional fatigue 
• Structural fatigue 
High transformation 
temperatures
• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability 
• Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification
• Testing standards 
• Material certification
• Database  
Workability/Processing
• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment 
Modeling
• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients  
www.nasa.gov
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
21
Processing and Workability of HTSMAs
NiTiPt
60 mil NiTi-20Pt rod
44 & 5 mil NiTiPt 
5 mil NiTiPt wire
Induction Melt 
+
Homogenization
Extrusion
Wire Drawing
Wire Grinding
Multiple-Pass Extrusion
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22
Processing and Workability of HTSMAs
NiTiHf
High temperature extrusion proved to be 
problematic (C. Wojcik 2008)
Successful hot rolled button (C. Wojcik
2008)
Successful hot extrusion (rods and tubes)
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23
Development of Shape Memory Alloys: 
Challenges and Lessons Learned  
Durability
• Loading history
• Functional fatigue 
• Structural fatigue 
High transformation 
temperatures
• Above 100 °C
• Good work output
• Thermal stability
Dimensional stability 
• Cyclic stability
• Stress-strain relationship
Certification
• Testing standards 
• Material certification
• Database  
Workability/Processing
• Ductility
• Composition control
• Heat treatment 
Modeling
• Micromechanics
• Phenomenological
• Evolutions/transients  
www.nasa.gov
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
24
ASTM Standards for biomedical and 
or superelastic
• F2004-05
• F2005-05
• F2063-05
• F2082-06
• F2516-07 
• F2633-07
Certification and Test Standards 
ASTM Standards for SMA Actuation
• None
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25
ASTM Standards for biomedical and 
or superelastic
• F2004-05
• F2005-05
• F2063-05
• F2082-06
• F2516-07 
• F2633-07
Certification and Test Standards 
ASTM Standards for SMA Actuation
• None
Deliver the first ever regulatory agency-accepted material specification and test standards 
for shape memory alloys as employed as actuators for commercial and military aviation
applications
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Promoting Growth of SMA Technologies….
26
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Applications of SMAs
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Some SMA Components 
28
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Shape Memory Alloy Applications 
Space
SMA Bellows
o Dynamic sealing 
o Fluid handling 
o Flexibility (structure alignment)
SMA Spring Tire
o Superelastic technology
o Lunar rovers
o Terrestrial tires 
ti al eronautics and Space Administration
SMA Thermal Switch
o Thermal management
o Clean & spark-free operation 
o Passive or active control
SMA Bearings
o Corrosion resistant 
o Non-galling properties
o High yield  
SMA Docking Coupling 
o Cryogenic transfer coupling
o Orbital propellant depots
o Propellant handling/protection 
RXN
SMA rock splitters 
29
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Shape Memory Alloy Applications 
Aeronautics 
ti al eronautics and Space Administration
Adaptive Fan Blade 
o Embedded SMA actuators
o Aerodynamic efficiency
o Specific fuel consumption reduction 
SMA Cellular Structures 
o Airframe and engine 
components
o Morphing airfoils 
o Light weight trusses 
+
A
Variable Area Nozzle 
o High bypass turbofan
o SMA torque tubes provide flap rotation 
o Engine noise reduction
CDI
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission.
o SMA Pinpullers (From TiNi Aerospace) were used to secure
and release deployables
30
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31
Thank You 


A Decade of SMA Activities at NASA-GRC, Material Challenges, and Future Prospects

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