In Formula 1 racing, there is a strong motive for reducing component weight and thereby improving efficiency. This paper demonstrates the advantages e-Manufacturing brings to the production of hydraulic components. The DMLS production technique would enable weight reductions to be attained by its geometric design freedom coupled with this material’s attributes. The use of EOS Titanium Ti64 material for hydraulic components has been assessed by a hydraulic soak test at 25 MPa and no significant losses or failure occurred. The benefits to the efficiency of hydraulic flow have been measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and the use of DMLS designed geometry has improved flow characteristics by 250% over that of the currently used techniques of manufacturing channels and bores

Cooper, David E.

Gibbons, Gregory John

Kibble, Kevin A.

Stanford, Mark

Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository

http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk           Original citation: Cooper, D. E., Gibbons, Gregory John, Stanford, M. and Kibble, K. A. (2009) E-Manufacturing for product improvement at Red Bull technology. In: 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR' 09), University of Warwick, UK, 8-10 Sep 2009  Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72630                        Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions.  Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners.  To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.  Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for profit purposes without prior permission or charge.  Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.  A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version.  Please see the ‘permanent WRAP url’ above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: publications@warwick.ac.uk  The 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR09) University of Warwick, UK, September 8-10, 2009     Abstract— In Formula 1 racing, there is a strong motive for reducing component weight and thereby improving efficiency. This paper demonstrates the advantages e-Manufacturing brings to the production of hydraulic components. The DMLS production technique would enable weight reductions to be attained by its geometric design freedom coupled with this material’s attributes. The use of EOS Titanium Ti64 material for hydraulic components has been assessed by a hydraulic soak test at 25 MPa and no significant losses or failure occurred. The benefits to the efficiency of hydraulic flow have been measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and the use of DMLS designed geometry has improved flow characteristics by 250% over that of the currently used techniques of manufacturing channels and bores. I. INTRODUCTION HE process of DMLS e-Manufacturing is one of a number of Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) processes in which 3D components or parts are constructed by the layer-additive addition of material directly from CAD data. ALM removes the shackles of reliance on mould tools, and offers the potential for virtually unlimited complexity and design freedom, allowing the manufacture of complex internal structure and freeform geometry. In DMLS (EOS GmbH), a high power laser is used to melt a powder feed-stock to form fully dense metallic parts.  The use of DMLS gives design and manufacturing freedom without the restrictions of traditional machining processes, bringing with it the benefit of lighter components, and, for hydraulic components, an ability to enhance internal flow paths, thus greatly improving the flow characteristics and ultimately resulting in less energy demanded of the engine by the hydraulic systems. The additive layer process of DMLS e-Manufacturing in this respect could be advantageous to many component designs throughout the Formula 1 racing environment. Although current F1 race teams are capable of producing a car with a mass less than 605 kg (the FIA minimum [1]), the advantageous weight reduction which is to be gained utilising DMLS would then                                                           Manuscript received April 28, 2009. This work was supported in part by Red Bull Technology, EOS UK Ltd, and the School of Engineering, University of Warwick).  David. E. Cooper is with the School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL UK (e-mail: d.e.cooper@ warwick.ac.uk).  Gregory. J. Gibbons is with the WMG, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL UK (phone: 24 7652 2524; fax: 24 7657 5365; e-mail: g.j.gibbons@warwick.ac.uk).  Mark.  Stanford, is with the School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, Shropshire TF2 9NT UK (e-mail: m.stanford@wlv.ac.uk). Kevin. A. Kibble  is with the School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, Telford, Shropshire TF2 9NT UK (e-mail: k.a.kibble@wlv.ac.uk). allow the designers to apportion the mass gained in other areas or components of the car, to help improve reliability of other components. Currently, most hydraulic components are designed for and manufactured mainly from aluminium billet by 5-axis CNC machining and other processes, typically including drilling and spark erosion.  DMLS technology has moved the concept of Rapid Prototyping [2] into the realm of real time manufacturing of metal components which have been proven for use within some of the most demanding environments and applications to be found [3]-[5]. One attractive aspect of DMLS is that design and production costs do not rise exponentially with the potential complexity of the design [6]. Engineers have been hesitant in embracing DMLS technology having reservations about the material’s mechanical integrity, density and the repeatability of the DMLS process. These aspects will be reviewed and discussed in this paper. Red Bull Technology identified a desire to explore the application of the DMLS process in the design and manufacture of their hydraulic manifolds. The initial research focused on the metallurgical and mechanical aspects of the material, and then to investigate whether the DMLS process could be realistically relied upon to deliver both significantly lighter, and hydraulically more efficient manifolds than those currently produced by traditional methods, without compromising their reliability and safety. II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD A. Design and Manufacture In order to evaluate the use of DMLS for the manufacture of hydraulic components, samples suitable for pressure testing were required. Several test pipes were designed with wall thicknesses ranging from 0.5mm up to 2mm, with different cross-sections (circular, elliptical and hexagonal).  The test pieces (Figure 1) were produced using the EOSINT M270 Machine and were manufactured from EOS Titanium Ti64 powder, by the University of Wolverhampton, using the latest standard build parameters. The parts were orientated as horizontal tubes and were stress relieved at 790oC for 90 minutes and allowed to cool naturally in the furnace before being removed from the Titanium base plate by Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (Wire EDM). The remaining fettling of support structures was performed by CNC milling. In order to pressure test the samples, a thread and a smooth surface finish suitable for a Dowty seal at a pressure of 25MPa, was applied to the boss at each end using a CNC Lathe. The machinability of the E-Manufacturing for Product Improvement at Red Bull Technology David E. Cooper, Gregory J. Gibbons, Mark Stanford, and Kevin A. Kibble Tmr Fthrlocwtwcwpprp FvEomrbloMpaterial was eplacement tooig. 1.  DMLS partB. Pressure Pressure testse material coace car’s hydrsses in pressonstructed, whhich served bo thermocoupatastrophic faas an electrressurised byump. The systegards to comressure leaks. ig. 2.  Pressure talve. ach test pieceven temperataximum operate of 10oC/miy 2.5 MPa, hegged throughPa this beinressure. OnceThfound to be ling employeds both pre (a) and Testing  were undertauld withstandaulic systemsure due to poich comprisedoth as an ovenles) and also ilure. Incorpoonic pressure  a double acem design waponents and c est rig, twin walle was connecteure was raisating temperan. The pressurld at each leve the pressure g 3 MPa ab proven at 25e 7th InternatioUnivergood, with . post (b) machinedken to establis the operating without mechrosity. A test  a twin walle (monitored aas a safety charated in the hsensor and ting hand ops deliberately monnections tod safety enclosurd to the hydraed to 140oC ture of the hye was then incl for a period sensor to a finove the appli MPa, the prnal Conferencsity of Warwistandard carb. h whether or  pressure of anical failurerig (Fig. 2) wd steel enclosnd controlled mber in case oydraulic systthe system werated hydrauinimalistic w reduce potene, pressure sensoulic rig, and this being draulic fluid arementally raiof 2 minutes, aal pressure of cation operatessure was the on Manufacck, UK, Septemide not the  or as ure by f a em as lic ith tial r & the the t a sed nd 25 ing en reducedfor an pressuregiven anC. FA FloImage VprimarildemonsprovideThe ctest pie5000, 3B.V). OemulateDMLS.A pummatched[7] so aremovinthus enliquid iLtd) (n=The pa high-frame-bindividuvector with mprovidemore acD. SuIn ordproducecontact measurein Vert611.4 xE. DTo asdimensisample Measur(Faro Tparallel(±0.1mmthe samF. MSampbatch microhaOmniMhardnesturing Researcber 8-10, 200 to 24 MPa (extended “so losses. The  extended testlow Visualisatw Visualisatioelocimetry. Ty to assess ttrate the geom in producing iomparative asces, manufacD Systems Cone of the testd an historic e ped closed s the refractivs to render thg refractive abling the camdentified as a  1.511). assage of glasspeed cameray-frame usingal particles infor its movemultiple passed a best guesscurate correlatrface Roughner to assess d using the Einterferometer the surface aical Scanning 465.3 micromimensional Acsess any changonal accuracyafter buildement was mitanium arm - and perpendic), allowing aples to be asseicrohardness Tles cut from rewere hot-mordness measuet MHT (Bus number. Theh (ICMR09) 9  10% above opak” test of thinnest, 0.5m of an additionion n study was his experimenhe benefits toetric freedom nternal complsessments wetured using rp) in XC1112 pieces formedxample, the seystem was fie index of thee flow passageeffects and imera to imagematch was a s particles in t. The image the DaVis so one frame went. Using as, and decre window shiftion on the finaess Measuremthe surface roOSINT M270 (Veeco Instrut multiple poin mode, with eters. curacy Measures in their ge measuremeing and aade using a pFaro UK Ltd).ular to the saxial bending ssed.  esting presentative saunted and rement was ehler GmbH)se measuremeerating criteri20 minutes tm, samples al 30 minutes conducted usint had a twofol the flow, blayer manufacex flow passagre made by ustereolithograp2 resin (DSM with the SLAcond being delled with a fl SLA materia boundaries trproving ima the glass parSilicone Oil (Ihe fluid was res were then ftware suite, ith the next tn interrogatioasing size e from pass to l pass. [8] ent ughness of co, a Wyko NT ments Inc) wts. The systema measuremeement ometry and alnt was madefter pressureortable meas The alignmenmple’s axis wand torsional mple of each polished to made using  to obtain thnts were used  a) and left o observe were also at 24 MPa g Particle d purpose, ut also to turing can es. sing clear hy (SLA  Desotech  material signed for uid which l n=1.512 anslucent, ge clarity, ticles. The MCD UK corded by processed correlating o obtain a n window ach pass, pass and a mponents 9300 non-as used to  was used nt area of ignment, a  of each  testing. uring arm t of planes ere probed rotation of production 1μm. A a Buehler e Vickers to observe The 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR09) University of Warwick, UK, September 8-10, 2009   the consistency of production and also as baseline data for further research on the effects of finishing processes.  G. Porosity Measurement Samples were hot mounted and polished to 3μm, hydrofluoric acid etched. Optical microscopic images taken (Olympus Lext confocal microscope).  Porosity levels were measured using image analysis software (a4i, aquinto AG, Germany).  III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Pressure Testing  All of the samples (wall thicknesses 0.5 mm – 2 mm) survived without failure during the test sequence, despite the high pressures applied to them. For each sample, a consistent pressure drop (~3%) was observed during the first 5-6 minutes during pressure application. In the proceeding 20 minute test (at 24 MPa), the pressure remained constant. The initial loss was attributed as inherent in the system, as it was observed across all samples. No statistically significant pressure loss was observed for the 30 minutes extended pressure test for the 0.5 mm wall thickness samples. B. Flow Visualisation Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the average vector field across 500 frames for two cases of traditional and e-manufactured geometries. As expected, there are areas of recirculation in the traditional geometry with abrupt changes in direction reducing the flow velocity. This condition is associated with overlapping hole intersections “dead-ends” in the traditional design, an inevitability of the manufacturing, where fluid flow bores are created by drilling straight line holes, and then   capping   the   holes  with  Lee  plugs.  This  limits  the    Fig. 3.  Vector fields for traditional and e-Manufactured geometry 1. manufacture of the flow channels to straight lines only, with severe angles between the bores at intersections.     Fig. 4.  Vector fields for traditional and e-Manufactured geometry 2.   The measurements of the maximum fluid velocity at the exit and at a centre point of the flow path for the traditional and e-manufactured geometries are given in Table. 1.   Table. 1.  Fluid flow  measurements for traditional and e-manufactured geometries at centre and end points of the flow path.  Sample Traditional (m/s) e-Manufactured (m/s) [Δ%] Fig 3, exit1 1.5 3.0 100 Fig 3, exit2 1.0 2.5 150 Fig 4, centre 2.5 4.0 67 Fig 4, exit 1.0 2.5 150  The increase in fluid flow velocity is significant (up to 150% for end point and 67% for the centre point). This faster flow can be attributed directly to the kinetic energy contained within the fluid. Reduced energy losses during transport will allow more energy to be available at its destination, resulting in a lower energy input from the engine to achieve the same operating effect. The actual increases in flow rate that might be achieved in a DMLS manufactured component may not entirely compare directly with these PIV results due to differences in the channel surface texture between DMLS and SLA materials. C. Surface Roughness Results Table. 2 gives surface roughness measured at different positions around the test piece, showing significant finish variations dependent upon the location of the face relative to the build orientation. These were consistent over all the test pieces. The upper surface shows the best quality of finish, whereas the Ra of angled faces was compromised by the stair-stepping effect symptomatic of ALM processing, with The 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR09) University of Warwick, UK, September 8-10, 2009   the downward facing surface found to be rougher than the upper facing surface. The roughest surfaces were those where supporting structures were required for the DMLS build process (in this case to support the tubular section). There may exist therefore a need for post-process finishing to some areas.  Table. 2.  Surface roughness measurements for the DMLS samples.  Position Ra (μm) Top surface 3.96±0.05 Upper facing sloping surface 8.95±0.05 Lower facing sloping surface 17.50±0.05 Supported surface 27.93±0.05  Good surface finishes are particularly important to hydraulic applications, with union surfaces typically requiring machining to 0.4 μm. Also, smooth surface finishes on internal bores serve to aid in improving flow efficiency, and thus post-processing to improve the finish of internals may be necessary. However, if design and build orientation are carefully considered, the extent of the post-processing required may be reduced. D. Dimensional Accuracy Measurement Table. 3 gives the torsional and axial alignments of the samples, measured before and after pressure testing.   Table. 3.  Torsional and axial alignments for the DMLS samples.  Sample Torsional Alignment (o±0.5) Axial Alignment (o±0.5)  Pre Post [Δ] Pre Post [Δ] 0.5Tube 1.14 1.31 0.17 0.82 1.07 0.25 0.65Tube 0.69 0.94 0.25 0.7 0.68 0.02 0.85Tube 0.98 0.77 0.21 0.52 1.35 0.83 1.00 Tube 0.34 1.07 0.73 0.39 0.44 0.05 1.25Tube 0.34 0.58 0.24 0.12 1.56 1.44 1.50Tube 0.23 0.75 0.52 0.05 0.33 0.28 1.75Tube 0.49 0.37 0.12 0.13 0.28 0.15 2.00Tube 0.24 0.79 0.55 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.5Ellipse 1.64 2.33 0.69 1.19 0.81 0.38 0.5Hexagonal 0.98 2.38 1.40 0.12 0.53 0.41      Dimensional measurements prior to pressure testing show a slight distortion in the samples. The highest deviations are seen in the thinnest wall section components, most likely from stresses created during the build process due to the large differences in cross-sectional area. Measurement after pressure and temperature testing showed a small increase in torsional and axial, attributable to the torque and forces applied when fitting samples to the test rig rather than to any pressure effects.  E. Microhardness A Vickers hardness of ~350HV was established for pre-heat treated parts, with an increase to ~500HV after heat treatment, remaining consistent across all three production batches. These baseline measurements were conducted to facilitate further research into surface finishing techniques, such as anodising and electro-polishing, to quantify any effect on hardness. F. Porosity A representative cross-sectional image of one of the e-manufactured components is given in Fig. 5. The areal density of porosity was measured to be 0.28±0.05 %.  Fig. 5.  Optical micrograph of a sample of EOS Titanium 64. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their thanks to all those at Red Bull Technology (for whom the project which led to this paper was undertaken) for their invaluable assistance and insight, and our gratitude for the significant support provided by the EOS group. Also our thanks to Index Instruments for the provision of their REF 804 hand held Refractometer and to IMCD for supply of Silicone Oil used. Thanks also to Joe Nawasra at the University of Warwick Optical Engineering Laboratory for the use of their facilities and advice. REFERENCES [1] 2009 Formula One Technical Regulations : Federation Internationale de l'Automobile, 2008. Available: http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/7C4F8D883039AF6AC125757D00369C58/$FILE/1-2009_F1_TECHNICAL_REGULATIONS_Showing-Alterations_17-03-2009.pdf [2] C. C. Kai, L. K. Fai. Rapid Prototyping, Principles and Applications in Manufacturing. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 1997. [3] P. Rochus, J. Y. Plesseria, M. Van Elsen, J. P. Kruth, R. Carrus, T. Dormal. “New applications of rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing (RP/RM) technologies for space instrumentation,” Acta Astronautica, vol. 61, no. 1-6, pp. 352-359, June. 2007. [4] J. Hanninen. “DMLS moves from rapid tooling to rapid manufacturing,” Metal Powder Report, vol. no. 9, 56, pp. 24+ 26-29, Sept 2001. The 7th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR09) University of Warwick, UK, September 8-10, 2009   [5] E.C.Santos, M.Shiomi, K.Osakada, T.Laoui. “Rapid manufacture of metal components by laser forming,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 46, no. 12-13, pp. 1459-1468, Oct 2006. [6] N. Hopkinson, R. J. M. Hague, P. M. Dickens. Rapid Manufacturing, an Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. [7] DSM Desotech . Watershed XC 11122 Datasheet, 2009. Available: http://www.dsm.com/en_US/downloads/11122_Data_Sheet2.pdf. [8] LaVision Gmbh. DaVis FlowMaster Software Manual for DaVis 7.0, 2005. 

E-Manufacturing for product improvement at Red Bull technology

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E-Manufacturing for product improvement at Red Bull technology

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