As developing countries look to embrace an outward-oriented growth strategy, some may be concerned about the possibility that increased openness will be accompanied by increased volatility. However, although a more open economy may face increased volatility in its terms of trade, openness confers diversification benefits. In this note, we argue that export diversification is a key mitigating factor for the total effect of openness on volatility. More specifically, we show that most developing countries fall on the “good” side of a diversification threshold, where they are likely to experience less volatility as they pursue a strategy of greater openness.trade, openness, volatility, export, diversification, developing countries, trade policy, imports, terms of trade, development

Haddad, Mona

Lim, Jamus Jerome

Saborowski, Christian

English

Research Papers in Economics

1 POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT (PREM) NETWORK www.worldbank.org/economicpremise
MARCH 2010  • Number 6
Economic Premise
POVERTY
REDUCTION
AND ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT
NETWORK (PREM)
THE WORLD BANK
Managing Openness and Volatility: The Role of Export Diversification
Mona Haddad, Jamus Jerome Lim, Christian Saborowski1
Outward-oriented growth can have many important bene-
fits for developing countries. Access to foreign technology
and high-quality intermediate inputs enables productivity
upgrading. The pro-competitive effects of openness can shrink
margins, improve quality, and provide consumers with access
to a wider range of goods at lower prices. There are also the
traditional gains from trade: specialization by comparative
advantage enables a country to allocate scarce economic re-
sources more efficiently.
Like any development strategy, outward orientation also
comes with a certain number of risks that policy makers
need to manage. One of the most important risks is volatility.
By opening itself to the benefits of international trade, a
country also makes itself more sensitive to demand shocks
from overseas. Trade becomes one way in which economic
problems in one country can propagate around the world
and, in particular, from the major import markets of the
North to Southern producers. At no time has this mecha-
nism been more relevant than now, in the wake of the global
financial crisis and the sharpest trade contraction in recorded
history.
Does the potential for increased volatility mean that coun-
tries should rethink their outward-oriented growth strate-
gies? This note argues that it is rather a question of risk
management. Policy makers need to identify and implement
strategies for managing the risks that come with the benefits
of openness. One way of doing so is through export diversi-
fication.
What Are the Links between Outward
Orientation and Volatility?
A number of distinct economic mechanisms are at play in
the relationship between outward orientation and volatility.
Some are suggestive of a positive association, but others tend
to work in the opposite direction. The overall effect is am-
biguous, and needs to be identified empirically.
The first important mechanism is transmission of terms-
of-trade volatility to output. As export earnings become a
more important source of national income, the terms of
trade can directly affect output and growth in a major way.
Falling demand overseas not only reduces export shipments
As developing countries look to embrace an outward-oriented growth strategy, some may be concerned about the
possibility that increased openness will be accompanied by increased volatility. However, although a more open
economy may face increased volatility in its terms of trade, openness confers diversification benefits. In this note, we
argue that export diversification is a key mitigating factor for the total effect of openness on volatility. More
specifically, we show that most developing countries fall on the “good” side of a diversification threshold, where they
are likely to experience less volatility as they pursue a strategy of greater openness.and harms producer revenues, but also can lead to price falls
and worsening terms of trade.
A second mechanism works in the opposite direction. As
a country’s export sector starts to operate more closely in
tune with overseas market conditions, it necessarily becomes
less strongly correlated with home market conditions. Be-
cause demand shocks at home and overseas are only imper-
fectly correlated, this force tends to reduce overall volatility
in output.
The third mechanism is international diversification: out-
ward orientation means that a country is more likely to ex-
port more products to more markets. A country’s exports
can be thought of as akin to an investment portfolio. Export-
ing one product to one foreign market is a very risky endeavor
because the exporting country is completely dependent on
demand conditions in that one importing country. Exporting
multiple products to a range of foreign markets reduces this
risk through a diversification effect. Because demand shocks
usually are not perfectly correlated among products and for-
eign markets, there is scope for positive shocks in some areas
to offset—at least in part—negative shocks in others. Diver-
sification is like a kind of insurance: it offers a way of “buying”
the benefits of openness while managing the downside risks.
Of course, diversification does not allow hedging in the
event of a global crisis. 
The final mechanism relates to the traditional gains from
trade, which operate through specialization by comparative
advantage. There is a tension between international diversifi-
cation from outward orientation and the specialization that
trade induces. Evidence suggests that specialization does not
dominate until countries are well into the high-income group.
Export Diversification Weakens the Volatility
Effects of Openness
This note provides new evidence on the links between out-
ward orientation and growth volatility. The innovation of the
work presented here (based on Haddad, Lim, and Saborow  -
ski 2010) is that it examines an important mediating factor
in the relationship between openness and volatility: export
diversification.
Diversification is a way of managing the risks associated
with outward orientation. Assuming that the other mecha-
nisms result in a predominantly positive relationship be-
tween openness and volatility, it should still be true that the
relationship is weaker—and may even become negative—in
more diversified economies.
An empirical model using data for 77 developing and de-
veloped countries over the period 1976–2005 lends some
support to this contention. Ignoring all other factors, there is
some evidence of a positive association between openness and
growth volatility, and a negative one between export product
diversification and volatility. 
The primary point of interest, however, lies in the inter-
action between these two forces. The model strongly suggests
that it is negative: a higher level of product diversification
weakens the link between openness and growth volatility and
allows it to become negative for a majority of countries in
our sample. Export diversification acts as a stabilizing force,
and can indeed be an effective way to manage the risks asso-
ciated with outward orientation.
More outward-oriented economies are more stable, so
long as they are relatively diversified. Figure 1 shows the over-
all effect of openness on growth volatility (vertical axis) for
different levels of export concentration (horizontal axis).
The far-left-hand corner of the graph shows that for coun-
tries with a relatively high level of diversification, the net ef-
fect of openness is negative. Between five-product export
concentration ratios of about 0.30 and 0.65, there is no sta-
tistically significant association between openness and vola  -
tility. The  link  only  becomes  positive  for  countries  with
relatively concentrated export bundles (to the right of the in-
tersection between the horizontal axis and the lower dashed
line in the figure).
Most Countries Do Not Experience
Significantly More Volatility from 
Outward Orientation
There is a turning point in the relationship between openness
and growth volatility: countries that are relatively diversified
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–5
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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Figure 1. Relationship between Openness and Growth Volatility for
Different Five-Product Export Shares
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: Presented here are shares of the top five exports in the total export
bundle. A higher export share indicates a higher degree of concentration,
and thus a lower degree of diversification.
concentration of top five exports
0experience either less volatility as they become more open,
or no effect at all; countries with relatively concentrated ex-
port bundles, however, tend to experience more volatility.
Where does the turning point lie? Which countries are on
the “wrong side” of it, in the sense of experiencing a positive
association between openness and growth volatility?
Figure 2 shows that the majority of the 77 developing and
developed countries in this sample fall on the “good side” of
the diversification threshold: openness either has no signifi-
cant effect on growth volatility or has a negative one. Two
groups of countries are in the opposite situation, in that their
export bundles are so concentrated that additional outward
orientation leads to greater volatility. The first group com-
prises resource-dependent economies in Latin America and
the Caribbean and in Sub-Saharan Africa. The second group
is closely related: oil-exporting countries. Even Norway, with
one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, tends to
become more volatile as it becomes more open, because of
its dependence on oil exports.
Moving Forward on Risk Management
through Export Diversification
How can countries use export diversification to help maxi-
mize the cost-benefit ratio of outward-oriented develop-
ment? The econometric model used suggests one important
part of the answer. The evidence in favor of export product
diversification acting as an effective stabilizer is noticeably
more consistent than that for export market diversification.
This finding suggests that developing-country policy makers
should emphasize measures that help broaden their coun-
tries’ manufacturing base and expand the range of exportable
products.
Progress on export diversification clearly takes time, be-
cause it requires major private sector investment as well as
effective government action to put in place a strong enabling
environment. Nonetheless, a number of developing countries
have successfully moved forward on export diversification in
recent years. Figure 3 shows some examples of countries that
succeeded in moving from one side of the export diversifi-
cation threshold to the other over the 1981–2005 period.
They are from diverse regions, such as Latin America and the
Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Sa-
haran Africa. In all cases, these countries are now sufficiently
diversified that additional outward orientation is unlikely to
lead to higher growth volatility.
There is now an emerging body of evidence on the types
of policies that can be used to promote export product di-
versification. These policies can assist economies in moving
from one side of the threshold to the other, as for the exam-
ples in the previous paragraph.
Improving market access abroad is obviously key: it is dif-
ficult to export more products to a wider range of markets
if foreign consumers are protected by high levels of tariff
and nontariff protection. Locking in better and more secure
market access through conclusion of the Doha Round, as
3 POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT (PREM) NETWORK www.worldbank.org/economicpremise
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1.0
0.8
0.6
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0.2
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Figure 2. Volatility Has No Significant Effect on Growth for Most
Developing Countries
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: The figure presents the five-product export shares versus GDP per
capita. In each chart, the grey line indicates the “turning point” of the effect of
openness on volatility. ARG = Argentina; AUS = Australia; BEL = Belgium; BFA
= Burkina Faso; BGD = Bangladesh; BOL = Bolivia; BRA = Brazil; BWA =
Botswana; CAN = Canada; CHL = Chile; CHN = China; COL = Colombia; CRI =
Costa Rica; DNK = Denmark; DOM = Dominican Republic; DZA = Algeria;
ECU = Ecuador; ESP = Spain; FRA = France; GBR = United Kingdom; GHA =
Ghana; GMB = Gambia; GTM = Guatemala; HND = Honduras; IDN =
Indonesia; IND = India; IRL = Ireland; IRN = Iran, Islamic Rep.; ISR = Israel;
ITA = Italy; JOR = Jordan; JPN = Japan; KEN = Kenya; LKA = Sri Lanka; MAR
= Morocco; MDG = Madagascar; MEX = Mexico; MWI = Malawi; MYS =
Malaysia; NGA = Nigeria; NIC = Nicaragua; NLD = Netherlands; NOR =
Norway; NZL = New Zealand; PAK = Pakistan; PAN = Panama; PER = Peru;
PHL = Philippines; PRT = Portugal; PRY = Paraguay; SAR = Syrian Arab
Republic; SEN = Senegal; SLV = El Salvador; SWE = Sweden; THA = Thailand;
TTO = Trinidad and Tobago; TUN = Tunisia; TUR = Turkey; URY = Uruguay;
USA = United States; ZAF = South Africa; ZMB = Zambia; ZWE = Zimbabwe.
(a) Developing countries
GDP per capita in initial period (2000 prices)
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•BWA
URY
MEX
PAN
MYS
BRA TUR
ZAF
THA
TUN
DOM
PER
MAR
LKA
PAK
IND
IDN
CHN
SLV
COL
JOR
GTM
ARG
CHL
CRI
DZA
IRN
MWI
NGA
SAR
ECU
PRY
MDG
BGD
GMB
GHA
PHL
BOL
HND
NIC
SEN
KEN
ZWE
ZMB
BFA
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0.8
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0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
(b) Developed countries
GDP per capita in initial period (2000 prices)
•IRL
•JPN
•CAN •AUS
•BEL
•USA •DNK •SWE •GBR •FRA
•NLD
•ITA
•TTO
•ISR
•NZL
•ESP
•PRT
•NORwell as appropriate regional and preferential liberalization,
can be an important way to move forward.
There are also a number of steps that governments can
take domestically to help the private sector diversify its ex-
port base. Rather than protecting domestic producers with
“infant-industry” tariffs—a classic inward-oriented strategy—
policy makers can remove barriers to domestic market entry,
and thereby encourage innovation and development of new
markets by companies at home. There is also strong evidence
that better trade facilitation (that is, reducing the fixed and
variable costs of moving goods across borders) can be highly
effective in promoting export diversification. Focusing on
removal of red tape affecting exports and imports, and de-
veloping trade-related infrastructure and services sectors, can
make a major contribution to diversifying exports and help-
ing manage outward orientation.
About the Authors
Mona Haddad is sector manager in the International Trade De-
partment of the World Bank. Jamus Jerome Lim is an econo-
mist in the Development Prospects Group of the World Bank.
Christian Saborowski is an economist in the Middle East and
North Africa Region of the World Bank.
Note
1.Editorial assistance for this report was provided by Ben-
jamin Shepherd.
Reference
Haddad, Mona, Jamus Jerome Lim, and Christian Saborowski. 2010. “Trade
Openness Reduces Growth Volatility When Countries Are Well Diver-
sified.” Policy Research Working Paper 5222, World Bank, Washington,
DC.
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0.9
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1981–85 1986–90 1991–95 1996–2000 2000–05
Figure 3. Developing Countries That Succeeded at Diversifying
Exports over a Short Period of Time
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: The figure presents the evolution over time of the concentration of the
top five exports in selected countries, 1981–2005. A larger export share of
the top five exports indicates a higher degree of concentration, and thus a
lower degree of diversification.
Colombia
Kenya
Jordan
South Africa
Nicaragua
Mexico
years
threshold
The Economic Premise note series is intended to summarize good practices and key policy findings on topics related to economic policy. It is produced by the Poverty
Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Network Vice-Presidency of the World Bank. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect those of the World Bank. The notes are available at www.worldbank.org/economicpremise.

Trade Openness Reduces Growth Volatility When Countries Are Well Diversified.” Policy Research Working Paper 5222, World Bank, Washington, DC. c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t o p f i v e e x p o r t s

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