Aguzzi, Jacopo

Caprioli, R.

Costa, C.

Menesatti, P.

Scardi, M.

UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC

INSTRUMENTATION VIEWPOINTSessions101The individual in Fig. 1 showed a broad diurnal swimming activity pattern during the fi rst and the second day of test. The phase of that rhythm was lost in the third day. This data suggest that G. holbrooki is a diurnal species. The rhythm amplitude (as indicated by MESOR) varied trough days. Such pattern of noisy swimming activity was typi-cal of all tested individuals and was attributed to the stress during the period of acclimation to laboratory conditions. The same analysis for A. alburnus and P. parva suggest that the fi rst species is active at crepuscular (down) hours, while the second has a nocturnal swim-ming pattern. The analysis of time series obtained with the real motion analysis al-lows also the determination of the following behavioural parameters (not shown): 1) the exact periodicity of the rhythm by periodogram analysis; 2) the phase determination of the rhythm (by waveform analysis); the quantifi cation of amplitude (intensity) of the rhythm (max-min).b) The activity status (Fig. 2): (a) images were subdivided into 12x16 squares computing the preferential presence into diff erent areas; (b) trajectories of displacement were computed (90 min duration in the example).REAL TIME MOTION ANALYSIS AS A USEFUL TOOL TO MONITOR BEHAVIOURAL RHYTHMS AND ACTIVITY STATUSES IN FISHESJ. Aguzzi (1), R. Caprioli (2), C. Costa (2-3), P. Menesatti (3), M. Scardi (2)(1) Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Paseo Marítimo de la Barceloneta 37–49 - 08003 Barcelona – SPAIN. Tel.: ++34-93-230-9550 e-mail: jaguzzi@cmima.csic.es(2) University of Rome Tor Vergata, Dept. Biology, Via della Ricerca Scientifica – 00188 Roma – ITALY(3) Agritech Lab CRA-I.S.M.A. Via della Pascolare, 16 – 00016 Monterotondo (Roma) – ITALY1. IntroductionThere is a growing interest in developing remote and non invasive techniques for the automated and long-lasting monitoring of behav-iour in aquatic organisms of ecological and commercial importance [1]. Quantifi able alterations in the behaviour of ecological indicator species (i.e. with narrow preferences for certain habitat conditions) are the object of ecotoxicological studies, when their presence can be correlated to diff erent categories of pollutants [2]. In this study, we monitored with software for image acquisition and movement processing, the Real Time Motion Analysis (RTMA), the ac-tivity rhythm and the activity status of three freshwater fi sh species: Alburnus alburnus, Pseudorasbora parva and Gambusia holbrooki. We choose these species since: a) they compete for the same resourc-es (diet, habitat and time) but are often found together, suggesting that this coexistence occurs for behavioural diff erences based on the activity rhythm phase [3]; b) for their small size proposing interesting technological challenges to the automation of the analysis.2. Results and DiscussionThe behaviour of 3 individuals was continuously monitored for 5 days in constant darkness (DD). Animals were held in transparent tanks (15x30 cm). An IR web-cam was placed above the tank, perpen-dicularly at 1 m height. Two 50W IR illuminators were posed below the aquarium in order to allow video fi lming in DD. The video cam-era was connected with a computer loaded with the RTMA software. This program was developed a custom application. It is comprised of a videograbber module and of an image analysis module. The fi rst one was set to acquire a b/w 800x600 image per second, while the second one spotted the fi sh position by subtracting each next im-age from the previous one, an then by applying an average fi lter in a 5x5 window (useful for noise reduction) and thresholding the result-ing image. The centroid of the target which was the closest to the tank centre was assumed as the centroid of the fi sh (this check was needed because sometimes a ghost image, refl ected on the tank wall was also present), and its coordinates were recorded. With the output data we studied:a) The behavioural rhythm (Fig. 1): centroid coordinates were trans-formed into distances (cm), giving information on the rate of dis-placement per sec, as an index of behavioural activity Resulting time series were binned per 60 min and sectioned into 24-h segments. Figure 1. Swimming activity pattern (cm per 60 min) showed by a specimen of Gambusia holbrooki in DD during 3 days (1st day black, 2nd day dark grey; 3rd day clear grey) as an example. The black bar represents the night duration; the dashed lines are the MESOR (24-h mean of activity): 12.9 in the 1stt day; 6.0 in the 2nd day; 8.0 in the 3rd day. Figure 2. The analysed temporal permanence of Alburnus alburnus (a), Pseudorasbora parva (b) and Gambusia holbrooki (c) in dif-ferent portions of the experimental aquarium. The trajectory (d) displayed by the swimming activity of a specimen of A. alburnus during 60 min is also shown as an example of other behavioural pa-rameters that can be computed. A. alburnus preferentially swim away from the aquarium walls. Dif-ferently, G. holbrooki goes closer. P. parva mainly swim in the cen-tre. There is a correspondence with the natural behaviour because G. holbrooki typically swims near the edges of streams and lakes [4] for feeding on small terrestrial insects larvae usually in the drift and amongst aquatic plants, actively selecting very small preys [5]. P. parva moves in the water column to the surface at dusk to feed on microcrustaceans, midge larvae, and algae; descends to deeper waters at daybreak [6]. A. alburnus occurs in shoals near the surface feeding mainly on plankton, but can also feed insects and mosquito larvae near the edges of rivers and lakes [3].M12INSTRUMENTATION VIEWPOINTSessions1023. ConclusionsThe species presented diff erent activity pattern and status in agree-ment with published data (e.g. [4]). The diff erential rhythmic activity and behavioural status during the swimming performance is at the base of their coexistence. The advantages of the real time motion analysis are: 1) its working capability with any video source and im-age size (pixel format); 2) its long lasting autonomy in data recording and processing; 3) its independency from memory size for the auto-mated elimination of old frames after digitization; 4) its non-invasive character, allowing studies on a wide variety of aquatic organisms, including protected species.4. References[1] Naylor, E. 2005. Chronobiology: implications for marine resources exploita-tion and management. Sci. Mar. 69: 157-167.[2] Campbell HA, Handy RD, Sims DW. 2002. Increased metabolic cost of swim-ming and consequent alterations to circadian activity in rainbow trout (Onco-rhynchus mykiss) exposed to dietary copper. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 59:768-777.[3] Gabrielyan, B.K., 2001. An annotated checklist of freshwater fi shes of Arme-nia. Naga ICLARM Q. 24(3&4):23-29.[4] Allen, G.R., S.H. Midgley and M. Allen, 2002 Field guide to the freshwater fi shes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia. 394 p.[5] Arthington, A.H., 1989. Diet of Gambusia affi  nis holbrooki, Xiphophorus helleri, X. maculatus, and Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in streams of southeaster Queensland, Australia. Asian Fish. Sci. 2:193-212.[6] Billard, R., 1997 Les poissons d’eau douce des rivières de France. Identifi ca-tion, inventaire et répartition des 83 espaces. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p.METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES: THE CHILEAN AQUACULTURE CASEOrtiz Montenegro, Ivette (*), ; Escorsa Castells, Pere (**)(*) iortiz@iale.cl IALE Tecnología Chile(**) escorsa@iale.es, IALE Tecnología BarcelonaThe hispano-chilean consulting fi rm IALE coordinated a project enti-tled “Identifi cation of Global Business Opportunities based on Tech-nologies for Aquaculture and Related Clusters” pursued within the Bicentenary Program of Science and Technology of the Government of Chili.The aim of this study was to help initiate an increase in business op-portunities based on market and technology tendencies so as to re-inforce and act as catalyst for a signifi cant development within the aquaculture cluster and its related industries, which play an impor-tant role in the country’s economy.These targets were achieved through the development of three com-ponents (products) which were labeled by the Program as a) Evalua-tion of world technologies and markets; b) Technology Maps, and c) Consortium Development Model.IALE, with the constant help and support of Adolfo Alvial (director of the Salmon Technology Institute INTESAL) developed the Technology Maps. They focus on the technical aspects of aquaculture by combin-ing results from Technology Foresight, Technology Watch and Com-petitive Intelligence. The challenges facing the diff erent aquatic spe-cies were examined through methodologies such as Delphi or such as the cienciometric analysis of scientifi c publications and patents.In this work, we describe the methodology which we implemented for the Technology Map product as well as some of the results that we obtained.The scientifi c publication database which was selected for this study was ASFA (Aquaculture Science and Fisheries Abstract), which is con-sidered to be the leading reference in science and technology and management of aquatic environments and organisms, for both salt and fresh waters.As for patents, we consulted both databases of the Patent Offi  ces from the USA and the European Union (USPTO and EPO), for the pe-riod between 2000 and 2005.This study of Technology Maps allows us to identify the main sci-entifi c lines of interest and tendencies of recent years as well as the diff erent technology areas. We also developed technology maps of thematic clusters in order to identify emerging signals. Thus, we were able to detect important challenges from diff erent technology areas based on diff erent groups of species (cold water fi sh and mollusks) in relation to Chili’s aquaculture.Bibliographic References[1] Aquaculture Science and Fisheries Abstract (ASFA), Scientifi c Publication Database.[2] Escorsa, P.; Maspons, R. (2001), “De la Vigilancia Tecnológica a la Inteligencia Competitiva”, Financial Times/ Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Madrid.[3] López, M.; Mallorquín, P.; Vega, M. (2003), Technology Watch Report: Ge-nomics of Fish Farming Species, Genoma España, http://www.gen-es.org/02_cono/docs/GENOMA-PECES.pdf.[4] Bicentenary Program of Science and Technology. Identifi cation of Global Business Opportunities based on Technologies for Aquaculture and Related Clusters, http://www.conicyt.cl/bancomundial/documentos/prospectiva.htm. M12

Real time motion analysis as a useful tool to monitor behavioural rhythms amd activity statuses in fishes

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