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Aguirre Núñez, Carlos Andrés

Encinas Pino, Felipe

Herde, André de

Marmolejo Duarte, Carlos Ramiro

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Thermal Comfort and market niches for apartment buildings:Impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de ChileFelipe Encinas1, André De Herde1, Carlos Marmolejo2, Carlos Aguirre21 Architecture et ClimatUniversité Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium2 Centro de Política de Suelo y ValoracionesUniversidad Politécnica de CataluñaBarcelona SpainSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009, National Thermal Regulation [TR] and their stages01. CONTEXT1st stage of  TR comes intoDefinition of 15 buildingDefinition of 15 architectural2nd stage of TR comes into forceOfficial energy certificationCCTE v2.0, software for2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009-2010    force- roofs typologies layouts (robots) from building typologies   - walls- vent. floors- windows rating system for buildings  thermal energy calculation and certification of Building permits, new dwellings, 2006TypologiesBuilding permits,new dwellingsbuildingsNATIONAL SANTIAGO REGIONSnumber % number % number %Houses 106 054 65 0% 30 638 42 7% 75 416 82 5% , 1994-1998number number %Houses 10 389 540 79 9% , . , . , ,Apartments 57,182 35.0% 41,156 57.3% 16,026 17,5%TOTAL 163,236 100% 71,794 100% 91,422 100%, .Apartments 5 98,070 20.1%TOTAL* 15 487,610 100%t entst entsSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009Source: Own elaboration based on IC (2001) Source: Own elaboration based on INE (2007)* Equivalent  to 73,9% of total building permits 2nd Stage of the National Thermal Regulation [TR]01. CONTEXTBUILDING ENVELOPEOPAQUE ELEMENTS GLAZING SURFACESTHERMAL ZONESMaximum allowable U-valueMaximum allowable glazing percentage regarding  vertical building envelopeN° EXAMPLES OF CITIESROOFS WALLSVENTILATEDFLOORSSINGLE   GLAZINGDOUBLE GLAZING[W/ 2K] [W/ 2K] [W/ 2K]3.6 W/m2K ≥ U U ≤ 2.4 m m m> 2.4 W/m2K W/m2K1 Iquique (20°32’S) 0.84 4.0 3.60 50% 60% 80%2 Calama (22°28’S) 0 60 3 0 0 87 40% 60% 80% . . .3 Santiago (33°27’S) 0.47 1.9 0.70 25% 60% 80%4 Concepción (36°47’S) 0.38 1.7 0.60 21% 60% 75%5 Temuco (38°46’S) 0.33 1.6 0.50 18% 51% 70%6 Puerto Montt (41°28’S) 0.28 1.1 0.39 14% 37% 55%7 Punta Arenas (53°80’S) 0.25 0.6 0.32 12% 28% 37%SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009  Source: Own elaboration based on Diario Oficial (4th January 2007)2nd Stage of the National Thermal Regulation [TR]01. CONTEXTBUILDING ENVELOPEOPAQUE ELEMENTS GLAZING SURFACESTHERMAL ZONESMaximum allowable U-valueMaximum allowable glazing percentage regarding  vertical building envelopeN° EXAMPLES OF CITIESROOFS WALLSVENTILATEDFLOORSSINGLE   GLAZINGDOUBLE GLAZING[W/ 2K] [W/ 2K] [W/ 2K]3.6 W/m2K ≥ U U ≤ 2.4 m m m> 2.4 W/m2K W/m2K1 Iquique (20°32’S) 0.84 4.0 3.60 50% 60% 80%2 Calama (22°28’S) 0 60 3 0 0 87 40% 60% 80% . . .3 Santiago (33°27’S) 0.47 1.9 0.70 25% 60% 80%4 Concepción (36°47’S) 0.38 1.7 0.60 21% 60% 75%5 Temuco (38°46’S) 0.33 1.6 0.50 18% 51% 70%6 Puerto Montt (41°28’S) 0.28 1.1 0.39 14% 37% 55%7 Punta Arenas (53°80’S) 0.25 0.6 0.32 12% 28% 37%SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009  Source: Own elaboration based on Diario Oficial (4th January 2007)How to give compliance to the regulation in Santiago?01. CONTEXTUnifamiliar HousesCOMPONENTSU-VALUE*SIZETRADE NAME MATERIAL LARGE WIDTH HIGH[mm] [mm] [mm] [W/m2K]* Source: MINVU, IC (2006)Extra Titán Reforzado Estructural Brick 290 140 94 1.90Apartment buildingsCOMPONENTSU-VALUE*THERMALTRADENAME MATERIALTHICKNESS DENSITY CONDUCTIVITY[mm] [kg/m3] [W/mK] [W/m2K]Gypsum board 10 700 0 26PolyplakKnauf.1.88Expandedpolystyrene foam 10 10 0.043Reinforcedt 150 2400 1.63SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009concre e* Calculated by means of NCh 853 Of. 91Impact of the National Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago01. CONTEXTTHREE FACTS:a) The assumptions considered during the elaboration of the 2nd stage of the TR related to            –   the participation of apartment building in the real estate market – nowadays are not completely valid, especially when the focus is Santiago.b) The application of the 2nd stage of the TR practically have not impact in the houses market, since the requirement could be satisfied using only bricks (without thermal insulation) in the building envelope. On the contrary, in apartment buildings, it is necessary to incorporate al least 10 mm of thermal insulation in external walls to give compliance to the regulation.c) The National Thermal Regulation was designed exclusively based on winter comfort criteria (monthly heating degree-hours). Overheating phenomena for cooling season were not considered.SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009Impact of the National Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago01. CONTEXTTHREE QUESTIONS:a) Is it possible to generate more representative building typologies regarding the private real        ,     estate market in Santiago? “Energy Lord Cochrane” Building30.35 m2 useful surface“Estocolmo” Building128.84 m2 useful surfaceb) What has been the impact of the Thermal Regulation in the thermal behaviour of new 3.42 m2 terrace surface1,105 UF46.84 m2 terrace surface7,500 UFapartment buildings in Santiago?c) How the summer comfort of new apartment buildings in Santiago has been affected by the SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009introduction of a Thermal Regulation, designed exclusively for the heating season?Description of the database02. MARKET NICHES DEFINITION BY MEANS OF A MODEL-BASED CLUSTERINGPortal Inmobiliario.com Database, corresponding to 25,711 apartments for sale in Santiago, during the period       10 00015.00020.0002003-2008.Important: 2nd Stage of the TR comes into force on 4th January 200705.000.2003-2006 (Before TR) 2007-2009 (After TR)    SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009Description of the database02. MARKET NICHES DEFINITION BY MEANS OF A MODEL-BASED CLUSTERINGCASES NUMBER 16 813 MIN MAX MODEAverage values to apartments for sale in Santiago for the period 2003-20068 8987 9 ,MIN MAX MEAN STANDARDDEVIATIONUseful surface [m2] 17 81 279 00 63 03 27 90Main central hall 1 4 2Security 1 3 1,8 4 30 22 59 44 8 732  . . . .Terrace surface [m2] 0 155.26 7.72 7.70Total Surface [m2] 17.81 321.50 70.75 33.11Loft or duplex 0 1 1Green areas 0 1 0Additional parking facilities 0 1 081 39 6 9 8 368 4 54 16 66 23 5 201Number of floors 1 29 8.85 5.02Number of rooms 1 5 2.17 0.92Quality finish for kitchen 1 4 2Service rooms 0 3 06 9 03 6 925 85 4Number of bathrooms 1 5 1.78 0.69Price [UF]* 556 16,240 2,591 1,512Price [UF/m2]* 16 64 114 21 40 33 10 59Central heating 0 1 1Loggia 0 1 0Floating floor 0 1 13 7067 22 50 464 7735 23 90 93 39 79 9 95 . . . .Carpet floor 0 1 1Quality finish 1 4 3Parking and 0 1 0* 1 UF = EUR 27.3 according to Central Bank of Chile (http://bcentral.cl), 15th June 2009. .SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009storage roomsComparison of both periods02. MARKET NICHES DEFINITION BY MEANS OF A MODEL-BASED CLUSTERINGANALYSIS BETWEEN GROUPSVariance Analysis (ANOVA)Variable Groups F - test Statistical SignificancePrice [UF/m2]2003 – 2006 (before TR)36.48 1.56 E-092007 – 2007 (after TR)   Levene Test for Equality of VariancesM-ESTIMATORSVariable Groups Huber’s             M-EstimatorTukey’sBiweightHampel’sM-EstimatorAndrews’    WavePrice [UF/m2]2003 – 2006 (before TR) 39.5393 39,2211 39.6484 39.21282007 – 2007 (after TR) 39.4805 39.3062 39.5344 39.3004a) There is not a significant change in the real estate values and products with the introduction of the Thermal Regulation.b) Probably the extra cost for incorporating Thermal Regulation improvements was absorbed inSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009 ,            the profit margin of real estate developers.02. MARKET NICHES DEFINITION BY MEANS OF A MODEL-BASED CLUSTERINGComparison of both periodsBox plots for both periods  25,00020,000outliers outliers15,00010,000Price [UF]5,0000SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 20092003 - 2006 (before TR)                2007 - 2009 (after TR)Niches market definition for apartments in Santiago02. MARKET NICHES DEFINITION BY MEANS OF A MODEL-BASED CLUSTERINGNumber of apartments and percentage of the total for each clusterCLUSTER NUMBER OF APARTMENTS PERCENTAGE OF TOTALI 4,975 19.3%II 4,255 16.5%III 7,563 29.4%IV 8,918 34.7%Total 25,711 100.0%USEFUL SURFACE TERRACE SURFACE PRICESTANDARD STANDARD STANDARDCentroids of clustersCLUSTER MEAN  DEVIATION MEAN DEVIATION MEAN DEVIATION[m2] [m2] [m2] [m2] [UF] [UF]I 55 07 19 36 6 24 5 23 2 272 19 1 040 06. . . . , . , .II 104.09 32.03 16.63 13.11 4,958.65 2,112.43III 49.22 16.16 4.96 3.86 1,961.70 812.70IV 56 01 18 23 5 68 4 77 2 045 63 896 10SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009. . . . , . .Total 61.78 28.23 7.39 7.94 2,546.86 1,607.96Description of the models used in the thermal simulations03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERScluster I cluster II cluster III cluster IVa & IVbNNNNNLiving-dining room Kitchen Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2Bathroom 1 Bathroom 2 Closet Loggia 0 1 2 5 mSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009  Terrace (exterior)                      Description of the models used in the thermal simulations03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSBUILDING ELEMENTSThree scenarios regarding Thermal Regulation [TR]SCENARIOSWINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLSMATERIAL U VALUECOMPONENTSU VALUE- -MATERIAL THICKNESS DENSITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY[W/m2K] [mm] [kg/m3] [W/mK] [W/m2K]S1 Before 2ndstage of TRSingle glazing 5,8 Reinforced concrete 200 2400 1,63 3,41Gypsum board 10 700 0,26S2 After 2ndstage of TRSingle glazing 5,8 1,25Expandedpolystyrene foam 20 10 0,043Reinforced concrete 200 2400 1,63S3After 2ndstage of TR and doubleDouble glazing 2,8Gypsum board 10 700 0,261,25Expandedpolystyrene foam 20 10 0,043SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009  glazing Reinforced concrete 200 2400 1,63Description of the models used in the thermal simulations03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSDifferent building elementsExternal wall: Reinforced concrete with or without interior thermal insulation (according to the scenario)Windows: single or double glazing (according to the scenario) Cluster IVa & IVbParty wall (adiabatic): reinforced concreteInternal wall 1: gypsum board partition with thermal insulationInternal wall 2: reinforced concreteSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009    Slab (adiabatic): concrete slab and floating floor03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSResults in terms of winter and summer thermal comfortI t f th Th l R l ti ( t i l ti f th i S2 & S3)HEATING DEGREE HOURS     OVERHEATING DEGREE HOURS mpac  o  e erma  egu a on ex ra- nsu a on o  e scenar os   How can I reduce this overheating (as consequence of the insulation increase)? CLUSTERS SCENARIOS(WINTER COMFORT) (SUMMER COMFORT)Degree-hours below 20°C% reduction compared to S1Degree-hours over 26°C% reduction compared to S1IS1 63,972 - - - 23,346 - - -S2 52,853 17% 31,694 - 36%S3 41,191 36% 47,474 - 103%IIS1 73,008 - - - 17,948 - - -S2 63,677 13% 24,402 - 36%S3 48,925 33% 35,419 - 97%S1 90 513 20 569III, - - - , - - -S2 86,860 4% 22,744 - 11%S3 69,431 23% 37,171 - 81%S1 80,430 - - - 30,459 - - -IVa S2 73,769 8% 37,418 - 23%S3 58,809 27% 57,351 - 88%S1 69,515 - - - 52,188 - - -SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009IVb S2 62,972 9% 61,233 - 17%S3 48,263 31% 87,009 - 67%03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSDifferent ventilation strategies used in the thermal simulationsDESCRIPTION WINTER SUMMERACH OPERATION ACH OPERATIONV1 Steady ventilation 1 24 hours 1 24 hoursV2 Operable windows 1 Windows are closedFreeWindows are open:  when T° interior > T° exterior; T° interior ≥ 26°C and T° t i ≥ 16°C(managed by users)   ex er or  1 Windows are closed (rest of the time)V3 Night ventilation* 1 24 hours, from May to October1 Daytime (between 07:00 and 24:00), from November to April   4 Night (between 24:00 and 07:00), from November to AprilSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009* Ventilation regimen used by the CCTEv2.0 software, to give compliance to the procedures of the new official energy certification rating system for buildings03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSResults of the simulations considering ventilation strategiesCLUSTER SCENARIOS VENTILATION STRATEGIESOVERHEATING DEGREE HOURS (SUMMER COMFORT)Degree-hours over 26°C% reduction   d t V1compare  o S1V1 23,346 - - -V2 15,922 32%V3 10 673 54%I,S2V1 31,694 - - -V2 19,685 37%V3 13,307 58%S3V1 47,475 - - -V2 26,179 45%V3 17,657 63%a) The percentage of reduction both V2 and V3 in comparison to V1 is more effective when the envelope is insulated, such as in the S2 and S3 scenarios.b) With intensive night ventilation (V3) overheating due to application of Thermal Regulation    ,        and double glazing (S3) could be importantly reduced in comparison with the naturally ventilated initial scenario (S1-V2)SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009c) V3 is much more effective in absolute terms, but due to this corresponds typically to a normative approach, could be much less real than V2.03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSResults of the simulations considering ventilation strategies1400016000C)1000012000g (over 26°C8000 Pre‐RT / V1overheatingS1 / V1Cluster I:40006000 Pre‐RT / V2Pre‐RT / V3e-hours of oS1 / V2S1 / V32000Post‐RT+DVH / VPost‐RT+DVH / VDegre S3 / V1S3 / V20Living comedor Cocina Dormitorio 1 Dormitorio 2Post‐RT+DVH / VLiving-dining room Kitchen Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2S3 / V3SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009c) V3 is much more effective in absolute terms, but due to this corresponds typically to a normative approach, could be much less real than V2.03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSResults of the simulations considering ventilation strategies3035Temperature variation of Cluster I for different ventilation strategies and S3 in four summer days251520510day 1                                day 2                              day 3                               day 4V1 [°C]               V2 [°C]    V3 [°C] Summer comfort band (22.6-26.6°C) according to EN 15251, based on adaptive modelExternal Temperature [°C]d) Neither of the ventilation strategies is able to reduce completely overheating during daytime              (reaching the summer comfort band).e) Could be interesting to identify which clusters can reach summer comfort using just passive cooling techniques For that it is clear that it is necessary to integrate other measures in theSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009 .  ,              study, such as solar protection and thermal inertia.03. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF CLUSTERSResults of the simulations considering ventilation strategiesa) The decision of the current TR of incorporating thermal insulation in the external envelope of t t i S ti i t t i i t f t ditiCONCLUSIONSapar men s n an ago appears as appropr a e o mprove w n er com or  con ons.         However, overheating could be an important problem, if users are not aware of the role of natural ventilation in the thermal behaviour of apartments in summer.b) Due to the achieved improvements related to the 2nd stage of TR are still limited, there is an important future challenge to introduce most restrictive requirements in the regulation and encouraging the use of double glazing.FURTHER RESEARCHc) The incorporation of other passive cooling techniques in the study such as solar protection          ,     and thermal inertia (combined to the studied ventilation strategies), to define how it is possible reach summer comfort without the use of air conditioning.d)  A survey study of ventilation habits for apartments in Santiago is proposed as further research. The ventilation strategies used in this article just are boundary models (which define optimum and minimum performances related to ventilation), which should be compared to a SET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009most realistic behaviour.Thermal Comfort and market niches for apartment buildings:Impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de ChileThank you for your attention.Felipe Encinas PinoMSc ArchitectPhD Student Université Catholique de LouvainArchitecture et ClimatLouvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumSET 2009 - 8th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies                                 Aachen,  31st August to 3rd September 2009encinas.felipe@gmail.com

Impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de Chile

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Impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de Chile

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