Albanell Trullas, Elena

Bosch Roura, Lluís

Casañas Artigas, Francesc

Ferret i Quesada, Alfred

Nuez Viñals, Fernando

Plaixats i Boixadera, Josefina

Verdú González, Antoni Maria Claret

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Delayed leaf senescence (stay green) and digestibility in maize

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Malze and SorghumE U C A R P 1 AEUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR RESEARCH ON PLANT BREEDINGProceedingsXVth CongressJune 4 - 8, 1990BADEN nearAustriaVIENNADELAYED LEAF SENESCENCE (STAY GREEN) AND DIGESTIBILITYIN MAIZE"L. Bosch*, A.M. Verdú*, A. Ferret**, F. Casanas*, J. Plaixats**,E. Albanell** and F. Nuez***.*EsC. Superior d'Agricultura, Urgell 187, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.**Facultat de Veterinaria, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.***E.S.Ing. Agr6n., Camino de Vera 16, 46022 Valencia, Spain.ABSTRACTThe evolution, in an advanced stage of cultivation, of hybrids withand without delayed leaf senescence (DLS and NDLS) was studied inrelation to the digestibility and protein content of the stover. Thepercentages of dry matter accumulation in stover, ear and whole plantwere also considered. We used three DLS and three NDLS hybrids whichwere harvested six times at 7 day intervals. The percentage of wholepIant dry matter for the first harvest ranged from 25.7 to 31.3.Stover dry matter digestibility did not decrease in the DLS hybridsover the experimental period whilst in NDLS hybrids it decreasedbetween 6 and 10%. The percentage of the stover protein decreased by26% gradually and equally in all the hybrids.It was found that the evolution of the percentages of stover and eardry matter content depends more on the no. of live stems than thedeIayed leaf senescence trait. In fact, one NDLS hybrid with a highproportion of live stems evolved in the same way as DLS for this twotraits. So, the rythmn of whole plant drying was faster in the NDLShybrids only from the moment at which the difference of dead stemsbetween DLS and NDLS hybrids was important. This difference onlyoccurred in two of the NDLS hybrids some 15 days after the optimummoment for silage.INTRODUCTIONGenetic improvement has contributed considerably to an increase ingrain yield (Russell, 1985). AIthough it is difficult to estabIishthe principIe factor or factors which determine this progress, thisincrease has been parallel to changes in the architecture of thepIant, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf senescence, the period of drymatter accumulation in the grain, etc.In the same direction, Cavalieri and Smith (1985) comparing the bestcommercial hybrids over the last decades found that the duration ofgrain filling period increased in modern hybrids with respect to theold ones, while the rate of grain filling did not undergo asignificant change. They consider that the increase in grain fillingduration is due to a Iater physiological maturation and not to achange in the flowering date..,....Verderio et al. (1989) found that the delayed leaf senescence traithas a positive correlation with lodging resistance and specific grainweight traits. These authors interpret that this is due to the factthat material s with delayed 1eaf senescence, on pro10nging theirperiod of photosynthesis, accumulate more dry matter in stem, rootsand grain. On the other hand, Bosch et al. (1989) find that hybridswith de1ayed 1eaf senescence wou1d be advantageous as forage p1antson pro10nging the optimum period for si1age.In this work, hybrids with and without de1ayed 1eaf senescence (DLSand NDLS) and with the same f10wering cyc1e are compared. We aim tostudy the differences in the evo1ution of the percentage ofdigestib1e stover dry matter and the percentage of stover protein,and a1so check the previous results of Bosch et al. (1989) in bothtypes of hybrids from the optimum moment for si1age.MATERIAL ANO METHODSThe experiment was undertaken in Terrassa near Barcelona underirrigation. Current commercia1hybrids wi th the samef1owering cyc1e,which showed extreme behavior patterns with regard to de1ayed 1eafsenescece trai t were used. This reduced the number of hybridsavai1ab1e since a continuous gradient .of variation is observed(Russe11, 1985: Verderio et al., 1989), with few extreme hybrids inthe FAO cyc1e 700-800. Six hybrids were studied: three consideredNDLS: px74 (H1), Luana (H2), and Max (H3), and three consideredDLS: G4727 (H4), Pao10 (H5) and P3186 (H6).Six harvests were made at seven day interva1s, and for each harvestthe hybrids were harvested simu1taneous1y . The percentage of drymatter for the first harvest ranged between 49.2 and 53.4 for the earand between 25.7 and 31.3 for the who1e p1ant. Depending on thehybrids, the experiment was pro10nged to between 27 and 37 days fromthe optimum moment for si1age (30% who1e p1ant dry matter). Theexperimental layout was a triple factoria1 design (hybrid, harvestand block), with 4 b1ocks and 22 p1ants per p10t. P1anting densitywas 83,000 p1ants/ha. The fo11owing traits were contro11ed: days topo11en shedding: no. of dry 1eaves: no of dead stems: % ofdigestibi1ity of stover dry matter according to the enzymatic method(Aufrére, 1982): % of crude protein (N x 6.25) of the stover drymatter, and, % of dry matter of stover, ear and who1e p1ant. Thedesign a11owed the ca1cu1ation of the interaction hybrid x harvest,except for the traits referring to nutritive qua1ity of the stoverin which a single determination for hybrid and harvest was made.RESULTS ANO DISCUSSIONThe number of days to po11en shedding was not different between thetwo types of hybrids (NDLS: H2=74.7 days , H3=75.7 and H1=76.6:DLS: H6=74.7, H4=75.1 and H5=76.6). For this trait the differencebetween hybrids in the groups was significant but not important. Inthe rest of the traits there were significant differences for thehybrid, harvest and interaction of hybrid x harvest effects.300For the number of dry leaves the 3 NDLS hybrids and two of the DLSbehaved as expected, while H5 behaved like DLS in the first threeharvests and like NDLS in the last three (Fig.1). For the number ofdead stems ( Fig .2 ) , only the NDLS hybrids H1 and H2 behaveddifferent1y from the DLS. This means that it is possible to be NDLSwith a high degree of live stems as occurred in H3.~ NDLS_u.DLS/.H4f-:;.LJ /,/ ~tí/"'/ '// ,/ //" H6,..L ' .,/,.' ---e' 'l.' /~,/~~//~" ...-' ,".--- -.2 3 5 6harvest4Fig.l. No. of dry leaves as a functionof harvest.~ NDLSDLS . HlH2The percentages of stover and ear dry matter depend more on thepercentage of live stems than on delayed 1eaf senescence trait(Fig.3a and 3b). Effectively, after the third harvest, in which thepresence of dead stems became appreciable, the correlation of thepercentages of stover and ear dry matter with the no. of dead stemswas higher than with the no. of dry leaves (Table 1). In agreementwith this result, Verderio et al. (1989) did not find a significantcorrelation between delayed leaf senescence and the percentage ofgrain dry matter trait. On the other hand, our proposal (Bosch etal., 1989) to use the percentage of stover dry matter as an indicatorof the delayed leaf senescence trait does not have general validity.-",~6.,~~"""",-, "...-- ~",~, -" -- ~ ..---301-~-~ -,~~= ~- ..'"'" 14:>,-O(; 12.,e10864'"E.. 16...u....u 14(;..e121086423 4 5 ÓharvestFig.2. No. of dead sterns as a functionof harvest.,....- --- :::IiIIiI:I'II' .Table 1. Correlation coefficients of the percentage of dry matter(dm) with no. of dry leaves (a) and with no. of dead sterns (b) foreach harvest.@ In this harvest there were no dead stems in any hybrid.* p~0.05As a oonsequence of the above the rythmn of whole plant drying wasfaster in the NDLS hybrids only from the moment at which thedifference in the number of dead sterns between DLS and NDLS wasimportante This difference only ocurred in two NDLS hybrids some 15days after the optimum moment for silage (Fig.3c). So, only fromthen would these two NDLS hybrids (Hl and H2) have a smal1er marginof time to silage at dry matter percentages close to optimum.b'EA.N'oi51<NEA¡11..N2-N0I.501.5 N' N)H2¡11..-NDl5--~Ol5,165550........ 6....-Fig.3. Percentages of dry matter (dm) as a function of harvest.302- - - --Harvest a b1 .36 @2 -.30 -.14%ear dm 3 -.64 -.82*4 -.34 -.91*5 -.49 -.90*6 -.34 -.75*1 -.02 @2 -.86* -.24% stover dm 3 -.89* -.85*4 -.89* -.94*5 -.60 -.99*6 -.70 -.99*" WHOlEPlAN'; 1-NOl5.-Ol55550N2 <s.N'::l",.)5.1 :¡,2516""".,-In the first harvest, the percentage of stover dry matterdigestibility was not different between the two groups of hybrids(p<0.05), but later evolution was different. In the DLS hybrids H4and H6, this trait did not decrease over the experimental periodwhilst in NDLS i t decreased between 6 and 10% (Fig. 4). The DLS H5hybrid evolved in a similar way to the NDLS in agreement with itsbehavior as a NDLS hybrid in the three last harvests, measured asthe number of dry leaves (Fig.1). The coefficients of correlationbetween no. of dry leaves and digestibility of the stover dry matter(H1= -0.9~0.08; H2= -0.88~0.1; H3= -0.79~0.16; H4= 0.26~0.4;H5= -0.9~0.08; H6= 0.67~0.25) provide further evidence on thedifference between the two kind of hybrids for the evolution ofstover digestibility. The 10ss of nutritive value in NDLS hybridsis evident. So, if silage is delayed up to 15 days after the optimummoment (30% whole p1ant dry matter), between 2 and 5 % of the stoverdry matter digestibilty would be lost.The percentage of stover protein was not different in the two typesof hybrids. Its evolution over the experimental period decreased by26% (Fig.5) gradually and equally in all the hybrids. This decreasebegan before the optimum moment for silage.rH1- 0.91 .H2 -08).H3-075.Hlo 038 .~ H~_~- - - ~:_--:_-:_-~~--~~~:~~::~ H3e.¡¡K~ 8lOí'O 7-NOlS"--- Ol';(;rH1-097.H2 -096 .H3-Q91:H4-095.,:-NOlSOlS;'-" -"~O" ~"~ H2" '-,- H1H552 3 4 5 (,harwsl2 3 4 (;harv~stFlg.4. Regresslon 1ines and corre1atloncoefflclents of the dlgestibl1ityof stover dry matter (SdmD) as afunctlon of harvest.* psO.O5Flg.5. Regresslon 11nes and corre1atloncoefflc1ents of stover crudeprote1n as a funct1on of harvest.* psO.O5ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis work has been undertaken wi th the help of the "Caixa de Pensionsde Catalunya i Balears" and the CICYT.303lIII!t;,;:;:: -:v;. - ------oE"If)058;'-5654525048............----REFERENCESAufrere, J., 1982: Etude de la prévision de la digestibi1ité desfourrages par un methode enzimatique. Ann. Zootech. 31, 111-130.Bosch, L1., A. Ferret, F. Casarías, A.M. Verdú, F. Nuez, 1989:Comparison of stay green and non stay green maize hybrids for forageuse. XII Eucarpia Congress. Book of Poster Abstracts 5-17.Cava1ieri, A.J., O.S Smitth, 1985: Grain fi1ling and field dryingof a set of maize hybrids re1eased from 1930 to 1982. Crop Science25, 856-860.Russe1l, W.A., 1985: Eva1uations for p1ant, ear, and grain traitsof maize cu1tivars representing seven eras of breeding. Maydica 30,86-96.Verderio, A., M. Bosio, F. Introzzi, C. Livini, M. Motto, 1989:Relazioni tra prolungata persistenza fog1iare e componenti de11aproduzione in hibridi di mais (Zea mavs L.). Agronomia 23, 173-177.304

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Delayed leaf senescence (stay green) and digestibility in maize

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