Study On the Depositions of Landslides With Different Slope Gradient and Soil Water Content

Abstract

土石流溪谷邊坡崩塌地所產生之土石為土石流之主要材料來源,當邊坡崩積土與雨水混合後,因為重力作用將順著地表斜坡移動,可形成大規模的土石流,常為致災的肇因。為了解崩塌土體如何轉變成土石流之流態,本試驗使用二種不同底床材質、三種不同土砂組成之土體與五種不同含水量,在不同底床坡度條件下,以渠槽試驗觀測崩塌土體產生之運動與堆積現象。而試驗結果顯示: 1.在相同含水量之條件下,當坡度增加,耗能增加。而在不同含水量情況下,土體受視凝聚性影響,未飽和土基質穩固於坡度33%以上耗能才快速增加;而乾土於坡度21%以上、而飽和土於坡度34%耗能才快速增加。 2.未飽和土體崩塌後顆粒間碰撞、摩擦,因此耗能大於飽和土體。 3.土體崩塌之堆積長度(L)和傾斜係數(L/H)隨底床坡度增加而增加而形狀係數和堆積傾斜角卻隨底床坡度增加而減少。 4.土體剪力強度影響試驗參數,剪力強度大則堆積長度及傾斜係數小而形狀係數、堆積傾斜角大;剪力強度小則相反。 5.土體崩塌之堆積長度及傾斜係數隨含水量增加而減少,而形狀係數及堆積傾斜角隨含水量增加而增加。 6.粗糙度影響試驗參數,粗糙度大之底床,土體崩塌之堆積長度及傾斜係數小而形狀係數、堆積傾斜角大;粗糙度小之底床則相反。 7.三種土體在不含水的情形下,堆積形狀隨著底床坡度的增加從扇形變化到橢圓形,顯示能量損耗之影響。The mixtures of sand, gravel, silt and water move down by gravity along the slope and become extensive accumulation in the downstream. In order to understand how the colluvial mass transfer into debris flow. The movement behaviors of landslide were observed by laboratory test. We used different condition as five kinds of water content, three kinds of grain size and two kinds of channel bed materials. The results were shown as follows: 1. For the same water content, as the slope increases, the resistance increase. For the different water content, as the influence of apparent cohesiveness on soil, unsaturated soil is avalanched by 33%, the dry soil is avalanched by 21% and the saturated soil is avalanched by 34%. 2. Because the collision and friction of the particle are violent, the resistance of unsaturated soil is bigger than saturated soil. 3. When the slope increases, collapse length and L/H is increase. When the slope increases, the A/L2 and deposition angle is decrease. 4. The large shear strength makes the collapse length and L/H increased, the A/L2 and deposition angle decreased. 5. When water content increases, the landslide length, area and L/H value is decrease. When water content increases, the A/L2 and deposition angle is increase. 6. The rougher of bed makes the collapse length and L/H decreased, the A/L2 and deposition angle increased. 7. When the slope increases, the heap type turns into oval-shaped. Show the influence of resistance.摘要 I ABSTRACT II 目錄 III 圖目錄 V 表目錄 VII 照片目錄 VIII 符號說明 IX 第一章 前言 1 第二章 文獻回顧 2 2.1邊坡破壞的原因 2 2.2崩塌型態之分類 4 第三章 理論分析 7 3.1下滑力分析 7 3.2能量不滅定律 8 第四章 試驗材料與方法 9 4.1試驗材料 9 4.2試驗設備 11 4.3試驗方法與步驟 13 第五章 結果與討論 17 5.1坡度與耗能之關係 18 5.2含水量與耗能之關係 21 5.3底床坡度對崩塌土體運動的影響 24 5.4土壤種類對崩塌土體運動的影響 29 5.5含水量對崩塌土體運動的影響 35 5.6底床材料對土體崩塌運動的影響 41 5.7 邊坡崩塌形式分類 45 5.7.1砂土之崩塌型式 45 5.7.2砂質壤土之崩塌型式 46 5.7.3壤質砂土之崩塌型式 47 第六章 結論 48 參考文獻 49 附錄一 砂土之壓克力板渠床試驗結果 50 附錄二 砂質壤土之壓克力板渠床試驗結果 52 附錄三 壤質砂土之壓克力板渠床試驗結果 54 附錄四 砂土之鋼板渠床試驗結果 56 附錄五 砂質壤土之鋼板渠床試驗結果 58 附錄六 壤質砂土之鋼板渠床試驗結果 6

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