随着点源污染的成功治理，流域农业非点源污染问题日益凸显，已对流域的可持续发展构成潜在威胁。流域农业非点源污染由于受地理和气候等多种因素影响，具有随机性大、来源广等特点，因而很难判断和区分受纳水体中污染物的来源。目前，对于流域农业非点源污染尽管国内外学者已做了大量的研究，但在运用同位素示踪手段探讨污染来源及其变化特征方面仍很薄弱。因此，建立适用于流域的同位素示踪法，并应用于非点源污染来源及变化特征的研究，不仅具有理论价值，而且对农业非点源污染的有效控制与治理具有重要的现实意义。本文首先通过较系统的实验研究，建立了天然水样NO3-氮同位素测定较为理想的前处理方法，然后在九龙江流域内遴选了两个具有代...After point source pollution is successfully under control, agricultural non-point source point pollution in watershed is increasingly obvious and becomes a potential threat to the sustainable development of watershed. Agricultural non-point source pollution takes on randomly, possibly wide sources and is affected by many factors, such as geography and climate. So it’s very difficult to judge and ...学位：工学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学研究中心_环境科学学号：20023400

陈惟财

Xiamen University Institutional Repository

  学校编码：10384                     分类号          密级           学    号：200234003                 UDC                             厦  门  大  学 硕  士  学  位  论  文  流域水体硝态氮 15N 示踪方法研究 及其应用初探 Study on Method of Nitrate 15N Tracing in Watershed Water and Its Preliminary Application  陈 惟 财 指 导 教 师 姓 名：  陈 伟 琪  教授 专   业   名   称：  环  境  科  学 论 文 提 交 日 期：  2005  年 7  月 论 文 答 辩 时 间：  2005  年 8  月 学 位 授 予 日 期：  2005  年    月  答辩委员会主席：李春园  研究员 评    阅    人：李春园  研究员 余兴光  研究员 2005 年 7 月厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库     厦门大学学位论文原创性声明  兹呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师指导下独立完成的研究成果。本人在论文写作中参考的其他个人或集体的研究成果，均在文中以明确方式标明。本人依法享有和承担由此论文而产生的权利和责任。    声明人（签名）：   年   月   日    带格式的: 左侧:  2.6米, 右侧:  2 厘米厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    I摘要     随着点源污染的成功治理，流域农业非点源污染问题日益凸显，已对流域的可持续发展构成潜在威胁。流域农业非点源污染由于受地理和气候等多种因素影响，具有随机性大、来源广等特点，因而很难判断和区分受纳水体中污染物的来源。目前，对于流域农业非点源污染尽管国内外学者已做了大量的研究，但在运用同位素示踪手段探讨污染来源及其变化特征方面仍很薄弱。因此，建立适用于流域的同位素示踪法，并应用于非点源污染来源及变化特征的研究，不仅具有理论价值，而且对农业非点源污染的有效控制与治理具有重要的现实意义。     本文首先通过较系统的实验研究，建立了天然水样 NO3- 氮同位素测定较为理想的前处理方法，然后在九龙江流域内遴选了两个具有代表性的典型小流域（天宝小流域、五川小流域），于 2005 年春季运用所建立的方法对其地表水硝酸盐的来源进行了示踪研究，取得了以下成果：     第一、通过较系统的对比实验和模拟实验，建立了一套适合于九龙江流域地表水硝酸盐氮同位素分析的前处理方法。该法在对离子交换法进行改进的基础上，将离子交换法与扩散法联用，可较好地富集浓缩地表水的硝酸盐，达到同位素质谱测试的要求，并不引起明显的同位素分馏。所建立的方法原理简单，经济实用，对氮同位素示踪法的推广应用具有重要的意义。 第二、采用氮同位素示踪法对天宝、五川两个典型小流域地表水硝酸盐来源进行了初步研究，发现：天宝小流域地表水的硝态氮来源于无机化肥的比例大于有机肥，而五川小流域地表水的硝态氮来源以无机化肥为主，有机肥只占一小部分；地表水中有机肥来源的硝态氮比例的变化与当地的作物种类及农田时令密切相关。     第三、根据同位素示踪法的应用研究结果，针对九龙江流域农村与农删除的内容: 、五川删除的内容: 主要删除的内容: ，删除的内容: 占其中的一部分删除的内容: 增减厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  II业生产现状，提出了因地种植、因土施肥；平衡施肥和合理施肥；有机肥与化肥配合施用；合理耕作土地；建立复合农业生态系统；改善生产条件，改革生产技术等从源头上减少无机化肥的大量施用、提高其利用率，从而减少农业非点源污染产生的具体农业措施。同时指出，这些具体措施也是改善农民生活生产条件，提高农民收入， 终实现社会效益 大化与流域可持续发展的途径。       关键词：农业非点源污染；氮同位素示踪法；地表水；硝酸盐；九龙江流域            厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    IIIAbstract     After point source pollution is successfully under control, agricultural non-point source point pollution in watershed is increasingly obvious and becomes a potential threat to the sustainable development of watershed. Agricultural non-point source pollution takes on randomly, possibly wide sources and is affected by many factors, such as geography and climate. So it’s very difficult to judge and differentiate the sources of the pollutants in water. At present, although many researchers in the world have done a lot of study on agricultural non-point source pollution in watershed, application of the isotope tracing method to discuss the sources of the pollutants and their characteristics is still weak. Therefore, it has both theoretic value and important practical significance on the effective control and remediation of agricultural non-point source pollution.      Through doing the systematic research, the relatively ideal preparation method of nitrate nitrogen isotopic test in natural water is established. In spring 2005, the method is applied to research the sources of nitrate in surface water from two catchments (Wuchuang catchment and Tianbao catchment) in Jiulong River Watershed which are typical and representative catchments. Major endeavors and detailed results are as following.     Firstly, through doing systematic comparison and simulation experiments, the relatively ideal preparation method of isotopic nitrate nitrogen test in natural water is established, which is to ally the ion exchange method with the diffusion method based on the ion exchange method. It can preferably enrich the nitrate in surface water to meet the demand of isotopic mass spectrum test, but also can’t result in obvious isotope fractionation. The principals and steps of method are simple and the expenses are relatively cheap, so it’s widely applicable to use such nitrogen isotope tracing method.     Secondly, primarily applying the nitrogen isotope tracing method to research of nitrate source in surface water from Tianbao catchment and Wuchuang catchment, we found: the nitrate in surface water from Tianbao watershed mainly comes from inorganic fertilizer and a little from organic fertilizer; almost all the nitrate in surface water from Wuchuang watershed comes from inorganic fertilizer. The nitrate concentration in surface water from organic fertilizer is nearly related to the local crop types and season.    Thirdly, according to the results from the isotope tracing and the present situation of agricultural production in Jonglong River watershed, many measures are put forward: planting and fertilizing upon soil characteristics; 带格式的带格式的带格式的: 字体: 小四带格式的: 字体: 小四带格式的: 字体: 小四带格式的带格式的带格式的带格式的删除的内容: 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  IVbalanceable and reasonably fertilizing; reasonably cultivating soil et al.. These measures will reduce the quantity of inorganic fertilizer used from headstream and increases its fertilizers utility efficiency. At same time, these measures are present ways that improve the living and production condition of farmers, increase their incomes and realize the maximum societal cost-benefit and the sustainable development of watershed.   Keywords: Agricultural non-point source pollution; Nitrogen isotope tracing method; Surface water; Nitrate; Jiulong River Watershed              带格式的带格式的: 字体: 小四厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    V目 录 表索引 ..............................................XI 图索引 ............................................XIII 第一章  前言 .........................................1 1.1 非点源污染概念 ............................................2 1.2 研究背景及目的意义 ........................................3 1.3 国内外研究进展 ............................................5 1.3.1 农业非点源污染国内外研究进展 ....................................................... 5 1.3.2 同位素示踪技术在非点源污染研究中的应用进展 ........................... 8 1.4 论文的研究内容、技术路线和方法 ...........................12 1.4.1 研究内容 ............................................................................................. 12 1.4.2 技术路线与方法 ................................................................................. 13 第二章  流域水体硝酸盐 15N 前处理方法研究 .............15 2.1 水体氮素 15N 同位素分析方法概述............................15 2.2 天然水样中 NO3- 氮同位素测定的前处理方法研究 ..............17 2.2.1 离子交换法实验 ................................................................................. 17 2.2.2 离子交换法的改进 ............................................................................. 23 2.2.3 扩散法实验 ......................................................................................... 25 2.2.4 实验结论 ............................................................................................. 28 第三章  研究区概况 ..................................29 3.1 九龙江流域概况 ...........................................29 3.1.1 自然环境概况 ..................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 社会经济概况 ..................................................................................... 33 3.2 典型小流域基本概况 .......................................34 3.2.1 典型小流域遴选原则 ......................................................................... 34 3.2.2 天宝小流域概况 ................................................................................. 34 3.2.3 五川小流域试验小区概况 ................................................................. 36 第四章  氮同位素示踪法在典型小流域的应用.............40 删除的内容: 删除的内容: XI删除的内容: X删除的内容: XIII删除的内容: XI删除的内容: 13删除的内容: 13删除的内容: 33删除的内容: 33删除的内容: 34删除的内容: 34厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  VI4.1 氮同位素示踪法的示踪原理 .................................40 4.2 采样点布设及周边种植状况 .................................41 4.3 样品采集和分析测定 .......................................43 4.4 天宝小流域硝态氮来源分析与判断 ...........................43 4.4.1 天宝小流域硝态氮日常来源分析与判断 ......................................... 43 4.4.2 天宝小流域降雨期硝态氮来源分析与判别 ..................................... 46 4.5 五川小流域试验小区非降雨期硝酸氮来源分析与判断 ....................... 48 4.6 结论 .....................................................49 第五章  流域农业非点源污染控制措施探讨...............50 5.1 引言 .....................................................50 5.2 因土施肥、因地种植 .......................................50 5.3 平衡施肥与合理施肥 .......................................52 5.4 有机肥与化肥配合施用 .....................................54 5.5 合理耕作土地 .............................................56 5.6 建立复合农业生态系统 .....................................58 5.7 改善生产条件、改革生产技术 ...............................61 第六章  结论 ........................................62 6.1 研究成果及结论 ...........................................62 6.2 创新点 ...................................................63 6.3 不足之处 .................................................63 6.4 研究展望 .................................................63 参考文献 ............................................64 致  谢 ..............................................69       删除的内容: 69删除的内容: 68厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    VIITable of Contents LIST OF TABLES...................................ⅩⅠ LIST OF FIGURES ...............................ⅩⅩⅠ 1 BACKGROUND .....................................1 1.1 CONCEPT OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION......................... 2 1.2 BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION RESEARCH ........................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Review of Agricultural Non-point source Pollution Research in the World............................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Review of Application of Isotope Tracing Method in Non-point Source Pollution Research .............................................................................. 8 1.4 CONTENTS, APPROACHES AND METHODS................................. 12 1.4.1 Contents of Research……… ............................................................... 12 1.4.2 Research Approach Figure and Methods ............................................. 13 2 PREPARATION MEHTOD RESEARCH OF NITRATE -15N ISOTOPE IN WATERSHED WATER ....................15 2.1 REVIEW OF ANALYSIS METHOD OF 15N ISOTOPE IN WATER 15 2.2 PREPARATION MEHTOD RESEARCH OF NITRATE -15N ISOTOPE IN NATRUAL WATER............................................................. 17 2.2.1 Experiments of Ion Exchange Method ................................................ 17 2.2.2 Mended Ion Exchange Method............................................................ 23 2.2.3 Experiments of Diffusion..................................................................... 25 2.2.4 Conclusions of Experiments ................................................................ 28 3 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH SITE ...............29 3.1 DESCRIPION OF JIULONG REVER WATERSHED....................... 29 3.1.1 Natural Conditions............................................................................... 30 带格式的带格式的: 字体: (默认Times New Roman删除的内容: 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  VIII3.1.2 Socia-economic Conditions ................................................................. 33 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL SMALL CATCHMENTS ................. 34 3.2.1 Principles of Selecting Typical Small Catchments .............................. 34 3.2.2 Description of Tianbao Catchment ...................................................... 34 3.2.3 Description of Small Experimental Site in Wuchuan Catchment........ 36 4 APPLICATION OF NITROGEN ISOTOPE TRACING METHOD IN TYPICAL SMALL CATCHMENTS .........40 4.1 THEORY OF NITROGEN ISOTOPE TRACING METHOD ........... 40 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES COLLECTING SITE ....................... 41 4.3 METHODS OF EXPERIMENT ............................................................ 43 4.4 DISCUSSION AND ESTIMATION OF NITRATE SOURCE OF TIANBAO SMALL CATCHMENT............................................................ 43 4.4.1 Discussion and Estimation of Nitrate source of Tianbao Small Catchment in Daily Situation........................................................................ 43 4.4.2 Discussion and Estimation of Nitrate source of Tianbao Small Catchment in Stormy Situation..................................................................... 46 4.5 DISCUSSION AND ESTIMATION OF NITRATE SOURCE OF EXPERIMENTAL SMALL SITE IN WUCHUAN SMALL CATCHMENT .............................................................................................. 48 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 49 5 DISCUSSION OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR JIULONG RIVER WATESHED AGRICULTRUAL NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION................................50 5.1 FOREWORD........................................................................................... 50 5.2 PLANTING AND FERTILIZING UPON SOIL CHARACTERISITICS ................................................................................ 50 5.3 BALANCEABLY AND REASONABLY FERTILIZING................... 52 5.4 INTEGRATING ORGANIC FERTILIZERS WITH INORGANIC FERTILIZERS.............................................................................................. 54 5.5 PROPERLY CULTIVATING SOIL..................................................... 56 删除的内容: 3.2.2 Description of Tianbao Catchment 35删除的内容: 3.2.3 Description of Small Experimental Site in Wuchuan Catchment 37删除的内容: COLLECTN 删除的内容: AL ANALYTICAL METHODS厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库    IX5.6 BUILDING COMPOSITE AGRICULTRUAL ECOSYSTEM.......... 58 5.7 IMPROVING PRODUCING CONDITIONS AND INNOVATING PRODUCING TECHNOLOGY.................................................................. 61 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .....................62 6.1 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 62 6.2 INNOVATIONS ...................................................................................... 63 6.3 DRAWBACKS ........................................................................................ 63 6.4 PROSPECT ............................................................................................. 63 REFERENCES .......................................64 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................69                     删除的内容: REFERENES 65厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库Degree papers are in the “Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database”. Fulltexts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submitrequests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details.厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Study on Method of Nitrate 15N Tracing in Watershed Water and Its Preliminary Application

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Study on Method of Nitrate 15N Tracing in Watershed Water and Its Preliminary Application

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