Puerariae Lobatae Radix (PLR) and Puerariae Thomsonii Radix (PTR) are traditional Chinese medicines used interchangeably in clinical practice, even though they possess significantly different chemical profiles. The aim of this thesis was to differentiate PLR from PTR using various analytical instruments coupled with chemometrics. Morphological results illustrate PLR possessed distinct macroscopic and microscopic features as compared to PTR. UPLC results reveal isoflavonoids were the major chemical constituents in both species, with the content of puerarin in PLR significantly greater than in PTR. PLS-DA models demonstrate both UPLC and HPTLC chromatographic fingerprints were effective in differentiating PLR from PTR. PLSR coupled with Raman spectra was able to predict the TPC and antioxidant capacities of PLR and PTR. The pharmacological results illustrate PLR possessed significantly greater anti-diabetic, cytoprotective and anti-cancer activities as compared to PTR. In summary, the results reveal the chemical fingerprints coupled with chemometrics was effective in differentiating PLR from PTR, and PLR was morphologically, chemically and pharmacologically different from PTR. This thesis provided further insight into the comprehensive nature of the quality control of two similar species and recommends changes to their descriptions in the pharmacopoeias. This will ultimately improve the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal products
