We prove a Lefschetz formula for general simple graphs which equates the
Lefschetz number L(T) of an endomorphism T with the sum of the degrees i(x) of
simplices in G which are fixed by T. The degree i(x) of x with respect to T is
defined as a graded sign of the permutation T induces on the simplex x
multiplied by -1 if the dimension of x is odd. The Lefschetz number is defined
as in the continuum as the super trace of T induced on cohomology. In the
special case where T is the identity, the formula becomes the Euler-Poincare
formula equating combinatorial and cohomological Euler characteristic. The
theorem assures in general that if L(T) is nonzero, then T has a fixed clique.
A special case is a discrete Brouwer fixed point theorem for graphs: if T is a
graph endomorphism of a connected graph G, which is star-shaped in the sense
that only the zeroth cohomology group is nontrivial, like for connected trees
or triangularizations of star shaped Euclidean domains, then there is clique x
which is fixed by T. Unlike in the continuum, the fixed point theorem proven
here looks for fixed cliques, complete subgraphs which play now the role of
"points" in the graph. Fixed points can so be vertices, edges, fixed triangles
etc. If A denotes the automorphism group of a graph, we also look at the
average Lefschetz number L(G) which is the average of L(T) over A. We prove
that this is the Euler characteristic of the graph G/A and especially an
integer. We also show that as a consequence of the Lefschetz formula, the zeta
function zeta(T,z) is a product of two dynamical zeta functions and therefore
has an analytic continuation as a rational function which is explicitly given
by a product formula involving only the dimension and the signature of prime
orbits of simplices in G.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figure