Citation: Zolnerowich, Gregory, and Mike Rose. 2004. “ERETMOCERUS RUI N. SP. (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: APHELINIDAE), AN EXOTIC NATURAL ENEMY OF BEMISIA (TABACI GROUP) (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) RELEASED IN FLORIDA.” Florida Entomologist 87 (3): 283–87. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0283:ERNSHC]2.0.CO;2.Eretmocerus rui n. sp. imported from Hong Kong and released against Bemisia (tabaci group) in Florida is described. This thelytokous species was recovered after release, but it is unknown if it is established in Florida

Arias, B.

Bellotti, Anthony C.

Guerrero, JM

Hernández, P.

Pena, JE

Trujillo García, H.E.

Florida entomologist

An extensive survey of B. tabaci populations in 15 economically important crops and 8 weed species in Florida was carried out from March 2000 through May 2001. Sex ratios did not significantly differ among host plants. Biotype analysis by RADP/PCR indicated the presence of only the B biotype of B. tabaci in all collections. These data suggest that in Florida the B biotype of B. tabaci has excluded the native non-B biotypes in agricultural ecosystems.

Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable

McKenzie, CL

Anderson, Pamela K.

Villarreal, N.

CGSpace

Florida Entomologist

An extensive survey of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in agricultural ecosystems in Florida

Zolnerowich, Gregory

Rose, Mike

K-State Research Exchange

 Zolnerowich & Rose:  Eretmocerus rui  n. sp. 283 ERETMOCERUS RUI  N. SP. (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: APHELINIDAE), AN EXOTIC NATURAL ENEMY OF  BEMISIA  ( TABACI  GROUP)(HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) RELEASED IN FLORIDA G REGORY  Z OLNEROWICH 1   AND  M IKE  R OSE 21 Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004 2 Department of Entomology, Leon Johnson Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717A BSTRACT Eretmocerus rui  n. sp. imported from Hong Kong and released against  Bemisia  ( tabaci group) in Florida is described. This thelytokous species was recovered after release, but it isunknown if it is established in Florida.Key Words: biological control,  Eretmocerus , Aphelinidae,  Bemisia , Aleyrodidae.R ESUMEN Se describe a  Eretmocerus rui  n. sp., especie introducida de Hong Kong y liberada en la Flor-ida para el control de  Bemisia . Esta especie telitóquica fue recapturada después de su lib-eración, pero se desconoce si está establecido en la Florida. Translation provided by the authors. Numerous populations of exotic parasitic Hy-menoptera, primarily in the genera  Encarsia  and Eretmocerus  (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphe-linidae), were introduced during population ex-plosions of  Bemisia  ( tabaci  group) (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae) in the southern UnitedStates during the 1980s and 1990s. Introductionsof  Eretmocerus  Haldeman (Haldeman 1850) wereemphasized, as this genus is composed of primaryparasites that attack Aleyrodidae (Rose et al.1996). Zolnerowich & Rose (1998) characterizedand described five of the introduced  Eretmocerus species that were released in the U.S., while Rose& Zolnerowich (1997a, b) characterized and de-scribed species of  Eretmocerus  indigenous to, ornaturally occurring in, the United States.Most of the  Eretmocerus  populations releasedin the United States were introduced through theUSDA-APHIS quarantine laboratory in Mission,Texas (Goolsby 1996; Goolsby et al. 1998). How-ever, biological control researchers in Florida alsointroduced natural enemies of  Bemisia  ( tabaci group) through the quarantine laboratory inGainesville. One of these is an undescribed spe-cies of  Eretmocerus  that F. D. Bennett (Nguyen &Bennett 1995) discovered attacking a  Bemisia species in Hong Kong. This thelytokous species(McAuslane & Nguyen 1996) was consigned fromquarantine, reared in culture, and released inFlorida. We describe that species here to aid in de-termination of the  Eretmocerus  species complexattacking  Bemisia  ( tabaci  group) in Florida, effi-cacy evaluations of the same, and discovery ofpossible utilization of non-target whitefly hosts byexotic  Eretmocerus  species released in Florida.M ATERIALS   AND  M ETHODS Terminology and measurements follow thoseused by Rose & Zolnerowich (1997a). Measure-ments of 61 morphological features were takenfrom 10 females in the type series that weremounted in balsam or Hoyer’s. Measurementswere made with a customized data acquisitionprogram written for an Apple Macintosh com-puter, and linked to a digitizing tablet and Zeisscompound microscope equipped with Nomarskicontrast enhancement. In the description, statedlengths are means. Eretmocerus rui   Zolnerowich and Rose,   new species(Figs. 1-3, 5)Diagnosis Females of  Eretmocerus rui  can be identifiedby the presence of 3 setae on each parapsis, thepresence of 6 setae on the mesoscutum, a veryelongate, cylindrical antennal club that is 6.88-8.06 ×  as long as wide (Fig. 1), a long ovipositor ap-proximately the same length as the club, and along, narrow forewing about 2.7 ×  as long as wide(Fig. 2).Of the  Eretmocerus  species known from theU.S. (Rose & Zolnerowich 1997a, b; Zolnerowich &Rose 1998) only  E. furuhashii  Rose and Zolnero- 284 Florida Entomologist  87(3) September 2004 wich bears 3 setae on the parapsis. However, fe-males of  E. furuhashii  bear 4 setae on themesoscutum and have much shorter (about 4.3-5 × as long as wide) antennal clubs that are clavatewith slightly deflected (rostrate) apices.All other nominal exotic  Eretmocerus  speciesintroduced and released against  Bemisia  ( tabaci group) in the United States bear 4 setae on themesoscutum and 2 setae on the parapsis. Thosespecies are  E. emiratus  Zolnerowich and Rose, E. hayati  Zolnerowich and Rose,  E. melanoscutus Zolnerowich and Rose, and  E. mundus  Mercet. Female Length of specimens in Hoyer’s 0.575-0.75 mm(n = 10). Holotype female 0.75 mm. Body light yel-low. Head amber. Antennae pale amber. Legs paleyellow. Wings hyaline.Face and occiput with transverse substrigulatesculpture, interscrobal area vertically substrigu-late. Antenna (Figs. 1 and 3) with radicle 3.7 ×  aslong as wide; scape 5.08 ×  times as long as wide,2.31 ×  as long as radicle, 2.01 ×  length of pedicel,0.55 ×  length of club; pedicel 2.6 ×  as long as wide,1.12 ×  as long as radicle, 0.50 ×  length of scape. Fu-nicle I triangular, dorsum 0.21 ×  length of venter.Funicle II subquadrate, somewhat compressed,dorsum 0.73 ×  length of venter. Club cylindrical,narrowed at apex, 7.4 ×  as long as greatest width,14.3 ×  as long as narrowest width, 1.83 ×  length ofscape, 3.69 ×  length of pedicel.Mesoscutum trapezoidal with 6 setae, anterior ¼  with cellular reticulate sculpture, remainderwith faint elongate reticulations. Parapsis with 3setae, anterior margins with elongate cellular re-ticulations; axilla with 1 seta, faintly reticulate.Scutellum with 4 setae, anterior pair shorter, 2placoid sensilla lateral and closer to the posteriorpair of setae, and with faint, elongate reticula-tions. Metanotum slightly more narrow in longi-tudinum than propodeum; propodeum with fainttransverse reticulations, central lobe broad andsmooth, reaching  ½  distance into gastral tergiteII. Endophragma extending into gastral tergite II.Forewing (Fig. 2) 3.09 ×  as long as wide be-tween points on wing margin immediately aboveapex of stigmal vein and at distal apex of frenalfold; 2.73 ×  as long as maximum width of disc (thearea distad of an imaginary line extending fromthe distal apex of the frenal fold to the wing mar-gin immediately above the distal apex of the stig-mal vein). Longest anterior alary fringe 0.15 × width of disc, longest posterior alary fringe 0.32 × width of disc. Base of wing with 1 seta, distal por-tion of costal cell with 3 setae. Marginal vein with3 longer setae, 8-16 setae between marginal veinand partial linea calva; setae often interspersedabove tubercles and extending about  ⅔  distanceto proximal advent of frenal fold. Partial lineacalva closed posteriorly by setae, including thosejust described, with 13-14 tubercles on ventralsurface near posterior end; a group of 19-29   setae,depending on size of specimen, including thoseclosing the distal margin of the linea calva, gener-ally point toward the anterior margin of the wing;102-130   setae, depending on size of specimen, indisc (excluding a row of setae around the interiormargin) generally point toward distal apex ofwing. Submarginal vein 2.78 ×  as long as marginalvein and 3.62 ×  length of stigmal vein. Marginalvein 1.31 ×  length of stigmal vein.Hind wing 7.31 ×  as long as wide with 0-2 setaein disc.Gastral tergite I with reticulations on lateralanterior margins, remaining tergites appearsmooth; gastral tergites I-IV with paired setae asfollows: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2. Syntergum with 4 setae.Ovipositor prominent, exserted, nearly equal(1.01 × ) to length of club, 1.85 ×  length of scape,1.13 ×  length of midtibia. Male There is only one male known, and this speci-men is uniquely different from nominal exoticbiparental  Eretmocerus  species in the UnitedStates in its overall paucity of pigment (see Zol-nerowich & Rose 1998).Specimen mounted in Hoyer’s with head am-ber; antennae pale fuscous overall, pedicel andmultiporous plate sensilla slightly darker. Prono-tum pale fuscous, propodeum and anterolateralFig. 1. Eretmocerus rui, female antenna.Fig. 2. Eretmocerus rui, female forewing. Zolnerowich & Rose:  Eretmocerus rui  n. sp. 285 portion of gastral tergite I pale fuscous, remain-der of dorsal habitus pale. Forewing with submar-ginal vein fuscous, remaining veins and proximal ⅓  of costal cell pale fuscous, becoming slightlydarker in a narrow band proximal to frenal fold;frenal fold fuscous; all setae in forewing dark;pale fuscous band around forewing margin. Hindwing venation fuscous. Coxa and trochanter pale,with femur, tibia, and tarsi pale brown on all legs.Aedeagus pale fuscous. Host Bemisia  ( tabaci  group) on  Hibiscus  sp. in labo-ratory culture in Gainesville, FL. Etymology This species is named for our colleague, RuNguyen, Research Entomologist for the FloridaDepartment of Agriculture and Consumer Ser-vices, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville.Nguyen undertook the rearing and release pro-gram for  E. rui  in Florida and conducted biologicalstudies on this species. He is currently undertak-ing field recovery sampling for  Eretmocerus  spp.attacking  Bemisia  (tabaci group) and other white-fly genera in Florida. He was instrumental in suc-cessful biological control programs directedagainst the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ash-mead) (Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae) in Florida, andthe citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi(Ashby) (Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae) in Florida andelsewhere. Nguyen also facilitated the successfulintroduction of Entedononecremnus krauteri Zol-nerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea:Eulophidae) against the invading giant whitefly,Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell (Aleyrodidae: Aleu-rodicinae) in Florida.DISCUSSIONEretmocerus rui was originally reared from Be-misia sp. collected on Emilia sp. (Asteraceae) in1992 by F. D. Bennett during searches for naturalenemies of Bemisia (tabaci group) in Hong Kong.Nguyen & Bennett (1995) discussed the importa-tion, release, and recovery of natural enemies ofBemisia (tabaci group) in Florida. Eretmocerusrui was released in 10 Florida counties, and spec-imens were recovered a few weeks after release.However, it is not known if E. rui is permanentlyestablished in Florida. Sampling of Bemisia(tabaci group) and other whitefly genera in Flor-ida to recover Eretmocerus species, and to eluci-date species and species complexes associatedwith whitefly species is underway.McAuslane & Nguyen (1996) discussed the re-productive biology and behavior of E. rui (theirEretmocerus sp.), and noted the significance ofthelytoky to applied biological control. Althoughwe describe the single male specimen of E. rui,males are not necessary for reproduction.De Barro et al. (2000) compared sequences ofthe D2 expansion segment of the 28S ribosomalRNA gene between an unnamed species of Eret-mocerus from Hong Kong and Eretmocerus queen-slandensis Naumann and Schmidt (in De Barro etal. 2000), which was described from Bemisiatabaci in Queensland, Australia. Out of 590 posi-tions, they found the sequence from the HongKong Eretmocerus differed from E. queenslanden-sis by a single mutation at position 206, and sug-gested the two were conspecific. There is apossibility that the species of Eretmocerus fromHong Kong they used is the same as E. rui, butunfortunately, preserved specimens or vouchermaterial from their analysis are not available.However, there are a number of striking mor-phological differences between E. rui and E. queen-slandensis which lead us to believe that if theEretmocerus from Hong Kong used by De Barro etal. was indeed E. rui, the two are not conspecific.The most obvious difference lies in the amount ofpigmentation, with unmounted females of E.queenslandensis being fuscous, with this dark pig-mentation also very evident on cleared, slide-mounted specimens (Fig. 6). Females of E. rui havethe head and antennae amber, the legs and bodyare light yellow, and there are no fuscous markings(Fig. 5). Additional morphological differences in-clude: the club of E. queenslandensis is 4.8-6.4× aslong as wide (Fig. 4), the club of E. rui is 6.88-8.06×as long as wide (Figs. 1 and 3); the parapsis ofE. queenslandensis has 2-3 setae, that of E. rui has3 setae; the placoid sensilla on the scutellum arevery close to the posterior pair of scutellar setae inE. queenslandensis (Fig. 6), while in E. rui they areusually more anterior and lateral to the posteriorsetae (Fig. 5). There are other morphological differ-ences, but the ones given here are the most obviousto the untrained eye.Material ExaminedHolotype female in balsam with 3 other fe-males on a single slide with a single right-handlabel with the following data: Hong Kong, 14 VII1992, FD Bennett 1312, Bemisia tabaci, lab cul-ture F1, Eretmocerus rui, Zol.& Rose 2003, HO-LOTYPE (in red ink, author’s note). The left sideof the slide is frosted glass upon which is written:1312, Eret., 4 V. Written in black ink on the glassbelow the coverslip is: balsam. The coverslip isringed with red Glypt. The holotype is the bottomleft specimen. The specimens are mounted withthe heads facing the bottom of the slide.The paratype series consists of three femalesmounted in balsam on a single slide with the ho-lotype, 13 females and one male individuallymounted on slides in Hoyer’s with two labels eachthat bear the following data: Left label: Name:286 Florida Entomologist 87(3) September 2004Eretmocerus rui, paratype (in red ink), Det. Roseand Zol. 2002, Coll. R. Nguyen, No., Corr. R.Nguyen II-18-93. Right label: Loc. (Hong Kong),Univ. Fl. Gainesville, Date: II-18-1993, Host: Be-misia (culture), Det., On: Hibiscus.The holotype female and three paratype fe-males on a single slide and single male paratypespecimen will be deposited in the USDA-ARS Sys-tematic Entomology Laboratory at the U.S. Na-tional Museum, Washington, D.C. The remainingtype slides and additional specimens will remainwith the authors while ongoing systematic stud-ies on Eretmocerus species recovered from white-fly in the U.S. are in progress.Additional Material ExaminedUSA: Florida: Gainesville DPI, XII.2.1994, labculture on Hibiscus, R. Nguyen (25 females);USA: Florida: Gainesville, II.15.1995, Bemisialab culture, cage 2, R. Nguyen (10 females).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was supported by the USDA-CSREES-National Research Initiative. The authors express theirappreciation to Ru Nguyen for providing specimens ofEretmocerus used in this study. The authors express theirgratitude to Ben Shaw, Lucid Art, for the drawings, andto Jack McShea, Cinnabar Macintosh, Livingston, Mon-tana, for developing the digitizing software (Rosebud II)used for data acquisition and analysis. This article isContribution No. 03-362-J from the Kansas AgriculturalExperiment Station (KAES) and was supported in partby KAES Hatch Project No. 583, Insect Systematics.REFERENCES CITEDDE BARRO, P. J, F. DRIVER, I. D. NAUMANN, G. M.CLARKE, S. SCHMIDT, AND J. CURRAN. 2000. Descrip-tions of three species of Eretmocerus Haldeman (Hy-menoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitising Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Trialeu-rodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aley-rodidae) in Australia based on morphological andmolecular data. Australian J. Entomol. 39: 259-269.GOOLSBY, J. A. 1996. Biological control of sweetpotatowhitefly. pp. 37-57 In L. E. Wendel 1996, Annual Re-port of USDA-APHIS, Mission Texas Plant Protec-tion Center (Technical Report).GOOLSBY, J. A., M. A. CIOMPERLIK, B. C. LEGASPI, JR., J.C. LEGASPI, AND L. E. WENDEL. 1998. Laboratoryand field evaluation of parasitoids of exotic parasi-toids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype “B”)(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Lower Rio GrandeValley of Texas. Biol. Control 12: 127-135.Fig. 3. Eretmocerus rui, female antenna.Fig. 4. Eretmocerus queenslandensis, female antenna.Fig. 5. Eretmocerus rui, female thorax and metasoma.Fig. 6. Eretmocerus queenslandensis, female thorax and metasoma.Zolnerowich & Rose: Eretmocerus rui n. sp. 287HALDEMAN, S. S. 1850. On four new species of Hemi-ptera of the genera Ploiaria, Chermes, Aleurodes,and two new Hymenoptera, parasitic on the lastnamed genus. Amer. J. Sci. 9: 108-111.MCAUSLANE, H. J., AND R. NGUYEN. 1996. Reproductivebiology and behavior of a thelytokous species of Eret-mocerus (Hymenoptera; Aphelinidae) parasitizingBemisia argentifolli (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Ann.Entomol. Soc. Amer. 89: 686-693.NGUYEN, R., AND F. D. BENNETT. 1995. Importation andfield release of parasites against silverleaf whitefly,Bemisia argentifolli (Bellows and Perring) in Floridafrom 1990-1994. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 108:43-47.ROSE, M., AND D. ROSEN. 1991-92. Eretmocerus debachin. sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an effective par-asite of Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aley-rodidae). Israel Jour. Entomol. 25/26: 199-207.ROSE, M., AND G. ZOLNEROWICH. 1997a. EretmocerusHaldeman (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the UnitedStates with descriptions of new species attacking Be-misia (tabaci complex) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 99: 1-27.ROSE, M., AND G. ZOLNEROWICH. 1997b. The GenusEretmocerus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Parasitesof Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Special Publi-cation, California Department of Food and Agricul-ture. 8 pp.ROSE, M., G. ZOLNEROWICH, AND M. S. HUNTER. 1996.Systematics, Eretmocerus and Biological Control,pp. 477-498 In D. Gerling and R. T. Mayer. Bemisia1995: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Man-agement. Intercept Ltd. 702 pp.ZOLNEROWICH, G., AND M. ROSE. 1998. EretmocerusHaldeman (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) importedand released in the United States for control of Be-misia (tabaci complex) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 100: 310-323.

Eretmocerus Rui N. Sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), an exotic natural enemy of Bemisia ( Tabaci Group) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) released in Florida

Mahanarva bipars (Walker) is identified as the species causing the first spittlebug outbreak in Colombian sugarcane. Information on the biology, host plants and geographic range are absent from the literature. Therefore, we summarize field observations on infestation levels and location of feeding sites, laboratory observations on size and adult color pattern variation, and known locality information that indicates distribution is restricted to western Colombia

Peck, DC

Rodríguez Chalarca, Jairo

Gómez, L.A.

Identity and first record of the spittlebug Mahanarva bipars (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopidae) of sugarcane in Colombia

Leguminous seeds are a concentrated source of nutrition (Brashier 2000). In a nutrient-poor habitat, these seeds are important resources for many of the animal species residing there. Several insect predators are known to feed on Baptisia seeds. One such insect is Apion rostrum Say (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil that feeds on seeds of several wild indigo species. Females lay eggs in developing seed pods where the larvae eat the seeds

Horn, Scott

Hanula., James L.

UNT Digital Library

398 Florida Entomologist 87(3) September 2004IMPACT OF SEED PREDATORS ON THE HERBBAPTISIA LANCEOLATA  (FABALES: FABACEAE)Scorn HORN  AND JAMES L. HANULAUSDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602The reproductive success of plants is a complexinteraction among beneficial organisms such aspollinators, and destructive ones such as defolia-tors or seed predators that eat plant tissue. Manyinsects that consume reproductive tissue destroymuch of a plant’s reproductive output (Breedlove &Ehrlich 1968; Janzen  1971; Evans et al. 1989). Inparticular, the predation of seeds serves as a majorselective force affecting plant abundance, distribu-tion, and evolution (Harper et al. 1970; Moore1978; Duggan 1985). Seed predation (destructionprior to dispersal) often accounts for a large por-tion of a plant population’s mortality (Janzen  1969;Louda  1978; Norambuena & Piper 2000).Lance-leaf wild indigo, Baptisia lanceolata(Walter) Elliott (Fabaceae), is a member of a largegroup of plants containing several alkaloids(Cranmer & Turner 1967) that deter some herbi-vores (Frost 1945). In particular, Baptisia spp.contain alkaloids called quinolizidines that aretoxic to herbivores (Gibbons et al. 1990). Baptisialanceolata occurs sporadically on sandhills, inopen woods, and along roadsides in Alabama,Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida.The plant is considered rare in South Carolina be-cause it is found in only two counties (Knox &Sharitz 1990). Because this species is of specialconcern to the state of South Carolina, researchon its life history is needed to identify factors af-fecting populations and to aid efforts to maintainand increase B. lanceolata populations.Leguminous seeds are a concentrated source ofnutrition (Brashier 2000). In a nutrient-poor habi-tat, these seeds are important resources for manyof the animal species residing there. Several insectpredators are known to feed on Baptisia seeds.One such insect isApion  rostrum Say (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), a weevil that feeds on seeds of sev-eral wild indigo species. Females lay eggs in devel-oping seed pods where the larvae eat the seeds.Haddock & Chaplin (1982) found that A. rostrumconsumed as much as 5% of the yearly seed crop ofB. leucantha in the tallgrass prairies of Missouri.Peterson (1989) examined the relationship be-tween these same two species in an Illinoistallgrass prairie and found that limiting seed pred-ator access to plants with a sticky barrier in-creased seeds per pod and pods per plant.Similarly, a study on two Haplopappus spp. (Aster-aceae)  in California showed that insecticides wereeffective in reducing seed predation (Louda  1982).Little is known about the life history and fac-tors influencing survival of B. lanceolata. In pre-liminary examinations, B. lanceolata seed pods inSouth Carolina were commonly infested byA. ros-trum. Therefore, the objectives of this study wereto determine the extent ofA. rostrum seed preda-tion on B. lanceolata and the efficacy of an insec-ticide to limit damage to B. lanceolata seedproduction. Insecticides could provide managerswith an additional tool to use in efforts to increaselocal populations.The study was conducted during the springand summer of 2003 at the Savannah River Site(SRS)  near Aiken, South Carolina. The SRS isowned and operated by the Department of Energy(DOE), and the land is managed as a NationalEnvironmental Research Park. Baptisia lan-ceolata is only found at a few scattered localitiesin the southwestern corner of the SRS where it ismainly associated with pine forests (Knox &Sharitz 1990). This species blooms from April toMay, with seed pods being present from June toNovember. We were unsure when seed predatorsbegan oviposition on plants in our study area sowe started insecticide applications early to in-crease the likelihood of protecting seeds. We se-lected 37 plants as untreated controls and 33plants that were treated with insecticide at twolocations on the SRS. Plants were sprayed withpermethrin (1% AI) until runoff. The first applica-tion occurred on 29 April at the time several of theplants started to bloom. Plants were treated threemore times (9 May, 21 May, and 18 June) through-out the blooming and fruiting period. Seed podswere collected on 17 July and examined for num-ber of seeds produced and the presence of insectseed predators. A t-test was used to comparetreated and control plants statistically.Plants treated with insecticide experiencedgreater reproductive output (Table 1). The num-ber of damaged seeds per plant was significantlylower on insecticide-treated plants (P = 0.046) re-sulting in an increase of 5 seeds/plant. In addition,percent success (no. pods formed I no. originalflowers) was significantly higher on treated plants(P = 0.010) probably due to reduced weevil attacksin the early stages of pod development. Studieshave suggested that A. rostrum may be responsi-ble for premature pod abortion (Peterson 1989;Peterson & Sleboda 1994; Peterson et al. 1998).Thus, it appears insecticides effectively loweredinitial damage by ovipositing females. Insecticideapplications resulted in a net increase of 15 un-damaged seeds per plant. Because treated andcontrol plants had similar numbers of seeds perpod and seeds per plant, the increased seed yieldresulted from reduced propagule damage.DE-AI09-00SR22188        JOURNAL ARTICLE        2005        04-32-PScientific Notes 399TABLE 1. MEAN + SE OF SELECTED FLOWER AND SEED YIELD PARAMETERS FROM CONTROL AND INSECTICIDE TREATEDBAPTISIAOWCEOLATA  PLANTS.Control (n = 37) Treated (n = 33)Blooms/plantPods/plant% success (no.pods/no.flowers)*Seeds/plant (damaged + viable)Damaged Seeds/plant*% of seeds damagedA. rostrumlplantTortricid larvae/plant**denotes a significant difference G’ < 0.05).Peterson & Sleboda (1994) stated that A. ros-trum was the only known predator impactingBuptisia spp. in their study area in Illinois. Like-wise, A. rostrum was the only seed predator en-countered at SRS during preliminary seed countsin 2002. However, when pods were collected foranalysis during summer 2003, A. rostrum ap-peared to be less common than the year beforeand another seed predator was found.The latter was an unidentified caterpillar inthe family Tortricidae found on almost half of theplants sampled. Previous authors found tortricidlarvae to be prevalent on plants in Missouri (Had-dock & Chaplin 1982) and Kansas (Evans et al.1989). It is unclear whether this caterpillar wasoverlooked the previous year or was not present.Unlike A. rostrum, the caterpillar seemed to con-sume almost all of the seeds within a pod. Infestedpods contained frass and silk similar to that ob-served by Haddock & Chaplin (1982). Althoughwe were able to collect several specimens, manylarvae apparently exited the pods before 17 JulyWe found no evidence of pupation in the pods. Ourinsecticide treatments were especially effective inreducing tortricid numbers. None of the 18 larvaecollected from seed pods were from treated plants.The insecticide effectively protected seeds fromtortricid larvae, but weevils and their damagewere still evident, despite four applications. Al-though the treatments only reduced damagedseeds from 7.1 to 2.2, it is likely that they wouldhave increased yields more if weevil populationswere higher. For example, Peterson (1989) found asticky barrier increased yields by 0.4 and 2.6 seedsper pod in 1985 and 1988, respectively. Eventhough our treatments resulted in an increase ofonly 15 viable seeds per plant, this would be an in-put of 600 additional seeds in a 40-plant popula-tion. More research is needed to determine ifincreasing seed yield within a plant population issufficient to increase plant numbers, or whetherother factors after seed dispersal limit populationdensities. Insecticide applications were able tolimit insect seed predator damage, but the impactson nontarget insects is less clear. Six butterfly spe-43.0 zt 5 .687 .78 i 1.8216.5 i 3.0342.7 + 8.097 .10 i 2.0714.0 + 2.810 .49 f 0.150.49 f 0.1536.7 ziz 5.7610.6 i 2.2329.1 f 4.0852.9 f: 9 .882 .20 f 1.114 .30 * 1.620 .79 f 0.410 .00 i 0.00ties  occur in South Carolina that feed on wild in-digo (Scott 1986) and all six may occur at theSavannah River Site. These include Colias eury-theme (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Colias philodice(Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Callophrys irus (Lepidop-tera: Lycaenidae), Everes comyntas (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae), Achalarus lyciades (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae), and Erynnis baptisiae (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae). These species are closely associatedwith wild indigo and may require it for survival, soit may be appropriate to survey plants targeted forinsecticide application to ensure that larvae arenot present. However, this may not be necessarysince most of these butterfly species can survive onany plants in the genus Baptisia. Areas containingplants of other more common Buptisia speciessuch as B. alba or B. australis are likely to havesufficient host plants to lessen the impacts of in-secticide application to B. lanceolata on butterflypopulations. In addition to insecticide applica-tions, other methods such as fire, fertilization, orplanting may be useful for increasing local popula-tions of B. lanceolata.Future work should investigate how seed pre-dation is affected by biotic and abiotic  factors andhow it changes over time; how to time sprays bet-ter so less insecticide is needed; and whetherother insecticides may be better at controllingcertain seed predators. Insecticides may be a sim-ple, inexpensive, and effective means of increas-ing seed yields of other rare plants.We thank D. Dyer and M. Ulyshen for techni-cal assistance during this project and T. Kuntz forhelping locate plants for the study We also thankTheresa Pitts-Singer for helpful comments on themanuscript. Assistance was provided by the U.S.Forest Service-Savannah River under the Depart-ment of Energy Savannah River Operations Of-fice through Interagency Agreement DE-AlOS-OOSR22188.S U M M A R YPreventive insecticide applications were usedto determine the impact of insects on Baptisia400 Florida Entomologist 87(3) September 2004lanceolata seed yield. Treated plants had an in- HARPER, J. L., P. H. LOVELL, AND K. G. MOORE. 1970.creased rate of success of flowers developing into The shapes and sizes of seeds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. andseed pods and lower damage. Two insects, Apion Syst. 1: 327-356.rostrum and an unidentified tortricid, were re- JANZEN,  D. H. 1969. Seed-eaters vs. seed size, number,sponsible for seed damage. Seed yields were in- toxicity, and dispersal. Evolution 23: l-27.creased by 15 seeds per plant. More work is JANZEN,  D. H. 1971. Seed predation by animals. Annu.needed to determine if increased seed yields re-Rev. Ecol. and Syst. 2: 465-492.sult in increased plant population densities.moX,  J. N., AND  R.  R,  SmITz, 1990.  Endangered,threatened, and rare vascular flora of the SavannahRiver Site. Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, SC.< REFERENCES CITEDBRASHIER,  M. 2000. Friends and foes in the seed pod.Farm and Home Research 51: 16-19.BREEDLOVE, D. E., AND P. R. EHIX,ICH.  1968. Plant-her-bivore coevolution: lurtines  and lycaenids. Science162: 671-672. -CRANMER,  M. F., AND B. L. TURNER 1967. Systematicsignificance of lupine alkaloids with particular refer-ence to Buptisiu  (Leguminosae). Evolution 21: 508-517.DUGGAN, A. e. 1985. Piedispersal  seed predation by An-thoharis cardamines (Pieridae) in the population dy-namics of the perennial Cardamine pratensis(Brass.). Oikos 44: 99-106.EVANS, E. W., C. C. SMITH, AND R. P. GENDRON. 1989.Timing of reproduction in a prairie legume: seasonalimpacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds.Oecologia 78: 220-230.FROST, S. W. 1945. Insects feeding or breeding on in-digo, Baptisia. NY Ent. Sot.  53:219-225. -GIBBONS. W.. R. R. HAYNES. AND J. L. THOMAS. 1990.Poisonous Plants and Vknomous Animals of Ala-bama and Adjoining States. The Univ. of AlabamaPress. 345 pp.HADDOCK, R. C., AND S. J. CHAPLIN. 1982. Pollinationand seed production in two phenologically  divergentprairie legumes (Baptisia leucophaea and Buptisialeucanthu).  Am. Midl. Nat. 108: 175-186.LOUDA, S. M. 1978. A test of predispe&al seed predationin the population dynamics of Haplopappus (Aster-aceae). Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of California, Riv-erside.LOUDA, S. M. 1982. Distribution ecology: variation inplant recruitment over a gradient in relation to in-sect seed predation. Ecol. Monogr. 52: 25-41.MOORE, L. R. 1978. Seed predation in the legume Crota-laria.  Intensity and variability of seed predation innative and introduced populations of C. pallida.Oecologia 34: 185-202.NORAMBUENA , H., AND G.L. PIPER 2000. Impact ofAp-ion ulicis on Ulex  europaeus seed dispersal. Biol.Control 17: 267-271.PETERSON, C. E. 1989. Trade-offs among components ofBaptisia leucantha reproductive yield in response toseed predation. Trans. Ill. Acad. sci. 82: 19-24.PETERSON. C. E., AND J. A. SLEBODA. 1994. Selectivepod abortion 6y  Baptisia leucantha as affected by acurculionid seed predator, Apion rostrum. GreatLakes Entomol. 27: 143-147.PETERSON, C. E., S. C. LINDSEY, D. M. DUDGEON, ANDR. A. PERTELL. 1998. The effect of seed predation onpod abortion by the prairie legume, Buptisia leu-cophaea. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 91: 47-52.SCOTT, J. A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America.Stanford Univ. Press. 583 pp.

Impact of seed predators on the herb Baptista lanceolata (Fabales: Fabacae).

A survey for parasitoids of the whiteflies, Bemisia tuberculata Bondar, Trialeurodes variabilis Quantaince, T. vaporariorum (Westwood), Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, Tetraleurodes sp., Aleuroglandulus malangae Russell and Aleurodicus sp., was conducted in 6 cassava growing regions of Colombia and Ecuador. In Colombia, the degree of infestation was predominantly high (>29 whiteflies/cm 2 ) for A. socialis , B. tuberculata and T. variabilis in all cassava growing regions. In Ecuador, levels of infestations were high for Aleurodicus sp., A. socialis , B. tuberculata , Tetraleurodes sp. in the coastal region, and for T. vaporariorum in the Highlands. The parasitoid fauna of the whiteflies appeared to be more diverse in Colombia than in Ecuador. Eleven species of parasitoids representing 5 genera, 4 families and two superfamilies, as well as 1 hyperparasitoid, were collected from the cassava growing regions of Colombia and 4 species were collected from Ecuador. The parasitoids, Amitus macgowni Evans and Castillo, Encarsia sp., E. hispida De Santis, E. pergandiella Howard, E. bellottii Evans and Castillo, E. luteola group, E. sophia (Girault and Dodd), E. strenua group, Eretmocerus sp., Metaphycus sp. and Euderomphale sp., were collected. There were notable differences in parasitism among the different geographic regions and whitefly species. In general, Eretmocerus was the dominant genus in Colombia and Ecuador, followed by Encarsia sp. We found A. macgowni in regions characterized by high temperatures and bimodal rainfall. Percent parasitism per region surveyed ranged from 3 to 25% in Colombia and from 12 to 21% in Ecuador. = Se efectuó un estudio de reconocimiento de parasitoides de las moscas blancas Bemisia tuberculata Bondar, Trialeurodes variabilis Quantaince, T. vaporariorum (Westwood), Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, Tetraleurodes sp., Aleuroglandulus malangae Russell y Aleurodicus sp. en regiones productoras de yuca de Colombia y Ecuador. En Colombia, los niveles de infestación fueron altos (>29 moscas blancas/cm2), particularmente para A. socialis, B. tuberculata y T. variabilis y en el Ecuador para Aleurodicus sp., A. socialis, B. tuberculata, Tetraleurodes sp., en la región de la costa y T. vaporariorum en la región de la sierra. Aparentemente, la fauna de parasitoides fué mas diversa en Colombia que en Ecuador. Se colectaron 11 especies de parasitoides, los cuales representan 5 géneros, 4 familias y dos superfamilias en Colombia y 4 especies de parasitoides en Ecuador. Los parasitoides fueron Amitus macgowni Evans y Castillo, Encarsia sp., E. hispida De Santis, E. pergandiella Howard, E. bellottii Evans y Castillo, grupo E. luteola, E. sophia (Girault and Dodd), grupo E. strenua, Eretmocerus sp., Metaphycus sp. y Euderomphale sp. Hubo diferencias en parasitismo entre las diferentes regions geograficas y especies de mosca blanca. En general, Eretmocerus fué el género que predominó en Colombia y Ecuador, seguido por Encarsia. A. macgowni fué encontrado en diferentes regions geograficas caracterizadas por temperatures altas y dos epocas con alta precipitación. El promedio de parasitismo por region fluctuó entre 3 a 25% en Colombia y entre 12 al 21% en Ecuador

Guerrero, J.M.

Survey of parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cassava growing regions of Colombia and Ecuador

Two new genera and two new species from Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea are described and illustrated. These taxa are discussed in relation to others in the tribe Colpurini

Brailovsky, H.

Red Mexicana de Repositorios Institucionales

New genera and new species of Colpurini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea.

http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc779253/

Eretmocerus Rui N. Sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae), an exotic natural enemy of Bemisia ( Tabaci Group) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) released in Florida

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