This is a guide to use of registered herbicides against various weeds in different turfgrasses

Brosnan, J.T.

DeFrank, J.

ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa

Turf ManagementJune 2008TM-15*Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in coopera-tion with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, dis-ability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site <http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs>.Turfgrass weed control in Hawai‘i is challenging. Environmental conditions in the state favor the year-round growth of weed populations. Winter weather doesn’t eliminate weed populations like it does on the mainland; thus, many species traditionally classified as “annual” act as perennials here in Hawai‘i.  Weed infestations are a sign of a weakened turfgrass stand. Insects, diseases, nematodes, poor soil conditions, inadequate fertility, improper mowing, and insufficient watering can all weaken a turfgrass stand, reducing density and vigor. Reductions in turfgrass density cre-ate voids in the canopy in which weeds can become established. Herbicides may temporarily remove these weeds, but failure to correct the factors leading to weed encroachment will ensure that the weeds will return and continue to be a problem. The best approach to minimiz-ing weed problems is to maintain a healthy, dense turf. There are three basic types of turfgrass weeds: grassy weeds, broadleaf weeds, and sedges. Photos illustrating the types are on pages 2–3.Broadleaf weedsBroadleaf weeds generally have wide leaves that are produced in pairs or multiples. Leaves are usually af-fixed to the plant by a sub-stem or petiole (Photo 1). Leaf arrangements may be simple (having one leaflet, like a dandelion; Photo 2) or compound (having more than one leaflet, like white clover; Photo 3). Broadleaf weeds often have a pinnate venation where veins protrude outward from a central axis, giving a “netted” appear-ance (Photo 4). Chemical Weed Control Optionsfor Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i*This revises Instant Information Series no. 20 (1996) by D. Hensley, R.K. Nishimoto, and J. DeFrank.J.T. Brosnan and J. DeFrankDepartment of Tropical Plant and Soil SciencesGrassy weedsGrassy weeds are botanically related to turfgrasses and thus have a similar appearance and growth habit in many cases. Their leaves usually have a blade-like appearance (Photo 5) and attach directly to the main stem of the plant. Grassy weeds often have parallel venation, where veins within the leaves are parallel to the leaf margins (Photo 6). SedgesSedges have leaves that are similar in appearance to grassy weeds, but these plants are not classified as grasses. These plants have triangular stems and leaves arranged in three vertical rows. In situations where herbicide applications are needed to control weed infestations, the following tables can serve as a guide for selecting the correct product. Se-lection is based on two factors: turfgrass tolerance and herbicide efficacy. In order to select the correct herbicide to control a weed infestation, the product must be able to be safely applied to the turfgrass species in which weeds are present, and the product must also effectively control the weed(s) present.  Tables 1 and 2 list expected turfgrass tolerances to various preemergent and postemergent herbicides. Note that the information in these tables refers to the turf’s tolerance to a single application of the named compound, applied alone, at rates specified on the product label. Tank mixes of two or more herbicides may result in increased turfgrass injury. Caution should be taken when applying UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 200821. Petiole of a black medic (Medicago lupulina) leaflet (Photo courtesy of http://www.msuturfweeds.net/images/galleries/medic/2.jpg)2. Simple leaf arrangement of  Cupid’s shaving bush (Emilia fosbergii Nicols.)  Photo: J.T. Brosnan3. Compound leaf arrangement of yellow wood-sorrel (Oxalis stricta L.)  Photo: J. DeFrank4. Pinnate venation of Wedelia trilobataPhoto: J.T. Brosnan  tank mixes of different herbicides to a turf. Addition-ally, errors in application (overlaps, skips, drift, failure to allow the product to dry) may negatively affect both turfgrass tolerance and herbicide efficacy. Before application, always read the label of the product to be applied. Herbicide labels are legal documents that must be followed. Labels provide users with specific information about turfgrass tolerance and plant species controlled, as well as information about where the prod-uct can be safely applied. For example, some products are not labeled for use on home lawns, while others are 3UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 20085. Blade like appearance of hilograss (Paspalum conjugatum) foliage  Photo: J.T. Brosnan6. Parallel venation of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt.] Kuntze)Photo: Max Schlossberg, Penn State Univ.not labeled for use on golf greens. Consult the label to determine if the herbicide selected is labeled for the desired use. The present document is intended only as a guide for product selection. Many herbicides are not labeled for use on seashore paspalum, because its widespread use as a desirable turfgrass species is a relatively new development in the industry. However, wording on some herbicide labels allows users to determine the suitability of the product on species not listed as tolerant on the label; these prod-ucts are indicated with an asterisk in Table 3. Note that in many cases applying herbicides to species not listed as tolerant on the label may result in significant injury to the desired turfgrass stand. Herbicides labels allowing users to determine suitability on species not listed on the label place all liability in the event of injury on the user. It is recommended that applications of these materials be made to a small area in order to evaluate phytotoxic injury before broadcasting across desirable turfgrass stands.  It is essential that the weeds to be controlled are accu-rately identified, since no single herbicide will control all weeds. Tables 4–8 list the effectiveness of preemergence and postemergence herbicides in controlling common weeds found in turfgrass stands throughout Hawai‘i. Herbicides in these tables are listed alphabetically by common name. Consumers may be more familiar with the trade names of these products, rather than their com-mon names; thus, Table 3 lists the trade names of all the herbicides registered for use in Hawai‘i as of June 2008. Not all weed species are listed in these tables. Herbicide labels will provide specific information about the various weed species a compound will control. Most chemical companies make labels for each herbicide in their product line available on their website. Databases of herbicide labels are available at websites such as www.cdms.net and www.greenbook.net. A list of all pesticides labeled in Hawai‘i can be found at http://state.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/stmenu.com. Preemergence applications should be made before weed seeds have germinated. Many preemergent her-bicides need to be “watered in” in order to become ac-tivated; therefore, do not apply preemergent herbicides in times of drought unless supplemental irrigation is available. Postemergence applications should be made when weeds are small in size. Often, herbicide sensitiv-ity is greater on smaller, less mature plants. Many post-emergence herbicides need to remain on the leaf surface for a certain period of time in order to be translocated throughout the plant’s vascular system; therefore, do not apply these materials in rainy conditions. To control some perennial weed species postemergently, multiple herbicide applications may be required.  The information in the following tables should not be considered recommendations for use of herbicides on turfgrasses but rather as resource material to enhance the understanding of turfgrass responses to herbicides.UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 20084   Bermuda-  Bahia- Bermuda- grass Centipede- St. Augustine- Seashore  Herbicide grass grass† golf greens grass grass paspalum Zoysiagrassatrazine NR NR  NR S S NR Ibentazon S S  NR S S NR Scarfentrazone S S S S S S Sclethodim NR NR NR S NR NR NRclopyralid S S NR S S S S2,4-D S S S I I NR¶ S2,4-D + dicamba S S S I I NR¶ Sdicamba S S S I I NR¶ Sdiclofop NR S S NR NR NR NRfluazifop NR NR NR NR NR NR Sfluroxypyr S I NR S D NR Sforamsulfuron NR S NR NR NR NR Shalosulfuron S S NR S S S Simazaquin NR I NR S S NR Smetribuzin NR S–I NR NR NR NR NRmetsulfuron NR S NR S S–I NR SMSMA NR S S NR NR NR Irimsulfuron NR S I I I NR Isethoxydim NR NR NR S NR NR NRsimazine NR I NR I I NR Isulfentrazone S S NR S I S Isulfosulfuron NR S NR S S S Striclopyr + clopyralid S S NR S NR NR Strifloxysulfuron NR S I NR NR NR S § Letters indicate the turf’s tolerance to a single application of the named compound, applied alone, at rates specified on the product label. S = safe when applied at label rates on mature, healthy turf ; I = intermediate safety- may cause slight damage to mature, healthy turf; NR = not registered for use on this turf species; D = damaging, do not apply¶ = Speedzone Southern™, a pre-mixed combination of carfentrazone, 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba, is labeled for use on seashore paspalum.† Non-dormantTable 2. Tolerance of warm-season turfgrasses to various postemergent herbicides §(REFER TO HERBICIDE LABEL FOR SPECIFIC SPECIES LISTINGS)Table 1. Tolerance of warm-season turfgrasses to various preemergent herbicides §(REFER TO HERBICIDE LABEL FOR SPECIFIC SPECIES LISTINGS)   Bermuda-  Bahia- Bermuda- grass Centipede- St. Augustine- Seashore  Herbicide grass grass† golf greens grass grass paspalum Zoysiagrassatrazine NR NR NR S S NR Ibenefin S S NR S S NR Sbenefin + oryzalin S S NR S S NR Sbenefin + trifluralin S S NR S S NR SDCPA S S NR S S NR Sdithiopyr S S D S S S Sethofumesate NR NR NR NR S NR NRisoxaben S S NR S S NR Snapropamide S S NR S S NR Soryzalin S S NR S S NR Soxadiazon NR S NR NR S S Spendimethalin S S S S S NR Sprodiamine S S NR S S S Ssimazine NR I NR I I NR I § Letters indicate the turf’s tolerance to a single application of the named compound, applied alone, at rates specified on the product label. S = safe when applied at label rates on mature, healthy turf; I = intermediate safety—may cause slight damage to mature, healthy turf; D = damaging, do not apply;  NR = not registered for use on this turf species† Non-dormant5UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 2008Herbicide Trade nameatrazine ............................................ Atrazinebenefin ............................................ Balanbenefin + oryzalin ............................ XL*benefin + trifluralin .......................... Teambentazon ......................................... Basagrancarfentrazone .................................. QuickSilverclethodim ........................................ Envoyclopyralid ......................................... Lontrel*DCPA ............................................... Dacthal*2,4-D................................................ 2,4-D2,4-D + dicamba ............................. manydicamba .......................................... Banveldiclofop ........................................... Illoxandithiopyr .......................................... Dimensionethofumesate .................................. Prograss*fluazifop ........................................... Fusilade IIfluroxypyr ........................................ Spotlightforamsulfuron .................................. Revolver*Table 3. Trade names of herbicides labeled for use in Hawai‘iHerbicide Trade namehalosulfuron .................................... SedgeHammerisoxaben .......................................... Gallery*imazaquin ........................................ Imagemetribuzin ....................................... Sencormetsulfuron ..................................... BladeMSMA ............................................. MSMAnapropamide ................................... Devrinoloryzalin ............................................ Surflan*oxadiazon ........................................ Ronstarpendimethalin ................................. Pendulumprodiamine ...................................... Barricaderimsulfuron ...................................... TranXitsethoxydim ...................................... Poastsimazine .......................................... Princepsulfentrazone................................... Dismiss*sulfosulfuron ................................... Certaintytriclopyr + clopyralid ....................... Confront*trifloxysulfuron ................................ Monument* = Label wording indicates that users can determine the suitability of this product for use on species not listed as tolerant on the product label.Table 4: Preemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various grassy weedsHerbicide Annual bluegrass(Poaannua)Crabgrass(Digitariaspp.)Crowfootgrass(Dactylocteniumaegyptium)Dallisgrass(Paspalumdilatatum)Goosegrass(Eleusine indica)Orchardgrass(Dactylisglomerata)Sandbur(Cenchruslongspinus)Smutgrass(Sporobolusspp.)atrazine X X X Xbenefin X X X Xbenefin + oryzalin X X X Xbenefin + trifluralin X X X X X X XDCPA X X Xdithiopyr X X X X X X Xisoxabennapropamide X X Xoryzalin X X X X X X Xoxadiazon X X X X X Xpendimethalin X X X X X X Xprodiamine X X X X X Xsimazine X X X XX = herbicide selected exhibits greater than 70% controlTable 4. Preemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various grassy weeds X = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 20086Table 5. Preemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various broadleaf weedsX = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.HerbicideCommon chickweed(Stellaria media)Cudweed(Gamochaeta spp.)Dandelion(Taraxacum officinale)Dichondra(Dichondra carolinensis)Docks(Rumex spp.)Henbit(Lamium amplexicaule)Hop clovers(Trifolium campestre)(Trifolium dubium)Knotweed(Polygonum spp.)Lespedeza(Lespedeza striata)Mallow(Malva spp.)Mouseear chickweed(Cerastium vulgatum)Mustards(Sisymbrium spp.)(Brassica spp.)Pennywort(Hydrocotyl spp.)Plantains(Plantago spp.)Speedwell(Veronica spp.)Spurges(Euphorbia spp.)Sticky chickweed(Cerastium glomeratum)White clover(Trifolium repens)Yellow woodsorrel(Oxalis stricta)atrazineXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXbenefinXXXXXbenefin + oryzalinXXXXXXXXXXbenefin + trifluralinXXXXXXXXDCPAXXXXdithiopyrXXXXXXXXXXisoxabenXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXnapropamideXXXXXoryzalinXXXXXXXXoxadiazonXXXXpendimethalinXXXXXXXXXXXprodiamineXXXXXXsimazineXXXXXXXXXXXX7UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 2008Table 6. Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various grassy weedsTable 6- Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various grassy weedsHerbicide Bahiagrass(Paspalumnotatum)Annual bluegrass(Poaannua)Crabgrass(Digitariaspp.)Crowfootgrass(Dactylocteniumaegyptium)Dallisgrass(Paspalumdilatatum)Goosegrass(Eleusine indica)Orchardgrass(Dactylisglomerata)Sandbur(Cenchruslongspinus)Smutgrass(Sporobolusspp.)Torpedograss(Pacinumrepens)atrazine X X Xbentazoncarfentrazoneclethodim X X X X X Xclopyralid2,4-D2,4-D + dicambadicambadiclofop Xfluazifop X X X X X X X Xfluroxypyrforamsulfuron X X Xhalosulfuronimazaquin X X Xmetribuzin X X X X X X Xmetsulfuron X XMSMA X X X X Xrimsulfuron Xsethoxydim X X X X X X X Xsimazine Xsulfentrazone Xsulfosulfuron X Xtriclopyr + clopyralidtrifloxysulfuron X X X X XX = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 20088Table 7. Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various broadleaf weedsX = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.Table 7- Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various broadleaf weedsX= herbicide selected exhibits greater than 70% controlHerbicideBlack medicMedicago lupulina)Common chickweed(Stellaria media)Cudweed(Gamochaeta spp.)Dandelion(Taraxacum officinale)Dichondra(Dichondra carolinensis)Docks(Rumex spp.)Henbit(Lamium amplexicaule)Hop clovers(Trifolium campestre)(Trifolium dubium)Knotweed(Polygonum spp.)Lespedeza(Lespedeza striata)Mallow(Malva spp.)Mouseear chickweed(Cerastium vulgatum)Mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris)Mustards(Sisymbrium spp.)(Brassica spp.)Pennywort(Hydrocotyl spp.)Pigweed(Amaranthus spp.)Plantains(Plantago spp.)atrazineXXXXXXXXXXXXXbentazonXcarfentrazoneXXXXXXXXclethodimclopyralidXXXXXXXX2,4-DXXXXXXXXXXXXX2,4-D + dicambaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXdicambaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXdiclofopfluazifopfluroxypyrXXXXXXXXXXforamsulfuronXhalosulfuronimazaquinXXXXXmetribuzinXXXXXXXmetsulfuronXXXXXXXXXXXXMSMAXXrimsulfuronXXsethoxydimsimazineXXXXXXXXXsulfentrazoneXXXXXXXXXXXXXXsulfosulfuronXXXtriclopyr + clopyralidXXXXXXXXXXXXXtrifloxysulfuronXXX9UH–CTAHR Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai‘i TM-15 — June 2008Table 8. Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various sedge and kyllinga species Kyllinga Purple nutsedge Yellow nutsedge Annual sedgeHerbicide (Kyllinga spp.) (Cyperus rotundus) (Cyperus esculentus) (Cyperus compressus)bentazon X  X halosulfuron X X X imazaquin X X X MSMA X X X Xrimsulfuron    Xsulfentrazone X X X trifloxysulfuron X X X XX = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.Table 7 (continued). Postemergence herbicides exhibiting efficacy against various broadleaf weedsX = Herbicide exhibits greater than 70% control.ReferencesMcElroy, J.S., D.K. Robinson, T. Samples, J.C. Sorochan, and G. Breeden. 2007. Weed management recommendations for professional turfgrass managers: athletic fields, golf courses, commercial lawns and turfgrass sod. University of Tennessee Ag. Extension Service #PB1539. Knoxville, TN. http://turfweeds.utk.edu/manual/pb1539home.htmUnruh, J.B., and B.J. Brecke. 2006. Response of turfgrass and turfgrass weeds to herbicides. ENH-100. Department of Envi-ronmental Horticulutre, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WG/WG07100.pdfTable 7- continuedHerbicideShepardspurse(Caspella bursa-pastoris)Speedwell(Veronica spp.)Spurges(Euphorbia spp.)Sticky chickweed(Cerastium glomeratum)Thistles(Cirsium spp.)Violets(Viola spp.)White clover(Trifolium repens)Yellow woodsorrel(Oxalis stricta)atrazineXXXXXXbentazonXXcarfentrazoneXXXXclethodimclopyralidXXXX2,4-DXXXXX2,4-D + dicambaXXXXXXXXdicambaXXXXXXXXdiclofopfluazifopfluroxypyrXXXXXforamsulfuronhalosulfuronimazaquinXXXXmetribuzinXXXXmetsulfuronXXXXXXMSMAXrimsulfuronXXsethoxydimsimazineXXsulfentrazoneXXXXXsulfosulfuronXXXtriclopyr + clopyralidXXXXXXXtrifloxysulfuronXX

Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai'i

http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/12599/1/TM-15.pdf

Chemical Weed Control Options for Turfgrasses in Hawai'i

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa