Genetic crossing experiments of the apricot eye (ap) mutant, discovered in a recently introduced laboratory colony of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), demonstrated that it was inherited as an autosomal recessive gene. Mating preference tests showed that both apricot eye females and wild-type females preferred to male with males of their own strains. However, only wild-type males were highly successful in mating with both types of females

Poramarcom, Ratana

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society

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Vol. 31, December 31,1992 165A New Eye Mutant, apricot, of theOriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), andits Mating PreferenceRATANA PORAMARCOM1 -ABSTRACT. Genetic crossing experiments of the apricot eye (ap) mutant, discovered in arecently introduced laboratory colony of Bartmeent ilorsalis (Hendel), demonstrated that il wasinherited as an autosomal recessive gene. Mating preference tests showed that both apricoteye females and wild-lype females preferred to male with males of their own strains. However,only wild-type males were highly successful in mating with both types of females.KEY WORDS: Eye mutant, Ractrocrra donate, mating preferences.The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is one of the mostdestructive crop pests, since it attacks more than 120 species of fleshy fruits(Bess and Haramolo 1961). Most wild B. dorsalis flies possess yellow markings on the scutellum and thorax; those of another 2-4% of the naturalpopulation in Hawaii are white in color (Hart and Steiner 1972). Eye colorof wild-type adults is deep purple with blue-green irridescence.The first described eye color mutant gene, Mandarin red (ma), in B.dorsalis is an autosomal recessive gene (McCombs and Saul 1989). Conditional lethal genes in eye pigment pathways are an important class ofmutant alleles. Therefore, basic information on the genetics of other eyemutant genes is important and will contribute to the construction of alibrary of mutant genes. In addition, mating preference tests on mutantstrains will provide further information regarding possible use of specificmutant strains as genetic markers in sterile insect release programs.MATERIALS AND METHODSA laboratory colony of B. dorsalis was newly established from larvaeobtained from infested papaya collected from the Puna district on theisland of Hawaii. The colony was continually maintained on papaya at20-26°C, 65±20 %R.H., under semi-natural lighting conditions within thelaboratory at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, as described byPoramarcom (1988). The original field collected individuals had wild-lype'Formerly with Hawaiian F.volutionary Biology Program, and Department of Entomology,University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.•Current address: Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Thanon Vibhavadi Rangsit, Bangkok10900, Thailand.166 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Societyeyes (deep purple with blue-green irridescence) and yellow markings onthe scutellum and thorax.At the 4th generation under laboratory rearing, two males and onefemale with apricot colored eyes (ap) and white scutellum and thorax werediscovered in the colony. These mutant flies were allowed to mate inter sefor two subsequent generations to isolate a pure-breeding colony of ap flies.A pure-breeding colony was obtained in the 5th generation. Crosses insucceeding generations were designed to establish an inheritance mechanism for the trail. Reciprocal crosses were conducted between wild type andap individuals, using twelve single pairs each, to yield Fl offspring. Furtherreciprocal crosses were made between wild-type Fl with ap parents usingeight single pairs in each intercrossing, and by mass-mating to yield F2offspring. The results were analyzed by chi-square tests.The ap strain was further tested for mating preferences. Male choiceexperiments were conducted for both sexes separately by placing three fliesper cage in cylindrical paper cages (8 cm diam., 8 cm height). Two flies,one ap eye and one wild-type, of the sex being tested, were placed togetherwith an individual of the opposite sex of either strain. A total of 28 groupsof females and 45 groups of males was tested separately for each sex.Minings were recorded daily after sundown, since it has been confirmedthat this species mates at dusk (Roan et al. 1954, Reiser et al. 1973,Kobayashi et al. 1978, Arakaki et al. 1984, Poramarcom 1988). The test ineach cage was terminated when mating was observed or after seven days,whichever came first. The results were analyzed by a chi-square test.TABLE 1. Progenies from various crosses involving wild-type (in./.) and apricot eye mutant(ap) of Bactrocera dorsalis.1.3.4.MatingcombinationM Fw.l. X apap X n>./.n>.(.(FI) X aj)ap X «U.(F1)pairs12128mass8massNumber of progenywild-typeM294292488674209F320316475549195apricot eyeM0044716(i191F00455861166rhisquare0.190.290.062.9p —.05NSNSNSNSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe F2 offspring ratios obtained from the monohybrid testcross did notdiffer significantly from 1:1 ratios of parental types by chi-square analysis.The results of these reciprocal crosses demonstrated that the apricot eye(ap) mutant gene is an autosomal recessive (Table 1). The ap homozygousgenotype is fully expressed. This ap strain probably resulted from an independent mutation that arose on a chromosome that already carried theVol. 31, December 31,1992 167whitish scutellum and thorax. This is the first morphological mutant discovered in an early generation of a newly established colony of B. dorsalis.Another mutant, mandarin red eye, was described after induction by amutagen (McCombs and Saul 1989). The eye color of this ap strain is veryclose to that of the apricot eye mutant discovered in the Mediterraneanfruit fly by Rossler and Koltin (1976). The latter is also governed by anautosomal recessive gene. Similar naturally occurring morphological mutations of eye color controlled by autosomal recessive genes which have beendiscovered in other fruit fly species include the white eye (Sharp andChambers 1973), apricot eye (ap) (Rossler and Koltin 1976), brown-orangeeye (bo) (Saul and Rossler 1984), and garnet eye (g) (Rossler and Rosenthal1988) in Ceratilis capitata (Wiedemann), and the yellow-eye mutant in Bac-Irocera aicurbilae (Coquillctt) (Kobayashi et al. 1973).TABLE 2. Mating preferences of apricot eye mutant (ap) and wild-type (w.t.) individuals ofItaclmcera darsalis.SextestedMaleFemaleStrain ofthe sextestedw.t.apW.t.apTotalnumbertested45452828Numbermatings40422625Individuals mated*W.I.2913115ap11291520chi-square8.16.10.629.0Prob.<0.01<0.01NS<0.01'Each sample consists of two individuals, one apricot eye mutant (ap) and one wild-type (w.t.),of the opposite sex, placed with a w.l. or ap fly of the sex being tested.Experimental evidence of female discrimination for certain males in B.dorsalis has been successfully demonstrated (Poramarcom 1988). Such female preferences are based on olfactory signals, an important componentof sexual selection in this species. Mate preference tests that involvedmating of a single female placed in a cage with one male from each strain,indicated that both ap females and wild-type females preferred to mate withmales of their own strains (Table 2). In mate preference tests that involveda single male placed in a cage with two females, more ap males mated withap females than with wild-type females. These results are very similar tothose of Wong et al. (1982) who demonstrated sexual isolation betweenlaboratory-reared and wild strains of B. dorsalis, due to a preference formating between members of the same strain. The only difference in myresults was that wild-type males were equally accepted as mates by bothwild-type and ap females (Table 2). However, ap males were significantlymore often accepted as males by ap females than by wild-type females. Apmales may attempt copulation randomly between the two kinds of females,but wild-type females were less likely to mate with them, presumably because of a lack of necessary courtship signals in ap males. On the otherhand, wild-type males may possess all necessary attributes which satisfy most168 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Societyfemales, both wild-type and ap strains. Distinctive colors or markings on thebody or wings of some tephriuds suggest that these may serve as visualsignals (Dodson 1978, Tauber and Toschi 1965a, 1965b). However, visualstimuli apparently do not play a significant role at close range in successfulmating of B. dorsalis (Poramarcom 1988). Therefore, the greenish or apricot eye color and the yellow or whitish thorax and scutellum of individualflies are not an apparent source of discrimination. Females are likely todiscriminate among the courting males on the basis of olfactory signals, aswas demonstrated in another study (Poramarcom 1988).If this eye color could be linked to the sex chromosome and behave asa conditional lethal gene in females, the release of males-only might befacilitated. Such a genetic sexing system, which allowed the mass-release ofonly male flies might increase the effectiveness and acceptability of thesterile insect release method. Ap males released along with wild-type malesprobably would not be successful in competing for mates (Table 2).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank Dr. WJ. Dickinson and Dr. K.Y. Kaneshiro for their helpfulguidance in the research, Dr. Kaneshiro for providing necessary researchfacilities and supplies, and making this manuscript possible, and Dr. D.O.Mclnnis for commenting on the manuscript. This work was supported bythe University of Hawaii, East-West Center (PhD Study Grant), the California Department of Food and Agriculture (Contract No. 7067 to Dr. K.Y.Kaneshiro), and an USDA-ARS Grant (Agreement No. 58-91H2-6-42 to Dr.K.Y. Kaneshiro).REFERENCES CITEDArakaki, N., H. Kuba, anil H. Socmori. 1984. Milling behavior or Ihe Oriental fruit fly. Dacusdonahs Hendel (Diplera: Tcphritidae). Appl. till. Zool. 19(0:42-51.Bess, H.A. and F.H. Haramolo. 1961. Contributions to the biology and ecology of the Orientalfruit fly, Dacus dorsaUs Hendel (Diptera: Tcphritidae), in Hawaii. Technical Bulletin No.■14, Univ. Hawaii and Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 30pp.Dodson, G.N. 1978. Behavioral, anatomical, and physiological aspects of reproduction in theCaribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (lx>ew). M.S. thesis, Univ. of Florida, 68pp.Hart, R.A. and L.F. Steiner. 1972. Abnormalities in tcneral oriental fruit flies from a whilestrain. J. Econ. Entomol. 65:300-301.Reiser, I., R.M. Kobayashi, D.L. Chambers, and E.L. Schneider. 1973. Relation of sexualdimorphism in the wings, potential stridulation, and illumination of mating of Orientalfruit flies, melon flies, and Mediterranean fruit flies in Hawaii. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.60:937-941.Kobayashi, R.M., D.L. Chambers, and E.L. Schneider. 1973. A yellow-eyed mutant of the melonfly.j. Econ. Entomol. 66:792-793.Kobayashi, R.M., K. Ohinata, D.L. Chambers, and M.S. Fujimoto. 1978. Sex phcromones ofthe oriental fruit fly and the melon fly: mating behavior, hioassay method, and attractionof females by live males and by suspected phcromone glands of males. Environ. Entomol. 7:107-112.McCombs, S.D. and S.H. Saul. 1989. Cenetic studies of the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dunalis(Diptera: Tephritidae): The first eye color mutant. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82:114-115.Vol. 31, December 31,1992 169Poramarcom, R. 1988. Sexual communication in the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel(Diptera: Tephriiidae). PhD dissertation, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 126pp.Roan, C.C., N.E. Flitters, and C.J. Davis. 1954. Light intensity and temperature as factorslimiting the mating of the oriental fruit fly. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 47:593-594.Rossler, Y. and Y. Koltin. 1976. The genetics of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitataWied.: three morphological mutations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69:604-608.Rossler, Y. and H. Rosenthal. 1988. Genetics of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae): eye color, eye shape, and wing mutations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81:350-355.Saul, S.H. and Y. Rossler. 1984. Genetic markers of the autosomal linkage groups of theMediterranean fruit fly, Cerntitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.77:323-327.Sharp, J.L. and D.L. Chambers. 1973. A white-eyed mutant of the Mediterranean fruit fly. J.Econ. Entomol. 66:560-561.Tauber, M.J. and C.A. Toschi. 1965a. Bionomics ofEuleiafiatria (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae).I. Life history and mating behavior. Can. J. Zool. 43:369-379.Tauber, M.J. and C.A. Toschi. 1965b. Life history and mating behavior of Tephritis stigmatim(Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pan. Pacific. Ent. 41:73-79.Wong, T.T.Y., H.M. Couey, and J.I. Nishimoto. 1982. Oriental fruit fly: sexual developmentand mating response of laboratory-reared and wild flies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.71:592-596.170 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society

A New Eye Mutant, apricot, of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and its Mating Preference

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A New Eye Mutant, apricot, of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and its Mating Preference

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