Hardy, D. Elmo

Kaneshiro, K.Y.

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society

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Vol. XXII, No. 1, August, 1975 57Studies in Hawaiian Drosophila,Miscellaneous New Species, no. I1D. Elmo Hardy and K. Y. KaneshiroUNIVERSITY OF HAWAIIHONOLULU, HAWAIIWe are describing six new species of Drosophila for which names areneeded for cytogenetic and other studies being done on the evolution ofthe Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Five of these belong in the picture-wingedspecies group and one to the mimica subgroup of the modified mouth-parts species.Drosophila differens Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp. (fig. la)Very similar to planitibia (Hardy), from Maui and differentiatedonly by having the face entirely or predominantly yellow rather than allblack except for the lower margin; also in the type male the pleura arepredominantly yellow with a dark brown to blackish streak along upperedge of each mesopleuron, a spot in middle of upper pteropleuron andwith upper sternopleuron brown. In planitibia males the pleura are predominantly subshining black with the propleuron, lower hind corner andhind margin of sternopleuron, also lower portion of pteropleuron andupper portion of metapleuron yellow. Two paratype males of differensare very similar to this so the coloration of the pleura is obviously variable. There is also a slight but apparently consistent difference in thelength of the marking in cell Rt. In planitibia males, it extends distallyto just beyond the level of the m crossvein (fig. lb) while in the Molokaimales, it extends nearly to the marking at apex of the wing (fig. la).Hybridization experiments have demonstrated that the populationsfrom Maui and from Molokai represent distinct species as they are incapable of inter-breeding. Crosses have been done in both directions andhave resulted in fertile females but sterile males. We find no morphological characters which will separate these species and consider themsiblings.Length: body, 7.0 mm., wings, 8.3 mm.Holotype male: S. Hanalilolilo, Molokai, February 12, 1972, rearedex Clermontia stem (S. L. Montgomery and H. L. Carson). Allotypefemale: Kaunuohua, Molokai, July 8-10, 1969 (M. Muraoka). Six maleand one female paratypes, same locality as type (H. L. Carson, February6-12, 1972; K. Y. Kaneshiro, January 20, 1973). Two male paratypes, onesame locality and date as allotype (H. L. Carson), and one from PuuKolekole, Molokai, July 9, 1968 (K. Y. Kaneshiro) .1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal series no. 1737.58 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological SocietyType and allotype at B. P. Bishop Museum. Paratypes in Universityof Hawaii collection.Drosophila gymnophallus Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp. (fig. 2)This species fits very close to liophalhis Hardy and Kaneshiro and wefind no morphological characters for separating these. The wing markingsdo show some rather slight differences. The dark brown to blackish spoton vein Ml42 beyond the r-m crossvein is situated much closer to the mcrossvein (fig. 2) than in liophallus. In the latter the dark spot is locatedhalfway between r-m and m (refer to figure 10b, Hardy and Kaneshiro,1968:200) . Also, the dark brown to black spot on upper anterior marginof each mesopleuron is less extensively developed than in liophalhis, notextending much beyond level with anterior notopleural bristle. In thelatter species, the spot is larger, more conspicuous, extending nearly toposterior notopleural bristle. The disc of scutellum of gymnophallus istinged with brown in the middle whereas in liophalhis the scutellum isentirely yellow. The number and arrangement of the long rays on thearistae also appear to show some differences; in gymnophallus 5-6 long,dorsal hairs are present and one or two rather long, preapical hairs aresituated on posterior surface. It appears as though the apical portion ofthe arista may be slightly turned and it is possible that this is an aberration. In liophalhis the arista is like that of most picture-winged Dro-sophila and about 8 dorsal hairs are present with no hairs no posteriorsurface.The polytene chromosomes of these two are homosequential buthybridization tests have indicated that they are reproductively isolated.Hybrid males have very poor testes development and no viable spermswere produced. The hybrid polytene chromosomes showed extremelypoor synapsis.Length: body and wings, 6.0 mm.Holotype male and allotype female: Waialua, Oahu, May 3 and 24,1970 (S. L. Montgomery). 7 paratypes, 4 males, 3 females from the following localities on Oahu: same as type; Puuulu Valley, near Puu Pane,February 20, 1970 reared in lab medium. Eggs ex-Dracaena stem (S. L.Montgomery) ; Kaunala Gulch, Pupukea, July 30-31, 1969 (F. Clayton);and Makaleha Valley, 1800 ft, July 11, 1968 (S. K. Ochikubo).Type and allotype in B. P. Bishop Museum. Paratypes in collectionof U. S. National Museum, British Museum (Natural History), and theUniversity of Hawaii.Drosophila lasiopoda Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp. (fig. 3)This is a sibling of villitibia Hardy and formella Hardy and Kaneshiro; the three are indistinguishable morphologically. The dark marginin middle of cell Rx does appear to be consistently longer in lasiopodaand in some specimens is continuous with the brown mark directly belowVol. XXII, No. 1, August, 1975 59fig. 1. Drosophila differens n.sp., a. wing; D. planitibia (Hardy), b, wing.fig. 2. D. gymnopliallus n.sp., wing.fig. 3. D. lasiopoda n.sp. wing.60 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Societyend of vein Rt (fig. 3) . In villitibia the brown marking is widely spacedfrom the brown mark below end of Rt as well as from the brown markin apex of cell Rj, the spaces often equal to the length of the m cross-vein; this is obviously a variable character. Also, the front tibiae seem toconsistently have a few more long, ventral cilia in lasiopoda than invillitibia, wTith an average of 13 posteroventral and 13-15 anteroventralsin lasiopoda and 11 posteroventral and 12 anteroventral in villitibia. Thisagain would probably show some variation and would be a trivial character. The metaphase chromosomes are distinctly different in the two.Villitibia has 5 rods and one dot whereas lasiopoda has 6 rods. Crossesbetween the two populations show them to be biological species. The ¥xmales are sterile. Most of the hybrids died in the pupal stage, few Ftadults were obtained and of these the males were all sterile. It should benoted that this is the species referred to as "villitibia", from Maui, in thediscussion of fonnella Hardy and Kaneshiro (1972:155).Holotype male: Waikamoi, Maui, 4200 ft., October 14, 1967 (H. L.Carson). Allotype female: same locality as type, February 22, 1967 (J. P.Murphy) . Nine paratypes, (7 males and 2 females) same locality as type,September 1965-October 1967 (H. L. Carson, K. Y, Kaneshiro, J. P.Murphy) .Type, allotype, and some paratypes in B. P. Bishop Museum; remainder of paratypes in the collections of the U. S. National Museum,British Museum (Natural History), and the University of Hawaii.Drosophila micromyia Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp. (figs. 4a-c)This is one of the smallest of the picture-winged species; body lengthranging from 2.9 mm-3.1 mm and wings about 3.5 mm. Based on malegenitalic structures (fig. 4c), it would appear to be very close to thevesciseta subgroup, but is readily differentiated by the absence of anymarking in the middle of cell Rj of the wing (fig. 4a) and also by thewell-developed preapical dorsal bristle of the front tibia. All species sofar described in the vesciseta subgroup (Hardy and Kaneshiro, 1971:165)are characterized by the wing having a conspicuous spot in middle of cellRj, and also by a rudimentary preapical dorsal bristle on front tibia.This species is also differentiated from all other vesciseta subgroup speciesby the lack of long cilia on the front basitarsus (fig. 4b) . An analysis ofthe banding patterns of the polytene chromosomes is necessary to determine the relationship of this species to the vesciseta subgroup.Male. Head: Front reddish brown, face white and slightly raiseddown median portion. Antennae yellow, tinged with brown at apex ofthe third segment. Arista with eight dorsal and three ventral rays inaddition to apical fork, also with short, prominent setae along apicalhalf of inner margin. Thorax: Rufous, tinged with brown, lacking conspicuous vittae on dorsum. Pleura yellow. Legs: Yellow with a row ofmoderately long, curled cilia extending about two-thirds the length onVol. XXII, No. 1, August, 1975 61fic. 4. D. wicromyia n.sp. a. wing; b. front leg of male; c. male gcnitalia, lateral.fi<;. 5. D. psilotarsalis n.sp., a. wing; b. front leg of male.62 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Societythe anterodorsal surface of the tibia; single curled hair at base of tibianearly twice as long as others; preapical dorsal bristle approximately one-half longer than the ventral apical bristle. Tarsi lacking long cilia (fig.4b). Wings: With a small inconspicuous subbasal spot, and small, isolatedmarkings at apices of veins R1? R2+3> and R4+5 and at m crossvein (fig.4a). Abdomen: Predominantly dark brown to black. Male genitalia as infigure 4c, fitting in the vesciseta subgroup as described by Kaneshiro(1969).Length: body, 2.9-3.1 mm; wings, 3.5 mm.Female. Similar to male except for sexual characters. Ovipositorslender and elongate, at least two times longer than cerci.Holotype male, allotype female and 28 paratypes (21 males and 7females) : Mahanaloa Valley, Kokee, Kauai (1950 ft), March 23, 1973 (K.Y. Kaneshiro) . Also one paratype male: Plum Tree Trail, Kokee, Kauai(M9), August 10, 1968 (H. T. Spieth).Type, allotype and some paratypes in B.P. Bishop Museum. Othersin U.S. National Museum and University of Hawaii Collection.Drosophila psilotarsalis Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp. (fig. 5a-b)In the key to picture-winged species (Hardy and Kaneshiro, 1968:177)this would run imperfectly to hirtipalpus Hardy and Kaneshiro. It wouldfit here because of the densely setose palpi, the general wing markingsand the body coloration. It is readily differentiated by the ornamentation of the front legs of the male. The front tibia has abundant, erectcilia scattered over the anterodorsal and anterior surfaces (fig. 5b) ; nothaving the long hairs arranged in distinct rows, about 10 each downanterodorsal and posterodorsal surfaces, and one row of shorter cilia downdorsal surface as in hiritipalpus. Front basitarsus lacking long cilia butwith about six tiny, pale, erect setae extending down posterior surface.In hirtipalpus the front basitarsus has one moderately long, straight, blackpreapical cilia, which is slightly longer than second tarsomere. Palpi darkbrown to blackish; in hirtipalpus they are yellow, tinged with brown. Thewing markings are slightly different from those of hirtipalpus, the brownmark in middle of cell Rx is not so extensive, filling usually less thanone-third the length of that cell from end of vein Rj to end of vein R2+3(fig. 5a), with broad hyaline marks on either side of this spot. The sidesof the brown median mark is somewhat variable but in the specimensstudied it is distinctly smaller than in specimens of hirtipalpus whichhave been examined. In the latter the brown mark in middle of Rx isabout equal in length to the penultimate section of vein M1+2, and thehyaline areas below and beyond the mark are usually subequal to thelength of die m crossvein (refer to figure 7c, Hardy and Kaneshiro,1968:193). The specimens are also slightly smaller than hirtipalpus.In addition to the above characteristics the antennae are entirely darkbrown and tinged with black, as are the palpi. The epistoma is faintlytinged with brown and the mentum and labellum are entirely yellow.Vol. XXII, No. 1, August, 1975 63The former has numerous long preapital setae. The palpi are denselycovered with short black setae as in hirtipalpus. Mesonotum densely graypollinose with four rather broad, brown vittae; the submedian vittaeextending from about the posterior dorsocentrals to a level almost evenwith hind margins of the luimeri, and the lateral pair extending frombehind suture to just before level of posterior dorsocentrals. Also, with abrown mark behind each humerus extending to suture; this obscured bythe dense gray pollen. Disc of scutellum dark brown, lateral margins andapex yellow. Legs entirely yellow except for a faint preapical and a pre-basal ring of brown on each hind tibia; also the apical tarsomeres arebrown. Wings marked as in figure 4a. Abdomen largely dark brown toblack in ground color, covered with gray-brown pollen, and with a pairof large yellow basal spots on sides of each tergum.Length: body and wings, 4.5-5.0 mm.Female. Fitting the general characteristics of most of the species whichfall in the broad haivaiiensis grouping.Holotype male, allotype female, and two male paratypes: one-halfmile northwest of Moahuiahea Radio tower, Hualalai, Hawaii, April 4,1972 (K. Y. Kaneshiro).Type and allotype in B. P. Bishop Museum. Paratypes in Universityof Hawaii collection.Drosophila reschae Hardy and Kaneshiro, n.sp.Fitting in the modified mouthparts group of species very close tomimica Hardy and differentiated by having the dorsum of the thoraxand abdomen dark brown to black; lacking a brown mark on r-m cross-vein and with the markings at apices of vein R2+s» ^4+5» and M1+2 ratherfaint, not distinctly marked with brown as in mimica; and by having twopairs of well developed dorsocentrals bristles, with the anterior pairsituated opposite the supraalars. Also most specimens have only oneacrostichal seta situated near suture. In mimica the mesonotum, scutellum,front, and abdomen are rufous, tinged with brown and the sixth tergumis yellow. The apices of veins RL>+3, R-t+r» and Mu2 and also the r-m cross-vein are distinctly marked with brown. The anterior dorsocentral bristlesin the male are rather weak, situated behind the supraalars.Cytogenetic comparisons and hybridization studies were made of thisspecies with mimica by Yoon, et al. (1972) and it was demonstrated thatthey are clearly biological species. In crosses between the two, the Fx maleswere sterile. D. reschae differs cytologically from mimica by having shorterenlarged dot chromosomes, and the polytene chromosome III lacks theinversion N (mimica is polymorphic for N in chromosome III).Holotype male, allotype female and 22 paratypes (5 males and 17females) : Puu Pane, Waialua, Oahu, Hawaii, March 1, 1970 (S. L.Montgomery) . Also, 12 paratypes (3 males and 9 females) collected fromthe following localities: Palikea, Oahu (reared ex Clermontia leaves) May64 Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society11, 1966 (W. B. Heed); Waialua, Oahu, May 24, 1970 (S. L. Montgomery) ; Mokuleia Trail, Oahu, February 7, 1971 (S. L. Montgomery) ;W. Makaleha Valley, Oahu (reared ex Pisonia leaves), July 7, 1969 (S.L. Montgomery).Type, allotype and some paratypes in B. P. Bishop Museum. Otherparatypes in collections of U.S. National Museum and the University ofHawaii.The species is named after Miss Kathleen Resch, University of Texas,Genetics Foundation, who is in charge of the Hawaiian Drosophila StockCenter, and who has been directly responsible for much of the successwhich has been achieved in rearing these flies under laboratory conditions.REFERENCES CITEDHardy, D. E. and K. Y. Kaneshiro, 1968. New Picture-winged Drosophila from Hawaii.Univ. Texas Publ. 6818:171-262.1971. New Picture-winged Drosophila from Hawaii, Part II.Univ. Texas Publ. 7103:151-170.1972. New Picture-winged Drosophila from Hawaii, Part III.Univ. Texas Publ. 7213:155-161.Kaneshiro, K. Y., 1969. A study of relationships of Hawaiian Drosophila species basedon external male genitalia. Univ. Texas Publ. 6918:55-70.Yoon, J. S., K. Resch and M. R. Wheeler, 1972. Cytogenetic relationships in HawaiianDrosophila II. The Drosophila mimica subgroup of the "modified mouthparts"species group. Univ. Texas Publ. 7213:201-212.

Studies in Hawaiian Drosophila, Miscellaneous New Species, no. I

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Studies in Hawaiian Drosophila, Miscellaneous New Species, no. I

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