Evans, Stewart M.

Gill, Margaret E.

Pattipeiluhu, Shelly M.

Retraubun, Alex S.W.

ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa

CAKALELE, VOL. 9 (1998): 41–46 © The authors Traditional Knowledge of Ectoparasites  of Reef Fishes ALEX S. W. RETRAUBUN AND SHELLY M. PATTIPEILUHU UNIVERSITAS PATTIMURA MARGARET E. GILL AND STEWART M. EVANS UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE 1. Introduction Fishermen often have substantial knowledge of the environment, ac-quired not by formal education but by direct experience of the natural world (Johannes 1981). Such information is not usually documented, but is potentially important, especially in developing countries, because sci-entists may have incomplete or flawed data on which to base strategies for the rational management of fish stocks. The provision of information by fishermen could have an additional benefit because there is growing awareness that communities should be more involved in local environ-mental planning processes (e.g., Lopez 1985). The interaction of sci-entists and fishermen would be one way of ensuring that this occurs.  It might be expected that fishermen would mostly acquire knowledge that would help them to exploit and manage resources effectively, such as on the times of spawning or migration of fish. There appears to be little available data on this point, but Lobel (1978) suggested that the numbers of local names given to fish species by Pacific Island fishermen reflected the importance of fish stocks to them. Invertebrates were less well-named, presumably because many of them are of little or no eco-nomic importance. Indonesian fishermen also use a wide range of names for fish (Schuster 1952). However, it became clear during an ecological survey of ectoparasites of reef fishes in coastal waters of Ambon Island (Pattipeiluhu & Gill 1998) that local fishermen could recognize ecto-parasites from photographs, even though the organisms were small and of no economic importance. The present study quantifies this knowledge. { PAGE } CAKALELE, VOL. 9 2. Methods The study consisted of two parts. First, a survey was carried out of the isopod ectoparasites of seven fish species that are common in the Ambon region: Abudefduf saxatilis, Epinephelus sp., Lutjanus sp., Pempheris ovalensis, Pterocaesio tile, Rastrelliger sp., and Selaroides sp. They were obtained by scuba divers (spear-fishing), from local fish markets, or from fish traps. Two of the fish species, A. saxatilis and P. tile, are known hosts of the parasites, Anilocra koolanae Bruce 1987 and Renocila sp. Williams and Williams 1992, respectively (Pattipeiluhu & Gill 1998). Both parasites are fish “lice” that attach themselves to the body surface of the host. They differ from some other members of the group that attach themselves to the gills or inhabit the mouth cavity of the host. However, the two parasites, A. koolanae and Renicola sp., are different from one another in external appearance, especially their color. A. koolanae is white; Renocila sp. is grey.  Interviews in Bahasa Indonesia were carried out with 58 fishermen from 15 villages (3–5 per village) on the north and south coasts of Am-bon and within Ambon Bay (see Table 2). Each was shown the following photographs.  (a) The parasite A. koolanae.  (b) The parasite Renocila sp.  (c) Separate photographs of each of the seven fish species included in the survey.  The procedure and questions asked were as follows: (i) Each fisher-men was separately shown photographs of A. koolanae and Renicola sp. In each case, he was asked: Do you recognize this animal? If so, what do you call it? (ii) Each fisherman was separately shown photographs of the seven fish species. In each case, he was asked: Does A. koolanae occur in this fish? If so, on which part of the fish is it found (head, gill, or body)? The procedure was then repeated for Renicola sp. 3. Results The survey of ectoparasites confirmed that A. koolanae was a parasite of P. tile, and that Renocila sp. was a parasite of A. saxatilis (Table 1). However, A. koolanae was not host-specific. It was also recorded on Selaroides sp. No isopod parasites were recorded on four of the fish species: Epinephelus sp., Lutjanus sp., Pempheris ovalensis, and Rastri-lliger sp. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE { PAGE } Table 1. The numbers of fishermen using different names  to describe isopod ectoparasites of fish. REGION VILLAGE kutu ian inali mai mai North coast: Hitu 1 1 2  Seith  2 2  Asilulu 1  4  Mamala  2 2 South coast: Tengah-tengah 1  2  Tulehu 4  1  Suli 3    Batu Gong 4    Toisapu 1  2  Waai 4    Tial   4 Ambon Bay: Rumah Tigah 3    Poka 3    Hatiwe Besar 2  2  Lateri 4   Table 2. The occurrence of ectoparasites A. koolanae and Renocila sp.  on seven species of reef fishes.    PARASITIZED BY: FISH SPECIES NUMBER EXAMINED WITHOUT PARASITES A. koolanae Renocila sp. Pterocaesio tile 12 10 2 0 Selaroides sp. 19 17 2 0 Abudefduf saxatilis 27 22 0 5 Epinephelus sp. 17 17 0 0 Lutjanus sp. 25 25 0 0 Pempheris ovalensis 16 16 0 0 Rastrilliger sp. 15 15 0 0  Each of the fishermen interviewed recognized both A. koolanae and Renocila sp. from photographs. Three names were used for them: kutu, ian inali, and mai mai (Table 2). However, each fisherman used the same name for both parasites; they did not distinguish between them. More than one name was often used in the same village, but there was { PAGE } CAKALELE, VOL. 9 nevertheless some evidence of regional trends in the use of names. The most commonly used name in villages on the north of the island was mai mai. Ian inali was also used in some of these villages, but less often than mai mai. Kutu was most frequently used by villagers from the south coast and Ambon Bay.  The majority of fishermen recognized P. tile and Selaroides sp. as hosts of A. koolanae (Table 3). Substantial numbers of them suggested that the parasite also occurred on A. saxatilis, Epinephelus sp., Lutjanus sp., Pempheris ovalensis, and Rastrelliger sp. However, the numbers who identified either P. tile or Selaroides sp. as hosts of A. koolanae were significantly larger than the mean numbers, indicating that it was a parasite of other species (Table 3). Significantly more fishermen sug-gested that Renocila sp. occurred on A. saxatalis than that it parasitized other fish species. Fishermen were less clear about the usual locations of these parasites on their hosts. Most thought (correctly) that they occurred on the bodies of the fish, but substantial numbers believed that they were found on the gills or in the mouths of the hosts. 4. Discussion Many Ambonese fishermen were able to recognize isopod ectoparasites of coral reef fishes, and often accurately to ascribe particular parasites to their fish hosts. They did so for A. koolanae, which is a parasite of P. tile, and Renocila sp., which occurs on A. saxatilis. This knowledge is presumably acquired when they sort their fish catches. The study also illustrated the potential value of traditional knowledge as a source of information that has not been documented by science. P. tile and one unknown species were the sole hosts of A. koolanae that were known to science before this study (Pattipeiluhu & Gill, 1998). However, the large majority of fishermen interviewed (56 out of 58; 97%) knew that the parasite also occurred on Selaroides sp. The fish-parasite surveys carried out here confirm that they were correct. It follows that fishermen who suggested that A. koolanae and Renocila sp. occurred on additional hosts were not necessarily wrong. So far, the parasites have not been recorded on these hosts, but more detailed surveys could possibly establish that they do occur on them.  Knowledge of the ectoparasites of fish is not in itself economically useful to fishermen. It may nevertheless have some applied value. Evans et al. (1995) have shown that the occurrence of Renocila sp. on A. saxa-TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE { PAGE } tilis can be used as a biological indicator of organic pollution in coastal areas. This and similar relationships could therefore provide a simple indirect measure of water quality in pollution-monitoring programs. Information about the knowledge and interests of people who live in coastal villages could also be useful in the design of school curricula in biology and related subjects. Syllabi that are based on the knowledge and experience of local people are more likely to be effective than the more academic approach that is used in much of the developed world (World Conservation Strategy 1980, Baskaran 1988). Table 3. Responses of 58 fishermen to the presence or absence, and believed location (mouth, gills, or body), of the parasites of A. koolanae and Renocila sp. on their fish hosts. The Chi-square test was used to compare responses, indicating that each of the known hosts carried the parasite (A. koolanae on P. tile and Selaroides sp., and Renocila sp. on A. saxatilis) with the mean scores for fish that are not hosts  (see Table 2); † P<0.01; ‡ P<0.001.  A. koolanae Renocila sp.   POSITION  POSITION HOST SPECIES PRES. MOUTH GILLS BODY PRES. MOUTH GILLS BODY Pterocaesio tile 30† 6 9 15 1 0 0 1 Selaroides sp. 56‡ 15 16 25 0 0 0 0 Abudefduf saxatilis 17 5 4 8 32† 6 9 17 Epinephelus sp. 21 6 8 7 6 2 3 1 Lutjanus  sp. 17 6 5 6 3 1 2 0 Pempheris ovalensis 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 Rastrilliger sp. 7 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 Mean of nonhost fish 13.2    2.0    { PAGE } CAKALELE, VOL. 9 5. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank J. Abrahamz and J. Dangeubun for their help in interviewing fishermen. REFERENCES Baskaran, M. R. 1988. Malaysia. In Rex. G. Mayer, ed., Overcoming constraints on the teaching of biology, 303–305. Jakarta: Unesco-ROSTEA. Evans, S. M., M. Dawson, J. Day, C. L. J. Frid, M. E. Gill, L. A. Pattisina, and J. Porter. 1995. Domestic waste and TBT pollution in coastal areas of Ambon island (eastern Indonesia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 30: 109–115. Johannes, R. E. 1981. Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and fish lore in the Palau District of Micronesia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Lobel, P. S. 1978. Gilbertese and Ellice islands names for fish and other organ-isms. Micronesia 14: 177–197. Lopez, Mai Davide G. 1985. Notes on traditional fisheries in the Philippines. In Kenneth Ruddle and R. E. Johannes, eds., The traditional knowledge and management of coastal systems in Asia and the Pacific, 190–204. Jakarta: Unesco. Pattipeiluhu, Shelly M., and Margaret E. Gill. 1998. Ectoparasites of coral reef fishes and their value as biological indicators of pollution. Cakalele 9: 25–29. Schuster, W. M. 1952. Local common names of Indonesian fishes. Bandung: Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia. World Conservation Strategy. 1980. World conservation strategy: Living resource conservation for sustainable development. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP/WWF. The lead author for receiving proofs is S. M. EVANS  

Traditional Knowledge of Ectoparasites of Reef Fishes

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Traditional Knowledge of Ectoparasites of Reef Fishes

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