The Department of Cereal Chemistry and Technology at North Dakota State University, in cooperation with and with the financial assistance of the Malting Barley
Improvement Association, has conducted a protein
survey of the 1980 six-rowed barley crop in North
Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota. This is the
fourth consecutive year that such a survey has been
undertaken. This report summarizes the data obtained on over 400 samples collected during harvest from elevators and from individual farms

Cummings, E. L.

Krupich, K.

Pyler, R. E.

NDSU Libraries Institutional Repository

The 1980 Six-Rowed Barley Crop R. E. Pyler, E. L. Cummings and K. Krupich The Department of Cereal Chemistry and Technology at North Dakota State University, in cooperation with and with the financial assistance of the Malting Barley Improvement Association, has conducted a protein survey of the 1980 six-rowed barley crop in North Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota. This is the fourth consecutive year that such a survey has been undertaken. This report summarizes the data obtained on over 400 samples collected during harvest from elevators and from individual farms. The 1980 survey was conducted in the same manner as the 1979 survey. Department personnel visited elevators and farms in the primary producing areas of the three states, collecting samples of the 1980 crop. Samples were returned to the Department and were cleaned to remove oats and other field debris. The color of the samples was determined on whole kernels using a Gardner Color Difference Meter. Moisture levels were determined on a Tag-Heppenstahl Moisture Meter and, after grinding, protein levels were determined by in­frared reflectance analysis. County composites were then prepared, from which kernel assortments and test weights were determined. Due to the conditions en­countered during harvest this year, each of the com­posites also was tested for germination. Two 100 kernel samples from each county composite were treated for 48 hours with 0.75070 hydrogen peroxide. A kernel was con­sidered to have germinated if the rootlets were visible. A kernel was considered to have germinated if the rootlets were visible. The data generated were analyzed by means of a com­puter program developed specificially for this purpose. The 1980 Crop Year The 1980 crop year, like 1979, was a difficult one for small grain producers, especially in North Dakota and Minnesota. The growing season began early in April, but lack of top- and subsoil moisture across much of the area delayed .planting. Early planted fields shows spotty emergence and drouth damage was widespread. Seeding of barley was about 50 percent complete at the begin­ning of May (compared to a 10 year average of only 10 percent). pyler is associate professor and Cummings and Krupich are technicians, Department of Cereal Chemistry and Technology. 19 Dry weather prevailed through May, crop conditions being rated fair to poor. Spotty showers were received late in May and good rainfall was received on a con­tinuous basis through the end of June. This replenished soil moisture but the crop remained in fair to poor con­dition. Harvest began about the middle of July and was ap­proximately one-third complete early in August when considerable precipitation was again received. Heavy precipitation hindered harvest operations and caused considerable damage to swathed grain, which was sub­jected to showers on a regular basis for a period of about three weeks. As of September 21, 90 percent of the crop had been combined. The weather has had a considerable effect on the 1980 survey. Counties in South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota south of 1-94 were easily surveyed prior to the August rains. In counties to the north, the survey was hindered by lack of progress in the harvest and by the general deterioration of the crop which led many elevators to refuse barley. Thus, the 1980 survey is based primarily on the southern half of the growing area with less complete coverage of the northern sections. Results Table I contains data for protein and moisture levels and kernel color for samples collected from North Dakota. Protein and moisture levels increased over 1979, reflecting both the drouth conditions encountered early and the precipitation received late. Kernel color was the same as last year although, of course, barley from the northern areas which was badly stained is not represented. Protein and moisture levels increased by 0.4 percent over 1979 levels. Tables II and III present comparable data for samples collected from South Dakota and Minnesota, respec­tively. Protein levels increased in both states, although only marginally in Minnesota. Moisture levels declined, the Minnesota decline being due in part to the absence of samples from northern areas. Kernel color was im­proved in both states. Figure 1 shows the protein averages for those counties surveyed in 1980. Tables IV and V show protein distribution data for the counties sampled in the three states. Table VI shows a summary of the protein distribution data for the three states for the years 1977 to 1980. The percentage of the crop below 13.5 percent protein dropped from 76.9 per­cent in 1979 to 59.8 percent in 1980. This is the lowest percentage since the 1977 crop, of which only 46.7 per­cent was below 13.5 percent protein. TABLE I. North Dakota County Averages, Ranges and Changes from 1979 for Protein and Moisture Content and Color County PROTEIN MOISTURE COLOR 1980 Range Change* 1980 Range Change* 1980 Range Change* Barnes 13.8 11.8-16.7 + 1.0 12.2 9.5-13.8 -0.5 6 4- 7 -1 Benson 13.1 13.0-13.1 +0.4 13.2 13.0-13.4 + 1.2 8 8 +3 Cass 13.4 11.9-15.5 +0.4 11.8 10.8-12.7 -0.9 6 3- 8 -1 Cavalier 13.6 12.6-15.0 +0.6 12.2 9.6-13.8 -0.2 8 7- 9 +2 Dickey 13.4 10.6-16.1 +0.6 11.8 11.1-12.6 -1.0 5 3-10 -3 Grand Forks 13.6 11.5-15.4 + 1.0 12.1 11.2-13.4 -0.1 6 4-10 -1 Griggs 14.4 12.5-17.3 +1.5 11.7 10.8-12.2 -1.1 6 4- 8 -1 LaMoure 13.1 11.2-14.7 +0.4 11.5 10.7-12.1 -1.5 5 3- 8 -3 Nelson 12.9 12.0-13.8 +0.4 11.1 10.9-11.2 -0.8 8 7- 8 +2 Pembina 13.9 ------- +0.4 13.1 ------- -1.2 7 +1 Ramsey 14.1 13.3-14.5 +1.4 10.9 9.1-13.4 -0.9 9 8-10 +3 Ransom 12.3 11.2-13.8 +0.8 11.3 10.7-11.8 -0.3 7 4-10 +1 Richland 12.7 10.2-17.6 +0.1 11.8 8.7-14.0 -0.8 6 3- 8 -2 Sargent 12.7 10.7-15.4 -0.4 10.9 9.8-12.1 -0.8 5 3- 8 -2 Steele 14.0 12.9-15.1 + 1.0 11.5 8.6-13.4 -0.3 5 4- 7 -2 Stutsman 14.8 13.9-16.5 + 1.3 12.1 11.7-12.4 -0.3 7 6- 7 Traill 13.5 12.0-15.9 +0.6 11.8 8.4-13.5 6 4- 8 -1 Walsh 13.6 9.3-15.5 +0.4 12.6 11.2-14.3 +0.6 7 5- 9 +1 Average 13.4 +0.4 11.9 +0.4 6 'Change from 1979. TABLE II. South Dakota County Averages, Ranges and Changes from 1979 for Protein and Moisture Content and Color County PROTEIN MOISTURE COLOR 1980 Range Change* 1980 Range Change* 1980 Range Change* Brown 13.1 11.5-15.7 +0.8 10.6 9.9-11.8 -2.1 5 3-10 -2 Marshall-Roberts 12.7 11.8-14.0 + 1.2 10.8 9.9-11.6 -2.0 6 4- 8 -2 Average 13.0 + 1.0 10.7 -2.0 6 -1 'Change from 1979. Stutsman 13.1 12.3 12.012.7Dickey Sargent 13.4 12.7 Brown MarshaU 13.1 12.7 12.7 FIGURE 1. Average Protein Levels for 1980. 20 TABLE III. Minnesota County Averages, Ranges and Change from 1979 for Protein and Moisture Contents and Color County PROTEIN MOISTURE COLOR 1980 Range Change· 1980 Range Change· 1980 Range Change· Becker 12.6 11.0-14.2 +0.4 10.5 9.1-11.9 -2.3 7 6- 7 -1 Clay 13.5 10.7-15.4 -0.2 11.9 10.3-13.5 -0.5 6 3-10 -1 Grant 11.9 10.8-13.2 +0.4 11.5 10.5-12.5 -1.0 6 4- 8 -2 Mahnomen 11.9 11.2-12.7 -1.7 12.4 11.6-13.0 -0.4 7 6- 8 -1 Norman 13.3 12.2-13.9 -0.1 12.0 11.0-12.9 +0.2 6 4- 7 -2 Otter Tail 12.0 11.0-13.1 -0.7 12.2 11.5-13.3 -1.1 7 5- 8 -1 Polk 13.9 11.9-16.6 +0.6 11.9 8.7-13.8 -0.6 6 3- 9 -2 Traverse 12.2 10.2-14.1 -0.1 11.6 10.3-12.6 -1.6 5 3- 7 -2 Wilkin 12.3 10.6-14.5 +0.4 11.7 8.9-12.7 -1.6 7 4-10 -1 Average 12.9 +0.1 11.6 -1.0 6 -2 •Change from 1979. TABLE IV. Protein Distribution for the 1980 North some small grains, it was decided to test the county com­Dakota Crop posites for germination. The data obtained are presented in Table IX. Several counties showed evidence County 11.6 11.6-12.5 12.6-13.5 13.6-14.5 14.6-15.5 15.5 of reduced germination, most notably, Cavalier and Barnes 0 4 10 10 5 2 Ramsey counties from northern North Dakota. These Benson 0 0 2 0 0 0 were among the counties which received heavyCass 0 5 14 11 2 0 precipitation during harvest. Cavalier 0 0 3 0 1 0 Dickey 2 5 1 4 1 3 Grand Forks 1 5 7 9 5 0 Griggs 0 1 0 2 0 1 LaMoure 2 1 3 3 1 0 TABLE VI. Cumulative Protein Distributions for Nelson 0 1 0 1 0 0 1977-1980Pembina 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ramsey 0 0 1 2 0 0 <11.6 11.6·12.5 12.6·13.5 13.6·14.5 14.6·15.5> 15.5 Ransom 1 5 1 1 0 0 North Dakota 16 44 79 74 27 9Richland 5 8 10 4 0 1 South Dakota 1 9 11 5 0 1Sargent 2 2 6 1 1 0 Minnesota 21 34 32 40 8 1 Steele 0 0 4 4 4 0 Percent in class 9.2 21.0 29.6 28.9 8.5 2.7Stutsman 0 0 0 2 0 1 Trail! 0 7 12 7 3 1 Cumulative percentage Walsh 3 0 5 12 4 0 1980 9.2 30.2 59.8 88.7 97.2 100.0 1979 9.7 35.7 76.9 95.1 99.7 100.0 1978 13.7 36.0 65.1 86.2 97.0 100.0 TABLE V. Protein Distribution for the 1980 Minnesota 1977 9.8 26.4 46.7 72.6 92.3 100.0 and South Dakota Crops County 11.6-12.5 12.6·13.5 13.6-14.5 14.6-15.5 >15.5<~ MINNESOTA TABLE VII. Test Weight and Plumpness of 1980 Crop Becker 1 0 0 1 0 0 Clay 2 6 6 13 4 0 Grant 4 5 4 0 0 0 Test Weight (Ibs/bu) Plumpness· • Mahnomen 2 1 1 0 0 0 Norman 0 1 5 3 0 0 1980 Change· 1980 Change· Otter Tail 2 4 2 0 0 0 Polk 0 2 4 19 4 1 North Dakota 45.0 + 1.2 68.1 - 4.3 Traverse 5 4 3 2 0 0 South Dakota 42.0 -1.5 50.7 -18.0 SOUTH DAKOTA Minnesota 45.1 + 2.1 64.4 + 2.6 Marshall- 'Per cent retained on 6/64 inch screen. Robert 0 5 3 2 0 0 "From 1979. Brown 1 4 8 3 0 1 Table VII gives test weight and plumpness data for TABLE VIII. Summa~ of Data for 1977-1980 the three states. Test weights increased in North Dakota Number of Protein Moisture Test Weight Plumpnessand Minnesota but declined slightly in South Dakota. Year Samples ('Yo,d.b.) ('Yo) Color (Ibs/bu) ('Yo) The percentage of plump kernels declined slightly in  1977 803 13.6 11.8 6 46.5 74.4 North Dakota, very significantly in South Dakota and 1978 871 13.0 11.6 5 44.5 68.1 rose slightly in Minnesota. 1979 731 12.9 11.8 7 43.6 69.6 1980 412 13.2 11.7 6 44.8 65.7Table VIII summarizes the data collected during the four surveys undertaken. Due to the extremely wet con­ditions during harvest and reports of field sprouting in 21 TABLE IX. Germination Levels of 1980 Crop Samples STATE COUNTY % GERMINATION* North Dakota Barnes 97.0 Benson 90.5 Cass 96.0 Cavalier 69.0 Dickey 89.5 Grand Forks 93.5 Griggs 96.0 LaMoure 93.5 Nelson 95.0 Pembina 97.5 Ramsey 54.5 Ransom 92.5 Richland 98.0 Sargent 88.0 Steele 96.0 Stutsman 91.0 Trail! 95.5 Walsh 89.0 Minnesota Becker 92.0 Clay 95.5 Grant 95.0 Mahnomen 96.5 Norman 97.5 Otter Tail 95.0 Polk 95.0 Traverse 93.5 Wilkin 96.5 South Dakota Brown 93.5 Marshall·Roberts 89.5 •Average of duplicate 100 kernel samples held at room temperature for 48 hours in 0.75% hydrogen peroxide. continued from page 18 Summary In conclusion, although the falling number test offers the advantages of a simple, rapid, and fairly accurate method for measurement of sprout damage in wheat, there are certain disadvantages. It is vitally important to have a good understanding of the factors which affect the falling number test. These include varietal and en­vironmental influences as well as operational factors. It must be remembered that the falling number value does not indicate the exact amount of amylase enzyme pre­sent in a particular sample. For instance, two samples of highly sprouted wheat could each give very low falling number values (near 60 sec.). However, one of the two samples could have 10 times more alpha-amylase en­zyme present thn the other. Likewise, with falling number values above 400 sec. it may very well be that the response is not due to the absence of amylase en­zyme but rather to a starch effect. Other test methods and instruments for measurement of alpha-amylase activity which do not depend on starch viscosity but rather measure more directly the amount of alpha-amylase enzyme present in a wheat sample are being evaluated. Because of the importance of sprouting in hard red spring and durum wheat both in the domestic and export market, studies are being con­tinued at North Dakota State University to better Summary The 1980 six-rowed malting barley crop grown in North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota has an average protein content of 13.2 percent, an increase of 0.3 percent over 1979. Moisture levels and color were virtually unchanged. Test weights increased slightly and the level of plump kernels declined by 4 percent. One factor which may have led to the very small in­crease in protein levels may have been the dramatic shift, seen this year, away from Larker to lower protein varieties such as Glenn and Morex. Had this shift not taken place, the average protein level of the 1980 would, most likely, have been higher. It should be noted that samples were largely unavailable from areas in which the greatest weather damage occurred, as much of this production was not being accepted by elevators and thus will not be available for malting purposes. This report is, therefore, biased toward that part of the crop which was relatively undamaged and will be available for malting. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the help of Terry Howe, Truman Olson and George Mathiensen of the department, who collected samples. As in the past, this survey could not have been possi­ble without the financial support of the Malting Barley Improvement Association and the continued excellent cooperation of the barley producers and county elevators in the three state areas . measure alpha-anylase activity in wheat and to elucidate the effects of sprout damage on biochemical consti­tuents as well as on baking and pasta quality. REFERENCES 1. 	 Bean, M.M., Keagy, P.M., Fullington, J.O., Jones, F.T., and Mecham, D.K. 1974. Dried japanese noodles. I. properties of laboratory·prepared noodle doughs from sound and damaged wheat flours. Cereal Chern. 51:416. 2. 	 Dick, J.W., Walsh, D.E. and Oilles, K.A. 1974 The effect of field sprouting on the quality of durum wheat. Cereal Chern. 5'1: 180. 3. 	 Donnelly, B.J. Effect of sprout damage on durum wheat quality. Paper presented at the eighth joint conference of Association of Operative Millers, District 13 and American Association of Cereal Chemists, Canadian Section, No. 14. Winnipeg, Canada Sept. 12-14, 1979. 4. 	 Harris, R.H., Smith, O.S., and Sibbitt, L.D. 1943. The effect of sprout damage on the quality of durum wheat, semolina and macaroni. Cereal Chern. 20:333. 5, 	 Ibrahim, Y. and D' Appolonia, B.L. 1979. Sprouting in Hard Red Spring Wheat. Bakers Dig. 53:17. 6. 	 Kozmin, N. 1933. Biochemical characteristics of dough and bread from sprouted grain. Cereal Chern. 10:420. 7. 	 Mathewson, P.R. and Pomeranz, Y. 1978. A research note on the relationship between alphy amylase and falling number in wheat. J. Food Sci. 43:652. 8. 	 Medcalf, D.G., Gilles, K.A. and Sib bitt, L.D. 1966. Detection of sprout damage in wheat. Northwestern Miller 273:16. 9. 	 Medcalf, D.G., Tombetta, E.E., Gilles, K.A. and Sib bitt, L.D. 1968. A note on varietal and environmental variations in falling number values of flour. Cereal Chern. 45:496. 10. 	 Tara, K.A., and Bains, O.S. 1976. A note on the relation ofsam­pIe size to hagberg falling number values. Cereal Chern. 53:28. 22 

The 1980 Six-Rowed Barley Crop

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