Preserved fish eggs can be used in many applications including artificial propagation and genetic studies. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different temperatures and storage periods on fertilization and hatching success of short-term preserved scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Eggs were kept in 4 ml ovarian fluid in 10-cm petri dishes that were stored in a refrigerator at 4°C, 8°C, or 12ºC for 30, 60, or 90 min. The stored eggs were fertilized by adding 200 µl milt to each petri dish. The highest fertilization (98%) and hatching (80%) rates were obtained with eggs stored for 30 min at 8ºC and 12ºC respectively, indicating that this combination was best for short-term preservation of scaly carp eggs

Bozkurt, Yusuf

Yavas, Ilker

eVols at University of Hawaii at Manoa

The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – BamidgehAs from January 2010 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh (IJA) will be published  exclusively  as  an  on-line  Open  Access  (OA) quarterly  accessible  by  all AquacultureHub  (http://www.aquaculturehub.org)  members  and  registered  individuals and institutions.  Please visit our website (http://siamb.org.il) for free registration form, further information and instructions.  This transformation from a subscription printed version to an on-line OA journal, aims at supporting the concept that scientific peer-reviewed publications should be made available to all, including those with limited resources. The OA IJA does not enforce author or subscription fees and will endeavor to obtain alternative sources of income to support this policy for as long as possible.Editor-in-ChiefDan Mires Editorial BoardSheenan Harpaz Agricultural Research OrganizationBeit Dagan, IsraelZvi Yaron Dept. of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, IsraelAngelo Colorni National Center for Mariculture, IOLREilat, IsraelRina Chakrabarti Aqua Research LabDept. of ZoologyUniversity of DelhiIngrid Lupatsch Swansea UniversitySingleton Park, Swansea, UKJaap van Rijn The Hebrew University Faculty of AgricultureIsraelSpencer Malecha Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of HawaiiDaniel Golani The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, IsraelEmilio Tibaldi Udine UniversityUdine, ItalyCopy Editor Ellen Rosenberg Published under auspices ofThe Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology (SIAMB), University of Hawaii at Manoa Library andUniversity of Hawaii Aquaculture Program in association withAquacultureHub http://www.aquaculturehub.org              ISSN 0792 - 156X Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH.PUBLISHER: Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH -Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz, Mobile Post 25210, ISRAELPhone: + 972 52 3965809http://siamb.org.il The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, IIC:64.2012.680, 5 pages  * Corresponding author. E-mail: yfbozkurt@yahoo.com              Effect of Temperatures and Storage Periods on Fertilizing and Hatching of Short-Term Preserved Scaly Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Eggs   Yusuf Bozkurt1*, İlker Yavaş2    1 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey  2 Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey   (Received 23.12.10, Accepted 27.2.11)  Key words: coelomic fluid, cold storage, egg, scaly carp, fertilization   Abstract Preserved fish eggs can be used in many applications including artificial propagation and genetic studies. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different temperatures and storage periods on fertilization and hatching success of short-term preserved scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Eggs were kept in 4 ml ovarian fluid in 10-cm petri dishes that were stored in a refrigerator at 4°C, 8°C, or 12ºC for 30, 60, or 90 min. The stored eggs were fertilized by adding 200 µl milt to each petri dish. The highest fertilization (98%) and hatching (80%) rates were obtained with eggs stored for 30 min at 8ºC and 12ºC respectively, indicating that this combination was best for short-term preservation of scaly carp eggs.       The IJA appears exclusively as a peer-reviewed on-line open access journal at http://www.siamb.org.il Sale of IJA papers is strictly forbidden. 2 Bozkurt and Yavaş  Introduction The practical use of fish gametes is limited by their rapid and continuous decline in viability once released or removed from gonads. Mature ova may remain arrested for weeks in the second meiotic metaphase until ovulation and activation (Sohrabnezhad et al., 2006) but, after ovulation, storage of eggs for later use and prolonged viability become crucial issues (Rothbard et al., 1996). Eggs must be fertilized within a certain period of time after ovulation to produce viable embryos and this time varies between species from hours to weeks (Hobby and Pankhurst, 1997). Fertilization gradually diminishes, then disappears altogether, when mature ovulated eggs are retained in the body cavity of the female or kept in vitro in water. Fertility of eggs is retained much longer in saline water and, especially, in ovarian fluid (Dettlaff et al., 1993).   Preservation of fish eggs can have many applications such as in artificial propagation. Also, freshly collected and stored eggs can be shipped to other locations for fertilization (Bozkurt et al., 2010). Gametes stored for short terms can be transported from the hatchery to distant incubation facilities for delayed fertilization. Attempts have been made to preserve unfertilized eggs in artificial medium rather than in ovarian fluid. Unfertilized rainbow trout eggs can be stored in modified Cortland medium buffered with Hepes or Tris for 24 or 48 h at 12-13ºC (Goetz et al., 2000). However, in vitro storage of rainbow trout eggs in a medium that was very similar to ovarian fluid for three days at 12ºC resulted in a dramatic decrease of subsequent developmental success compared to eggs held in ovarian fluid (Bonnet et al., 2003).  Unlike shellfish eggs and embryos, finfish ova and embryos are large, contain a large amount of yolk, and are covered with a relatively thick chorion. Because of their complex organic matrix, uniformity of penetration of conventional cryoprotectants, consistent cooling rates, freezing processes, and cryopreservation of finfish ova and embryos are often unsuccessful (Chao and Liao, 2001). Further, inadequate dehydration and toxicity of cryoprotectants tend to freeze fish ova (Suquet et al., 1999).  Ovulated oocytes retained in the ovarian cavity undergo over-ripening due to gradual morphological and biochemical changes that negatively affect fertility and gamete quality (Formacion et al., 1993). However, in certain cases, eggs can be retained after ovulation in the abdominal or ovarian cavity with no loss of fertility (Springate et al., 1984). In general, eggs can be maintained for several days in ovarian fluid, the storage period being related to the holding temperature (Jensen and Alderdice, 1984). Storage temperature has a significant affect on fertilization success (Jensen and Alderdice, 1984) and is a major factor that affects the viability of fish gametes in in vitro studies. Viability can be prolonged by maintaining gametes and embryos close to 0°C to reduce their metabolic rate. However, the ability to tolerate such a low temperature varies among species (Leung and Jamieson, 1991).  Development of a technique to preserve scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs for short periods would improve the efficiency of reproduction management. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of different storage temperatures and periods on the fertilizing and hatching capacities of short-term preserved scaly carp eggs retained in ovarian fluid under in vitro conditions.  Materials and Methods Artificial propagation of scaly carp under hatchery conditions. Ten mature males and five mature females were were kept in separate 4-m3 hatchery tanks in 23-24°C  water with a flow of 0.2 l/s and 6-7 mg O2/l. Ovulation was induced by injections of 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg carp pituitary extract (CPE) in Ringer solution at a 12-h interval. Spermiation was induced by one injection of 1.0 mg/kg CPE in Ringer solution. To collect gametes, broodfish were anesthetized in 100 ppm quinaldine sulphate. Males and females were stripped by abdominal massage. Females were stripped 12 h after the second CPE treatment and their eggs and ovarian fluids were pooled. Sperm was collected 12 h after CPE treatment. Care was taken to avoid contamination with urine, mucus, blood, or feces.  Effect of temperature and storage period on short-term preserved scaly carp eggs 3   Storage of eggs in ovarian fluid. The pooled eggs were stored in pooled ovarian fluid. About 4 ml ovarian fluid was placed in each of thirty (treatments were performed in triplicate) 10-cm petri dishes and 1 g eggs were gently weighed and added. The petri dishes were transferred to three refrigerators for storage at 4°C , 8°C, or 12°C for 30, 60, or 90 min.   Fertilization. Batches of approximately 1000 pooled eggs (1 g) were fertilized at time 0 (prior to storage; control), and 30, 60, and 90 min after stripping. Sperm was stripped at the time of fertilization and examined for motility before use. Only sperm with ≥80% motility was used. Sperm from the five males was pooled in the same proportion (by volume) as obtained by stripping. For fertilization, ovarian fluid was removed from the petri dishes and 200 μl semen was added to the eggs (approximately 2 x 105 spermatozoa per egg) according to the dry fertilization technique using a solution of 3 g urea and 4 g NaCl in 1 l distilled water. The eggs were stirred 1 h, then treated with tannic acid solution (0.5 g/l) for 30 s to remove stickiness. Finally, the eggs were washed with water and gently transferred to labeled Zuger glass incubators with running water (23-24°C) where they were kept until eyeing (14-16 h) and hatching (4-5 d). Fertilization success was determined 3-4 days following fertilization, at the gastrula stage.   Statistical analysis. Data are expressed as means±standard deviations. Relative quantities were transformed by angular transformation, and metric data were tested for normality. Data were analyzed by one-way multifactorial variance (ANOVA) with subsequent Tukey’s b test.  Results The highest fertilization (98%) and hatching (80%) rates were obtained in eggs stored at 8ºC for 30 min (Fig. 1). Differences between all mean fertilization rates within the same storage temperature groups were significant (p<0.05). Also differences between all mean hatching rates within the same storage temperature groups were significant (p<0.05) when duration was taken into consideration. The interaction between storage temperature and period was significant (F = 6.17).    Discussion  Fish eggs and embryos can be sensitive to chilling (Gwo, et al., 1995; Hagedorn et al., 1996) caused by direct or indirect chilling injury. The extent of damage is related to the cooling rate as well as the temperature and period at which the cells were exposed to low temperature (Dinnyes et al., 1998; Lahnsteiner et al., 2003). Several theories exist for the mechanism of chilling sensitivity, but they differ according to species and cell type. At low temperatures, microtubules are depolimerized, and cellular processes such as cell division in oocytes can be irreversibly disrupted. Plasma membranes can suffer lateral phase separation, proteins can be denatured due to the destabilization of hydrophobic a0204060801004 8 12 ControlStorage Temperatures (C)Fertilization Rates (%)30 min60 min90 min  b0204060801004 8 12 ControlStorage Temperatures (C)Hatching Rates (%)30 min60 min90 min     Fig. 1. (a) Fertilization and (b) hatching rates of scaly carp eggs after in vitro incubation in ovarian fluid at 4ºC , 8ºC, or 12ºC for 30, 60, or 90 min prior to fertilization.  4 Bozkurt and Yavaş  bonds, and cell membranes can shrink relative to the intracellular space, potentially resulting in stress or damage to membranes (Arav et al., 1996; Dinnyes et al., 1998).  The present study indicates that scaly carp eggs can be preserved for 90 min at 8ºC and 12ºC. Lower preservation temperatures may increase chilling injury. Long holding times can decrease fertilization and hatching rates. In the present study the highest fertilization and hatching rates at each tested temperature were obtained when eggs were stored for the minimum period - 30 min.  Further investigation is necessary to standardize techniques for increasing the duration of storage that is possible at refrigerator temperatures.  Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the staff of the SHW Fish Production Station, Adana, Turkey.  References Arav A., Zeron, Y., Leslie S.B., Behboodi E., Anderson G.B. and J.H. Crowe, 1996. Phase transition temperature and chilling sensitivity of bovine oocytes. Cryobiology, 33:589-599.  Bonnet E., Jalabert B. and J. Bobe, 2003. A 3-day in vitro storage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) unfertilised eggs in coelomic fluid at 12°C does not affect developmental success. Cybium, 27:47-51. Bozkurt Y., Öğretmen F. and F.S. Secer, 2010. Short-term preservation of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) eggs: effect of extenders and storage duration. Isr. J. Aquacult. - Bamidgeh, 62(3):189-194.  Chao N.H. and I.C. Liao, 2001. Cryopreservation of finfish and shellfish gametes and embryos. Aquaculture, 197:161-168.  Dettlaff T.A., Ginsburg A.S. and O.I. Schmalhausen, 1993. Sturgeon Fishes. Developmental Biology and Aquaculture. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 300 pp.  Dinnyes A., Urbanyi B., Baranyi B. and I. Magrary, 1998. Chilling sensitivity of carp embryos (Cyprinus carpio) at different developmental stages in the presence or absence of cryoprotectants: work in progress. Theriogenology, 50:1-13. Formacion M.J., Hori, R. and T.J. Lam, 1993. Overripening of ovulated eggs in goldfish. I. Morphological changes. Aquaculture, 114:155-168. Goetz F.W. and A.M. Coffman, 2000. Storage of unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in artificial media. Aquaculture, 184:267-276.  Gwo J.C., Strawn K. and C.R. Arnold, 1995. Changes in mechanical tolerance and chilling sensitivity of red drum (Sciaenopus ocellatus) embryos during development. Theriogenology, 43:1155-1161. Hagedorn M., Kleinhans F.W. and D.E. Wildt, 1996. Water permeability studies in dechorionated zebrafish embryos. Cryobiology, 33:646 abstr. Hobby A.C. and N.W. Pankhurst, 1997. Post-ovulatory egg viability in the snapper Pagrus auratus. Mar. Freshw. Res., 48:385-389.  Jensen J.O.T. and D.F. Alderdice, 1984. Effect of temperature on short-term storage of eggs and sperm of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Aquaculture, 37:251-265.  Lahnsteiner F., Berger B. and T. Weismann, 2003. Effects of media, fertilization technique, extender, straw volume, and sperm to egg ratio on hatchability of cyprinid embryos, using cryopreserved semen. Theriogenology, 60:829-841.  Leung L.K.P. and B.G.M. Jamieson, 1991. Live preservation of fish gametes. pp. 245-295. In: B.G.M. Jamieson (ed.). Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidence from Spermatozoa. University Press, Cambridge, UK. Rothbard S., Rubinish I. and E. Gelman, 1996. Storage of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. eggs for short durations. Aquacult. Res., 27:175-181.  Sohrabnezhad M., Kalbassi M.R., Nazari R.M. and M. Bahmani, 2006. Short-term storage of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) ova in artificial media and coelomic fluid. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 22:395-399.   Effect of temperature and storage period on short-term preserved scaly carp eggs 5  Springate J.R.C., Bromage N.R., Elliot J.A.K. and D.L. Hudson, 1984. The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri R. Aquaculture, 43:313-322. Suquet M., Chereguini O., Omnes M.H., Rasines I., Normant Y., Souto I.P. and L. Quemener, 1999. Effect of temperature, volume of ova batches, and addition of a diluent, an antibiotic, oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot, Psetta maxima, ova. Aquat. Living Resour., 12:239-246. 

Effect of Temperatures and Storage Periods on Fertilizing and Hatching of Short-Term Preserved Scaly Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Eggs

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Effect of Temperatures and Storage Periods on Fertilizing and Hatching of Short-Term Preserved Scaly Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Eggs

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