European catfish (Silurus glanis) were fed anchovy-based diets containing 30, 35, 40, or 44% crude protein to satiation for 112 days. Data were collected to determine the relationship between dietary protein level and mean weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), daily growth index (DGI), average daily growth (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and survival. The highest mean weight gain and SGR were obtained with the 40% (59.94 g and 0.74, respectively) and 44% (56.15 g and 0.71) diets. The best FCR (0.97), PER (2.62), DGI (2.18), ADG (1.14), and FE (1.04) were obtained with the 40% protein diet (2.75 kcal/g, digestible energy). Survival was 100% in all treatments. Results indicate that the optimum level of dietary protein for European catfish is 40%

Bekcan, Süleyman

Cakirogullari, Gul Celik

Dogankaya, Levent

eVols at University of Hawaii at Manoa

The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – BamidgehAs from January 2010 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh (IJA) will be published  exclusively  as  an  on-line  Open  Access  (OA) quarterly  accessible  by  all AquacultureHub  (http://www.aquaculturehub.org)  members  and  registered  individuals and institutions.  Please visit our website (http://siamb.org.il) for free registration form, further information and instructions.  This transformation from a subscription printed version to an on-line OA journal, aims at supporting the concept that scientific peer-reviewed publications should be made available to all, including those with limited resources. The OA IJA does not enforce author or subscription fees and will endeavor to obtain alternative sources of income to support this policy for as long as possible.Editor-in-ChiefDan Mires Editorial BoardSheenan Harpaz Agricultural Research OrganizationBeit Dagan, IsraelZvi Yaron Dept. of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, IsraelAngelo Colorni National Center for Mariculture, IOLREilat, IsraelRina Chakrabarti Aqua Research LabDept. of ZoologyUniversity of DelhiIngrid Lupatsch Swansea UniversitySingleton Park, Swansea, UKJaap van Rijn The Hebrew University Faculty of AgricultureIsraelSpencer Malecha Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of HawaiiDaniel Golani The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, IsraelEmilio Tibaldi Udine UniversityUdine, ItalyCopy Editor Ellen Rosenberg Published under auspices ofThe Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology (SIAMB), University of Hawaii at Manoa Library andUniversity of Hawaii Aquaculture Program in association withAquacultureHub http://www.aquaculturehub.org              ISSN 0792 - 156X Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH.PUBLISHER: Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH -Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz, Mobile Post 25210, ISRAELPhone: + 972 52 3965809http://siamb.org.il The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh  58(2), 2006, 137-142. 137GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF EUROPEAN CATFISH(SILURUS GLANIS L.) FED DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENTPERCENTAGES OF PROTEINSuleyman Bekcan1*, Levent Dogankaya1 and Gul Celik Cakirogullari21 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110 Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey2 Ankara Provincial Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 06171 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey(Received 26.1.06, Accepted 8.4.06)Key words: European catfish, growth, optimal protein requirement, protein level, Silurus glanis, survivalAbstractEuropean catfish (Silurus glanis) were fed anchovy-based diets containing 30, 35, 40, or 44%crude protein to satiation for 112 days. Data were collected to determine the relationshipbetween dietary protein level and mean weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversionratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), daily growth index (DGI), average daily growth (ADG),feed efficiency (FE), and survival. The highest mean weight gain and SGR were obtained withthe 40% (59.94 g and 0.74, respectively) and 44% (56.15 g and 0.71) diets. The best FCR (0.97),PER (2.62), DGI (2.18), ADG (1.14), and FE (1.04) were obtained with the 40% protein diet (2.75kcal/g, digestible energy). Survival was 100% in all treatments. Results indicate that the optimumlevel of dietary protein for European catfish is 40%.IntroductionThe European catfish, Silurus glanis, is alsoknown as wels or sheatfish. It has been culti-vated extensively in ponds in central and east-ern Europe for over 100 years, was introducedin France in the 1950s, and introduced in Spainmore recently (Linhart et al., 2002). Silurus gla-nis has very good growth performance whencultured in cages and intensive indoor recy-cling units (Adamek et al., 1999). Production offarmed European catfish in ten countries(Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,France, Hungary, Greece, Macedonia, Poland,and Rumania) averaged approximately 2000tons in 2002 (Linhart et al., 2002). This specieshas not yet been cultured in Turkey although itis an economically valuable fish that lives in*  Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-5961645; fax: +90-312-3185298; e-mail:bekcan@agri.ankara.edu.tr138almost all inland waters and 912 tons werecaptured in 2003 (Anon, 2005).The protein requirements of channel catfish(Ictalurus punctatus), African catfish (Clariasgariepinus), bagrid catfish (Pseudobagrus),walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), and blackcatfish (Rhamdia quelen) have been well stud-ied. Most commercial catfish diets contain 32%crude protein (NRC, 1993). Yet other concen-trations of dietary protein have also beenreported. The optimum dietary protein contentfor black catfish fry is 37% (Salhi et al., 2004).A diet containing 42% protein and 19% lipid issuitable for optimum growth and effective pro-tein utilization in bagrid catfish fingerlings (Kimand Lee, 2005). Hybrid catfish (C. batrachus xC. gariepinus) postlarvae require 35-40%dietary crude protein for maximum growth (Giriet al., 2003). The protein requirement of C.gariepinus and C. isheriensis (30-40 g finger-lings) ranged 37-40% (Hoffman et al., 1997).The present study was designed to deter-mine the quantitative dietary crude proteinrequirements for optimum growth of Europeancatfish fingerlings using anchovy-based diets.Materials and MethodsExperimental fish. Silurus glanis fingerlingsfrom the Keban Dam of the GeneralDirectorate of State Hydraulic Works werebrought to the laboratory of the Department ofFisheries and Aquaculture of the Faculty ofAgriculture at the University of Ankara. Thefingerlings were acclimated for one monthduring which they were fed a commercialsalmonid diet to satiation twice per day. Sincethe nocturnal S. glanis may be reluctant tofeed during the daytime (Boujard, 1995), fin-gerlings were accustomed to expect food afterknocking on the tanks, a strategy that provedefficient.Experimental facilities and procedures.The experiment was conducted in 150-l coni-cal fiberglass tanks containing 100 l of waterfor 112 days. A 14 h light:10 h dark photope-riod was used to simulate the natural lightcycle. An aquaponic system (Rakocy et al.,2004) integrating fish culture and plant pro-duction was used. The plants (tomatoes andcucumbers), embedded in a gravel filter,extract organic wastes from the water and thepurified water is recycled back to the fishtanks at a daily exchange rate of 5% (1-1.5l/min) of the tank volume. Nitrosomonas andnitrobacter bacteria were added to the gravelbeds to enhance the decomposition ofnitrogenous compounds.Three replicates of 10 fish per tank wereestablished for each treatment. The averageindividual weight of the fingerlings was 46.4 gat the beginning of the experiment. The lengthand weight of all fish were measured every twoweeks. Fish were anesthetized with 0.05 ml/lQuinaldine (Merck Schuchard, FRG) beforeweighing. Fish were fed ad libitum twice perday with one of four experimental diets basedon anchovy fishmeal as the sole protein source(Table 1). Proximate analyses of the moisture,crude protein (N x 6.25), lipid, and ash of thefeed were determined in triplicate by standardmethods (AOAC, 1997). Digestible energy wascalculated from the diet ingredients. Water quality, tested weekly according toAPHA (1980), was 0.12±0.003 ppm totalammonia (NH3-N), 0.50±0.043 ppm nitrite(NO2-N), 0.47±0.034 ppm nitrate (NO3-N),8.15±0.016 pH, and 6.0±0.058 oxygen. Thewater temperature was maintained at 27±1°C. Measurements and calculations. At theend of the experiment, growth performance,body composition, and food utilization werecalculated as follows: avg daily growth(ADG%) = 100 [Wt - Wi/Wi x T]; specificgrowth rate (SGR,%/day) = ([lnWt - lnWi]/T) x100; daily growth index (DGI) = 100 x [(Wt)1/3- (Wi)1/3]/T; feed efficiency (FE) = wt gain/feedfed; protein efficiency ratio (PER) = (Wt -Wi)/crude protein fed; feed conversion ratio(FCR) = (C x T)/(Wt - Wi); and condition factor(K) = 100 x (wt/length3), where W = weight, Wi= initial weight of fish, Wt = final weight of fish,C = daily food intake, and T = duration.Statistical analysis. Data were analyzedby analysis of variance (ANOVA) with theSAS package. Duncan’s multiple-range testwas used to compare differences among indi-vidual means. Treatment effects were consid-ered significant at p<0.05. Percentage andratio data were transformed to arcsine valuesprior to analysis (Zar, 1984).Bekcan et al.ResultsThe final average weight, mean weight gain,ADG, SGR, PER, DGI, and FE of fish fed diet3 were significantly higher than those of fishfed diets 1 and 2 but did not significantly differfrom those of fish fed diet 4 (Table 2). Thefeed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed diet 3was significantly lower than that of fish feddiets 1 and 2 but not significantly differentfrom that of fish fed diet 4. The mean initialand final condition factors (K) did not signifi-cantly differ among groups. Survival was highfor all treatments.139Growth and body composition of European catfish fed differing amounts of proteinDiet (% protein)Diet 1 (30) Diet 2 (35) Diet 3 (40) Diet 4 (44)IngredientSoybean oil cake 40 40 40 40Fishmeal (anchovy) 12.5 20.5 28.5 35Wheat 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.5Cornstarch 20.5 12.5 4.5 -Wheat bran 5 5 5 5Gelatin 5 5 5 5Bentonite 3 3 3 3Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Vitamin mix1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Mineral mix2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Proximate analysisCrude protein 29.86 35.22 39.45 43.43Lipid 1.88 2.41 3.01 2.77Ash 6.16 6.86 5.76 9.74Dry matter (% of air-dry wt) 92.37 92.37 92.87 92.47Digestible energy (DE; Kcal/g diet)3 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.76Protein:DE (mg protein/kcal) 107.41 127.61 143.46 157.36Table 1. Composition and proximate analysis of experimental diets (% of raw material).1 Rovimix 123-T 25 K (per 2.5 kg): Vitamin A 12,000,000 UI; vitamin D3 2,000,000 UI; vitamin E35,000 mg; vitamin K3 4,000 mg; vitamin B1 3,000 mg; vitamin B2 7,000 mg; vitamin B6 5,000mg; vitamin B12 15 mg; vitamin C 50,000 mg; niacin 20,000 mg; folic acid 1,000 mg; calcium D-pantothenate 10,000 mg; biotin 45 mg; choline chloride 125,000 mg. 2 Remineral S 25K (per kg): Fe 60,000 mg; Cu 5000 mg; Mn 80,000 mg; Co 200 mg; Zn 60,000mg; I 1,000 mg; Se 150 mg.3 Based on estimated values of diet ingredients according to NRC (1983, 1993).140 Bekcan et al.Diet (% protein)Diet 1 (30)Diet 2 (35)Diet 3 (40)Diet 4 (44)Mean initial wt (g)46.38±0.907a46.44±1.192a46.41±1.266a46.37±1.348aMean final wt (g)76.42±2.699b82.37±2.568b106.35±2.465a102.52±3.742aMean wt gain (g)30.04±3.650b35.93±0.648b59.94±0.042a56.15±0.343aMean wt gain (%)164.877.4129.2121.1Mean initial length (mm)20.87±0.156a20.75±0.181a20.72±0.195a20.68±0.203aMean final length (mm)24.92±0.320b25.64±0.304b28.01±0.237a27.30±0.336aMean initial condition factor (K)0.51±0.006a0.52±0.005a0.52±0.005a0.52±0.008aMean final condition factor (K)0.49±0.005a0.49±0.005a0.48±0.004a0.50±0.011aFood consumed (g)2548.36±3.41b546.78±6.06b579.03±6.64a566.89±6.75abAvg daily growth (ADG; g/fish/day)0.57±0.067b0.69±0.015b1.14±0.004a1.07±0.008aSpecific growth rate (SGR; %/day)0.45±0.041b0.51±0.009b0.74±0.002a0.71±0.004aFood conversion ratio (FCR)11.85±0.214a1.52±0.011a0.97±0.010b1.01±0.018bProtein efficiency rate (PER)11.83±0.212b1.87±0.013b2.62±0.028a2.28±0.041aDaily growth index (DGI)1.24±0.126b1.44±0.025b2.18±0.0042a2.07±0.011aFeed efficiency (FE)10.55±0.063b0.66±0.005b1.04±0.011a0.99±0.018aSurvival (%)100100100100Table 2. Growth performance, feed conversion, and protein efficiency of European catfish (Silurus glanis) fingerlings fed diets con-taining different protein levels for 16 weeks.Values with different superscripts differ significantly (p<0.05).1Expressed as the percent of the initial body weight after 16 weeks.2 Moisture-free basis.DiscussionData from the present study indicate that fishfed diets containing 30% (diet 1) and 35%(diet 2) protein had lower growth performancethan those fed diets with 40% (diet 3) and44% (diet 4) protein. Our weight gain resultsconcur with those found by Soon et al. (2001)who reported that weight gains of 7.6 g bagridcatfish, fed 10 weeks, were 49.3%, 62.9%,97.6%, 86.6%, 134.7%, 120.6%, and 96.3%with feeds containing 20.2%, 24.4%, 29.5%,36.8%, 41.0%, 47.1%, and 53.1% proteinrespectively. Li and Robinson (1998) foundthat I. punctatus fed diets containing 24%crude protein gained less weight than thosefed 32% or 28%. Li and Lovell (1992a)showed that dressing percentage increasedas dietary protein increased from 24 to 36%and decreased as dietary protein increasedfrom 36 to 40% in second-year channel cat-fish (I. punctatus). Similar results wereobtained by Li and Lovell (1992b); when thepercentage of dietary protein increased from26 to 32%, the dressing protein percentageincreased and when the percentage of dietaryprotein increased from 32 to 38%, the dress-ing protein percentage decreased in channelcatish grown from 60 g to market size. In our study, growth declined in fish fed thediet containing more than 40% protein. Thisresult is consistent with findings in salmonids(Arzel et al., 1995) and American eel (Tibbettset al., 2000), explained by the assumption thatdietary protein is not utilized beyond a certainlevel for metabolic functions such as tissuegrowth and is, therefore, superfluous. Our PER, mean weight gain, and SGR val-ues increased as protein levels rose to 40%but decreased beyond that level, in agree-ment with findings in hybrid Clarias catfish(Giri et al., 2003) and black catfish (Salhi etal., 2004). Lower protein levels resulted indecreased PER values in C. batrachus fry(Chuapoehuk, 1987) and C. gariepinus finger-lings (Degani et al., 1989). The present study indicates that the bestresults were obtained with the diet containing40% protein, similar to results for other catfishspecies: 35%-40% for hybrid catfish (C. batra-chus x C. gariepinus) postlarvae (Giri et al.,2003), 37% and 40% respectively for C.gariepinus and C. isheriensis fingerlings(Hoffman et al., 1997), 40% for C. batrachus(Erfanullah and Jafri, 1998), 37% for blackcatfish fry (Salhi et al., 2004) and 42% forbagrid catfish fingerlings (Kim and Lee, 2005). ReferencesAdamek Z., Fasaie K. and M.A. Siddiqui,1999. Prey selectivity in wels (Silurus glanis)and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).Ribarstvo, 57(2):47-60.Anon., 2005. Fishery Statistics 2003. StateInstitute of Statistics, Prime Ministry, Republicof Turkey, publ. no. 2937, Ankara.AOAC, 1997. Official Methods of Analysis,16th ed. Association of Official AnalyticalChemists, VA.APHA, 1980. Standards Methods for theExamination of Water and Wastewater. 15thed. American Public Health Association,Washington DC.Arzel J., Metailler R., Kerleguer C., DelliouL.H. and J. Guillaume, 1995. The proteinrequirement of brown trout (Salmo trutta) fry.Aquaculture, 130:67-78.Boujard T., 1995. Diel rhythms of feedingactivity in the European catfish, Silurus glanis.Physiol. Behavior, 58(4):641-645.Chuapoehuk W., 1987. Protein requirementsof walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Lin-naeus), fry. Aquaculture, 63:215-219.Degani G., Ben-Zvi Y. and D. Levanon,1989. The effect of different protein levels andtemperatures on feed utilization, growth andbody composition of Clarias gariepinus(Burchell 1822). Aquaculture, 76:293-301.Erfanullah and A.K. Jafri, 1998. Effect ofdietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio on growthand body composition of walking catfish(Clarias batrachus). Aquaculture, 161:159-168.Giri S.S., Sahoo S.K., Sahu A.K. and P.K.Meher, 2003. Effect of dietary protein level ongrowth, survival, feed utilisation and bodycomposition of hybrid Clarias catfish (Clariasbatrachus x Clarias gariepinus). Anim. FeedSci. Technol., 104:169-178.Hoffman L.C., Prinsloo J.F. and G. Rukan,141Growth and body composition of European catfish fed differing amounts of protein1421997. Partial replacement of fish meal witheither soybean meal, brewers yeast or tomatomeal in the diets of African sharptooth catfishClarias gariepinus. Water SA, 23(29):181-186.Kim L.O. and S.M. Lee, 2005. 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Nutrient Requirements of Warm-water Fishes and Shellfishes, revised ed.National Research Council, National AcademyPress, Washington DC.NRC, 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish.National Research Council, NationalAcademy Press, Washington DC. Rakocy J.E., Bailey D.S., Shultz R.C. andE.S. Thoman, 2004. Update on tilapia andvegetable production in the UVI AquaponicSystem. pp. 676-691. In: ISTA 6th Int. Symp.Tilapia in Aquaculture, Vol. 2. Sep. 12-16,2004, Philippines.Salhi M., Bessonart M., Chediak G.,Bellagamba M. and D. Camevia, 2004.Growth, feed utilization and body compositionof black catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fry fed dietscontaining different protein and energy levels.Aquaculture, 231:435-444.Soon S.C. and R. Hashim, 2001. The dietaryprotein requirement of a bagrid catfish,Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes),determined using semipurified diets of varyingprotein level. Aquacult. Nutr., 7:45-51.Tibbetts S.M., Lall S.P. and D.M. Anderson,2000. Dietary protein requirement of juvenileAmerican eel (Anguilla rostrata) fed practicaldiets. Aquaculture, 186:145-155.Zar J.H., 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed.Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 718 pp.Bekcan et al.

Growth and body composition of European catfish (Silurus glanis L.) fed diets containing different percentages of protein

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Growth and body composition of European catfish (Silurus glanis L.) fed diets containing different percentages of protein

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